BLUE PRINT)jairamcollege.in/questionpapers/tamil/physics.pdf · 1 ,aw;gpay; ghl tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT) myF 1 kjpg;ngz;; 3 kjpg;ngz;; 5 kjpg;ngz;; 10 kjpg;ngz;; nkhj;j

1

,aw;gpay; ghl tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT)

myF 1 kjpg;ngz;;

3 kjpg;ngz;;

5 kjpg;ngz;;

10 kjpg;ngz;;

nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;;

1.epiykpd;dpay; 4 2 1 1 25

2. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay; 1 3 2 - 20

3.kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

2 1 1 1 20

4. kpd;fhe;jj; Jhz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lKk;

4 2 1 1 25

5. kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;> miy xspapaYk;

4 2 1 1 25

6. mZ ,aw;gpay; 4 2 1 1 25

7. fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G kw;Wk; rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;

2 1 2 - 15

8. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay; 4 2 1 1 25

9. Fiwf;flj;jp rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;

3 4 1 1 30

10. jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfs;

2 1 1 1 20

nkhj;jk; 30 20 12 8 230

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1. myFfs; 1> 7 kw;Wk; 8 Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfis

KOikahff; fw;why; ,aw;gpay; ghlj;jpy; 65 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;. ,g;ghlq;fSf;fhd kjpg;ngz; gfph;itf; fPo;fhZk; ml;ltiz %yk; njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

myF 1 kjpg;ngz;; 3 kjpg;ngz;; 5 kjpg;ngz;; 10 kjpg;ngz;;

nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;;

1 4 2 1 1 25

7 2 1 2 - 15

8 4 2 1 1 25

nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;; 65

myF 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpfk; tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

1

$Yk; tpjp> kpd; ,UKid>

kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs;> kpd;dOj;jk;>

kpd;Gyg;ghak;> fh];tpjp>

kpd;Njf;fpfs;> $h;Kidr;

nray;ghL

kpd; tpirf;NfhLfs;> xU Gs;spapy;

kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;,UKid-mr;Rf;NfhL>

eLtiuf;Nfhl;by; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT>

kpd;,UKidahy; kpd;dOj;jk;>

fh];tpjpapd; gad;ghLfs;>

kpd;Njf;fpfs;-jj;Jtk;> kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd;>

gf;f ,izg;G> njhlhpizg;G> Mw;wy;>

thd;b-fpuh/g; kpd;dpaw;wp

7

xspkpd; tpisT-

epWj;Jkpd;dOj;jk;> gad;njhlf;f

mjph;ntz;> xspkpd;fyd;fs;>

vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpg; gad;>

tuk;Gfs;> rhh;gpay;

xspkpd;tpisT tpjpfs;> Id;];Bd;

xspkpd;tpisT rkd;ghL>

xspkpd;fyd;fs;> b-gpuhyp miyePsk;>

ePsf;FWf;fk;> fhyePl;bg;G> epiw-Mw;wy;

,izkhw;W rkd;ghL

Fwpg;G: (tpdh jpl;l tiutpd;gb 10

kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ,g;ghlj;jpy;

,lk;ngwhJ)

8

mZf;fU-tifg;ghL> mZepiw

myF> mZf;fUtpir>

fjphpaf;fk;> fpa+hp tiuaiw>

cw;gj;jp ciy> epa+l;uhd;

gz;Gfs;> fh];kpf; fjph;fs;> N[hb

cUthjy;> gUg;nghUs; mopjy;>

mbg;gilj; Jfs;fs;.

ngapd;gphpl;[; epiwkhiykhdp> mZf;fU

tpir> α,β,γ fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;>

fjphpaf;f ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpjp>

miuMAl;fhyk;> ruhrhp MAl;fhyk;>

epA+l;uhdpd; fz;Lgpbg;G>gz;Gfs;>

nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zp> mZFz;L>

i`l;u[d; Fz;L> tpz;kPd; Mw;wy;- p-p

Rw;W> C-N Rw;W> fh];kpf; fjph;fs;.

VYSY

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2. Nkw;fz;l ghlg;gFjpfspy; ed;whfg; gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;dh; 2 kw;Wk; 4 Mfpa ghlq;fis ed;F fw;why; NkYk; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

myF 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F

mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

2

,Og;Gj; jpir Ntfk;> ,af;f

vz;> kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp> Xkpd;

tpjp> jd;kpd;jil vz;

kPf;flj;jpfs;> kpd;jil

ntg;gepiy vz;> fph;r;r/gpd;

tpjpfs;> kpd;dpaf;F tpir-

kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gPL>

kpd;dhw;wy;> kp;d;jpwd; NtWghL>

/ghuNl kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpfs;>

Jiz kpd;fyd;fs;

kpd;Ndhl;lk; -,Og;G jpirNtfk; njhlh;G>

kPf;flj;jp;fspd; gad;fs;>

kpd;jilahf;fpfs;- njhlhpizg;G> gf;f

,izg;G> fph;r;r/gpd; tpjpfs;>

tPl;];Nlhd; rkdr;Rw;W- kp;d;dOj;jkhdp-

E1/E2 > /ghuNl tpjpfisr; rhpghh;j;jy;>

kpd;fyd;fs;- Nldpay;> nyf;yhQ;rp> fhhPa

mkpyr; Nrkf;fyd;.

Fwpg;G: (tpdh jpl;l tiutpd;gb 10

kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ,g;ghlj;jpy;

,lk;ngwhJ)

4

kpd;fhe;jj; Jhz;ly;> /ghuNl kp;d;

fhe;j Jhz;lypd; tpjpfs;>

nyd;]; tpjp> /gpskpq; tyJif

tpjp> Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F

tpiria cUthf;Fk; Kiwfs;>

Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> khWjpir

kp;d;Ndhl;lj;jpd; gaDW kjpg;G>

Q-fhuzp

thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; Jhz;ly; vz;> kpd;

Jhz;bAld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;s Mw;wy;>

ghpkhw;W kpd;Jhz;ly; vz;> gug;G

khWtjd; %yk; Jz;L kpd;dpaf;F

tpiria cUthf;Fjy;> xU fl;l AC

kpd;dpaw;wp> Roy; kp;d;Ndhl;lq;fs;>

kpd;khw;wp> kp;d;khw;wpapy; jpwd; ,og;Gfs;>

RLC njhlhpizg;Gr;Rw;W> AC kp;d;Rw;wpd;

kpd;jpwd;.



2 1 3 2 - 20

4 4 2 1 1 25


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3. Nkw;fz;l 5 ghlq;fisAk; KOikahfaf; fw;w gpd;dh; 3 kw;Wk; 5 Mk;

ghlq;fspy; gapw;rp ngw;why; 110/150 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fk; Fiwahky; ngwyhk;.


mjpfk; tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

3

[y; tpjp> ntg;gkpd;

rhjdq;fs;> ngy;bah; Fzfk;>

jhk;rd; Fzfk;> gal;rhth;l;

tpjp> Nld;[d;l; tpjp> Mk;gpah;

tiuaiw> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd;

kpd;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gk;>

kpd;Ndhl;l tisaj;jpd; fhe;j

,UKidj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;.

[y; tpjpiar; rhpghh;j;jy;>

ntg;gkpd;dpul;il mLf;F> <wpy;yhf;

flj;jpapy;> tl;lf;fk;gpr;RUspdhy; Vw;gLk;

fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp> fhe;jtpay; nyhud;];

tpir-rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;

kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; ,af;fk;>

irf;Nshl;uhd;> fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy; cs;s

kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ

nray;gLk; tpir> fhy;tdhkPl;liu

mk;kPl;luhf khw;Wjy;> fhy;tdhkPl;liu

Nthy;l; kPl;luhf khw;Wjy;

5

kpd;fhe;j miyfs;-mfr;rptg;G

fjph;fs;> GwCjh fjph;fs;

gad;fs;> /g;uhd;N`hgh; thpfs;>

Ez;Jfs; - /Nghl;lhd;

NtWghL> bd;lhy; xspr;rpjwy;>

uhNy xspr;rpjwy;> i`[d;];

jj;Jtk;> epA+l;ld; tisa

ikak; fUg;ghf ,Uf;ff;

fhuzk;> /gpuney;-/g;uhd;N`hgh;

tpspk;G tpisT NtWghL>

FWf;fPl;L tpisT- tpspk;G

tpisT NtWghL> xspapay;

mr;R> Row;rpj; jpwd; rhh;e;Js;s

fhuzpfs;> Row;rpj;jpwd; vz;

kpd; fhe;j miyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>

ntsptpL epwkhiy> cl;fth; epwkhiy>

,uhkd; tpisT> KO mf vjpnuhspg;G>

aq; ,ul;ilg;gpsT Ma;tpy; gl;ilmfyk;>

epA+l;ld; n- tJ fUik tisaj;jpd;

Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhit> G&];lh; tpjp

jl;lLf;F> iefy; gl;lfk;> Nghyuha;Lfspd;

gad;fs;.



3 2 1 1 1 20

5 4 2 1 1 25


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4. Nkw;fz;l 7 ghlq;fisAk; fw;w gpd;dh; 6>9 kw;Wk; 10 Mfpa ghlq;fspYk; gapw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhy; KOikahd kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.


mjpfk; tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10

kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf

tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;

6

kpy;ypf;fd; Ma;tpd; jj;Jtk;>

&jh;/Nghh;L mZkhjphpapd; FiwghLfs;>

Nghh; vLNfhs;fs;> madpahf;f Mw;wy;>

madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk;> td;-nkd; X-

fjph;fspd; NtWghLfs;> yNt Ma;T

typAWj;Jk; fUj;Jfs;> Nkh];Ny tpjp>

Nyrhpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> Nyrh; nraiyg;

ngw epge;jidfs;> N`hNyhfpuhgp>

Nyrhpd; gad;fs;.

NfNjhL fjph;fs;> Giof;fjph;fs;> X-

fjph;fs;-gz;Gfs;> J.J jhk;rd; Ma;T>

kpy;ypf;fd; vz;nza;Jsp Ma;T> Nghh;

n- MtJ tl;lg;ghijapd; Muk;>

i`l;u[d; epwkhiy thpirfs;> gpuhf;

tpjp> gpuhf; epwkhiykhdp> &gpNyrh;>

He-Ne Nyrh;.

9

tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilntsp>

cs;shh;e;j> Gwtpayhd –

Fiwflj;jpfs;> khR+l;ly;> jpUj;Jjy;>

nrdh; KwpT> xspckpo; ilNahL-

gad;fs;> buhrp];lh; Rw;wikg;Gfs;>

ngUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk;>

vjph;gpd;Dl;l ew;gad;fs;> gh;nfsrd;

epge;jid> njhFg;Gr; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs;>

nghJ yh[pf; Nfl;Lfs;> nray;ghl;L

ngUf;fpapd; Kf;fpa gz;gsTfs;> CRO

,d; gad;fs;

miumiyj; jpUj;jp> rkdr;Rw;W

miyj; jpUj;jp> buhd;rp];lhpy; α, β

njhlh;G, buhd;rp];lh; rpwg;G tiufs;>

xUfl;l CE ngUf;fp> gpd;Dl;lj;

jj;Jtk;-gpd;Dl;lg; ngUf;fp> fhy;gpl;

miyapaw;wp> Bkhh;fd; Njw;wq;fs;>

Gul;Lk; ngUf;fp> Gul;lyw;w ngUf;fp>

$l;Lk; ngUf;fp> NtWghl;Lg; ngUf;fp>

Nfl;Lfs;.

10

NubNah miyfs; guTk; Kiwfs;>

jhTnjhiyT> jhTkz;lyk;> gz;Ngw;wk;>

gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; mtrpak;> gz;Ngw;w vz;>

tPr;R gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;>

thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk;> ,yf;f Kiw jfty;

njhlh;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; kw;Wk;

FiwghLfs; xsp ,ioj; jfty;

njhlh;G ew;gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gad;fs;.

miytPr;R gz;Ngw;wk; gFg;gha;T> AM

kw;Wk; FM NubNah gug;gp kw;Wk;

Vw;gp> Nulhh;- jj;Jtk;> fl;lg;glk;>

nray;ghL> gad;fs;> nraw;iff;Nfhs;

jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;

jPikfs;.



6 4 2 1 1 25

9 3 4 1 1 30

10 2 1 1 1 20


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1 kjpg;ngz;Zf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk ;

1. epiy kpd;dpay;

1. xU fz;zhbj; jz;L> gl;Lj; JzpAld; Nja;f;fg;gLkNghJ +8 x 10-12

C kpd;Dl;lj;ij

Vw;fpwJ. mJ Vw;Wf;nfhz;l my;yJ ,oe;j vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if (5 x 107

(,oe;jJ))

2. ,U Gs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fs;> εr=6 nfhz;l Clfj;jpy;> d njhiytpy; gphpj;J

itf;fg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; epiy kpd;dpay; tpir 0.3N. ntw;wplj;jpy; mNj

njhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;l mk;kpd;Dl;lq;fSf; fpilNaahd tpir. (1.8N)

3. xU Gs;spkpd;Dl;lj;jpypUe;J 2m njhiytpy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT 400 Vm-1 vj;njhiytpy;

mjd; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT 100 Vm-1Mf mikAk;? (4m)

4. ,U Gs;spkpd;Dl;lq;fs; +4q kw;Wk; +q, 30 cm njhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mk;kpd;Dl;lq;fis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd; kPJ vg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk;?

(kpd;Dl;lk; +4q ypUe;J 20cm)

5. rPuhd kpd;Gyj;jpy;> Gyj;jpw;F ,izahf> mr;R mikAkhW xU kpd; ,UKid

itf;fg;gl;lhy;> mJ czh;tJ. (nkhj;j tpirAk; my;y> jpUg;G tpirAk; my;y)

6. kpd; ,UKidapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J x njhiytpy; mikAk; Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk;>

vjw;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikfpwJ? ( )

7. ‘a’ gf;fk; nfhz;l rJuj;jpd; ehd;F %iyfs; A,B,C kw;Wk; D-f;fspy; KiwNa

kpd;Dl;lq;fs; +q, +q, -q kw;Wk; -q itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rJuj;jpd; ikak; O-tpy;

kpd;dOj;jkhdJ. (Rop)

8. ,U Gs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy;(U)…………………MFk;. (q1q2 /4π 0r)

9. rk kpd;dOj;jg; gug;gpy; cs;s ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa 500µC kpd;Dl;lj;ij

efh;j;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy. (Rop)

10. fPo;f;fz;l msTfSs; vJ ];Nfyhh; msthFk;? (tpil: kpd;dOj;jk;)

11. tpLjpwdpd; myF. (C2N

-1m

-2)

12. 1 $Yk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; tpirf;NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if.(1.129 x 1011

)

13. kpd;Dl;l mlh;j;jp σ nfhz;l ,U vjpnujph; kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w cNyhfj; jfLfSf;F

ntspNa cs;s Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyk;. (RopahFk;)

14. xU ,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;F jpwdhdJ> jl;LfSf;fpilNa kpd;fhg;Gg;

nghUisf; nfhz;L epug;Gtjhy;> 5µF-ypUe;J 60µF-f;F mjpfhpf;fpwJ. kpd;fhg;Gg;

nghUspd; kpd;fhg;G khwpyp. (12)

15. kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;Ws;s cs;sPlw;w cNyhfg; ge;J xd;W> Rop kpd;Gyj;ij

vg;Gs;spfspy; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ? (Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gwk;)

VYSY

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1. 60C msTs;s kpd;Dl;lk; xU kpd;tpsf;fpd; topNa 2 epkplq;fSf;Fr; nrd;why;>

kpd; tpsf;fpy; nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;. (0.5A)

2. kpd;Dl;lq;fs; vg;nghUspd; topNa vspjhfg; gha;e;J nry;Yk;? (jhkpuk;)

3. flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjw;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;?

(,Og;G jpirNtfk;)

4. 240V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nraw;gLk; kpd; #Nlw;wpapd; kpd;jil120Ώ vdpy; kpd;jpwd;.(480 W)

5.Fwpg;gpl;l ePsk; nfhz;l jhkpuf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil R. mjd; ePsk;

,Uklq;fhf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; kpd;jil vz;. (khWglhJ)

6. ,U 2 kpd;jilfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,Ue;jhy;> njhFgad; kpd;jil. (1 )

7. ntg;gepiy FiwAk;NghJ kpd;fhg;Gg; nghUs;fspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; (mjpfhpf;Fk;).

8. 00 C fk;gpr; RUspd; kpd;jil 2 kw;Wk; =0.004/oC,100 -y; mjd; kpd;jil.

(2.8 )

9. /ghuNlapd; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpg;gb> kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk;

nry;Yk;NghJ> vjph;kpd;thapy; gbAk; madpfspd; epiw vijr; rhh;e;jJ my;y?

(kpd;jil)

10.rk kjpg;G kpd;jil cila n kpd;jilfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,Ug;gpd;

njhFgad;kpd;jil: (nR)

1. [_ypd; ntg;g tpjp. (H = Vlt)

2. #Nlw;Wk; ,ioahf epf;Nuhk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mJ

(mjpf kpd;jil vz; nfhz;lJ)

3. ntg;g kpd;dpul;ilapd; re;jpapy; ngy;bah; Fzfk; vjidr; rhh;e;jJ?

(re;jpapd; ntg;gepiy)

4. xU ntg;g kpd;dpul;ilapy; Fsph;re;jpapd; ntg;gepiy 20oC, jpUg;G ntg;gepiy

270oC vdpy; Gul;L ntg;gepiyahdJ. (520 o

C)

5. gal; - rhth;l; tpjpapd; rkd;ghL.

6. Nld;[d;l; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F tpyfy; 300 fk;gpr; RUspd;

jsj;jpid 900 jpUg;gpagpd; mNj kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; tpyfy;. (0o)

7. irf;Nshl;uhdpy; KLf;fg;gLk; kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; Rw;wpaf;ff; fhyk;

vjidr; rhh;e;jjy;y? (Jfspd; jpirNtfk;)

2.kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;

3.kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

VYSY

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8. rPuhd fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l nrt;;tff; fk;gpr; RUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; jpUg;G tpir ngUkkhf ,Uf;f.(Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;)

9. cl;GFjpwd; nfhz;l Clfj;jpy; <wpyh Neh;flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk;

ghAk;NghJ xU Gs;spapy; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp …… MFk;. ( )

10. ,aq;F RUs; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; fk;gpr; RUisj; njhq;ftpl gh];gh; - ntz;fyf;

fyitf; fk;gpiag; gad;gLj;jf; fhuzk;. (xuyF Nfhz tpyfYf;fhd jpUg;G tpir

FiwT)

11. gpd;tUk; rhjdq;fspy; xd;wpd; kpd;jil kpff; FiwT. (0-10A mk;kPl;lh;)

12. G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; S kpd;jil nfhz;l ,izj;jlk;

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tikg;gpd; gaDW kpd;jil Rs vdpy; gpd;tUk; $w;wpy; vJ

rhpahdJ? (Rs MdJ G, S-I tplf; FiwT)

13. rpwe;j Nthy;l; kPl;lhpd; gz;G. (<wpyh kpd;jil)

4.kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lKk;

1. kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; gad;gLj;jg;glhjJ. (miw #Nlw;wp)

2. 0.5m2 gug;gsitAk; 10 Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;;l xU fk;gpr; RUspd; jsk; 0.2Wb/m

2fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff; Fj;jhf cs;sNghJ fk;gpr;RUspd; topNa ghAk; fhe;jg;ghak;. (1Wb) 3. nyd;]; tpjp ………….. tpjpapd; mbg;gilapyhdJ. (Mw;wy; moptpd;ik)

4. Neh;f;flj;jpapd; jd; kpd; Jz;ly; vz; …………… (Rop)

5. n`d;wp vd;w myfpid ,g;gbAk; vOjyhk;.

(a) Vs A−1 (b) Wb A−1(c) Ωs (d) midj;Jk;. (tpil: midj;Jk;)

6. xU fk;gpr; RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; tpdhbf;F 40As-1 vd;w tPjj;jpy;

khWk;nghOJ> Jz;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 12V vdpy;> fk;gpr; RUspd; jd;kpd;

Jz;ly; vz; ……(0.3H)

7. 5A DCkpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthf;Fk; mNj msT ntg;g tpisit cUthf;Fk;

khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msT ……. (5A rms kpd;Ndhl;lk;)

8. kpd;khw;wp nray;gLtJ. (AC apy; kl;Lk;)

9. fk;gpr; RUspy; ,Ue;J Gwr;Rw;Wf;F kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijg; ghar; nra;Ak; khWjpir

kpd;dpaw;wpapd; cWg;G. (Jhpiffs;)

10. xU khWjpir kpd;Rw;wpy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e=Eo.sin(ωt+π/2),

I = Io sin (ωt π/2) vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijtpl ….. vd;w fl;l mstpy; Ke;jpr;

nry;Yk;. (π)

11. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vjid kpd;khw;wpiag; gad;gLj;jp cah;j;j KbahJ?

(cs;sPL jpwd;)

12. Neh;jpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; jd;topNa gha mDkjpf;fhj fUtp vJ? (kpd;Njf;fp)

13. xU AC kpd; Rw;wpy; (kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ruhrhp kjpg;G Rop)

14. kpd; mDg;gPl;Lf; fk;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,og;G vg;nghOJ Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

(kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfkhfTk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; FiwthfTk; cs;sNghJ)

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5. kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;> miy xspapaYk;

1. kpd;fhe;j miyfspy;> Mw;wy;. (,U Gyq;fSf;Fk; nrq;Fj;jhfg; guTfpd;wd)

2. kpd;fhe;j miyfs; (FWf;fiyfs; MFk;)

3. kpd;fhe;j miyfspy;> kpd;Gyk; È kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyk; B f;F ,ilNa cs;s fl;l

NtWghL. (Rop)

4. mZ epwkhiy vd;gJ. (Ja thpepwkhiy)

5. epA+l;ld; tisaj; njhFjpapy;> fz;zhbj; jl;Lf;Fk; jl;lf; Ftpnyd;Rf;Fk;

,ilapy; xU Jsp ePh; itf;fg;gl;lhy;> tisag; gFjp (RUq;Fk;)

6. xw;iw epw xspf;fw;iw> ntw;wplj;jpypUe;J xsptpyfy; vz; µ nfhz;l Clfj;jpw;Fs;

EiofpwJ. gLk; kw;Wk; tpyfile;j xspf;fw;iwfspd; miy ePsq;fspd; jfT. (µ:1)

7. xU xspapd; miy ePsk; ehd;F klq;fhff; Fiwe;jhy; mjd; rpjwy; msT

(256 klq;F mjpfhpf;Fk;)

8. epA+l;ld; tisa Ma;tpy; m-MtJ kw;Wk; (m+4) tJ fUik tisa tpl;lq;fs;

KiwNa √5mm kw;Wk; √7mm vdpy; m-d; kjpg;G vd;d? (10)

9. 4000A0 miy ePsKs;s xU xw;iwepw xsp miyfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s

ghijNtWghL 2x10-7

m mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s fl;l NtWghL. (π)

10. fz;zhbapd;; xsptpyfy; vz; 1.5 jbkd; 10nr.kP cila fz;zhbj; jfl;bd;

topNa xsp nry;tjw;F MFk; fhyk;. (5 x 10-10

S)

11.aq; Ma;tpy; 6000 Ao miy ePsKs;s xspapd; 3 MtJ nghypTg;gl;il kw;nwhU

%yj;jpd; 4 MtJ nghypTg; gl;ilAld; nghUe;JfpwJ vdpy;> me;j xsp %yj;jpd;

miyePsk; vd;d? (4500Ao)

12. 0.005m mfyj;jpy; 2500 NfhLfs; cs;s fPw;wzpapd; kPJ 6000 Ao miy ePsKs;s

xspahdJ Neh;f;Fj;jhfg; gLfpd;wJ. mjd; ngUk thpir vd;d? (3)

13. xU rptg;G xspf; fw;iwapypUe;J tpspk;G tpisT ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. rptg;G xspf;Fg;

gjpyhf ePy xspiag; gad;gLj;jpdhy; Vw;gLtJ vd;d?

(tpspk;G tpisT FWfyilAk; kw;Wk; $l;lkhf xd;W NrUk;)

14. 60o jstpisT Nfhzj;jpw;fhd xsp tpyfy; vz; vd;d? (1.732)

6. mZ ,aw;gpay;

1. Nfj;NjhL fjph;fs; vd;gd. (vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw)

2. E= 3 x 104

V/m kjpg;Gila kpd;GyKk;> B= 2 x 10-3

Wb/m2 kjpg;Gila fhe;jg;GyKk;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf nray;gLk; gFjpapy; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw tpyfy;

milahky; nry;fpwJ. vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwapd; ,af;fk;> fhe;jg;Gyk;> kpd;Gyk;

Mfpait xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf ,Ue;jhy;> vyf;;l;uhdpd; Ntfk;.(1.5 x 107

ms-1

)

3. Nghhpd; nfhs;ifapd;gb> Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk; msT.

(Nfhz ce;jk;)

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4. mZtpd; Kjy; %d;W tl;lg; ghijfspd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjk;. (1:4:9)

5. i`l;u[d; mZit mb epiyapypUe;J fpsh;r;rpahf;fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r

Mw;wy; (my;yJ) Kjy; fpsh;r;rpahf;f kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy;. (10.2eV)

6. &jh;/Nghh;L mZ khjphpapd;gb mZ xd;wpd; epwkhiy. (njhlh; epwkhiy)

7. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mZtpd; Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; A,B,C- ,d;; Mw;wy; kjpg;Gfs; VW

thpirapy; cs;sd. mjhtJ EA< EB< EC CapypUe;J B-f;F BapypUe;J A-f;F

kw;Wk; CapypUe;J Af;F jhTk;NghJ Njhd;Wk; miy ePsq;fs; KiwNa λ1 , λ2 , λ3

vdpy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rhpahdJ.

8. mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ePs;tl;lg;ghij fUj;jpidf; $wpath;. (rhkh;/;ngy;L)

9. X – fjph; vd;gJ (,af;f Mw;wiyf; fjph;tPryhf khw;Wk; epfo;r;rp)

10. X- fjph; Fohapy; ntspg;gLk; X fjph;fspd; nrwptpid vt;thW mjpfhpf;fyhk;?

(kpd;dpioapd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjd; %yk;)

11. $ypl;[; Fohapy; Njhd;Wk; rpwg;G X-fjph; /Nghl;Nlhdpd; Mw;wy; vt;thW

ngwg;gLfpwJ? (,yf;fpd; mZ jhTk;NghJ)

12. $ypl;;[; Foha; xd;W 24800V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLfpwJ. Njhd;Wk;

X- fjph;fspd; ngUk mjph;ntz;. (6 x 1018

Hz)

13. i`l;u[d; mZtpy; gpd;tUk; ngah;Tfspy; vjpy; ngUkmiyePsk; Njhd;Wk;?

(6 5)

14. i`l;u[d; mZtpy; gpd;tUkhW vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhTk;nghOJ> vjpy; ngUk

mjph;ntz; nfhz;l fjph;tPr;R Njhd;Wk;? (2 1)

15. Nyrhpy; njwpg;G epfo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; (mbepiyapy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl

fpsh;r;rp epiyapy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;)

16. &gp jz;by; cs;s FNuhkpa madpfs; (gr;ir xspia cl;ftUk;)

7. fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;il gz;G kw;Wk; rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;

1. mjph;ntz; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd;> gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz; o nfhz;l

cNyhfj;jpd; kPJ gLfpwJ. ntsptplg;gLk; vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;.(h ( - o))

2. nghUs; xd;wpd; xspapd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; 3.3 eV vdpy;> gad;njhlf;f

mjph;ntz;.(8 x 1014

Hz)

3. cNyhfg; gug;G xd;wpd; epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vjidr; rhh;e;jpuhJ? (gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd;

nrwpT)

4. gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz;zpy;> vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpirNtfk;. (Rop)

5. xspkpd; tpisit vjd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;f KbAk;?

(xspapd; Fthz;lk; nfhs;if)

6. gUg;nghUs; miyePsk; vjidr; rhh;e;jjy;y? (kpd;Dl;lk;)

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7. ,aq;Fk; nghUs; xd;wpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; E vdpy; mjd; B gpuhyp miyePsk;.

8. 2Ao miyePsk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; ce;jk;. (3.3 x 10

-24 kg ms

-1)

9. rhh;gpaypd;gb> ,af;fj;jpYs;s jz;bd; ePsk; (epiyahf cs;sNghJ ,Ue;j

ePsj;ijtpl Fiwthf mikAk;)

10. 1kg epiwAs;s nghUs; KOtJkhf Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLk;NghJ cUthFk; Mw;wy;.

(9 x 1016

J)

8. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;

1. 4Be8 mZf;fUtpd; Muk;. (2.6 x 10

-15 m)

2. 13Al 27 kw;Wk; 14Si

28 vd;w mZf;fUf;fs; vjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikAk;?

(INrhNlhd; (isotone))

3. mZf;fU xd;wpd; epiw tO 0.03amu vdpy;> mjd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;.(27.93 MeV)

4. mZf;fUg; gpsitia tpsf;FtJ. (jputj; Jsp khjphp)

5. mZf;fUtpDs; cs;s mZf;fUj; Jfs;fs; vjdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd?

(mZf;fU tpir)

6. ngUk madpahf;Fk; jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sit. (α – Jfs;fs;)

7. rpijT khwpyp 0.0693 / ehs; , nfhz;l fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;wpd; miu

MAl;fhyk;. (10 ehs;fs;)

8. tptrhaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;G. (15P32

)

9. mZf;fUg; gpsit xd;wpy; ntspg;gLk; ruhrhp Mw;wy;. (200 MeV)

10. mZFz;L ntbj;jypy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk;.(fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fU gpsit tpid)

11. ,uj;jr; Nrhifiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ. (26 Fe59

)

12. 80Hg198

+ X → 79Au198

+ 1 , vd;w mZf;fU tpidapy; X vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;?

(epA+l;uhd;)

13. β rpijtpd; NghJ (epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;if xd;W FiwAk;)

14. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;git (rkkhd GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifAk; khWgl;l epA+l;uhd;

vz;zpf;ifAk; nfhz;lit)

15. fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;W njhlf;f mstpy; 1/e klq;fhff; Fiwa vLj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; fhyk;. (ruhrhp MAl;fhyk;)

16. N13 d; miu MAl;fhyk; 10.1 epkplq;fs;. mjd; MAl;fhyk; (Kbtpyp)

17. xU jdpkj;jpd; Neh;kpd; fjph;fs;> ngapd;gphpl;[; epiwkhiyapy; ,UNtWgl;l RtLfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Neh;kpd; madpfs;. (NtWgl;l epiw kw;Wk; xNu jpirNtfj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;) 18. 26Fe

56 mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;. (493 MeV)

19.mZf;fUtpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk;> ghjurj;jpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; Rkhuhf.

(1.3 x 1013

)

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9. Fiwf;flj;jp rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;

1. xU jdpkj;jpd; Ntjp kw;Wk; kpd;gz;GfSf;Ff; fhuzkhd mj;jdpkj;jpd;

mZtpYs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; vit? (,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs;)

2. N-tif Fiw flj;jpapy; cs;sit. (,af;fkpy;yh Neh;kpd; madpfs;).

3. PN re;jp ilNahby; cUthFk; jpUg;Gr;rhh;G njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf

miktJ. (rpWghd;ik Ch;jpfs;)

4. Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhh;G rpwg;G tiuapy; ilNahL nray;gLtJ.

(xU ,af;F (ON) Rtpl;rhf)

5. mtyhQ;rp KwpT (avalanche breakdown) Kjd;ikahfr; rhh;e;Js;s epfo;T (Nkhjy;)

6. xsp ckpo;T ilNahby; ckpog;gLk; xspapd; epwk; vjidr; rhh;e;jJ?

(Fiwf;flj;jp nghUspd; tif)

7. xU buhd;rp];lhpd; ckpo;g;ghd; - mbtha; re;jpf;F Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhh;Gk; Vw;ghd; -

mbtha; re;jpf;Fg; gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhh;Gk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mbtha; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

mjpfhpf;fpwJ vdpy;> mjd; (Ic mjpfhpf;Fk;)

8. buhd;rp];lUf;F chpa Kiwapy; rhh;G kpd;dOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;glhj epiyapy;

(ntspaPL irifapy; cUf;FiyT (distortion) Vw;gLfpwJ)

9. xU miyapaw;wp vd;gJ (gpd;Dl;lk; cs;s xU ngUf;fp)

10. fhy;gpl; miyapaw;wpr; Rw;wpy; (kpd;Njf;fp gpd;Dl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ)

11. ,yl;rpa nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fpapd; cs;sPL kpd;ndjph;g;G KbtpyhjJ. Mifahy;

(mjd; cs;sPL kpd;Ndhl;lk; Rop)

12. nfhLf;fg;gl;l mikg;gpd; yh[pf; nray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa Nfl;

(AND)

13. nfhLf;fg;gl;l Rw;wpd; ntspaPL (Y) kjpg;G 1 vdpy; mjd; cs;sPLfs; ABC.

(1 0 1 )

14. G+ypad; my;[pg;uh tpjpfspd;gb (A+AB) vd;w rkd;ghL vjw;Fr; rkk;? (A)

15. ABC vd;w G+ypad; rkd;ghl;bd; vspikahf;fk;. (A+ B+ C)

10. jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfs;

1. cah; mjph;ntz; miyfs; gpd;gw;WtJ (madp kz;lyg; gutiy)

2. gz;Ngw;wk; nra;ag;gLtjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;

(Fiwe;j mjph;ntz; nfhz;l jftiy ePz;l njhiyTfSf;Fj; jpwk;gl mDg;g)

3. tPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wj;jpy; (Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;NgWk; miyapd; tPr;Rf;F Vw;g

khWgLk;)

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4. tPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wj;jpy;> gl;il mfyk; (irif mjph;ntz;zpd; ,U klq;fhf

,Uf;Fk;)

5. fl;lg; gz;Ngw;wj;jpy; (Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kw;Wk; mjph;ntz; khWk;)

6. NubNah gug;gpapy; cs;s RF miythpir cUthf;FtJ. (cah; mjph;ntz; Ch;jp

miyfs;)

7. xt;nthU rl;lj;ijAk; (glj;ijAk;) ,uz;L Gyq;fshfg; gphpj;J xU nrfz;Lf;F 50

fhl;rpfis mDg;Gtjd; Nehf;fk;. (glj;jpy; rpkpl;liyj; jtph;f;f)

8. njhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g Ntz;ba mr;rbj;j Mtzj;ij kpd;diyfshf

khw;Wk; Kiw. (thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk;)

myFfs; 1>7>8 ,y; cs;s tpdh tpilfs;;;;

myF – 1 epiykpd;dpay ;;; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;

1. kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; Fthz;lkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?

i) ve;j xU mikg;gpd; kpd;Dl;lKk; (q) xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; rpWk kjpg;gpd; (e) KO klq;fhfNt mikAk;. ii) mjhtJ q=ne ,q;F n KOvz;> e vd;gJ vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Dl;lk; (e=1.6x10-19 C)

2. kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; $Wf. i) jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;. ii) kpd;Dl;lq;fis Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. mikg;G xd;wpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lk; vg;NghJk; khwhJ.

3. kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d? v. fh. jUf. xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lkhdJ mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkk;. v.fh: +2q, -5q kpd;Dl;lq;fs; nfhz;l ,U nghUl;fs; Nrh;j;;J itf;fg;gl;lhy; mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lk;; -3q MFk;. 4. epiy kpd;dpaypy; $Yk; tpjpiaf; $Wf. ,UGs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd fth;r;rp tpir my;yJ tpul;L tpirahdJ kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;F Neh;j;jftpYk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjph;j;jftpYk; mikAk;. ntf;lh; tbtk; : F12 = r21

5. $Yk; tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; $Yk; vd;gjid tiuaW (my;yJ) 1 $Yk; tiuaW. fhw;wpNyh my;yJ ntw;wplj;jpNyh xU kPl;lh; ,ilntspapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xj;j kpd;Dl;lq;fSf;fpilNaahd tpul;L tpir 9x10

9N vdpy;

mk;kpd;Dl;l kjpg;G xU $Yk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ . 6. xg;Gik tpLjpwd; vd;why; vd;d? Clfj;jpd; tpLjpwDf;Fk;> fhw;wpy; my;yJ ntw;wplj;jpy; mjd; tpLjpwDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT xg;Gik tpLjpwd; vdg;gLk;.

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7. epiy kpd;dpaypy; Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtj;ijf; $W. xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; kPjhd nkhj;j tpir vd;gJ kw;w kpd;Dl;lq;fs; mk;kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; kPJ Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpirfspd; ntf;lh; $LjyhFk;.

q1 kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; kPJ cUthFk; nkhj;j tpir F1 = F12 +F13 +F14 + …..+F1n

8. kpd;Gyr;nrwpT tiuaW. myF jUf. kpd;Gyj;jpy; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s XuyF Neh;kpd;Dl;lk; czUk; tpir> mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT vdg;gLk;. myF: NC-1. 9. kpd; ,U Kid vd;why; vd;d? kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwid tiuaW. ,U rkkhd vjpnujpuhd kpfr; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Dl;lq;fs; kpd; ,U Kid vdg;gLk;. kpd; ,U Kidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;gJ VNjDk; xU kpd;Dl;lj;ij kpd;Dl;lq;;fSf;F ,ilNaahd njhiythy; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gjhFk;. p = q x 2d myF: C m. 10. ikf;Nuh miy rikaw;fydpd; nray;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.

i) FWfpa Neuj;jpy; czit rikf;fg; gad;gLk; ,r;rhjdj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; ikf;Nuh miyfs; rPuw;w miyTWk; kpd;Gyj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ii) cztpYs;s ePh;k %yf;$Wfs; kpd; ,UKidfshf miktjhy; miyTWk; jpUg;G tpirf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L xU rpy ePh;k %yf;$Wfspd; gpizg;Gfs; Kwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. iii) gpizg;Gfs; Kwptjhy; ntg;g Mw;wy; cUthfp czT rikf;fg;gLfpwJ.

11. xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW. myF ahJ?. kpd;Gyj;jpy; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ XuyF Neh;kpd;Dl;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpy; ,Ue;J kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf> mg;Gs;spf;Ff; nfhz;L tur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vd tiuWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF: Nthy;l; (V) 12. kpd;dOj;j NtWghL – tiuaW. kpd;Gyj;jpy; ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilNa kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gJ xU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F kpd; tpul;Ltpirf;F vjpuhf XuyF Neh;kpd;Dl;lj;ij efh;j;jr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF: Nthy;l; (V) 13. 1 Nthy;l; - tiuaW. kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F xU $Yk; kpd;Dl;lj;ij kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf vLj;Jr;nry;yr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy 1 [y; vdpy; mg;Gs;spfSf;fpilNaAs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL 1 Nthy;l; MFk;. 14. ,U Gs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? ,U Gs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ mt;tpU kpd;Dl;lq;fis xUq;fikar; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy. myF: [y; (J) 15. rk kpd;dOj;jg;gug;G vd;why; vd;d? xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rkkpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd vdpy; mg;gug;G rkkpd;dOj;jg;gug;G vdg;gLk;. 16. kpd;Gyg;ghak; - tiuaW. mjd; myifj; jUf. kpd;Gyg;ghak; vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf;NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if MFk;. kpd;Gyg;ghaj;jpd; myF: Nm

2 C

-1.

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17. epiy kpd;dpaypy; fh]; tpjpiaf; $Wf. ve;jnthU %ba gug;gpYk; nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpd;; nkhj;j gha kjpg;G

mg;gug;gpy; cs;s nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lj;jpd;; klq;Ff;Fr; rkk;. mjhtJ Φ= .

18. epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;why; vd;d?

i) Gwkpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpiaj; jdpikg;gLj;Jk; epfo;T. ii) flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk;.

19. ,b> kpd;dypd;NghJ xU kuj;jpdbapy; epw;gij tpl xU NgUe;J (m) fhhpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ Vd;?

i) NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg;gug;gpDs; kpd;Gy kjpg;G RopahfpwJ. ii) NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;Giwahf nray;gLfpwJ. iii) kpd;dypd; NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa kpd;dpwf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.

20. epiykpd;Jz;ly; vd;why; vd;d? xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;Dl;lj;ijg; ngw KbAk;. ,t;tif kpd;Dl;lq;fs; Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Dl;lq;fshFk;. Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Dl;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;Jz;ly; vdg;gLk;. 21. kpd;Njf;fp vd;why; vd;d? kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;;jpwid tiuaW. kpd;Njf;fp vd;gJ kpd;Dl;lq;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk; rhjdkhFk;. xU flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; vd;gJ mf;flj;jpf;F msp;f;fg;gLk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;Fk; flj;jpapy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF: /ghul; (F) 22. 1 /ghul; - tiuaW. flj;jp xd;wpw;F 1 $Yk; kpd;Dl;lk; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy;> flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; 1 /ghul; MFk;. 23. Kidtw;w %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v. fh. jUf. Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk; vjph; kpd;;;;;; ;;;; ;;;;;;;;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk; xd;whfg; nghUe;jp mikfpd;w %yf;$W Kidtw;w %yf;$W vdg;gLk;. ,it epiyahd ,UKidj;jpUg;Gj;jpwidg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. v.fh: O2, H2, N2Kjypad.

24. KidTs;s %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? VNjDk; ,U vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf. Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$W KidTs;s %yf;$W vdg;gLk.; ,it epiyahd ,UKidj;jpUg;Gj;jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sd. v.fh: N2O, H2O, HCl, NH3 Kjypad. 25. kpd;fhg;gpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? Gwkpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ epiyahd my;yJ Jz;lg;gl;l ,UKidfspd; ,UKidj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fs;> Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa xUq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;w epfo;T Kidthf;fy; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. 26. kpd;fhg;G vd;why; vd;d? ,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpj; jfLfSf;fpilNa kpd;fhg;Gg;ghsj;ij itg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisT ahJ?

i) midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg; ngw;Ws;s kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fs; kpd;fhg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;.

ii) kpd;fhg;Gg;ghsk; itg;gjhy; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

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27. kpd;Njf;fpfspd; gad;ghLfis vOJf. i) jhdpaq;fp ve;jpuq;fspd; vhpnghUs; vhpA+l;Lk; mikg;Gfspy; jPg;nghwp Vw;gLtijj; jtph;f;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ii)kpd;jpwd; toq;fpfspy; kpd;dOj;j Vw;w ,wf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. iii)kpd;jpwd; mDg;gPl;by; mjd; gaDWjpwid mjpfhpf;fr;nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.

28.xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; (m) $h;Kidr;nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w flj;jpapd; $h;Kidfspy; ,Ue;J kpd;Dl;lk; frpfpd;w epfo;T $h;Kidfspd; nray;ghL my;yJ xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jj; jj;Jtk; kpd;Dl;lj;ijr;; Nrfhpf;Fk; epiykpd; ve;jpuq;fspYk; kpd;dy; flj;jpfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 29. HCl thA> 2.5x104 NC-1 msTs;s kpd;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU HCl %yf;$wpd; kpd; ,UKidj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; 3.4x10-30 Cm vdpy; xU %yf;$wpd; kPJ nray;gLk; ngUkj;jpUg;G tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:- jpUg;G tpir = pE

ngUkj; jpUg;G tpir max =pE [ , ]

max= 3.4x10-30x2.5x104

max=8.5x10-26 Nm

30. 4 x 10-7 C kpd;Dl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 0.09m njhiytpy; cs;s xU Gs;spapy;

kpd;dOj;jj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:-

31. Kbtpyh thpkpd;Dl;lk;> 2cm njhiytpy; 9x104 NC-1kpd;Gyj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ vdpy; kpd;Dl;l ePslh;j;jpiaf; fzf;fpLf?

jPh;T: E = vd;gjhy;

= E x 9

=9x104x x10-9x2x10-2 9

=10-7 Cm-1

32. xt;nthd;Wk;; 9pF kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; nfhz;l %d;W kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd njhFg;gpd; njhFgad; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; ahJ?

jPh;Î:- = + +

= + +

= ; =

Cs = 3pF

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33. 5μF

10μF 10μF njhFg;gpd; njhFgad; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; fhz;f.

C1 = 5μF ; C2 = 10 μF ; C3 = 10 μF vd;f. C2 kw;Wk;; C3njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd.

= + ; = +

= = Cs = 5μF

jw;NghJC1kw;Wk; Csgf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd. Cp = C1 + Cs

Cp = (5+5) μF Cp = 10 μF

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh – tpilfs;

1. kpd;tpirf;NfhLfspd; gz;Gfs;: Neh; kpd;Dl;lj;jpy; njhlq;fp vjph; kpd;Dl;lj;jpy; KbtilfpwJ. xd;iwnahd;W ntl;br; nry;yhJ.

kpd;Gyj;jpd; jpir(E), kpd;tpirf;Nfhl;Lf;F tiuag;gLk; njhLNfhl;bd; jpirahy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

kpd;tpirf;NfhLfSf;F Neh;Fj;jhd jpirapy; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if kpd;Gyr;nrwpT (E)

E-d; kjpg;G mjpfkhd ,lq;fspy; NfhLfs; neUf;fkhf mikAk;.

E-d; kjpg;G Fiwthd ,lq;fspy; NfhLfs; ,ilntsptpl;L mikAk;.

q kpd;Dl;lj;jhy; ntw;wplj;jpy; cUthFk; kpd;tpirf;NfhLfspd;

vz;zpf;if 0

qN

2. rPuhd kpd;Gyj;jpy; kpd;,UKid - kpd; ,UKidj;jpUg;G tpirf;fhd Nfhit

AB vd;w kpd;,UKid rPuhd kpd;Gyj;jpy; Nfhzk; rha;thf cs;sJ.

q d; kPJ tpir qE; -qd; kPJ tpir –qE

,UKid kPjhd njhFgad; tpir Rop. ,UKid kPJ jpUg;Gtpir xd;W cUthfp kpd;,UKidiar; Row;Wk;. jpUg;Gtpir = F 2d sin

= qE 2d sin ( p = q x 2d) = pE sin

ntf;lh; FwpaPl;by;> Ep

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3. kpd;Gyj;jpy; cs;s kpd; ,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhit:

kpd;Gyj;jpy; kpd; ,UKidiaj; Njitahd epiyf;Fr; Row;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd Ntiy kpd;,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhFk;.

,UKidapd; kPjhd jpUg;Gtpir =pE sin

d Nfhzk; Row;wr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy dW = d

dW = pEsin d

Nfhzk; Row;wr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy W =pE sind

W = -pE cos

kpd; ,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; U = - pE cos

4. xU Gs;s;p kpd;Dl;lj;jhy; VNjDk; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhit:

A, BGs;spfSf;fpilNa kpd;dOj;j NtWghL dV = -E dx

A y; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT 2

04

1

x

qE

dxx

qdV

2

04

1

XuyF Neh;kpd;Dl;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J mg;Gs;spf;Ff; (P)

nfhz;Ltur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy kpd;dOj;jk; MFk;.

dxx

qV

r

2

04

r

qV

04

5. ,UGs;sp kpd;Dl;l mikg;gpd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhit: ,U Gs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ mt;tpU

kpd;Dl;lq;fis xUq;fikar; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy.

1q My; B y; kpd;dOj;jk ;

r

qV

0

1

4

2q I Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J B f;F nfhz;Ltur; nra;ag;gl;l

Ntiy W = Vq2. kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy ;

r

qqU

0

21

4

NtiyahdJ mikg;gpd; epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

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6. ,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mw;wy;.

kpd;Dl;lj;ijj; Njf;fp itf;Fk; rhjdk; kpd;Njf;fp. kpd;Dl;lj;ijj; Njf;fp itf;fj; Njitahd NtiyahdJ kpd;Njf;fpapDs;

epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. dqkpd;Dl;lj;ijj; Njf;f nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy dW = V dq

C

qV dq

C

q dW

nkhj;j Ntiy , 0

q

dqC

qW

C

qW

2

2

,e;j Ntiy epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

CVq 2

1

2

2

2

CVU

C

qU

10 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;

1. kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d ? kpd; ,UKidapd; mr;Rf; Nfhl;by; xUGs;spapy; Vw;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpw;fhd Nfhit.

,U rkkhd vjpnujpuhd kpfr;rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Dl;lq;fs; xU kpd; ,UKidahFk;.

A kw;Wk; B ,y; cs;s -q kw;Wk; +q kpd;Dl;lq;fs; kpd; ,UKidahFk;. P vd;gJ kpd;,UKidapd; ikak; O tpypUe;J mjd; mr;Rf;Nfhl;by; r njhiytpy; cs;s Gs;sp vd;f.

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d << r, E =

E = ( p = q x 2d)

E ahdJ kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; jpirapy; nray;gLfpwJ.

2. kpd; ,UKidapd; eLtiuf;Nfhl;by; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpw;fhd Nfhit.

A kw;Wk; B ,y; cs;s -q kw;Wk; +q kpd;Dl;lq;fs; kpd; ,UKidahFk;. P vd;gJ kpd;,UKidapd; ikak; O tpypUe;J mjd; eLtiuf;Nfhl;by;

r njhiytpy; cs;s Gs;sp vd;f.

+q kpd;Dl;lj;jhy; P y; kpd;Gyk;

-q kpd;Dl;lj;jhy; P y; kpd;Gyk;

E1 = E2, E1kw;Wk; E2I ,U nrq;Fj;Jf; $Wfshfg; gphpj;jhy;> E1 Sin , E2 Sin xd;iwnahd;W rkd; nra;fpd;wd. E1 cos , E2 cos PR

jpirapy; $l;lg;gLfpd;wd.

E = E1 cos + E2 cos (PR jpirapy;)

E = 2 E1 cos ( E1 = E2 )

E = 2 x x cos

Mdhy; cos =

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d << r, E =

E–d; jpir mr;Rf;F ,izahf ,UKid jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; jpirf;F

vjph;jpirapy; nray;gLfpwJ. 3. kpd; ,UKidahy; VNjDk; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhit.

A, B ,y; cs;s -q kw;Wk; +q kpd;Dl;lq;fs; kpd; ,UKidahFk;.

mjd; ,UKidj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; p vd;f. O tpypUe;J r njhiytpy; cs;s Gs;sp P

vd;f. ,UKidapd; mr;Rld; O P Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk; vd;f.

+q kpd;Dl;lj;jhy; P ,y; kpd;dOj;jk; 104

1

r

q

-q kpd;Dl;lj;jhy; P ,y; kpd;dOj;jk;204 r

q

kpd;,UKidahy; P ,y; kpd;dOj;jk;

2010 4

1

4

1

r

q

r

qV

V = )

nfhird; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp r12 = r2 + d2 -2 r d cos

d << r, r12 = r2 ( 1 - ),

r

cosd1

r

1

r

1

1 ,

cos

r

d1

r

1

r

1

2

V = ( 1+ )

( 1- ) ]

V = ( p = q x 2d)

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22

2

04

cos

r

pV

rpwg;G Neh;Tfs;:

1. =00 vdpy; V=2

04 r

p

2. =1800 vdpy; V=2

04 r

p

3. =900 vdpy; V = 0

4. fh]; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;jp Neuhd Kbtpyh ePsk; nfhz;l kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w fk;gpapdhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpw;fhd Nfhit.

Kbtpyh ePsk; nfhz;l +q kpd;Dl;lk; nfhz;l fk;gp xd;wpidf; fUJNthk;. mjd; kpd;Dl;l ePs; mlh;j;jp = vd;f. Gs;sp MdJ fk;gpapypUe;J r njhiytpy; cs;sJ.

,UKidfspYk; mr;Rf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhd Kidg;gug;G cila ePsKk; r MuKk; cila fh];]pad; cUisiaf; (fh];]pad; gug;G) fUJNthk;.

tisg;gug;G topNa kpd;Gyg; ghak; ) = E dS cos

= E dS [ = , cos = = E ( 2 r ) Kidg;gug;gpy; E, dS xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;J vd;gjhy; ghak; Rop MFk;.

fh];tpjpg;gb =

E (2 r ) = ( q = )

E =

kpd;Gyj;jpd; jpir +q vdpy; Muj;jpd; topNa ntspNehf;fpAk;> -q vdpy; Muj;jpd;

topNa cs;Nehf;fpAk; mikAk;.

5.fh]; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;jpr; rPuhd kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w Nfhstbtf; $l;bdhy;

Vw;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpw;fhd Nfhit.

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i) Nfhs tbtf; $l;bw;F ntspNa cs;s Gs;spapy;

R Muk; cila kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w Nfhstbtf;$L xd;iwf; fUJNthk;. mjd;

ikaj;jpypUe;J r njhiytpy; cs;s Gs;sp P vd;f. r Muk; nfhz;l Nfhsk;

fh];]pad; gug;G MFk;. kpd;Gyk; gug;Gf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhfr; nray;gLfpwJ.

gug;Gf;Fj;jhd kpd;Gyg;ghak;

[ =

= E (4 r2)

fh]; tpjpg;gb =

E (4 r2) =

E =

ii) gug;gpd; kPJ cs;s Gs;spapy;:-

gug;gpd; kPJ cs;s Gs;spapy; E = [ = vd;gjhy; ]

iii) Nfhstbtf; $l;bd; cl;Gwj;jpy; cs;s xUGs;spapy;:-

Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J njhiytpy; cs;s Gs;sp vd;f. Muk; nfhz;l

Nfhsk; fh];]pad; gug;G MFk;.

gug;Gf;Ff; Fj;jhd kpd;Gyg;ghak;

[ =

fh]; tpjpg;gb =

,q;F q = 0, gug;gpDs; kpd;Dl;lk; Rop>

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6. kpd;Njf;fpapd; jj;Jtk;> ,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwDf;fhd Nfhit.

kpd;Njf;fpapd; jj;Jtk; :-

kpd;Njf;fp vd;gJ kpd;Dl;lj;ijr; Nrkpf;Fk; rhjdk;.

q kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w A vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJNthk;. mjd; kpd;dOj;jk; v vd;f.

kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd;

C =

kpd;fhg;G ngw;w B vd;w kw;nwhU cNyhfj;jfL Ad; mUfpy; nfhz;L tug;gLk;NghJ

A f;F mUfpy; cs;s B ,d; gf;fj;jpy; vjph; kpd;Dl;lKk;> mNj msT Neh;

kpd;Dl;lk; B ,d; kWgf;fj;jpy; Jz;lg;gLfpwJ. B ,y; cs;s vjph; kpd;Dl;lj;jhy;

A ,d; kpd;dOj;jk; Fiwe;J A d; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

jl;L B Gtpapizg;G nra;jhy; Neh;kpd;Dl;lk; eLepiyahFk;. ,jdhy; A ,d;

kpd;dOj;jk; NkYk; Fiwe;J kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; NkYk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; flj;jpfspd; tbtj;ijAk; Clfj;jpd; ,ay;igAk; nghWj;jJ.

,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd;

d-,ilntspapy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s X,Y vd;w cNyhfj;jl;Lfisf; fUJf.

jl;bd; FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;G A vdTk; kpd;Dl;lg; gug;G mlh;j;jp vdTk; nfhs;f. jl;L X,

+q kpd;Dl;lj;ijAk; jl;L ,d; Nkw;Gwk; -q kpd;Dl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

kpd;Dl;lk; q = A [ = ]

,U jl;LfSf;fpilNa cs;s Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyk;>

fh]; tpjpg;gb =

X, Y jl;LfSf;fpilNaAs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL>

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,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; C =

C =

7. kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpYk; gf;f ,izg;gpYk; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ tpisAk; njhFgad; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd;

njhlhpizg;G gf;f ,izg;G

C1,C2,C3 kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njhFg;gpd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; Cs vd;f.

C1,C2,C3 kpd;Njf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njhFg;gpd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; Cp vd;f.

vy;yh kpd;Njf;fpfspYk; kpd;Dl;lk; rkk; vy;yh kpd;Njf;fpfspYk; kpd;dOj;jk; rkk;

V1 = ; V2 = ; V3 =

V = V1 + V2 + V3

q 1 = C 1V ; q 2 = C 2V ; q 3 = C 3V

q = q1 + q2 + q3

V =

321 C

q

C

q

C

q

C

q

s

q = C pV

CPV = V(C1+C2+C3)

321

1111

CCCCs

CP = C1 + C2 + C3

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8. thd;-b-fpuh/g; kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtk; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjk;.

107 V epiy kpd;dOj;jj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;a ,J gad;gLfpwJ.

jj;Jtk;;: epiykpd;Jz;ly;> $h;Kidr; nray;ghL

mikg;G:

cNyhff;Nfhsk; A, kpd;fhg;Gg; ngw;w Jzpd; kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; B vd;w fg;gpAk; Jzpd; mbg;gFjpapy; C vd;w fg;gpAk;

nghUj;jg;gl;L> gl;Lj;Jzpapdhy; Md gl;il xd;W fg;gpfs; topNa nry;fpwJ.

fg;gp C kpd;Nkhl;lhh; %yk; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ

fg;gpfSf;F mUNf D kw;Wk; E ,U rPg;G tbtf; flj;jpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

rPg;G D f;F 104 V Neh;kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;jpwd; toq;fp %yk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ

rPg;G E cNyhff;Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gwk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nray;ghL:

rPg;G D f;F mUfpy; $h;Kidr; nray;ghl;bd; fhuzkhff; fhw;wpy; cs;s

vjph;madpfs; $h;Kidfs; Nehf;fp tpul;lg;gLfpd;wd. Neh;madpfs; gl;ilapy;

xl;bf;nfhs;tjhy; Nky;Nehf;fpr; nrd;W rPg;G E neUq;FfpwJ.

epiykpd;Jz;ly; jj;Jtj;jpd; tpisthf rPg;G E vjph; kpd;Dl;lk; ngWfpwJ.

Nfhsk; A Neh;kpd;Dl;lk; ngWfpwJ. rPg;G E ,y; cs;s vjph;kpd;Dl;lq;fs;

gl;ilia Nehf;fp tpul;lg;gl;L gl;ilapy; cs;s Neh;kpd;Dl;lj;ijr;

rkd;nra;fpwJ. gl;il fPopwq;Fk;NghJ kpd;Dl;lkw;w epiyia milfpwJ.

njhlh;r;rpahff; Nfhsk; Neh;kpd;Dl;lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. Nkw;nfhz;L Nfhsj;jpy;

kpd;Dl;lq;fs; Vw;fg;glhj epiyia vl;baTld; kpd;Dl;lq;fs; frpaj;

njhlq;Ffpd;wd.

cah; mOj;jj;jpy; fhw;W epug;gg;gl;l v/F fyj;jpdhy; Nfhsj;ij %Ltjd;;

%yk; kpd;Dl;lf; frpitf; Fiwf;fyhk;.

gad;fs;:

mZf;fUtpidapy; gad;gLk; Neh; madpfis (GNuhl;lhd;> bA+l;uhd;) KLf;Ftpf;fg;

gad;gLfpwJ.

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myF –7 fjph;tPr;R> gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg;gz;G kw;Wk;

rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;;;


1. xspkpd; tpisT (xspkpd; ckpo;jy;) vd;why; vd;d? rpy cNyhfg;nghUl;fspd; kPJ fjph;fs;>X-fjph;fs;> Gw Cjhf;fjph;fs; kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xspNghd;wit gLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T xspkpd; tpisT my;yJ xspkpd; ckpo;jy; vdg;gLk;.

2. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW. xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjph; kpd;dOj;jk; epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

3. gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz;iz tiuaW. xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk; ve;jg; gLfjph; tPr;rpd; mjph;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpwNjh me;jr; rpWk mjph;ntz; gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz; vdg;gLk;. 4. ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gJ cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;wj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; (W) MFk;. W=h 0

5. gpshq;fpd; Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf.(my;yJ) Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. i) xspahdJ jdpj;jdpahd rpWrpW Mw;wy; ngl;lfq;fshf ckpog;gLfpwJ. ii) xt;nthU ngl;lfKk; Fthz;lk; my;yJ /Nghl;lhd; vdg;gLk;;

iii) xt;nthU /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; E=h

6. xspkpd;fyd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; tiffs; ahit?

xsp Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;w cjTk; rhjdk; xspkpd;fyd; vdg;gLk;. ,J 3 tifg;gLk;. i) xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; ii) xsp Nthy;l;lh kpd;fyd; iii) xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyd;

7. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf. i) njhopw;rhiyfspy; Eypiofspd; mikg;G> cNyhfg; gug;Gfs;> tz;zg; G+r;Rfspd; Mf;ff; $Wfs; Nghd;witfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpwJ. ii) kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy; itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg;gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpwJ. iii) ,aw;gpaypy; mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpwJ. 8. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs; ahit? vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ cah; ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy; me;epiyapy; Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff;$ba caph;nghUs;fisg; gw;wp mwpa ,ijg; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ. 9. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; my;yJ b-gpuhyp miyfs; vd;git ahit? ,aq;Fk; gUg;nghUSld; (JfSld;) ,ize;Js;s miyfs; gUg;nghUs; miyfs; my;yJ b-gpuhyp miyfs; vdg;gLk;.

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10. mZitg;gw;wpa miy ve;jputpay; fUj;jpidf; $Wf. i) ntt;NtW ghijfspy; nry;Yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; miyfisg; Nghy ,aq;Fk;. ii) tl;lg;ghijapd; Rw;wsT (2πr) b-gpuhyp miyePsj;jpd; KOklq;Ffshf(n) ,Ue;jhy; mJ epiyj;jd;ik ngw;w ghij MFk;

iii) vyf;l;uhdpd; epiyahd ghijapy; KOikahd miyfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. (2 )

11. Id;];Bdpd; rhh;gpay; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.

i) rhh;gw;w ntsp vd;gJ ,y;iy. ii) vy;yh ,af;fq;fSk; rhh;Gilad.

iii) fhyk;> epiw> ePsk;> ntsp Mfpait xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;jit.

12. Fwpg;ghak; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. ,U ghpkhz my;yJ Kg;ghpkhz ntspapy; Jfnshd;wpd; epiyia tiuaWf;Fk; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: i) fhh;Brpad; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G ii) Gtp

13. epiyk kw;wk; epiykkw;w Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; epA+l;ldpd; epiyk tpjp kw;Wk; ve;jputpay; tpjpfSf;F cl;gLkhdhy; mJ epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. epiykf; Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhj tiu nghUs; Xa;T epiyapNyh my;yJ njhlh;r;rpahd ,af;f epiyapNyh mikAk;. Fwpg;ghak; xd;wpy; ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhj NghjpYk; nghUs; KLf;fkile;jhy; mf;Fwpg;ghak; epiykkw;w Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. ,f;Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; epA+l;ld; tpjpfs; nghUe;Jtjpy;iy. 14. gz;ila ve;jputpaypd; gb ntspiag; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wf.

i) mz;lj;jpy;> ve;j xU nghUspd; epiy my;yJ ,af;fj;ij epiyahd Fwpg;ghaj;ijf; nfhz;L mstplyhk;. ii) nghUs; xd;wpd; tbtpay; mikg;ghdJ mjd; epiykhw;wk; my;yJ ,af;f epiy my;yJ Ma;thsiug; nghWj;J khwhky; mikAk;.

15. gz;ila ve;jputpaypd; gb fhyk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisj; jUf. i),U epfo;TfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhy ,ilntsp Ma;thsh;fspd; ,af;fj;ijr; rhuhky; midj;J Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; xNu msthf mikAk;. ii) Ma;thsh; xUtUf;F ,U epfo;Tfs; xNu fhyj;jpy; epfo;tjhff; nfhz;lhy; Ma;thsh;fspd; epiy my;yJ ,af;fk; vt;thwhf ,Ue;jhYk; midj;J Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; me;j epfo;Tfs; xNu fhyj;jpy; epfOk.; mjhtJ> xU fhy epfo;T rhh;gw;wJ.

16. gz;ila ve;jputpaypd; gb epiwiag; gw;wpa fUj;jpidf; $Wf. i) epiw rhh;gw;wjhfTk; khwpypahfTk; mikAk;. ii) epiwahdJ nghUspd; ,af;fj;ijg; nghWj;jJ my;y.

17. jpirNtfj;ijr; rhh;e;j epiwkhWghl;bid $Wf. i) nghUspd; epiwahdJ jpirNtfj;ijr; rhh;e;J khWgLk;. ii) ,q;F

m0= Xa;T epiw m= v jpirNtfj;jpy; nghUspd; epiw

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18. rpwg;G rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf. i) ,aw;gpay; tpjpfs; midj;J epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjphpahf mikAk;. ii) midj;Jf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspYk; ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; khwpypahFk;. 19. xspapd; jpir Ntfj;jpy; xU Jfs; ,aq;fpdhy; mjd; epiw ahJ?

cdJ fUj;J ahJ?

i. v= c vdpy; = 0

m

ii. ve;j xU JfSk; xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;y KbahJ.

20. xU cNyhfj;jpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; 1. 8 eV mjd; gad; njhlf;f miyePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:- W = 1. 8eV = 1. 8 x 1. 6 x 10-19

J

h0 = W

h = W

0 =

0 =

0 = ,

0 = 6. 902 x 10-7

m or 0 = 6902 A

21. xU vyf;l;;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; 120eV mjd; bgpuhyp miyePsk; ahJ? jPh;T:-

=

=

= 1. 121 x 10-10

m (or)

= 1. 121 A

22. i`l;u[d; mZtpd; ehd;fhtJ tl;lg;ghijapy; vyf;l;uhdpd; b-gpuhyp miyePsj;ijf; fhz;f

jPh;T : r4 = 4

2r1 = 16 x 0.53A

[

... r1= 0.53A

]

2 r4 = n ,

=

=

= 3.14 x 0.53 x 10-10

x 8

= 13.313 x 10-10

m

= 13. 313 A

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1.xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwptpd; tpisT

gLk;fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwpit khw;wp mjw;Fhpa xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ (kpd;dOj;jk; kw;Wk; mjph;ntz; khwpyp)

nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; Neh;f;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpahf mjpfhpf;Fk;.

xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbapy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Neh;j;jfT.

xU tpdhbapy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if gLfjph;tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jfT.

2. xspkpd; tpisT> xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfs;:

xspkpd; tpisT: rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ -fjph;fs;> x-fjph;fs;>

GwCjhf; fjph;fs; kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;wit gLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T.

xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfs;: 1. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUSf;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT

mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjph;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjph;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz; vdg;gLk;.

2. mjph;ntz; gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz;iz tpl mjpfk; vdpy;> xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jfT.

3. xspkpd; ckpo;T cldb epfo;T. 4. xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjph;ntz;Zf;F

Neh;j;jfT. Mdhy; nrwpitr; rhh;e;jjy;y. 3. xspkpd;fydpd; mikg;G> nray;ghL

xsp Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtp. mikg;G:

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ Fthh;l;]; Fkpo;.

Nfj;NjhL-Fiwe;j ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; nfhz;l rPrpak; -

Mf;irL G+rg;gl;l miu cUis tbtj; jfL, MNdhL - nky;ypa gpshl;bdf; fk;gp.

nray;ghL:

xsp Nfj;NjhL kPJ tpOk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gl;L MNdhil milAk;.

kpd;Ndhl;lk; ikf;Nuh mk;kPl;lh; %yk; msf;fg;gLk;.

xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; gLk; xspapd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.

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4.xspkpd;fydpd; gad;fs;:

1. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j.

2. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f.

3. tpz;ntspg;gazj;jpd; NghJ #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;ngw.

4. fjTfisj; jhdhfj; jpwf;fTk;> %lTk;.

5. xspapd; nghypTj;jd;ikia mstpLk; fUtpfspy.;

5.gUg;nghUspd; b-gpuhyp miyePsk;

g;shq;f; rkd;ghL: E = h

Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL: E = mc2

2mch

2mcc

h ( = )

mc

h

c = v vdpy;

mv

h my;yJ

p

h

6.vyf;l;uhdpd; b-gpuhyp miyePsk;

,af;fMw;wy; eVm 2v2

1

v m

eV2

vm

h

meV

h

m

eV

h

m22

027.12

AV

E = eV vdpy;>

mE

h

2

7.mZitg;gw;wpa miy ,ae;jputpay; fUj;J

bgpuhyp miyePsk; mv

h

ntt;NtW tl;lg; ghijapy; nry;Yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; miyfisg; Nghy ,aq;Fk;.

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tl;lg;ghijapd; Rw;wsT (2r) bgpuhypmiyePsj;jpd; KOklq;fhf (n)

,Ue;jhy; ghij epiyj;jd;ik ngw;w ghij.mjhtJ 2r = n

(n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) 2 r = n( )

2

vnh

rm

bgpuhypapd; fUj;J Nghhpd; vLNfhis cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. 8. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL

Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifapd; gb xspkpd; tpisT tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

/Nghl;lhDf;Fk; vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNaahd gpd;dpanray; tpistpdhy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.

/Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; i) cNyhfg;gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;w

(xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy;) kw;Wk; ii) ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.

2v2

1mWh

Mw;wy; ,og;G ,y;iy vdpy ; v = vngUkk;

2v

2

1mWh ngUkk;

mjph;ntz; > gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz;Zf;F (0) rkk; vdpy ;

W = h0

2

0 v2

1mhh ngUkk;

2

0 v2

1mh ngUkk;

9. nyhud;]; - /gpl;];n[uhy;L FWf;fk; (ePsf;FWf;fk;)

S> S' vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fisf; fUJNthk;. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s

Ma;thsUf;Fj; jz;bd; ePsk; 0 . S' Fwpg;ghak ; v jpirNtfj;jpy; nrd;why;

jz;bd; ePsk; vd;Nghk;.

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2

2

0

v1

c

0

2

2v1

c vd;w msT ePsk; FWf;fkilAk;

v.fh. Ntfkhf efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs; ePs;tl;lkhfj;

njhpAk;.

11. fhyePl;bg;G

S' Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; xU fbfhuk; ntsptpLk; iriffspd; fhy,ilntsp t0 . S

Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; Ma;thsuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp t.

2

2

0

v1

c

tt

t > t0

fhy ,ilntsp

2

2v1

1

c

msT ePz;L fhzg;gLk;.

v.fh. ,aq;Fk; tpz;ntspf; fyj;jpy; cs;s fbfhuk; Gtpapy; cs;s

fbfhuq;fis tpl nkJthfr; nry;Yk;.

12. Id;];Bd; - epiw Mw;wy; ,iz khw;W rkd;ghL:

nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 >v jpirNtfj;jpy; mjd; epiw m vd;f.

epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb )v(mdt

dF (1)

rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifapd;gb>

dt

dm

dt

dmF v

v (2)

nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpg;G

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dEk = F dx

dEk =m v d v + v 2dm (3)

Id;];Bd; rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

2

2

0

v1

c

mm

tifapl> c2dm = mv dv + v2dm (4)

rkd; (3)> (4) ypUe;J

dEk = c2 dm (5)

m

m

E

k dmcdEk

0

2

0

,af;f Mw;wy; Ek = mc2 - m0c2

nkhj;j Mw;wy; = ,af;f Mw;wy; + Xa;T epiw Mw;wy;

E = Ek +m0c2 E = mc2 – moc2 + moc2 E = mc2

myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;;;


1. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;git ahit? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. rkkhd mZ vz;izAk;(Z) NtWgl;l epiw vz;izAk;(A) nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; v.fh : 1H

1, 1H2

,1H3

2. INrhghh;fs;; vd;git ahit? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

rkkhd epiw vz;izAk;( A) NtWgl;l mZ vz;izAk;(Z) nfhz;l ntt;NtW jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs;;; INrhghh;fs; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh : 8O16, 7N

16

3. INrhNlhd;fs; vd;git ahit? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. rkkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; mike;j epA+l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; INrhNlhd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh : 6C14,8O

16

4. mZf;fU mlh;j;jpapd; kjpg;G ahJ? mJ vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ? i) mZf;fU mlh;j;jpapd; kjpg;G 1.816x10 17 Kg m -3 . ii) ,e;j cah;kjpg;G mZf;fUtpDs; gUg;nghUs; kpf mjpf mstpy; jpzpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

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5. mZepiw myF (1 amu) vd;why; vd;d?

fhh;gd; 6c 12 mZtpd; epiwapy; gq;F epiw mZepiw myF (1 amu)

vdg;gLk;.

1 amu = x 6 c12mZtpd; epiw

1 amu = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg 6. 1 amu f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; kjpg;gpidf; fzf;fpLf.

1 amu = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg epiw Mw;wy; ,iz khw;Wg;gb E = mc2

E = 1.66 x 10 -27 x 9x1016 J E = 1.66 x10 -27 x 9x1016eV 1.6 x 10-19

E = 931 x 106 eV E = 931 MeV

7. epiwtO vd;why; vd;d? mZf;fUtpy; cs;s mZf;fUj;Jfs;fspd; nkhj;j epiwf;Fk;> mZf;fUtpd; cz;ik epiwf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL epiw tO vdg;gLk;.

m = Zmp + Nmn – m

8. mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;ghw;wy; vd;why; vd;why; vd;d? GNuhl;lhd;fSk;> epA+l;uhd;fSk; Nrh;e;J mZf;fU cUthFk;NghJ kiwAk; epiw (m) mjw;Fr; rkkhd Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wy; mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;ghw;wy; vdg;gLk;. gpizg;ghw;wy; = (m)c

2 m vd;gJ epiw tO c vd;gJ xspapd; jpirNtfk;.

9. gpizg;ghw;wy; tisNfhl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vitNaDk; %d;W KbTfis vOJf. i) A = 56 Mf cs;s NghJ xU mZf;fUj;JfSf;fhd gpizg;G Mw;wyhdJ ngUk kjpg;G 8.8 MeV I milfpwJ. ,J ,Uk;G 26Fe56 mZf;fU MFk;. vdNt ,Uk;G midj;Jj; jdpkq;fis tpl mjpf epiyg;ghL cilajhf mikAk;. ii) epiw vz; 40 kw;Wk; 120 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l mZf;fUf;fspd; xU mZf;fUj; JfSf;fhd ruhrhp gpizg;G Mw;wy; Rkhh; 8.5MeV Mf ,Uf;Fk; ,j;jifa jdpkq;fspd; epiyg;Gj;jd;ik mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,it fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;glhJ. iii)epiw vz; mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ gpizg;G Mw;wy; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ. ANudpaj;jpd; xU mZf;fUtpw;fhd gpizg;ghw;wy; Rkhh; 7.6MeV MFk;. vdNt ,j;jdpkq;fs; epiyg;ghlw;wit. NkYk; ,it fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLk;. 10. fjphpaf;fk; (,aw;if fjphpaf;fk;) vd;why; vd;d? mZ vz; 82 I tpl mjpfkhd mZ vz;Zila fdkhd jdpkq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf α, , γ Nghd;w fjph;fis ntsptpLk; epfo;T fjphpaf;fk; my;yJ ,aw;if fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

11. fjphpaf;fr;rpijT tpjpiaf;$W ? XuyF Neuj;jpy; rpijtilAk; fjphpaf;f mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if (rpijT tPjk;) mj;jdpkj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Neh;j;jftpy;

mikAk;. mjhtJ

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12. xU fpA+hp tiuaW. xU tpdhbf;F 3.7x1010 rpijTfisj; jUk; fjphpaf;fj; jdpkj;jpd; msT fpA+hp vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ 3.7x1010 ngf;nfhuy; = 1 fpA+hp 13. nraw;if fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? fjphpaf;fkw;w Nyrhd jdpkq;fisr; nraw;if Kiwapy; fjphpaf;fj; jdpkq;fshf khw;Wk; epfo;T nraw;if fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 14. uhd;l;[d; tiuaW. fjph;tPr;rpd; msT uhd;l;[d; vd;w myfhy; mstplg;gLfpwJ. xU fpuhk; fhw;wpy; 1.6x1012 Nrhb madpfis cUthf;Fk; fjph;tPr;R xU uhd;l;[d; vdg;gLk;. 15. nraw;iff; fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfis cUthf;Fk; Kiwfs; ahit? i) kpFe;j mstpy; epA+l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s mZf;fU ciyapDs; ,yf;Fj; jdpkq;fis itj;J nraw;iff; fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh. (1) 15P

31 + on

1 15P

32 +

ii) irf;Nshl;uhd; Nghd;w Jfs; KLf;fpfspypUe;J ntspg;gLk; Jfs;fisf; nfhz;L ,yf;Fj;jdpkq;fisj; jhf;fp nraw;if fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd v.fh. 11Na

23 + 1H

2 11Na

24 +1 H1

16. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJf; fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d? i) C14 d; miu MAl;fhyk; 5570 Mz;Lfs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s C14kw;Wk; C12

tpfpjk; 1 : 106 ii) caphpdq;fs; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpypUe;Jk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpypUe;Jk; C14 I vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,wg;G Vw;gLk; NghJ C14 vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ epWj;jg;gl;L Vw;fdNt cs;s C14 rpijtilaj; njhlq;Fk;. iii) ,we;j nghUspy; cs;s C14msitf; fzf;fpl;L mjd; tajpidf; fzf;fplyhk;. ,J fjphpaf;ff; fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vdg;gLk;.

17. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf. nraw;if Kiwfspy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;nwhU jdpkkhf khWjy; nraw;ifj; jdpk khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh. iel;u[d; α-Jfs;fshy; jhf;fg;gLk; NghJ Mf;rp[d; 8O17Mf

khw;wg;gLfpwJ. 7N

14 + 2He4 8O17+ 1H

1

18. fjph;tPr;R Ma;tfq;fspy; gzpahw;Wgth;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;ffs; ahit?

1) fjph;tPr;Rg;nghUl;fs; jbj;j Rth; nfhz;l fhhPa nfhs;fyj;jpy; itf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. 2) gzpahw;Wgth;fs; fhhPa Milfs; kw;Wk; ifAiwfisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. 3) fjphpaf;f khjphpfisj; njhiyf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwapy; ifahsNtz;Lk;. 4) xt;nthUtUk; kpfr; rpwpa xspg;glj;jfL nfhz;l ml;ilia mzpe;J> mjid mbf;fb ghpNrhjpj;J fjph;tPr;rpd; msit mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

19. mZf;fUg; gpsit vd;why; vd;d?

fdkhd jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fU ,U Jz;Lfshf ciltJld; kpf mjpfkhd Mw;wYk; ntspg;gLk; epfo;T mZf;fU gpsit vdg;gLk;.

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20. mZf;fU njhlh;tpid vd;why; vd;d? i) jhdhfNt guTk; mZf;fUg;gpsit tpid mZf;fU njhlh;tpid vdg;gLk;. ii) ,t;tpidapy; epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ngUf;Fj;njhlhpy; kpfNtfkhf ngUf;fkilAk;.

21. Neh;Nghf;F Jfs;KLf;fpfs;> RUs;tif Jfs;KLf;fpfs; NtWgLj;Jf.

t. vz;

Neh;Nghf;F Jfs;KLf;fpfs; RUs;tif Jfs;KLf;fpfs;

1 khwhj kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilf; nfhz;L KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

xt;nthU epiyapYk; Mw;wy; mspf;fg;gl;L Jfs;fs; KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

2 Jfspd; Mw;wiy rpy MeV mstpw;Nf cah;j;j KbAk;.

Jfspd; Mw;wy; 109eV(GeV) tiu mjpfhpf;Fk;

3 v.fh: fhf;fpu/g;l; thy;l;ld; kpd;dpaw;wp> thd;-b-fpuh/g; ,aw;wp.

v.fh. : Neh;Nghf;F KLf;fp> irf;Nshl;uhd;> gPl;lhl;uhd;> kw;Wk; rpd;f;Nuhl;uhd;

22. khWepiyg;gUkd; kw;Wk; khWepiy epiw tiuaW.

xt;nthU mZf;fUg; gpsitf;Fg; gpwFk; Fiwe;jJ xU epA+l;uhdhtJ mLj;j gpsitia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; gpsitg; nghUspd; gUkd; khWepiyg; gUkd; vdg;gLk;. khWepiyg; gUkd; nfhz;l mZf;fUg;gpsitf;F cl;gLk; nghUspd; epiw khWepiy epiw vdg;gLk.;

23. mZf;fU ciyapy; jzpg;ghd;fs; vd;git ahit? v.fh. jUf. mZf;fUg; gpsitapd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; 2MeV Mw;wy; nfhz;l Ntf epA+l;uhd;fis 0.025eV ruhrhp Mw;wy; nfhz;l ntg;g epA+l;uhd;fshf khw;Wk; nghUl;fs; jzpg;ghd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: rhjhuz ePh;> fd ePh;> fpuh/igl;

24. mZf;fU ciyapy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;Lfspd; gad; vd;d? vitNaDk; ,uz;L fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;Lfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mZf;fU ciyapy; epA+l;uhd;fis cl;fth;e;J njhlh;tpidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;Lfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. v. fh Nghuhd; kw;Wk; fhl;kpak; Nghd;wit.

25. cw;gj;jp ciy vd;gJ vd;d?

mZf;fU ciy nray;gLk; NghJ gpsitf;F cl;glhj nghUs;fis epA+l;uhd;fis cl;ftUk;gb nra;J gpsitf;F cl;gLk; nghUshf cUthf;Fk; ciyfs; cw;gj;jp ciyfs; vdg;gLk;. 92U

238 kw;Wk; 90Th232 Nghd;wit mjpf mstpy; fpilj;jhYk; mit

gpsitf;F cl;glhJ. ,tw;iw KiwNa 94Pu239 kw;Wk; 92U

233 vd;w gpsitf;F cl;gLk; nghUs;fshf cw;gj;jp ciyfs; khw;Wfpd;wd.

26. mZf;fU ,izT vd;why; vd;d? my;yJ ntg;g mZf;fU tpid vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J xU fdkhd mZf;fUit cUthf;Fk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izT vdg;gLk;. ,J cah; ntg;gepiyfspy; eilngWtjhy; ntg;g mZf;fU tpid vd miof;fg;gLk;. 27. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

γ - fjph;fistpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l fh];kh]; vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;Jj; jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Gtpia milAk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it Kjd;ikf; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; kw;Wk; Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

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28. Nrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d? mjpf Mw;wy; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s typikahd

kpd;Gyj;Jld; tpid Ghptjhy; vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; Nrhb cUthfpwJ. ,J Nrhb cUthjy; vdg;gLk;.

Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;l;uhDk; ghrpl;uhDk; ,ize;J /Nghl;lhd; cUthfpwJ. ,J gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vdg;gLk;.

29. nyg;lhd;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. i)vyf;l;uhdpd; epiwia tpl 207 klq;F my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwthd epiwnfhz;l Nyrhd Jfs;fs; nyg;lhd;fs; MFk;. ii)vyf;l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd;> epA+l;hpNdh> Md;b epA+l;hpNdh Neh;kw;Wk; vjph; kpAahd;fs; Nghd;w Jfs;fs; ,j;njhFjpapy; mlq;fpAs;sd. iii),tw;wpy; epA+l;hpNdhTk;> Md;b epA+l;hpNdhTk; epiwaw;w kpd;Dl;lkw;w> Mw;wiyAk;>jw;Row;rpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

30. kPrhd;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. i) vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; GNuhl;lhdpd; epiwfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l epiwia cilait. ii) π-kPrhd;> K-kPrhd;> η-kPrhd; vd %d;W tif kPrhd;fs; cs;sd.

iii) kPrhd;fs; mZf;fUj; Jfs;fSf;fpilNa ,iltpidr; nraiy Vw;gLj;Jk;. 31. ghhpahd;fs; Fwpg;G tiuf.

i) fdkhd Jfs;fspd; njhFjp ghhpahd;fs;. ii) ghhpahd;fs;> epA+f;spahd;fs; kw;Wk; i`g;guhd;fs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. iii) epA+l;uhd;> GNuhl;lhd; Mfpait epA+f;spahd;fs;. iv) yhk;lh> rpf;kh> ir> xNkfh Jfs;fs; i`g;guhd;fs; MFk;.

32. nfhLf;fg;gl;l mZf;fspypUe;J INrhNlhg;Gfs;> INrhghh;fs;> kw;Wk; INrhNlhd;fspd; Nrhbfisj; Njh;T nra;f ?

11Na22

, 12Mg24

, 11Na24

, 10Ne23

jPh;T :- i) INrhNlhg;Gfs;. 11Na

22, 11Na

24

ii) INrhghh;fs;. 12Mg24

, 11Na24

iii) INrhNlhd;fs; 11Na24

, 10Ne23

33. 1fpuhk; 3Li

6y; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. (mtNfl;Nuh vz; = ) jPh;T :- 6 fpuhk; Li- ,y; cs;s mZf;fspd;; vz;zpf;if= 6.023x

1 fpuhk; Li- ,y; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if=

34. 84Po214fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;G mLj;jLj;J ,U – rpijTfisAk; ,U β– rpijTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ cUthFk; INrhNlhg;gpd; mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw vz;izf; fzf;fpLf.

84Po

214 ZX

A + 2He

4 + 2He

4 + -1e

0 + -1e

0 A + 4 + 4 = 214 A = 214 -8 = 206 Z + 2 + 2 – 1 – 1 = 84

Z + 2 = 84 Z = 84 – 2 Z = 82 /A = 206

Z = 82

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35. 92U238INrhNlhg;G> mLj;jLj;J %d;W – kw;Wk; ,uz;L –rpijTfisAk;

mile;j gpwF cUthFk; INrhNlhg;G ahJ?

92U

238 zX

A+ 2 He

4 + 2 He

4 + 2 He

4 + -1e

o+ -1e

o

A+4+4+4= 238

A= 238 – 12 = 226 Z + 2 + 2 + 2 – 1 -1 = 92

Z= 92-6+2 Z=88

Z =88 vdNt INrhNlhg;G 88Ra226

36. Nulhdpd; miu MAl;fhyk; 3.8 ehl;fs; mjd; ruhrhp MAl;fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:- = T ½ (or)

= 1.443 T½

= 1.443 x 3. 8

= 5. 4834 ehl;fs; = 5. 5 ehl;fs; 37. 5 miu MAl;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; kPjkpUf;Fk; fjphpaf;fj; jdpkj;jpd; tpOf;fhl;ilf; fzf;fpLf ?

miu MAl;fhyk; vQ;rpAs;s tpOf;fhL rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL

I (T1/2) 50% 50% II (2 T1/2) 25% (50 + 25)% = 75% III (3 T1/2) 12.5% (75 + 12.5)% = 87.5% IV (4 T1/2) 6.25% (87.5 + 6.25)% = 93.75% V (5 T1/2) 3.125% (93.75 + 3.125)% = 96.875%

/ 5 miu MAl;fhyq;fSf;Fg; gpwF vQ;rpAs;s tpOf;fhL = 3.125% 38. 84Po218 miu MAl;fhyk; 3 epkplq;fs;> 15 epkplq;fspy; mJ rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL vd;d?

miu MAl;fhyk; vQ;rpAs;s tpOf;fhL rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL I (3 epkplq;fs;) 50% 50% II (6 epkplq;fs;) 25% (50 + 25)% = 75% III (9 epkplq;fs;) 12.5% (75 + 12.5)% = 87.5% IV (12 epkplq;fs;) 6.25% (87.5 + 6.25)% = 93.75%

V (15 epkplq;fs;) 3.125% (93.75+3.125)% = 96.875%

miu MAl;fhyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 5

/ 15 epkplq;fSf;Fg; gpwF rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL = 96.875% 39. bhpbaj;jpd; miu MAl;fhyk; 12. 5 Mz;Lfs;. 25 Mz;LfSf;FgpwF mjd; vt;tsT gFjp vQ;rpapUf;Fk;?

miu MAl;fhyk; vQ;rpAs;s gFjp rpijtile;j gFjp

I (12. 5 Mz;Lfs;)

1 -

II (25 mz;Lfs;)

1 -

nkhj;jf;fhyk; miu MAl;fhyk; VY

SYA

COLL

EGE

40

miu MAl;fhyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if = nkhj;jf;fhyk; miu MAl;fhyk;

= = 2

/ 25 Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpwF vQ;rpapUf;Fk; gFjp =


1.

A

BE

tisNfhl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.

epiw vz ; A = 20 tiu A

BEkjpg;G NtfkhfTk; A > 20 vdpy;

A

BEkjpg;G

nkJthfTk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. A < 20 vdpy;>Z = N vdTk;> A ehd;fpd; klq;fhfTk;> ,ul;ilg;gil vz;zhfTk; mikAk; mZf;fUf;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; KfLfspy; mikfpd;wd. A = 40 Kjy; 120 tiu tiuNfhL Vwf;Fiwa fpilf;NfhlhFk;.

A =56 vdpy; A

BEFe56

26kjpg;G 8.8 MeV. vdNt ,Uk;G mjpf

epiyg;ghLilaJ.

A=40Kjy; A=120tiuA

BEruhrhp kjpg;G 8.5 MeV. vdNt ,e;j mZf;fUf;fs;

mjpf epiyj;jd;ikAilaitahFk;.

mjpf epiw vz; kjpg;Gfspy; A

BE

kjpg;G Fiwe;J ANudpaj;jpw;F 7.6MeV

MFk;. vdNt ,e;j mZf;fUf;fs; fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLk;> epiyj; jd;ikaw;witahFk;.

fdkhd kw;Wk; ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fspd; Fiwe;jA

BEkjpg;Gfs; mit

mZf;fUg;gpsT kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,izTf;F cl;gLtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. 2. mZf;fUtpir> mZf;fU tpirapd; gz;Gfs;. Neh;kpd;Dl;lk; nfhz;l GNuhl;lhd;fSf;F ,ilNa nray;gLk; tpul;L tpiria tpl typikahd tpir mZf;fUtpDs; nray;gl;L GNuhl;lhd;fisAk; epA+l;uhd;fisAk; gpizf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpir mZf;fUtpir vdg;gLk;. mZf;fU tpirapd; gz;Gfs;:

kpd;Dl;l rhh;gw;w tpir.(n – p), (p – p), (p – n)vd;w %d;W Nrhb mZf;fUj; Jfs;fspilNa rktpir Vw;gLk;. epiy kpd;dpay; tpir my;y.

fz;lwpag;gl;l tpirfspNyNa typikahd tpir.

<h;g;gpay; tpiray;y. <h;g;gpay; tpiria tpl 1040klq;F mjpfk;.

FWfpa neLf;fk; nfhz;l tpir. 10-15m njhiytpy; mikAk;

mZf;fUj; Jfs;fSf;fpilNa ,t;tpir typikahdJ.

3. - fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;

kpf mjpf jpirNtfj;Jld; Neh;f;Nfhl;by; nry;Yk;.

kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilAk;.

thAf;fis madpahf;fk; nra;Ak;. (madpahf;Fk; jpwd; = 100 fjph;fspd;

madpahf;fk; kw;Wk; 10000 fjph;fspd; madpahf;fk;)

xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.

xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.

CLUT jpwd; kpff;FiwT.

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4. -fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;

0.3 c Kjy; 0.99 c tiu jpirNtfk; cilait.

kpd;kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilAk;. thAf;fis madpahf;Fk;> madpahf;Fk; jpwd; - fjph;fis tpl FiwT.

xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;. xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;. CLUT jpwd; - fjph;fis tpl mjpfk;.

5. -fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;

xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; ( c ) nry;Yk;. kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;j Gyq;fshy; tpyfy; miltjpy;iy. madpahf;Fk; jpwd; kpff;FiwT xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;. xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;. CLUT jpwd; kpf mjpfk;.

6.fjphpaf;f ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpjpfs; my;yJ rhb - g[d; fjphpaf;fr; rpijT tpjpfs;

- rpijT

fjphpaf;f mZf;fU -Jfis ntsptpl;L rpijtile;jhy; mZ vz; 2 FiwAk;> epiw vz; 4 FiwAk.;

v.fh. 4

2

222

86

226

88 HeRnRa

- rpijT

fjphpaf;f mZf;fU -Jfis ntsptpl;L rpijtile;jhy; mZ vz; 1 $Lk;> epiw vz; khwhJ.

v.fh. 0

1

234

91

234

90 ePaTh

- rpijT

fjphpaf;f mZf;fU -Jfis ntsptpLk;NghJ mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw vz; khwhJ. mZf;fUtpd; Mw;wy; kl;lk; kl;Lk; khWk;. v.fh. Nubak; Nulhdhf khWk; rpijtpy; Nulhd; fpsh;r;rp epiyapypUe;J mbepiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;NghJ 0.187MeV Mw;wy; nfhz;l -fjph; ntspg;gLk;.

7 epA+l;uhd;fspd; gz;Gfs;

i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; cs;sd.

GNuhl;lhd;fis tpl rw;Nw epiw mjpfkhd> Rop kpd;Dl;lk; nfhz;l eLepiyj;Jfs;fs;.

mZf;fUtpDs; epiyg;ghLilait. mZf;fUtpw;F ntspNa epiyg;ghlw;wit. epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu MAl;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;.

0

1

1

1

1

0 eHn

mZf;fUf;fis vspjpy; CLUtpr; nry;Yk;.

,af;f Mw;wy; mbg;gilapy;

i) FiwNtf epA+l;uhd; (0–1000eV)

ii) NtfepA+l;uhd ; (0.5MeV-10MeV)

iii) ntg;gepA+l;uhd ; (0.025eV) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

8. fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfspd; kUj;Jtg; gad;ghLfs;

fjphpaf;f Nfhghy;l;( 60Co )Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

fjphpaf;f Nrhbak; 24Na ,uj;j ehsq;fspy; cs;s milg;Gfisf;

fz;lwpaTk;> ,jaj;jpd; nray;ghl;il mwpaTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

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fjphpaf;f mNahbd; 131I ijuha;L rpfpr;irf;Fk;> %isf;foiyfis

,lkwpaTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

fjphpaf;f ,Uk;G 59Fe ,uj;j Nrhifiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.

fjphpaf;f gh];gu]; 32P Njhy; Neha; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

9. caphpaypy; fjph;tPr;Rfspy; jPatpisTfs;

fjph; kdpj clypy; nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; cly;top kw;Wk; kuG top ghjpg;Gfis %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

i) kPsf;$ba FWfpafhy tpisTfs;

ii) kPsKbahj ePz;lfhy tpisTfs;

iii) kuGtop tpisTfs;

fjph;tPr;rpd; msT kw;Wk; ngwg;gLk; tPjk;> fjph;tPr;Rf;F cl;gLk; clypd; gFjp Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;e;J kdpj clypd; xU mq;fk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ mikAk;.

kPsf;$ba FWfpa fhy tpisTfs; - rpwpa fjph;tPr;Rfshy; Vw;gLk; Njhy; ghjpg;G> Kbcjph;jy;.

kPsKbahj ePz;l fhy tpisTfs; - fjph;tPr;R 100 R vdpy; Yf;nfkpah (,uj;jg;Gw;WNeha;). 600 R vdpy; kuzk; Vw;gLk;. ghJfhg;ghd fjph;tPr;R msT xU thuj;jpy; 250 mR.

kuG toptpisTfs; - ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;fspy; cs;s kuG mZf;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;.

10. i`l;u[d; Fz;bd; jj;Jtk;> nray;ghL mZf;fU ,izT %yk; Vuhskhd Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; ntbf;Fk;

mikg;G i`l;u[d; Fz;L MFk;. mZf;fU ,iztpw;Fj; Njitahd cah;ntg;gepiy (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp

nry;rpa];) mZFz;L xd;wpid ntbf;fr; nra;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. mZFz;L ntbg;Gf;F mUfpy; jFe;j msT bA+l;uhDk;> bhpl;lhDk;

itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rhjfkhd ntg;gepiyapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fU ,izT epfo;T

eilngw;W Vuhskhd ntg;gMw;wy; ntspg;gLk;.

1

0

4

2

2

1

3

1 nHeHH Mw;wy;.

11. mZFz;bd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nray;ghL

jj;Jtk;: fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fUg; gpsit njhlh;tpid gpsitg;nghUs;:

U235 my;yJ

239Pu

mikg;G: khWepiy gUkidtpl Fiwthd gUkd; nfhz;l 235 my;yJ 239Pu My;

Md ,U miuf;Nfhsq;fs; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

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nray;ghL: khWepiy epiwiatpl Fiwthd epiwAila 235 my;yJ 239Pu vd;w

%d;whtJ ,aq;Fk; cUis> miuf;Nfhsq;fSf;F ,ilapy; rhpahfg; nghUe;Jk;gb nra;jhy; khWepiy epiwiatpl nkhj;j epiw mjpfkhfpwJ.

fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlh;tpid Vw;gl;L gaq;fukhf ntbj;Jr; rpjWfpwJ. tpisTfs;: Vuhskhd ntg;g Mw;wy;> xsp> fjph;tPr;Rfs; Vw;gLk;. gykpy;ypad; bfphp nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiyAk;> gykpy;ypad; tspkz;ly

mOj;jKk; caUk;. mjph;r;rp miyfs; Vw;gLk;. fjph;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fs; cly; eyf;Nfl;il Vw;gLj;Jk;.

12. . fh];kpf; fjph; nghopT epfo;T

mUtpf;nfhs;ifapd;gb fh];kpf; fjph;nghopTfs;

i) fjph;tPr;R Nkhjy ;

ii) Nrhb cUthjy; Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk;. fh];kpf; fjphpYs;s ee or , thA mZf;fUf;fspd; kPJ NkhjYw;W

Mw;wiy ,of;fpd;wd. Mw;wy; ,og;G Nghl;lhdhf ntspg;gLk;.

Nghl;lhd; mZf;fUTld; tpidGhpe;J vyf;l;uhd;(e-) kw;Wk; ghrpl;uhd; (e+) Nrhbia cUthf;Fk;.

vyf;l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd; Nrhb NkYk; NkYk; mZf;fUf;fSld; NkhjYw;W mjpf Nghl;lhd;fisAk;> Nghl;lhd;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; vyf;l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd; NrhbfisAk; cUthf;Fk;.

xt;nthU Jfspd; Mw;wYk; khWepiy Mw;wiytpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; tiu ,e;epfo;T eilngw;W ngUf;fk; Vw;gLk;.


1.ngapd;gphpl;[; epiw epwkhiykhdp

INrhNlhg;Gfspd; epiwiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ. mikg;G:

Neh;kpd; madpfw;iw s1, s2 vd;w gpsTfs; topahfr; nry;fpwJ.

ntsptUk; nky;ypa fw;iw jpirNtfj; Njh;e;njLg;ghdpy; nry;fpwJ. jpirNtfj; Njh;e;njLg;ghd; Fwpg;gpl;l jpirNtfk; nfhz;l

madpfisj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk;.

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nray;ghL:

jpirNtfj; Njh;e;njLg;ghdpy; kpd;Gyk; E kw;Wk; fhe;jGyk; B nrq;Fj;jhf mikAk;. Bqv=qE v=E/B

v jpirNtfk; nfhz;l madpfs; s3 gpsT topahf D vd;w cah; ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fyj;jpDs; EioAk;.

,q;Ff; fhe;jGyk; B’nfhLf;fg;gl;L madpf;Fj; Njitahd ikaNehf;F tpiria mspj;J tl;lg; ghijapy; nrYj;Jk;.

B’qv=mv2/R

m=B’qR/v

v=E/B I gpujpapl

m=BB’qR/E

ntt;NtW epiwnfhz;l madpfs; ntt;NtW miutl;lg; ghijapy; nrd;W xspg;glj;jfl;by; fUikf;NfhLfis cz;lhf;Fk;.

fyj;jpd; jpwg;gpw;Fk; fUikf;Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT tpl;lk; 2R MFk;.

q,B,B’,E,R kjpg;G njhpe;jhy; Neh; kpd; madpfspd; epiwfisf; fzf;fplyhk;.

2. fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;wpy; ve;j xU Neuj;jpYk; cs;s jdpkj;jpd; msitf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Nfhit kw;Wk; miu MAl;fhyj;jpw;fhd Nfhit

rpijT tpjp: XuyF Neuj;jpy; rpijtilAk; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if me;Neuj;jpy;

mj;jdpkj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. njhlf;fj;jpy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if No.

‘t’ fhyj;;jpw;Fg; gpwF mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N.

,q;F λ-rpijT khwpyp

t=0 vdpy; N=N0

loge N0

loge N = + loge N0

loge(N/N0)= , N/N0=

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N=N0

jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if fhyk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ mLf;Ff;Fwp Kiwg;gb FiwfpwJ.

miu MAl;fhyk;:

fjpupaf;fj; jdpkj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspdy; ghjpasT mZf;fs;

rpijtila MFk; fhyk;. rpijT tpjpg;gb N=N0

t=T1/2 vdpy; N=N0/2

N0/2 = N0 e-λT1/2

loge2 = λT1/2

T1/2 = ,

T1/2 = 2.3026

T1/2 =

miu MAl;fhyk;> rpijT khwpypf;F vjph;j;jftpy; mikAk;

ruhrup MAl;fhyk;> miu MAl;fhyj;jpw;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G>

T1/2 = 0.6931τ

3. epA+l;uhd; fz;Lgpbg;G> epA+l;uhd;fspd; gz;Gfs; fz;Lgpbg;G:

nghj;Nj kw;Wk; ngf;fh; nghpypak; jdpkj;ij ∝- Jfs;fisf; nfhz;L jhf;Fk; NghJ mjpf CLUT jpwd; kpf;f kpd;>fhe;j Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilahj fjph;tPr;R ntspg;gLtijf; fz;ldh;.

Kjypy; mit γ- fjph;fs; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ. Inudp fpA+hp kw;Wk; N[hypal; ,f;fjph;tPr;Rfs; ghu/gpd; nkOF topahfr;

nry;Yk;NghJ GNuhl;lhd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtijf; fz;ldh;. 1932 –y; rhl;tpf; GNuhl;lhd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd kpd;Dl;lkw;w Jfs;fs;

,f;fjph;tPr;rpy; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. rhl;tpf; epA+l;uhd;fs; vd ngahpl;L mioj;jhh;. 4Be

9+2He

4 → 6C12

+on1

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gz;Gfs;: 1. i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; cs;sd. 2. GNuhl;lhd;fis tpl rw;Nw epiw mjpfkhd> Rop kpd;Dl;lk; nfhz;l

eLepiyj;Jfs;fs;. 3. mZf;fUtpDs; epiyg;ghLilait. mZf;fUtpw;F ntspNa epiyg;ghlw;wit.

epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu MAl;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;

0

1

1

1

1

0 eHn

4. mZf;fUf;fis vspjpy; CLUtpr; nry;Yk;. 5. ,af;f Mw;wy; mbg;gilapy; i) FiwNtf epA+l;uhd; (0–1000eV)

ii) NtfepA+l;uhd; (0.5MeV-10MeV)

iii) ntg;gepA+l;uhd; (0.025eV) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;. 4. nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zp jj;Jtk;: mZf;fUtpd; fjph;tPr;Rf;fs; thAf;fis madpahf;Fk;.

mikg;G:

fz;zhbahy; R+og;gl;l cNyf Foha;[C] Nfj;NjhL. Fohapy; cs;s nky;ypa lq;];ld; fk;gp[W] MNdhL.

Fohapy; Fiwe;j mOj;jj;jpy; Mh;fhd; Nghd;w ke;j thA cs;sJ. Fohapd; xU Kidapy; nky;ypa ikf;fh jfL cs;sJ ,jd; topNa fjph;

tPr;R cs;Ns nry;Yk;.

1000Vkpd;dOj;j NtWghL 100 nkfh Xk; kpd;jil topahf nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

nray;ghL: fjph;tPr;Rf;fs; nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zpapy; EiofpwJ. Kjd;ik madpahf;fj;jhy; xU rpy madpfs; Njhd;Wk;. cah;kpd; mOj;jj;jhy; ,it KLf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L NkYk; madpahf;fk; nra;Ak;. Nkhjy; fhuzkhf madpfspd; vz;zpf;if caUk;. ,jdhy; mjpf vyf;l;uhd;fs; cUthfp xU kpd;Ndhl;lj; Jbg;ig cUthf;Fk;. ,J kpd;jil topNa gha;e;J xU vyf;l;uhdpay; vz;zpiar; nray;gLj;JfpwJ. vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpapd; vz;zpf;if fjph; tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jftpy;

,Uf;Fk;. madpahf;fk; fjph; tPr;rpd; tifiag; nghUj;jJ my;y. fjph;tPr;rpd; tifapid czu tpy;rd; Kfpy; $lk; gad;gLfpwJ. 6. mZf;fU ciyapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;

mZf;fU ciyapy; fl;Lg;ghlhd> jw;rhu;Gila mZf;fUg; gpsT eilngWk;. mZf;fU ciyapd; ghfq;fs;:

vhpnghUs;> jzpg;ghd;> epA+l;uhd; %yk;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;L> Fsph;tpf;Fk; mikg;G> epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd;> ghJfhg;G mikg;G.

1.vhpnghUs;: gpsitf;F cl;gLk; nghUs; vhpg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh 92U235

, rpy ciyfspy ; Pu239kw;Wk; U

233INrhNlhg;Gfs; gad;gLfpwJ. cah; mOj;j fdePh; mZf;fU ciyfspy; vhpnghUs;- ANudpak; Mf;i]L

cah; mOj;j ePh; mZf;fU ciyfspy; vhpnghUs;-nrwpT+l;lgl;l ANudpak;

fhkpdp mZf;fU ciyapy; vhpnghUs; - U233

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2. jzpg;ghd;:

jzpg;ghd;fs; 2MeV Ntf epA+l;uhd;fis 0.025eV ntg;g epA+l;uhd;fshf khw;WfpwJ.

epA+l;uhdpd; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwg;gJ jzpg;ghd;fs;. v.fh- fdePh;> rhjhuz ePh;> fpuh/igl;.

3. epA+l;uhd; %yk;:

mZf;fU gpsT njhlu; tpidiaj; njhlq;f epA+l;uhd; %yk; Njit. v.fh- G@l;Nlhdpak; kw;Wk; nghpypak; fye;j fyit my;yJ Nubak; kw;Wk;

nghpypak; fye;j fyit.

4. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;L:

njhlh; tpidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ. epA+l;uhd;fis mjpf mstpy; cl;ftUk;.

v.fh- Nghuhd;> fhl;kpak;> Nghuhd; fhh;igL.

5. Fsph;tpf;Fk; mikg;G:

mZf;fU ciyapy; ntg;gj;ij ePf;Fk; mikg;G Fsph;tpf;Fk; mikg;G. ey;y Fsph;tpg;ghd; cah; jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwDk;> mjpff; nfhjpepiyAk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

v.fh- fdePh;> rhjhuz ePh;> jput Nrhbak;.

6. epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd;:

epA+l;uhd;fis vjpnuhspj;J kPz;Lk; mZf;fU ciyapy; nrYj;JtJ epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd; MFk;.

v.fh –0.7% f;Fk; Fiwthd 92U235I nfhz;Ls;s ANudpak;> Njhhpak;.

7. ghJfhg;G mikg;G:

fjph;tPr;rpd; ghJfhg;G fUjp mZf;fU ciyapy; 2 Kjy; 2.5 kP jbkd; nfhz;l fhd;fphPl; Rth; cs;sJ.

mZf;fU ciyapd; gad;fs;:

i) kpd;jpwd; cw;gj;j;pf;F ii) fjphpaf;f INrhl;Nlhg;Gfs; cUthf;f iii) epA+l;uhd; %yq;fshf.

6.tpz;kPd; Mw;wy; #hpadpd; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; tpz;kPd; Mw;wYf;Ff; fhuzk; mZf;fU ,izT.

GNuhl;lhd;-GNuhl;lhd; Rw;W:

1H1 + 1H

11H

2 +1e

0+ ν(ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; ePA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)

1H1 + 1H

22He

3 + γ(fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)

2 2He3

2He4 +2 1H

1

nkhj;jtpid:

4 1H1

2He4 + 2 1e

0+ 2 + Mw;wy ; (26.7MeV)

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fhh;gd; - iel;u[d; Rw;W:

1H1 + 6C

127N

13*+ γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)

7N13*

6C13

+1e0+ ν (ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)

1H1+6C

137N

14+ γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)

1H1+ 7N

148O

15*+ γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)

8O15*

7N15

+1e0+ ν (ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)

1H1+ 7N

156C

12+ 2He

4

nkhj;jtpid:

4 1H1

2He4 + 2 1e

0+ 2 + Mw;wy ; (26.7MeV)

7. fh];kpf; fjpu;fs;-FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT> Fj;Jau tpisT.

fhkhf;fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd;-nfhz;l fh];kh];

vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspYk; ,Ue;J Gtpia milAk;; fjph;tPr;Rfs;

fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs;, Jiz

fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT:

FWf;Ff;Nfhl;bidg; nghWj;J fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT khWgLtJ FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT vdg;gLk;.

JUtg;gFjpapy; nrwpT ngUkk;> eLtiuf;Nfhl;Lg;gFjpapy; nrwpT rpWkk;.

42 f;Fk; 90 f;Fk; ,ilapy; nrwpT khwpyp.

eLtiuf; Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; nrwpT Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzk; Gtp;f; fhe;jg;Gyk;.

JUtq;fspy; kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w Jfs;, fhe;j tpir NfhLfSf;F ,izahf tUk;.

vdNt nrwpT ngUkk;.

eLtiuf; Nfhl;by; kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w Jfs,; fhe;j tpir NfhLfSf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf

tUk.; vdNt nrwpT rpWkk;.

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Fj;Jau tpisT:

Fj;Jauj;ijg; nghWj;J fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT khWgLtJ Fj;Jau

tpisT vdg;gLk;.

cauk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;.

Vwj;jho 20fp.kP cauj;jpy; nrwpT ngUkk;.

mjw;F Nky; nrwpT FiwAk;.

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myF– 2 kpd;Ndhl;ltpay; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs ;

1. kpd;Ndhl;lk; tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ? flj;jp xd;wpd; xU gFjp topNa kpd;Dl;lk; ghAk; tPjk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mjhtJ myF : Mk;gpah;(A)

2. ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfk; tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ?

ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapd; topNa fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF: ms-1

3. ,af;f vz;iz tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ? XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfk;

,af;f vz; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF: m2V

-1s

-1

4. kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ? xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy;> kpd;Dl;lk; ,aq;Fk; jpirf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhff; fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa XuyF fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; msT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mjhtJ J = myF: Am-2

5. Xkpd; tpjpiaf; $Wf. khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; flj;jpapd; KidfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ I α V V = IR 6. kpd;jil tiuaW : myF jUf. flj;jp xd;wpd; KidfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk; mjd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; cs;s jfT flj;jpapd; kpd;jil vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

R= myF : ohm

7. xU nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; tiuaW. XuyF ePsKk;> XuyF FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jp xd;W kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; vdg;gLk;. (myF: Ω m) 8. kPf;flj;Jk; jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? kpff;Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyfspy; xU rpy cNyhfq;fs; mitfspd; Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhff;fyitfspd; kpd;jil Rop kjpg;ig milAk;. Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; flj;Jk; ,g;nghUs;fs; kPf;flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; jd;ik kPf;flj;J jpwd; vdg;gLk;. 9. khWepiy ntg;gepiy tiuaW rhjhuz flj;jpfs;> jq;fs; kpd;jiliaj; jpBnud ,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngah;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ khWepiy ntg;gepiy vdg;gLk;. 10. xU flj;jp kPf;flj;jpahf khWk; ngah;T ntg;gepiyapy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfis vOJf. i) jd;kpd;jil vz; RopahfpwJ. ii) kpd;flj;J vz; Kbtpyh kjpg;ghfpwJ. iii) fhe;jg;ghaf;NfhLfs; nghUspypUe;J xJf;fpj; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.

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11. kpd;;jil ntg;gepiy vz;- tiuaW. 10C ntg;gepiy cah;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 00C ,y; cs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfT kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; vd

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. (α = ; myF / 0 C

12. fph;r;r/gpd; (i) kpd;Ndhl;l tpjp (ii) kpd;dOj;j tpjpiaf; $Wf. i) kpd;Ndhl;l tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk; re;jpf;fpd;w

kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif RopahFk; (kpd;Dl;l moptpd;ik tpjpapd;gb mikAk;).

ii) kpd;dOj;j tpjp: xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; nttN;tW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkk; (Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjpapd;gb mikAk;).

13. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf. kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir (E), kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F( ) Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.

mjhtJ E 14. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf; fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;? jhkpuj;jpd; (i) kpd;jil vz; FiwT ii) kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;.

15 kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;Fk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;ahit?

t.vz; kpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

1 jpwe;j kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;fyj;jpd; ,UKidfSf;F ,ilNaahd kpd;dOj;j NtWghlhFk;.

%ba kpd;Rw;wpy; ve;j ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd kpd;dOj;j NtWghlhFk;.

2 ntspg;Gw kpd; jiliar; rhh;e;J khWtjpy;iy.

ntspg;Gw kpd;jiliar; rhh;e;J khWk;.

16. thl; kPl;lh; nray;gLk; tpjj;ijf; $Wf. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;jpwid mstpl gad;gLk; thl;kPl;lh; fUtpapy;

epiyahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;l thpr;RUs; Nghd;w xUNrhb fk;gpr;RUs;fSf;fpilNa ,aq;F RUs; cs;sJ.

,aq;F RUSld; FwpKs; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;L> FwpKs; tl;l msTNfhypw;F Kd;ghf ,aq;ff; $bajhf mikAk;.

fk;gpr;RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;NghJ FwpKs;spd; tpyf;fk; kpd;jpwDf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.

17. kpd;jpwd;> kpd;dhw;wy; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; kpd;jpwd; kpd;dhw;wy;

1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT kpd;jpwd;.

Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahdJ kpd;dhw;wy;.

2. kpd;jpwd; P = VI

kpd;dhw;wy; E = VIt

3. myF: thl; (W) myF: [Py; (J)

eilKiw myF KWh 18. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

jputk; xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Ntjpkhw;wq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. ,r;nray; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

19. /ghuNlapd; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpfisj; jUf. Kjy;tpjp:kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ m α q m α It (or) m=ZIt. ,uz;lhk; tpjp:kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;Dl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ xUkpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,izkhw;Wf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ m α E

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20. kpd; Ntjpa vz; : tiuaW. myF jUf. kpd;gF jputk; xd;wpd; topNa 1 $Yk; kpd;Dl;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd;Ntjpa vz; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF : kg C

-1

21. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? i) Jiz kpd;fyd;fs; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;ag;glf;$bait. ii) Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; mfkpd;jil FiwT. vdNt Njitf;Nfw;g mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. iii); ,tw;iw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;ayhk;. iv) Jiz kpd;fyd;fs; fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fs;> buf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLfpd;wd. 22. Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;> Jizkpd;fyd; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jizkpd;fyd; 1 kPs ,ayh Ntjp tpidfs; eilngWk;. kPs; Ntjp tpidfs; eilngWk; 2 kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ. kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk; 3 mf kpd;jil mjpfk;. mf kpd;jil FiwT 4 ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F xNu rPuhd

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ. ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;

23. flj;jp xd;wpd; FWf;F ntl;bd; topNa xU tpdhbapy; 6.25x1018vyf;l;uhd;fs;

fle;J nrd;why; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. (e = 1.6x10

-19C).

jPh;T I = I =

I = = 1A

24. kpd;tpsf;F xd;W 240 V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk;;;. mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A vdpy; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf. jPh;Î:

kpd;jil R=

R =

R =

R = 480

25. 2 m ePsKk; 0.4 mm tpl;lKk; cila khq;fdpd;fk;gpapd; kpd;jil70. nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;izf; fzf;fpLf. jPh;T :

kpd;jil vz; =

=

= 1.57 x 7 x 4 x 10-7

= 4.396x10-6

Ω m

26. gpd;tUk; Rw;Wtiyapy; A kw;Wk; B f;F ,ilg;gl;l njhFgad; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T: - R1, R2 gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd.

, , = 7.5 Ω

R1 = 15

R2 = 15

A B

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27.xt;nthU kpd;jilf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghLfisf; fhz;f.

R1 = 5 Ω R2 = 3 Ω R3 = 2 Ω

10V

jPh;T:-

njhFgad; kpd;jil Rs = R1 + R2 + R3

Rs = 5 + 3 + 2 Rs = 10 Ω

Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = = 1 A

Xkpd; tpjpg;gb V = IR

V1 = IR1 = 1 x 5 = 5V

V2 = IR2 = 1 x 3 = 3V

V3 = IR3 = 1 x 2 = 2V

V1 = 5V; V2 = 3V; V3 = 2V

28. nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpy; nkhj;j kpd;jil kw;Wk;

2Ω kpd;fyd; jUk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.

3Ω 3Ω 3Ω 6V

jPh;T: 3Ω, 3Ω, 3Ω gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd.

= + +

= + +

= Rp = 1Ω

jw;NghJ Rp = 1Ω kw;Wk; 2Ω njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd.

/ njhFgad; kpd;jil Rs = Rp + R4

Rs = (1+2)Ω Rs = 3Ω

kpd;fyd; jUk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = = 2A

I = 2A

29. rkePsk; nfhz;l xU cNyhfj;jhyhd ,U flj;jpfspd; kpd; jilfs; KiwNa 5Ω kw;Wk; 10Ω mf;flj;jpfspd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjq;fisf; fzf;fpLf. jPh;T: R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 10Ω, ℓ1 = ℓ2 = ℓ vd;f

=

=

V1 V2 V3

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= r1: r2 = : 1

30. fPf;o;;fhZk; kpd; Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf. kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk; jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpLf. A 10V 2V B

5Ω 7Ω

3Ω

D 5Ω 8V C jPh;T:- Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f ABCDA jpirapy; tyQ;Ropahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhff; nfhz;lhy;> fph;r;r/g; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j> 5 I + 7I + 3I + 5I = 10 + 2 – 8

20 I = 4, I = I = 0.2 A

kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropahfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ABCDA topNa mikAk;. 31. fPo;;f;fhZk; kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf. kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk; jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpLf. A 5 10 V 10 B

D 20 V 5 C jPh;Î : fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>

5 I + 10 I + 5 I = 10 + 20,

20 I = 30 I = I = 1.5 A

kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropahfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ABCDA topNa mikAk;. 32. fPo;;f;fhZk; kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;; jpiriaAk; vz;kjpg;igAk; fzf;fpLf.

5 10V 10

A B

D 20V 5 C

jPh;T:- kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropapy; gha;tjhff; fUJf. fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j> 5I+10I+5I = 10-20

20I = -10

I= -

I=-

I=-0.5A

kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; vz;kjpg;G = 0.5A

kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,lQ;RopahfTk; my;yJ ADCBA topahfTk;; ghAk;.

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33. O0C y; epf;Nuhk; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil10 Ω mjd; kpd; jil ntg;gepiy vz;

0. 004 / 0C ePhpd; nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf. Kbitg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf.

jPhT:-;:- Rt = Ro (1 + αt)

R100 = Ro (1+100α)

R100 = 10 (1+ 100 x 0.004)

=10 (1 + 0.4)

= 10 x 1.4

R100 = 14 Ω

ntg;gepiy caUk;NghJ kpd;jilAk; caUk;. 34. 0

0C y; gpshl;bdk; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil4Ω gpshl;bdj;jpd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy

vz; 0.038 / 0C vdpy; 100

oC ,y;;; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;d?

jPh;T:-

Rt = Ro (1 + α t)

R100 = Ro (1 + 100 α)

R100= 4 (1 + 100 x 0.0038)

= 4 (1 + 0.38)

= 4 x 1.38

R100 = 5.52 Ω

35. 1.5V kpd;dpaf;F tpir cila fhh;gd;-Jj;jehfk; gir kpd;fyk; 1000 kpd;jilahf;fpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; jpwidAk; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:- i) kpd;Ndhl;lk; I =

=

I = 1.5x10-3

A

ii) kpd;jpwd; P= VI

P=1.5x1.5x10-3

P=2.25x10

-3 W

36. 400 W kpd;jpwd; nfhz;l xU kpd; ryitg;ngl;b jpdKk; 30 epkplq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU A+dpl; jpwDf;fhd fl;lzk; 75 igrh vdpy; ryitg; ngl;bia xU thu fhyk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; nryitf; fzf;fpL.

jPh;T:- nrytopf;fg;gl;l kpd;dhw;wy; E = P x t

E = 400 x x 7

E = 1400 Wh

E = 1.4 Unit

1A+dpl;Lf;fhd fl;lzk; = &. 0.75 1.4 A+dpl;Lf;fhd fl;lzk; = 1.4 x 0.75 nryT = & 1.05.

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5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs; 1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa njhlh;G:

ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy;> flj;jpapd; topNa fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

L ePsKk; A FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpapd; KidfSf;fpilNa

E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. XuyF gUkdpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if n vd;f. flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;Dl;lk; q = (nAL)e

kpd;Dl;lq;fs; nry;y MFk;fhyk; dv

Lt

flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;t

qI

dvL

enAL)(

dvnAeI

2. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs;

kPf;flj;J ,aw;wpfs; Mw;wy; Nrkpg;Gj;jpwd; mbg;gilahf cs;sd. kPf;flj;jp fhe;jq;fs; ,uapy; tz;bfisj; jz;lthsq;fspypUe;J cah;j;jp

kpf mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLk;. ,uhf;nfl; Jizapd;wp nraw;iff;Nfhis Vtg; gad;gLk;. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; typik khwhky; ,Ug;gjhy; kpd; mDg;gpf; fk;gpapy;

gad;gLk;. fzpdpfspy; epidT mbg;gilf; $Wfshfr; nray;gLk;.

3. gy kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgad; kpd;jil

ehd;F kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L V kpd;dOj;j

NtWghL mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; khwhJ. V1 = I R1 ; V2 = I R2, V3 = I R3, V4 = I R4 nkhj;j kpd;dOj;jk; V = V1+V2+V3+V4

V = I[R1+R2+R3+R4] (1) njhFg;gpd; kpd;jil Rs vd;f. V = I Rs (2) rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J

Rs = R1+R2+R3+R4

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4. gy kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgad;

kpd;jil

ehd;F kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L V kpd;dOj;j

NtWghL mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;dOj;jk; khwhJ.

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1 ; ; ;R

VI

R

VI

R

VI

R

VI

nkhj;j kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4

4321 R

V

R

V

R

V

R

VI

4321

1111

RRRRVI ---- 1

njhFg;gpd; kpd;jil Rp vd;f.

pR

VI ------ 2

rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J4321

11111

RRRRRp

5. ntg;gepiyiar; rhh;e;j kpd;jil khWghL (tiuglj;Jld;) ntg;gepiy caUk;NghJ flj;jpfspd; kpd;jil mjpfhpf;Fk;.

Rt = Ro (1 + α t) > α = kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; 10C ntg;gepiy cah;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk;> 00C cs;s

kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfT kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; MFk;.

tR

RRt

0

0

cNyhfq;fSf;F kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; Neh;f;Fwp kpd;fhg;Gg;nghUl;fs;>

Fiwf;flj;jpfSf;F(njh;kp];lh;fSf;F) kpd;jilntg;gepiy vz; vjph;Fwp. cNyhff;fyitfSf;F kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; FiwT.

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6.Nthy;l; kPl;liuf; nfhz;L kpd;fydpd; mfkpd;jiliaf; fzf;fply;

rhtp jpwe;Js;s epiyapy; Nthy;l;kPl;lh; fhl;Lk; mstPL kpd;dpaf;F tpir E

rhtpia %ba epiyapy; Nthy;l; kPl;lh; fhl;Lk; mstPL kpd;jil R f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V

V = IR 1

kpd;fydpd; mfkpd;jil(r)apdhy;>VMdJ E I tpl FiwT V = E – Ir

Ir = E – V 2 rkd;ghL 2 rkd;ghL 1>

=

RV

VEr

7. fph;r;r‡gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp tpsf;fk;

tpjp: xU %ba Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;jd;ik mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkk;.

Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjpg;gb mikAk;. kpd;Rw;wpy; tyQ;Ropahfg; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; Neh;f;Fwp> kpd;Rw;wpy;

,lQ;Ropahfg;ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; vjph;f;Fwp glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;s kpd;Rw;Wf;F

ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F I1 R1 + I2 R2 + I2 r2 + I3 R3 + I1 r1 = E1 – E2

8. tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd epge;jid.

gpd;tUk; Rw;W tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;W MFk;.

fph;r;r/gpd;; Kjy;tpjpg;gb re;jp B y; I1 – Ig – I3 = 0 (1)

re;jp Dy; I2 + Ig – I4 = 0 (2)

fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb ABDAvd;w %ba ghijf;F> I1P + IgG – I2R = 0 (3)

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fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F> I1 P + I3 Q – I4 S – I2 R = 0 (4)

Roptpyf;fj;jpw;F Ig = 0

I1 = I3 (5)

I2 = I4 (6)

I1P = I2R (7) rkd; 5> 6>7 d; kjpg;Gfisr; rkd; 4 ,y; gpujpapl>

I1(P+Q) = I2(R+S) (8) rkd (8) [ rkd; (7) My; tFf;f

R

SR

PI

QPI

)(

1

1

R

S

P

Q 11

S

R

Q

P

9.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtk;:

kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; KidfSf;fpilNa Bt, K (rhtp) njhlhpizg;gpy;

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ - Kjd;ikr; Rw;W.

Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;> fhy;tdhkPl;lh;> cah;kpd;jil> njhLNfhy; Mfpait

njhlhpizg;gpy; A Ald; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - Jizr;Rw;W

XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vd;f. Ig = 0 vdpy; AJ d; kpd;dOj;j

NtWghLk;> kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirAk; rkk;.

rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; vdpy; AJ d; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Ir

E = I r

E

kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir (E)> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy;

mikAk;.

10. ,U Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; xg;gpLjy;

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kpd;dOj;jkhdp fk;gpapd; KidfSf;fpilNa Bt> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp

njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ - Kjd;ikr; Rw;W.

E1, E2 kpd;dpaf;FtpirAila kpd;fyd;fs; DPDT rhtpapd; C1 D1 kw;Wk;

C2 D2 Kidfspy; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjd;ikr;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I> XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r

vd;f.

E1 Jizr;Rw;Wld; ,izg;G ngw;why; 1 rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F

E1 = → (1)

E2 Jizr;Rw;Wld; ,izg;G ngw;why; 2 rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F

E2= (2)

rkd;ghL 1 2 2

1

2

1

E

E

11 . kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; /ghuNl Kjy; tpjp rhpghh;j;jy;:

tpjp:-kpd;dhw;gFj;jypd;NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw kpd;gFjputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;F Neh;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

‘t’ fhy msTf;F I1 kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m1’

m1 I1

‘t’ fhy msTf;F I2 kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m2’

m2 I2

ImI

I

m

m

2

1

2

1

(1)

I kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ t1 fhyj;jpw;F gha;fpwJ. ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m3’

m3 t1

I kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ t2 fhyj;jpw;F gha;fpwJ.ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m4’

m4 t2

2

1

4

3

t

t

m

m

m t (2)

rkd;ghLfs; (1)> (2) ypUe;J m I t

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12. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; /ghuNl ,uz;lhk; tpjp rhpghh;j;jy;:

tpjp: kpd;gFj;jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;lmsT kpd;Dl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F Neh;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd;dpizg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

‘t’ fhy msTf;F I kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.

jhkpu kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m1’

m1 E1 (E1 Kjy; jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;W)

nts;sp kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m2’

m2 E2 (E2 ,uz;lhk;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;W)

2

1

2

1

E

E

m

m

m E 13. Nthy;lh kpd;fyk;:

mikg;G :

Neh;kpd;tha; jhkpuk;

vjph;kpd;tha; Jj;jehfk;

kpd;gFjputk; ePh;j;j fe;jf mkpyk;

ghj;jpuk; fz;zhb nray;ghL:

Jj;jehfj; jfL H2SO4 cld;

tpidGhpe;J Zn++ madpfis

ntspNaw;wp ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W vjph;kpd;Dl;lk; ngWk;.

jhkpuk;;; 2H+ madpfis eLepiyahf;fp Neh; kpd;Dl;lk; ngWk;.

ntspr;Rw;wpy; jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.

kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08V

14. Nldpay; kpd;fyk;: ePz;lNeuj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr; nrYj;j ,ayhJ.

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mikg;G :

Neh; kpd;tha; jhkpuk;


kpd;gFjputk; jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiury;> ePh;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; nray;ghL :

Jj;jehfj; jfL H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++madpfis ntspNaw;wp

,U vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W vjph;kpd;Dl;lk; ngWk;.

Ez;Jisg; ghz;lj;jpd; Jis topNa nry;Yk; Zn++ madpfs; CuSO4-

Tld; tpid Ghpe;J cUthFk; Cu++madpfs; jhkpuf;fydpy; gbe;J

jhkpuf;fyd; Neh; kpd;Dl;lk; ngWk;.

Jj;jehfj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhkpuj;jpw;F ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wpd; topNa nrd;W jhkpu madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;.

ntspr;Rw;wpy; jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.

kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08V 15. nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk;: mikg;G :

Neh; kpd;tha; fhh;gd; jz;L


kpd;gFjputk; mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL fiury;

ghj;jpuk; fz;zhb

nray;ghL:

Jj;jehfj;jz;L NH4Cl cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++ madpfshf ntspNaw;wp

vjph;kpd;Dl;lk; ngWk;.

Zn++

+ 2NH4Cl 2NH3 + ZnCl2 + 2H+ + 2e

-

2H+ madpfspd; Neh;kpd;Dl;lk; fhh;gd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gl;L Neh;

kpd;Dl;lk;ngWk;. Jj;jehfj;jpy; cs;s ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; fhh;gd; jz;il mile;J mjd; Neh;kpd;Dl;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;.

ntspr;Rw;wpy; fhh;gdpypUe;J Zn f;F

kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.

kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.25A

kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.5V

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16. fhhPa mkpy Nrkf;fyk;: mikg;G:

Neh; kpd;tha; fhhPa Mf;irL

vjph;kpd;tha; fhhPak;

kpd;gFjputk; ePh;j;jfe;jf mkpyk;

ghj;jpuk; ug;gh; my;yJ fz;zhb

nray;ghL:

vjph;kpd;thapy; eilngWk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpidahy; PbSO4 cUthfp ,U

vyf;l;uhd;fs; vjph;kpd;thapy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

Neh;kpd;thapy; Mf;rp[dpwf;f tpidahy; PbSO4 cUthfp

,Uvyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiyahf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mfkpd;jil FiwT vd;gjhy; mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juty;yJ.

Gjpa kpd;dpaf;F tpir2.2V

kpd;dpwf;fk; nra;Ak;NghJ kpd;dpaf;F tpir 2V

4. kpd;fhe;jj;Jz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lKk; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs ;

1. fhe;jg;ghak; tiuaW : myF ahJ? fhe;jg;ghak; vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; fhe;j tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if MFk;.

mjhtJ myF : ntgh; (Wb)

2. kpd;fhe;jj;Jz;ly; vd;why; vd;d? xU %lg;gl;l Rw;Wld; njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;jg;ghaj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; nghOJ mr;Rw;wpy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLk; epfo;T kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; vdg;gLk;.

3. kpd;fhe;jj;Jz;ly; gw;wpa /ghuNl tpjpfisf; $Wf. i) xU %lg;gl;l Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; nghOJ me;jr; Rw;wpy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLfpwJ. fhe;jghaj;jpy; khw;wk; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tiuapy; kl;LNk Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir ePbf;Fk;. ii) %lg;gl;l Rw;wpy; Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G (e) Rw;Wld;

njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

e α

4. kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; gw;wpa nyd;]; tpjpiaf; $Wf. xU Rw;wpy; Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir vg;NghJk; mij cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;jg;gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;.

mjhtJ

5. /gpskpq; tyJif tpjpiaf; $Wf. tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eLtpuy; kw;Wk; ngUtpuy; Mfpa %d;iwAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> Ms;fhl;b tpuy; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; jpiriaAk;> ngUtpuy; flj;jp ,aq;Fk; jpiriaAk; Fwpg;gjhff; nfhz;lhy; eLtpuyhdJ Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiriaf; Fwpf;Fk;. 6. jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vd;why; vd;d? xU fk;gpr;RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ mf;fk;gpr;RUspy; xU vjph;kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLk; epfo;T jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vdg;gLk;.

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7. jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz; tiuaW. fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F xU Mk;gpah; vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk; nghOJ mf;fk;gpr;RUspy; Jz;lg;gLk; vjph; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir vz;zstpy; mr;RUspd; jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz;zpw;Fr; rkk;. myF : henry (H) 8. jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz;zpd; myif tiuaW. jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz;zpd; myF – n`d;wp (H). fk;gpr;RUs; xd;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F xU Mk;gpah; vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk;NghJ> mf;fk;gpr;RUspy; Jz;lg;gLk; vjph;kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 1 Nthy;l; vd mikAkhdhy;> mr;RUspd; jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz; 1 n`d;wp vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. 9. ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vd;why; vd;d? xU RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ kw;nwhU RUspy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLk; epfo;T ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vdg;gLk;. 10. ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz; tiuaW. myF jUf. fk;gpr;RUs; xd;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F 1 Mk;gpah; vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk;nghOJ> kw;nwhU fk;gpr;RUspy; Jz;lg;gLk; vjph;kpd;dpaf;F tpir vz;zstpy; mt;tpU RUs;fspd; ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz;zpw;Fr; rkk;.

myF : henry (H) 11. ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz;zpd; myif tiuaW :

ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz;zpd; myF - henry. (H) fk;gpr;RUs; xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F 1 Mk;gpah; vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk; nghOJ> kw;nwhU fk;gpr;RUspy; Jz;lg;;gLk; vjph; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1 Nthy;l; vd mikAkhdhy; mt;tpU fk;gpr;RUs;fspd; ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz; 1 n`d;wp MFk;. 12. ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz; rhh;e;Js;s fhuzpfs; ahit?

i) RUspd; ghpkhzk;> tbtk;> Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; cs;sfkhfg; gad;gLk; nghUspd; fhe;j cl;GFjpwd; Mfpatw;iwAk;

ii) fk;gpr;RUs;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vt;tsT mUfpy; cs;sd vd;gijAk; rhh;e;jJ. 13. Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs; ahit?

i) fhe;jj; Jz;liy (B) khw;Wtjd; %yk;.

ii) RUs; cs;slf;fpa gug;gpid (A) khw;Wtjd; %yk;.

iii) fhe;jGyj;ijg; nghWj;J RUspd; jpir mikg;ig (θ) khw;Wtjd; %yk; Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpiriag; ngwyhk;.

14. A.C. kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf. fk;gpr;RUs; xd;W rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; Row;wg;gLk;NghJ mjpy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLk; (kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly;)

15. Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; (/Nghfhy;l; kpd;Ndhl;lk;) vd;why; vd;d? cNyhff;fl;b xd;W fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;nghOJ my;yJ epiyahf cs;s cNyhff; fl;bapd; topNa nry;Yk; fhe;jg;ghak; khWk; nghOJ cNyhff;fl;bapDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Jz;lg;gLfpwJ. cNyhff; flj;jpapDs; Jz;lg;gLk; ,k;kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; my;yJ /Nghfhy;l; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdg;gLk;. 16. kpd;khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; jj;Jtk; ahJ? Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; khw;w cjTk; rhjdk; kpd;khw;wp vdg;gLk;.

jj;Jtk; : kpd;fhe;jj;Jz;ly; (ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly;)

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17. Vw;W kpd;khw;wp> ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp NtWgLj;Jf.

t. vz; Vw;W kpd;khw;wp ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp

1. kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ. Es > Ep

kpd;dOj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ. Es < Ep

2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ Is < Ip

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ. Is > Ip

3. Kjd;ikr; RUspd; Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl Jizr;RUspd;Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;. Ns > Np

Kjd;ikr; RUspd; Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl Jizr;RUspd;Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwT Ns < Np

4. kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; k >1 kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; k<1

18. kpd;khw;wpapd; gaDWjpwd; tiuaW. kpd;khw;wpapd; gaDWjpwd; vd;gJ ntspaPL jpwDf;Fk; cs;sPL jpwDf;Fk; cs;s jfT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. η = ŋ =

19. D. C. mk;kPl;lh; khW jpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstplhJ. Vd;?

khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; xU KOr;Rw;Wf;fhd ruhrhp kjpg;G RopahFk;. vdNt D.C. mk;kPl;liu A.C. kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izj;jhy; mjd; Fwp Ks; Rop msitNa vg;NghJk; fhl;Lk;.

20. khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; rms kjpg;G (gaDW kjpg;G ) tiuaW. khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ xU kpd;jilahf;fp xd;wpd; topahf Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; ghAk;nghOJ cUthf;Fk; ntg;g Mw;wiy> mNj Neuj;jpy; mNj kpd;jilapy; cUthf;Fk; khwhj Neh;kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;G> khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; rms kjpg;G vdg;gLfpwJ. 21. kpd;Jz;bapd; kpd;kWg;G vd;why; vd;d?

xU fk;gpr;RUs; my;yJ kpd;Jz;b khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mjd; kpd;kWg;G (XL) vdg;gLk;. XL= L myF : ohm

22. kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G vd;why; vd;d? xU kpd;Njf;fp khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mjd;

kpd;kWg;G(Xc) vdg;gLk;. Xc= myF : ohm

23. kpd; Njf;fp D.C. jLf;Fk; A.C I mDkjpf;Fk; Vd;?

xU kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G

d.c f;F mjph; ntz; (

,jdhy; D.C. f;F Xc = mjhtJ kpd;kWg;G Kbtpyh kjpg;ig miltjhy; D.C. I kpd;Njf;fp mDkjpf;fhJ.

vd;w rkd;ghl;bd;gb A.C. I kl;Lk; mDkjpf;Fk;.

24. RLC njhlh; Rw;wpy; kpd;dOj;j %yj;jpd; mjph;ntz;iz mjpfhpj;jhy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;G vd;dthFk;?

kpd;dOj;j %yj;jpd; mjph;ntz;iz mjpfhpj;jhy; Rw;wpd; kpd;kWg;G Fiwe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. xj;jpirT mjph; ntz;zpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngUk kjpg;igg; ngWk;. xj;jpirT mjph;ntz;iz tpl mjpfkhdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; gbg;gbahff; FiwAk;.

ntspaPL jpwd;

cs;sPL jpwd;

EsIs

EpIp

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25. RLC njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;wpy; xj;jpirT mjph;ntz; vd;why; vd;d? RLC njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;wpy; ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;Fr; Rw;wpd; kpd;ndjph;g;G rpWkkhfTk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngUkkhfTk; khWNkh me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz; Rw;wpd; xj;jpirT mjph;ntz; ( 0) vdg;gLk;.

26.juf;fhuzp vd;gjid tiuaW. njhlh; xj;jpirTr; Rw;wpd; juf;fhuzp vd;gJ fk;gpr;RUs; my;yJ kpd;Njf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk; nrYj;jg;gLk;

kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;s jfT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ .

L my;yJ C-d; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;jk; nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk;

27. A.C. Rw;wpd; jpwd; fhuzp tiuaW. jpwd; fhuzp = cos

,q;F vd;gJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk;> kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;s fl;l NtWghL MFk;. ,J ruhrhp jpwDf;Fk;> Njhw;wj;jpwDf;Fk; cs;s jftpw;Fr; rkkhFk;.

28. milg;Gr; RUs; vd;gJ ahJ?

A.C. kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fiwe;j kpd;jiliaf; nfhz;l fk;gpr; RUs; milg;Gr;RUs; vdg;gLk;.

29. AF milg;Gr;RUs;> RF milg;Gr;RUs; NtWgLj;Jf.

t. vz; AF milg;Gr; RUs; RF milg;Gr;RUs;

1. Fiwe;jmjph;ntz; Rw;Wfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

cah; mjph;ntz; Rw;Wfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

2. NjdpUk;;Gcs;sfj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

fhw;Wcs;sfj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

3. jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz; mjpfk;. jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz; FiwT

30. 0.5 m2 gug;gsitAk; 10 Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l xU fk;gpr; RUspd; jsk; 0.2 Wb/m2 fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff; Fj;jhf cs;s nghJ fk;gpr; RUspd; topNa ghAk; fhe;jg; ghaj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. jPh;T:- fhe;jg;ghak; Φ = NBAcosθ

Φ = NBAcos0o (

...θ= 0

o)

Φ = 10 x 0.2 x 0.5

Φ = 1 Wb

31. thpr;RUs; xd;wpy; 2 As-1vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 10mV kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; Jz;bdhy; thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz; vd;d?

jPh;T:- e = -L

jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz; L = =

L = 5x10-3

H (or) L = 5mH

32. xU RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 100As-1 vd khWk; NghJ 5V kpd;dpaf;F tpir mjpy; Jz;lg;gLfpwJ mjd; jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz; vd;d?

jPh;T:- e = -L

jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz; L = = L = -0.05H

jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz; L= 0.05 H

Q = Q =

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33. 1m ePsKk; 0.05m tpl;lKk; nfhz;l thpr;RUs; 500 Rw;Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fk;gpr;RUspd; topNa 2A kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ vdpy; fk;gpr;RUspd; jd;kpd;

Jz;ly; vz;izf; fzf;fpLf. jPh;T:- L = = =

= 4 x 3.14 x 25 x 3.14 x 625 x 10

-7 + 4 - 6

L = 6.16 x 10-3

H (or) L = 6.16mH

34. xU RUspy; 4A kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.05 s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf khWk;NghJ kw;nwhU RUspy; 50mV kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLfpwJ. vdpy; mt;tpU RUs;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz;izf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:- e2 = -M(

ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz; M =

M = = = x 10-3 = -6. 25 mH

ghpkhw;W kpd; Jz;ly; vz; M = 6. 25 mH 35. 200 Rw;WfisAk; 0.04 m2 FWf;Fg; gug;igAk; nfhz;Ls;s fk;gpr;RUspd; topNa

nry;Yk; fhe;jg;Gyk; 0.2 tpehbapy; 0.1 Wbm-2 ypUe;J 0.04 Wbm-2Mf khWfpwJ vdpy; mjpy; Jz;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf?

jPh;T :

200x4x10

-2 x3

2x4x3

24V

Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; vz;kjpg;G = 24V

36. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s Juk; 20.48 m ,J

tlf;F Nehf;fp 40 ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtpf;fhe;jg; Gyj;jpd;

nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5

T vdpy; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;F ,ilNa Jz;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fhz;f.

jPh;T:-Jz;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = - B v

e = -2 x 10-5

x 20.48 x 40

= -20.48 x 80 x 10-5

= -1638.4 x10-5

e = -0.0164V

μ0N2A

μ0N2(πr

2)

4πx 10-7 x (5x102)2 x 3.14 x (25x10-3)2

1

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37. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s Juk; 10m. ,J tlf;F Nehf;fp 720km/hr vd;w jpir Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtpf;fhe;jg;Gyr; nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 3x10

-5T vdpy; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa Jz;lg;gLk;

kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf jPh;T:- Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -B v

e = -3 x 10-5

x 10 x 720 x e = -3 x 10 x 200 x 10-5

e = -6000 x 10-5e = - 0.06 V

38. jiuAlDk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W kpd;fhg;G nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L uapy; jz;lthsq;fs; xU kpy;yp Nthy;l; kPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uapyhdJ 180 km/hr Ntfj;jpy; XLtjhfTk; Gtpf;fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jf; $wpd; typik 0.2x10

-4Wb/m

2 vdTk; jz;lthsq;fs; 1m ,ilj;njhiytpy; cs;sd vdTk; nfhz;L Nthy;l;kPl;lhpy; cs;s FwpKs; fhl;Lk; msitf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T : Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -B v

FwpKs; fhl;Lk; msT = 1m

39. ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wp xd;wpy; kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; 1:20 mjd; cs;sPL jpwd; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;jk; KiwNa 600mW, 6V MFk;. Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Jizr;RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fisf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T:- = , Ep Ip = 600 mW; Ep = 6V

Ep Ip = 600 mW

Ip = = = 100x10-3

= 0.1 A

Mdhy; =

Is = x Ip = x 0.1 = 2A

Kjd;ikr; RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; = 0.1A Jizr;RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; = 2A

40. 11 kW kpd;jpwid 22,000V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; kpd;jil nfhz;l xU fk;gpapd; topahf mDg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,og;G ahJ?

jPh;T :- kpd; jpwd; P = VI

I =

I =

I = 0.5A

jpwd;,og;G = I2R

= (0.5)2x 2 = 0.25 x 2

jpwd;,og;G = 0.5 W

41. 25 Row;rpfisf; nfhz;l ird; tbt kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; rms kjpg;G 30A vdpy; mjd; rkd;ghl;il vOJf. jPh;T :- = sin t

=

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42. 1000 Hz mjph;ntz; nfhz;l khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;l kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; 2µF nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; rms kjpg;G 10V vdpy; Rw;wpy; ghAk; njhFgad; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf?

jPh;T:- Xc = =

Xc = Xc = = Ω

njhFgad; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Irms =

=

Irms = = = 0.126A

;5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs; 1. ePz;l thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd;Jz;ly; vz;.

L ePsk;> A FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;G kw;Wk; N Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l thpr;RUisf; fUJNthk;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f.

xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;ghak; = Bxt;nthU Rw;wpd; gug;G

NIBA

NI 00

thpr;RUNshL njhlh;G nfhz;l

nkhj;jf; fhe;jg;ghak; NNIA

0

NIAN

2

0 (1)

fhe;jg;ghak; = LI (2)

rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J> `2

0

AINLI

vdNt

ANL

2

0

cl;GFjpwd; cs;s Clfj;jpy;

ANL

2

2. kpd;Jz;bAld; njhlh;G nfhz;l Mw;wy; fk;gpr;RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij epWt Gw%yq;fshy; Ntiy nra;a

Ntz;bAs;sJ.

Jz;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir dt

dILe

dt fhy ,ilntspapy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy dW = e I dt

dtIdt

dILdW

dW = -L I d I

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijg; ngUkkjpg;Gf;F mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; Ntiy

0

0

I

LIdIdWW

2

0 2

1ILW

kpd;Jz;bapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wypd; vz; kjpg;G

2

0 2

1ILU

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3. ,UePz;l thpr;RUs;fSf;fpilNaahd ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz;.

S1, S2vd;gd ePsKs;s> A FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;G nfhz;l

thpr;RUs;fshFk; Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if KiwNa N1, N2.

S1y; ghAk; I1 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; S2y; xt;nthU Rw;Wld;

njhlh;Gila fhe;jg;ghak; = B1 A

AIN

11

0

1

101 I

NB

S2 y; njhlh;Gila nkhj;jf; fhe;jg;ghak; 211

02 NAIN

AINN

121

02

(1)

2 = M I1 (2)

rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J>

1210

1

AINNMI

ANNM 210

cl;GFjpwd; nfhz;l Clfj;jpy;>

ANNM 21

4. fk;gpr;RUSld; njhlh;Gila gug;ig khw;Wtjhy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jz;lg;gLjy;

fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff; Fj;jhf PQRS flj;jp cs;sJ.

L1M1 eOTk; flj;jp - ePsk; vd;f.

njhlf;fg;gug;G L1QRM1

flj;jp dt fhy ,ilntspapy; dx njhiyT efh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpg; gug;G

L2QRM2

gug;G khWghL dA= dx

fhe;jgha khWghL d= B dA = B dx

Jz;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir dt

de

dt

dxBe

vBe

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5. kpd;khw;wpapy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,og;Gfs; - Fiwf;Fk; tpjk; t.vz;. jpwd; ,og;G fhuzk; Fiwf;Fk; tpjk; 1. jaf;f ,og;G jpUk;gj; jpUk;g cs;sfk;

fhe;jkhtjhYk; fhe;jj;jd;ikia ,og;gjhYk;

kpA+nkl;ly;> rpypf;fd; ];By; cs;sfk;

2. Roy;kpd;Ndhl;l ,og;G (,Uk;G ,og;G)

fhe;jg;ghak; khWtjhy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthfp ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLtjhy;

];nly;yha; cs;sfk;

3. gha ,og;G Kjd;ikr;Rw;Wld; njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;jg;ghak; Jizr;Rw;Wld; njhlh;G nfhs;shik

$Ltif cs;sfk;

4. jhkpu ,og;G ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; [y; ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLtjhy;

Fiwe;j kpd;jil nfhz;l jbkdhd fk;gp gad;gLj;Jjy;

6. khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; RMS kjpg;gpw;fhd Nfhit (my;yJ )

2

0IIrms

khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = Io sin t

I0 khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ngUk kjpg;G

khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lk; I MdJ R topahf dt fhyj;jpw;Fg; ghAk;NghJ

cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wy;

dH = I 2R dt

KORw;Wf;F cUthFk; ntg;gMw;wy;

H= I2Rdt

H = ( sin2

dt

2

2

0 RTIH (1)

Irms kpd;Ndhl;lk; KORw;Wf;F cUthf;Fk; ntg;gMw;wy;

RTIH rms

2 (2)

rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J

2

2

02 IIrms

2

0IIrms

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7. khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;jilahf;fp kl;LNk

cila AC Rw;W.

*R kpd;jilAila kpd;jilahf;fpAld; xU khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir %yk;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ve;j xU fzj;jpYk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir

e = E0 sint → (1)

kpd; jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> e = iR

kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;Fr; rkk;.

iR = E0 sint

i = E0 sint

R

i = Io sin → (2)

kpd;dOj;jKk;> kpd;Ndhl;lKk; xNu fl;lj;jpy; cs;sd. fl;ltiuglk; fl;lg;glk;

8. A.C kpd;Rw;wpd; ruhrhp jpwd; (cz;ikj;jpwd;)

ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk; AC kpd;Rw;wpd; jpwd; vd;gJ mf;fzj;jpy;

kpd;dpaf;F tpir kw;Wk; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,tw;wpd;

ngUf;fw;gydhFk;.

kpd;dpaf;Ftpir e = E0 sin t

kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = I0 sin( t + )

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KOr; Rw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwd;

Pav =

=

Pav = cos

Pav = cos

= Erms Irmscos

Pav = Njhw;wj;jpwd; jpwd; fhuzp


1. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;; RUspd; jpiraikg;ig khw;Wtjd; %yk; kpd;dpaf;Ftpiriaj;

Jz;Ljy;.

PQRS RUs; rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j mr;irg; gw;wp

vd;w Nfhzj;jpir Ntfj;Jld; Roy;tjhff; nfhs;Nthk;.

fhe;jg;ghak; khWfpwJ.

fhe;jg;ghak; = NBA cos t

Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -

e = - (NBA cos t )

e = NBA sin

e = Eosin

,q;F Eo = NBA

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2. xUfl;l A.C. kpd;dpaw;wp (A.C. ildNkh)

jj;Jtk; : kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly;

mikg;G :-

Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; :

i) Roy; RUs;:- NjdpUk;G cs;sfj;jpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Rw;wg;gl;l nrt;tf tbtf; fk;gpr;RUs;.

ii) Gyf;fhe;jk;:- jpwd; Fiwe;j ildNkhtpy; epiyf;fhe;jKk;> jpwd; mjpfkhd ildNkhtpy; kpd;fhe;jKk; gad;gLfpwJ.

iii) eOT tisaq;fs;:- R1, R2 vd;w cNyhf tisaq;fs; Roy; RUspd; KidfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;L RUSld; Nrh;e;J Roy;fpwJ.

iv) Jhpiffs;:- B1, B2 vd;w fhh;gd; Jhpiffs; ntspr;Rw;Wf;F kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; flj;Jk;.

nray;ghL:- RUs; fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy; ,lQ;Ropahf Roy;fpwJ. kpd;dpaf;Ftpir Jz;lg;gLfpwJ

Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirapid /gpskpq; tyJif tpjp %yk; mwpayhk;.

Kjy; miur;Rw;W ,uz;lhtJ miur;Rw;W 1) AB fPo;Nehf;fp efUk; AB Nky;Nehf;fp efUk; 2) CD Nky;Nehf;fp efUk; CD fPo;Nehf;fp efUk; 3) Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

DCBA topahfg; ghAk;. Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ABCD jpirapy; ghAk;.

4) ntspr;Rw;wpy; B1 ypUe;J B2 f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk;; ghAk;.

ntspr;Rw;wpy; B2 ypUe;J B1 f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk;; ghAk;.

miytbtk;:

Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;Ftpir e = Eo sin t ,q;F Eo = NBA

RUspd; jsk;

fhe;jg;Gyj;Jld;

Jz;L

kpd;dpaf;Ftpir

e

0o nrq;Fj;J o

90o ,iz Eo

180o nrq;Fj;J 0

270o ,iz -Eo

360o nrq;Fj;J 0

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3. Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;> gad;fs;: Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; : cNyhff;fl;b fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;NghJ my;yJ cNyhff;fl;bAld; njhlh;Gila fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;NghJ mjpy; Jz;lg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdg;gLk;. jpir : nyd;]; tpjpapd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;: i) cNyhff;fl;bf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;fhg;gplg;gl;l nky;ypa jfLfs; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ii) cNyhfj; jl;by; Jisfis ,Ltjd; %yk; gad;fs;:

1. miytpyh fhy;tdh kPl;lh;:-

fhy;tdh kPl;lh; topahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; NghJ fk;gpr;RUs; miyTWk;.

cNyhfr; rl;lj;jpy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; cUthFk; NghJ fk;gpr;RUs; miyTWTij vjph;f;Fk;.

RUs; miyTWtJ epd;WtpLtjhy; miytpyh fhy;tdhkPl;lh; vdg;gLk;. 2. Jz;ly; ciy:-

ntg;gg;gLj;j Ntz;ba cNyhfk; mjpf mjph;ntz; nfhz;l khWk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cNyhfj;jpy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; mjpf ntg;gj;jhy; cNyhfk; cUFk;.

3. Jz;ly; kpd;Nkhl;lhh;fs;; :-

Royp xd;W RoYk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. Roypapy; Vw;gLk; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roypf;Fk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Fk; cs;s

rhh;gpaf;fj;ij Fiwj;J Roypiaj; njhlh;e;J Row;WfpwJ. ,J kpd;tprpwpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.

4. kpd;fhe;jj; jil :- ,uapy; tz;bapd; rf;fuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUisAk; Nrh;e;J

RoYk;. jilia nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ cUisapy; khWk; fhe;jg;Gyk; Vw;gl;L

Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthfpwJ. Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUisia Xa;T epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk;.

5. Ntfk; fhl;Lk; fUtp :- thfdj;jpd; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g cNyhf cUisapDs; fhe;jk; RoYk;. cUisapy; Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhz msT jpUg;Gk;. cUisapy; ,ize;j FwpKs; msTNfhypy; ,aq;Fk;.

4. kpd;khw;wpapd; jj;Jtk;> mikg;G> nray;ghL> gaDWjpwd;> jpwd; ,og;Gfs;.

kpd;khw;wp :- Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ijf; Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; khw;Wk; fUtp. jj;Jtk; :- kpd;fhe;jj;Jz;ly; (ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly;)

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mikg;G :-

nky;ypa jfLfspdhy; Md NjdpUk;G cs;sfk; cs;sJ.

cs;sfj;jpd; kPJ Rw;wg;gl;l xd;Wld; xd;W kpd;njhlh;gw;w Kjd;ikr;RUs;> Jizr;RUs; cs;sd.

nray;ghL :-

cs;sPL khWjpir kpd;dOj;jk; Kjd;ikr;Rw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Kjd;ikr;Rw;wpy; fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;.

Jizr;Rw;wpYk; fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;. Jizr;Rw;wpy; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir Jz;lg;gLk;.

Ep, Es - kpd;dpaf;F tpirfs; Np, Ns – Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if> Ip, Is – kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; vd;f.

Kjd;ikr;Rw;W kw;Wk; Jizr;Rw;wpy; fhe;jg;ghak; rkk;.

=

ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wpf;F cs;sPLjpwd; = ntspaPL jpwd; Ep Ip = Es Is

mjhtJ =

= = = k kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk;

Vw;W kpd;khw;wp ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp Es> Ep

Ns>Np

Ip>Is

K> 1

Ep> Es

Np>Ns

Is>Ip

K< 1

gaDW jpwd; = ntspaPL jpwd; =

cs;sPL jpwd; jpwd; ,og;Gfs;: i) jaf;f ,og;G ii) jhkpu ,og;G

iii) Roy;kpd;Ndhl;l ,og;G iv) gha ,og;G

5. kpd;Jz;b kl;Lk; cila A.C.Rw;W

Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f Fiwe;j kpd;jil cila L jd;kpd;Jz;ly; nfhz;l kpd;Jz;b

A.C. %yj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kpd;dpaf;Ftpir e = Eo sin t ( 1)

Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = - L

Mdhy; e = - e'

Eo sin t = L

i = sin t dt

kpd;Ndhl;lk; i =

i = sin t dt

i = sin ( t - )

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kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = Iosin ( t - ) (2)

rkd;ghLfs; 1>2 ypUe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl fl;lk; gpd;jq;fp cs;sJ.

fl;l tiuglk; fl;lg;glk;

kpd;Jz;bapd; kpd;kWg;G :-

L = XL

D.C. f;F = 0 XL = 0 vdNt Ja kpd;Jz;b D.C. f;F Ropkpd;

jiliaf; nfhLf;Fk;. Mdhy; A.C. f;F mjph;ntz;Zf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.

6. kpd;Njf;fp kl;Lk; cila A.C.Rw;W :-

C kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; cila kpd;Njf;fpahdJ khWjpir kpd;dpaf;Ftpir %yj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUJNthk;.

e = Eo sin t (1)

kpd;Njf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;Fr; rkk;.

e =

kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = = (Ce)

i = (CEo sin

i = E0 C sin )

i = sin )

i = Io sin ) (2)

rkd;ghLfs; 1>2 ypUe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl fl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp

cs;sJ.

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fl;l tiuglk; fl;lg;glk;

kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G :-

Xc =

D.C. f;F = 0 XC = =

vdNt kpd;Njf;fp d.c. I mDkjpf;fhJ.

A.C. Rw;wpy; XC

7. R, L, C njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;W

kpd;jilahf;fp R, kpd;Jz;b L, kpd;Njf;fp C Mfpad khWjpir kpd;dpaw;wpAld; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd.

VR = I R

VR, I xj;j fl;lk; VL= I XL

VL MdJ I I tpl fl;lk; Ke;Jk;

Vc= I Xc

Vc MdJ I I tpl fl;lk; gpe;Jk;

Rw;W kpd; epiykj;jd;ikahf fUjpdhy; (i) kpd;dOj;jk; kpd;dOj;jf; fl;lg;glk;

V2 = VR

2 + (VL-VC)

2

V =

V =

V = I

(ii) kpd;ndjph;g;G

(iii) V, I f;F ,ilNa cs;s fl;l NtWghL

tan =

= tan-1

( )

kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = Io sin (

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myF -3 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; ;

3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. [Py; tpjpapidf; $Wf.

2. ngy;bah; Fzfk; tiuaW.

3. tiuaW: jhk;rd; Fzfk;

4. gal;- rhth;l; tpjpapidf; $Wf.

5. Mk;gpah; Rw;W tpjpapidf; $Wf.

6. Mk;gpah; - tiuaW.

7. ntg;g kpd;dpioahf epf;Nuhk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?

8. rPngf; tpisT vdwhy; vd;d?.

9. ngy;bah; tpisT vdwhy; vd;d?.

10. jpUg;G ntg;gepiy vd;gJ ahJ?

11. Nkf;];nty;ypd; tyf;if jpUF tpjpia vOJf.

12. tyJ cs;sq;if tpjpia vOJf.

13. Kid tpjpiaf; $Wf.

14. iff;Nshl;uhdpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?.

15. gpskpq;fpd; ,lf;if tpjpia vOJf.

16. fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; kp;d;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gj;jpid mjpfhpf;Fk; Kiwfis

vOJf.

17. fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; kp;d;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gj;jpid khw;Wk; nghOJ> kpd;dOj;j

czh;T El;gj;jpid khw;w KbahJ. Vd;?.

18. kpd;Ndhl;l tisaj;jpd; fhe;j ,UKid jpUg;Gj;jpwd; tiuaW.


1. gal; - rhth;l; tpjpia $wp tpsf;Ff.

2. Mk;gpahpd; Rw;W tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;jp thpr;RUspdhy; Vw;gLk;

fhe;jjj;Jhz;lypd; kjpg;gpidg; ngWf.

3. fhe;jtpay; nyhud;]; tpirapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wf

4. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; ,U Neuhd ePz;l ,izf;flj;jpfSf;F ,ilNa

Vw;gLk; tpirf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.

5. xU fhy;tdh kPl;liu vt;thW mk;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;?

6. xU fhy;tdh kPl;liu vt;thW Nthy;l;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;?


1. [Py; ntg;gtpisT tpjpapidr; rhpghh;f;Fk; Nrhjidapid tpthp. 2. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; ePz;l <wpyhf; flj;jpapdhy; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jj;

Jhz;lypd; kjpg;gpw;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.

3. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; fk;gpr; RUspd; mr;rpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jj; Jhz;lYf;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.

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4. NlQ;rd;l; fhy;thdhkPl;lhpd; jj;Jtk;> mikg;G> ,af;fk; Mfpatw;iw tpthp? 5. rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;j;py; kpd;Dhl;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; ,af;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff 6. irf;Nshl;uhdpd; mikg;G> Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; glj;Jld;

tpthp. 7. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirapd;

Nfhitapidg; ngWf.

myF 5 kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;> miy xspapaYk; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. kpd;fhe;j miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? 2. mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph;fspd; gad;fs; ahit? 3. GwCjhf; fjph;fspd; gad;fs; ahit? 4. /g;uhd;N`hgh; thpfs; vd;git ahit? 5. xsph;jy; kw;Wk; epd;nwhsph;jy; vd;why; vd;d? 6. Ez;Jfs; kw;Wk; /Nghl;lhd; NtWgLj;Jf. 7. uhNy xspr;rpjwy; tpjpia vOJf? 8. bd;lhy; xspr;rpjwy; vd;why; vd;d? 9. thdk; ePy epwkhf Njhd;wf; fhuzk; vd;d? 10. ,uhkd; tpistpd; gad;fs; ahit? 11. i`n[d;]; jj;Jtj;ij vOJf. 12. epiy epWj;jg;gl;l FWf;fPl;;L tpistpw;fhd epge;jidfs; ahit? 13. epa+l;ld; tisaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? 14. epa+l;ld; tisaq;fspd; ikak; fUikahfj; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; vd;d? 15. tpspk;G tpisT vd;why; vd;d? 16. fPw;wzp %yk; tiuaW. 17. js mjph;Tj;jsk; kw;Wk; js tpisTj;jsk; NtWgLj;Jf. 18. xspapay; mr;R tiuaW. 19. Row;rpj;jpwd; vz; rhh;e;Js;s fhuzpfs; ahit? 20. Row;rpj;jpwd; vz; tiuaW

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:- 1. Ez;Jfs; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff. 2. rkjsj;jpy; vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l rkjs miyKfg;gpdhy; vjpnuhspg;G

tpjpfisg; ngWf.

3. epa+l;ld; tisaj;jpd; n tJ fUik tisaj;jpd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.

4. jl;lL;f;ifg; glj;Jld; tpthp. 5. GU];lh; tpjpiaf; $wp> ep&gp. 6. ief;fy; gl;lfj;ij tpthp. 7. Nghyuha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?. gad;fisf; $Wf.


1. ntsptpL epwkhiy> cl;fth; epwkhiy ,tw;iw tpthp. 2. ,uhkd; xspr;rpjwiy tpsf;Ff. 3. miyf;nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp KOmf vjpnuhspg;ig tpthp. 4. aq; ,ul;il gpsT Ma;tpy;> gl;il mfyj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. 5. nky;ypa CLUTk; glyj;jpy; xsp vjpnuhspg;ghy; Vw;gLk; FWf;fPl;L tpistpw;fhd epge;jidia tUtp.

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myF 6 – mZ ,aw;gpay; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. NfNjhL fjph;;fs; vd;why; vd;d? 2. kpy;ypf;fd; Nrhjidapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf. 3. madpahf;f Mw;wy;-tiuaW. 4. madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.

5. td; X- fjph;fs;> nkd; X - fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? 6. fpsh;r;rpahf;f kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; tiuaW. 7. Nkh];Ny tpjpapd; vOJf. 8. Nkh];Ny tpjpapd; gad;fis vOJf. 9. jd;dpr;irahd ckpo;T> Jz;L ckpo;T NtWgLj;Jf. 10. ,ay;Gepiy mZj;njhif vd;why; vd;d? 11. mZj;njhif Vw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? 12. Nyrhpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit? 13. N`hNyhfpuhgp vd;why; vd;d? 14. Nyrh; nraiyg; ngw Ntz;ba epge;jidfs; ahit? 15. yNt Nrhjidapd; Kf;fpa KbTfs; ahit?


1. Nfj;NjhL fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf. 2. Giof;fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.

3. α - Jfs;fspd; mZFk; kPr;rpW njhiytpw;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf. 4. rhkh;ngy;L khjphpapd; Fiwfisf; $Wf. 5. i`l;u[dpd; epwkhiy thpfis tpthp

6. X –fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf. 7. gpuhf; tpjpapidf; $wp tUtp. 8. yNt Ma;tpid tpthp.

9. rpwg;G X –fjph; epwkhiyapd; Njhw;wj;jpid tpthp. 10. Nyrhpd; mwptpay; kw;Wk; nghwpapay; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf.


1. vyf;l;uhd;pd; kpd;Dhl;l epiwj;jfT fhZk; J.J. jhk;rd; Nrhjidia tpthp. 2. vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Dhl;lk; fhZk; kpy;ypf;fd; vz;nza;j;Jsp Ma;tpid tpthp. 3. Nghh; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. Nghh;f;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; n tJ tl;lg;ghijapd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. 4. gpuhf; tpjpiaf; $wpg; ngWf. gpuhf; epwkhiykhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp X-fjphpd; miyePsj;jpidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidapid tpthp. 5. &gp Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bidj; njspthd glj;Jld; tpthp 6. Mw;wy;kl;lg; glj;Jld; He- Ne Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bid tpthp.

myF 9 – Fiwf;flj;jp rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilntsp vd;gnjd;d? 2. cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpfs; vd;git ahit? 3. Gwtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jpfs; vd;git ahit? 4. khR+l;ly; vd;why; vd;d? 5. khR+l;Lk; Kiwfisf; $Wf. 6. jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? 7. xspckpo; ilNahL vd;gnjd;d? gad;fs; ahit?

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8. nrdh; KwpT vd;gJ vd;d? 9. buhd;rp];lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;vjph;g;G tiuaW. ,jd; myF vd;d? 10. ngUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; tiuaW. 11. gpd;Dl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? 12. vjph; gpd;Dl;lj;jhy; tpisAk; ew;gad;fs; ahit? 13. miyT xd;wpw;fhd gh;nfsrd; epge;jidfis vOJf. 14. njhFg;Gr; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?

15. LC miyapaw;wpapd; fl;lg;glj;ij tiuf.

16. ilNahil gad;gLj;jp OR Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk; tiuf.

17. ilNahil gad;gLj;jp AND Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk; tiuf.

18. buhd;rp];liug; gad;gLj;jp NOT Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk; tiuf. 19. B khh;fd; Njw;wq;fisf; $Wf. 20. nghJ Nfl; vd;git ahit? Vd;? 21. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs; ahit?

22. NfNjhL fjph; miyNehf;fpapd; (CRO) gad;fs; ahit?

23. G+ypad; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp (A+B) (A+C) = A+BC vd epWTf.


1. ilNahL miu miy jpUj;jpahfr; nray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tpthp.

2. buhd;rp];lhpd; α tpw;Fk;> β tpw;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig epWTf. 3. buhd;rp];lh; rhtpahfr; nray;gLjiy tpthp: 4. kpd;dOj;jg; gFg;ghd; rhh;ig kpd;Rw;Wld; tpsf;Ff. 5. Bkhh;fd; Njw;wq;fisf; $wp epWTf..

6. OR kw;Wk; AND Nfl;bd; kpd;Rw;iw tiue;J tpsf;Ff. 7. buhd;rp];lh; ngUf;fpapd; mjph;ntz; czh;jpwd; tiuNfhl;il tpthp. 8. gy; gad;kPl;lh; Xk;kPl;luhfr; nray;gLjiy tpthp.


1. rkdr;Rw;Wj; jpUj;jp nray;gLjiy tpthp.

2. buhd;rp];lh; xd;W ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij tpsf;Ff.

3. gpd;Dhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? vjph; gpd;Dhl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngUf;fpapd;

kpd;dOj;jg; ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.

4. fhy;gpl; miyapaw;wpapd; Rw;Wg;glk; tiue;J mJ nray;gLtij tpthp.

5. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fp> 1. Gul;Lk; ngUf;fp 2. Gul;lyw;w ngUf;fpahfr;

nray;gLtij tpthp.

6. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fp> 1. $l;Lk; ngUf;fp 2. NtWghl;Lg; ngUf;fpahfr;

nray;gLtij tpthp.

7. gy;gad; kPl;liu kpd;Rw;Wg; glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

myF 10 – jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfs; 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. NubNah miyfs; guTk; Kiwfis vOJf. 2. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d? 3. jhT kz;lyk; tiuaW. 4. gz;Ngw;wk; tiuaW.

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5. gz;Ngw;w vz; tiuaW. 6. tPr;R gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit? 7. mjph;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit? 8. thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? 9. ,yf;fKiw jfty; njhlh;gpd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit? 10. Xsp,io jfty; njhlh;gpd; ew;gz;Gfs; ahit?


1. tPr;Rg;gz;Ngw;w miygug;gpiaf; fl;lg;glj;Jld; tpthp.

2. fyf;fpg;gphpf;Fk; Vw;gpiaf; fl;lg;glj;Jld; tpthp. 3. Nulhhpd; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf. 4. ,yf;fKiwj; jfty; njhlh;gpd; rpwg;Gfs;> FiwghLfs; ahit? 5. nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; ahit? 6. tPr;R gz;Ngw;w Vw;gpapd; fl;lg;glk; tiuf.


1. miytPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wpapd; gFg;gha;it tpthp.

2. fyf;fpg; gphpf;Fk; AM Vw;gpiaf; fl;lg; glj;Jld; tpthp? 3. tPbf;fhd; epow;glf; fUtpapd; nray;ghl;il tpthp. 4. fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rpg; gug;gpapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; nray;ghl;il

tpthp. 5. fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rp Vw;gpapd; nray;Kiw fl;lg;glk; tiue;J

tpsf;F.

6. Nulhhpd; jj;Jtk;> gug;Gif kw;Wk; Vw;G – glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

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“Kaw;rpAk; gapw;rpAk; njhlh;r;rpahf ,Ue;jhy; Njh;;r;rp epr;rak;”

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VYSY

A CO

LLEG

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