Body Coordination F4

Body Coordination

Chapter 2

What is body coordination? the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards

any stimulus around us and from the inside of our body.

ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that it functions harmoniously with each other when it receives a stimulus.

Types of coordinations

Nervous CoordinationInvolves the nervous

system

Example: walking, looking,

running, writing, talking, listening, and reading

Chemical /hormonal Coordination

Involves the endocrine system

Examplebody growth,

reproduction, controlling blood concentration, and food digestion

Importance of body

coordination

enables our body organs to function as a unit to detect stimuli and

respond toward them.

controls coordination

between stimuli and body

responses.

enables us to adapt to the

changes around us

helping us to avoid injuries or

dangers.

Human Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

Central Nervous System the central nervous system is the

control centre of the body. this system consists of :

brain spinal cord

the brain controls all activities of the body like walking and seeing.

the spinal cord controls the reflex actions like pulling the hand away when the fingers touch a hot object.

the central nervous system receives impulses from the sensory from the sensory organs or other parts of the body for interpretation.

after an impulses is interpreted, a new impulse is transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the stimuli.

Peripheral Nervous System. consists of all the nerves which connects

the CNS to the receptor and effector located at other parts of the body.

the functions is to transmit impulses from the sensory organs or receptor through the central nervous system to the muscle for it to respond accordingly or to the gland to produce the required secretion.

PNS

Somatic Nervous Systemcontrols all the voluntary actions

consists of the spinal nerve (from the spinal cord) and the cranial nerve

(from the brain)spinal nerve controls voluntary

actions like walking, scratching, and running.

cranial nerve controls involuntary actions like talking, smelling, and

seeing.

Autonomic Nervous System

controls involuntary actionexample ; heartbeat, and

contraction of blood vessels. contains nerves which

connect the spinal cord to internal organs and glands like liver, kidneys, heart, and

lungs.

Neurone

is a basic unit of the nervous system.

the functions is to carry impulses.cell body contains nucleus and

cytoplasm.dendron is a cytoplasm projection

which spreads out from the cell body.

.

neuron

dendrites is the small branches of dendron.

axon is a long projection from the cell body and surrounded by an insulating membrane called myelin sheath.

myelin sheath separated by small gaps called nodes of Ranvier

Parts Of The Neurone And Their Functions

Neurone Part Function Cell body Controls all activities of the neurone. Dendrite Receive impulses from other neurone and

transmits them to cell body. Dendron Dendrite that carries impulses towards cell

body. Axon Dendrite that carries impulses out of cell body.

Myelin sheath Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of impulses. Increases the speed of impulses transmission.

Types of neurone

sensory neurone (neuron deria) relay neurone (intermediate neurone) {neuron

perantaraan} motor neurone (neuron motor)

Comparison Between Sensory Neuron, Relay Neurone, And Motor Neurone

Characteristics Sensory Neurone Relay Neurone Motor Neurone

Structure

Position of cell body

In the middle of neurone

At the center of neurone

At the end of neurone

Length of axon

Short Changes Long

Movement of impulse

From the sensory organ to the central nervous system

From the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the central nervous system

From the relay neurone going out from the central nervous system to the effectors

Function Carries impulses from sensory organ to central nervous system

Transmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

Transmits impulses from central nervous system to effector

What is synapse? Synapse acts as a valve that control the

transmission of impulses in one direction only. The junction between two adjacent neurones

(nerves cell) Located in grey matter of spinal cord.

Nervous CoordinationReceptors Receptors is a cell in the sensory organs

which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surrounding.

Types of sensory organs

Effectors Effectors is an organ which responds to the

stimuli : muscles gland

**All receptors and effectors are connected to the nervous system by neurones.

Reflex Action

Reflex Action are automatic and fast response of the body

towards external stimuli without the involvement of thinking of the cerebrum. (meaning)

takes place in the spinal cord. it protects us from dangerous situations or

injuries. the path of a reflex action is called a reflex arc.

The pathway of impulse in the nervous system

Stimulus

Example of reflex arc: the receptor: sensory cells

situated in the skinthe effector : arm muscles

Knee-jerk

Receptors/ sensory

Sensory neurones

Synapses Relay neurones

Synapses Motor neurones

Effectors / muscles

Examples:Stimulus Receptors Central

nervous system

Effectors Responses

Nice smell from food on a table

Chemoreceptors in the nostrils

Brain Salivary glands

Saliva is produced

Pain from stepping on a nail

Nerve endings in the skin

brain/ spinal cord

Muscles in the legs

The leg is moved away from the nail

Proprioceptors Also known as stretch receptorsProprioceptors are sensory

organs that are connected to sensory neurones and are found in muscles and tendons, ligaments and joints.

Proprioceptors are sensitive to changes in the tension muscles, ligaments, tendons and joint.When there is movement, they

are stretched

Proprioceptors informs us about the orientation and movement of our body parts

Proprioceptors are important to the blind

Kinesthesis is the awareness of the position and movement of the bodyThe numb feeling that e

sometimes get in our legs or hands results from a lack of proprioceptive impulses

The Human Brain

Func

tions Controlling our

response

Coordinating centre for our responses

Store information