1 Joint U.S.-Canada Power Syst Outage Investigation Interim Report Causes of the August 1 th !"a#$out in the United States and Canada
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Interim Report
United States and Canada
2
Overview
Re"eased ,ovem'er 1/ 02
Resu"t of an ehaustive 'i-nationa" investigation &or$ing groups on e"e#tri# system/ nu#"ear p"ant performan#e and se#urity
*undreds of professiona"s on investigation teams performed etensive ana"ysis
&hat #aused the '"a#$out Inade4uate situationa" awareness 'y 3irst5nergy
Inade4uate tree-trimming 'y 3irst5nergy
,u#"ear p"ants performed we""
,o ma"i#ious #y'er atta#$ #aused '"a#$out
5
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 819 3irst5nergy "ost its system #ondition a"arm
system around 0:1pm/ so its operators #ou"dn)t te"" "ater on that system #onditions were degrading.
35 "ost many #apa'i"ities of its 5nergy 6anagement System from the pro'"ems that #aused its a"arm fai"ure ; 'ut operators didn)t rea"i<e it had fai"ed
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 809
As ea#h 35 "ine fai"ed/ it in#reased the "oading on other "ines and drove them #"oser to fai"ing. 35 "ost 1? 12@$> "ines 'etween 2:2 and :?pm/ 'ut remained unaware of any pro'"em unti" 2:0pm.
35 too$ no emergen#y a#tion to sta'i"i<e the transmission system or to inform its neigh'ors of its pro'"ems.
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 829
6ISO 835)s re"ia'i"ity #oordinator9 had an unre"ated software pro'"em and for mu#h of the afternoon was una'"e to te"" that 35)s "ines were 'e#oming over"oaded and inse#ure.
A5P saw signs of 35)s pro'"ems and tried to a"ert 35/ 'ut was repeated"y re'uffed.
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 89
19 3irst5nergy didn)t proper"y understand the #ondition of its system/ whi#h degraded as the afternoon progressed.
35 didn)t ensure the se#urity of its transmission system 'e#ause it didn)t use an effe#tive #ontingen#y ana"ysis too" routine"y.
35 "ost its system monitoring a"arms and "a#$ed pro#edures to identify that fai"ure.
After efforts to fi that "oss/ 35 didn)t #he#$ to see if the repairs had wor$ed.
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 8=9
09 35 fai"ed to ade4uate"y trim trees in its transmission rights-of-way.
Overgrown trees under 35 transmission "ines #aused the first three 35 2= $> "ine fai"ures.
%hese treeB"ine #onta#ts were not a##idents or #oin#iden#es
%rees found in 35 rights-of-way are not a new pro'"em One tree over 0) ta"" one 1 years o"d another 1D in
29 Re"ia'i"ity Coordinators did not provide ade4uate diagnosti# support to #ompensate for 35)s fai"ures.
6ISO)s state estimator fai"ed due to a data error.
6ISO)s f"owgate monitoring too" didn)t have rea"- time "ine information to dete#t growing over"oads.
6ISO operators #ou"dn)t easi"y "in$ 'rea$er status to "ine status to understand #hanging #onditions.
Re"ia'i"ity management 819
3undamenta" ru"e of grid operations ; dea" with the grid in front of you and $eep it se#ure. *O&(
19 !a"an#e supp"y and demand
09 !a"an#e rea#tive power supp"y and demand to maintain vo"tages
29 6onitor f"ows to prevent over"oads and "ine overheating
9 +eep the system sta'"e
Re"ia'i"ity management 809
=9 +eep the system re"ia'"e/ even if or after it "oses a $ey fa#i"ity
?9 P"an/ design and maintain the system to operate re"ia'"y
9 Prepare for emergen#ies %raining Pro#edures and p"ans !a#$-up fa#i"ities and too"s Communi#ations
@9 %he #ontro" area is responsi'"e for its system
&hat didn)t #ause the '"a#$out 819
19 *igh power f"ow patterns a#ross Ohio 3"ows were high 'ut norma"
35 #ou"d "imit imports if they 'e#ame e#essive
09 System fre4uen#y variations 3re4uen#y was a##epta'"e
29 Eow vo"tages on @B1 and ear"ier 35 vo"tages were a'ove @F through @B12
35 vo"tages he"d a'ove =F 'efore 1=:= on @B1
&hat didn)t #ause the '"a#$out 809
9 Independent power produ#ers and rea#tive power IPPs produ#ed rea#tive power as re4uired in their
#ontra#ts
Contro" area operators and re"ia'i"ity #oordinators #an order higher rea#tive power produ#tion from IPPs 'ut didn)t on @B1
&hat didn)t #ause the '"a#$out 829
=9 Unanti#ipated avai"a'i"ity or a'sen#e of new or out of servi#e generation and transmission A"" of the p"ants and "ines $nown to 'e in and out
of servi#e on @B1 were in the 6ISO day-ahead and morning-of s#hedu"e ana"yses/ whi#h indi#ated the system #ou"d 'e se#ure"y operated
?9 Pea$ temperatures or "oads in the 6idwest and Canada Conditions were norma" for August
1
*ow do we $now this( %he %as$ 3or#e investigation team has over
two hundred eperts from the US and Canada government agen#ies/ nationa" "a'oratories/ a#ademi#s/ industry/ and #onsu"tants
5tensive interviews/ data #o""e#tion/ fie"d visits/ #omputer mode"ing/ and fa#t-#he#$ing of a"" "eads and issues
&hat happened on August 1 At 1:21 pm/ 3irst5nergy "ost
&hy did so many trees #onta#t power "ines(
%he trees were overgrown 'e#ause rights-of-way hadn)t 'een proper"y maintained
&hat happened 829 -- Ohio
After the 2= $> "ines were "ost/ at 2:2 pm 35)s 12@ $> "ines around A$ron 'egan to over"oad and fai" 1? over"oaded and tripped out of servi#e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
% o
l R a
D al e-W . C an t on
W .A k r on B r e ak er
E . i m a-N .! i n l a "
C an t on C en t r al # r an sf or m er
W .A k r on-$ l e a s an t % al l e
B a & & -W .A k r on
E . i m a-N e' i & er t
C l o( er ) al e-# or r e "
* t ar - * . C an t o n
+ 4 , k %
ar ) i n g- C am & er l i n
+ 4 , k %
C am & er l i n-W .A k r o n
1 , 0 , 4 1 E D #
1 , + 2 0 + E D #
1 , 4 1 + , E D #
1 , , 1 4 1 E D #
1 6 0 , , , E D #
&hat happened 89 -- Ohio
&hat happened 8=9 -- #as#ade
!efore the "oss of Sammis-Star/ the '"a#$out was on"y a "o#a" pro'"em in Ohio
%he "o#a" pro'"em 'e#ame a regiona" pro'"em 'e#ause 35 did not a#t to #ontain it nor to inform its neigh'ors and 6ISO a'out the pro'"em
1)
4:06
5) 4:10:39 6) 4:10:44
7) 4:10:45 8) 4:13
Power p"ants affe#ted
Affe#ted areas
&hy the #as#ade spread
2
&hy the #as#ade stopped 5ar"y "ine trips separated and prote#ted areas from the
#as#ade 8southern Ohio9.
,et steps
Phase 1 investigation #ontinues ; more data ana"ysis and mode"ing of the #as#ade
Phase 0 ; deve"op re#ommendations Pu'"i# #onsu"tations in C"eve"and/ ,ew Hor$/
%oronto to re#eive feed'a#$ on Interim Report and re#ommendations on how to prevent the net '"a#$out
Eetters and #omments we"#ome to US GO5 and ,atura" Resour#es Canada we'sites
3ina" report re"eased in ear"y 0.
United States and Canada
2
Overview
Re"eased ,ovem'er 1/ 02
Resu"t of an ehaustive 'i-nationa" investigation &or$ing groups on e"e#tri# system/ nu#"ear p"ant performan#e and se#urity
*undreds of professiona"s on investigation teams performed etensive ana"ysis
&hat #aused the '"a#$out Inade4uate situationa" awareness 'y 3irst5nergy
Inade4uate tree-trimming 'y 3irst5nergy
,u#"ear p"ants performed we""
,o ma"i#ious #y'er atta#$ #aused '"a#$out
5
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 819 3irst5nergy "ost its system #ondition a"arm
system around 0:1pm/ so its operators #ou"dn)t te"" "ater on that system #onditions were degrading.
35 "ost many #apa'i"ities of its 5nergy 6anagement System from the pro'"ems that #aused its a"arm fai"ure ; 'ut operators didn)t rea"i<e it had fai"ed
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 809
As ea#h 35 "ine fai"ed/ it in#reased the "oading on other "ines and drove them #"oser to fai"ing. 35 "ost 1? 12@$> "ines 'etween 2:2 and :?pm/ 'ut remained unaware of any pro'"em unti" 2:0pm.
35 too$ no emergen#y a#tion to sta'i"i<e the transmission system or to inform its neigh'ors of its pro'"ems.
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 829
6ISO 835)s re"ia'i"ity #oordinator9 had an unre"ated software pro'"em and for mu#h of the afternoon was una'"e to te"" that 35)s "ines were 'e#oming over"oaded and inse#ure.
A5P saw signs of 35)s pro'"ems and tried to a"ert 35/ 'ut was repeated"y re'uffed.
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 89
19 3irst5nergy didn)t proper"y understand the #ondition of its system/ whi#h degraded as the afternoon progressed.
35 didn)t ensure the se#urity of its transmission system 'e#ause it didn)t use an effe#tive #ontingen#y ana"ysis too" routine"y.
35 "ost its system monitoring a"arms and "a#$ed pro#edures to identify that fai"ure.
After efforts to fi that "oss/ 35 didn)t #he#$ to see if the repairs had wor$ed.
&hat #aused the '"a#$out 8=9
09 35 fai"ed to ade4uate"y trim trees in its transmission rights-of-way.
Overgrown trees under 35 transmission "ines #aused the first three 35 2= $> "ine fai"ures.
%hese treeB"ine #onta#ts were not a##idents or #oin#iden#es
%rees found in 35 rights-of-way are not a new pro'"em One tree over 0) ta"" one 1 years o"d another 1D in
29 Re"ia'i"ity Coordinators did not provide ade4uate diagnosti# support to #ompensate for 35)s fai"ures.
6ISO)s state estimator fai"ed due to a data error.
6ISO)s f"owgate monitoring too" didn)t have rea"- time "ine information to dete#t growing over"oads.
6ISO operators #ou"dn)t easi"y "in$ 'rea$er status to "ine status to understand #hanging #onditions.
Re"ia'i"ity management 819
3undamenta" ru"e of grid operations ; dea" with the grid in front of you and $eep it se#ure. *O&(
19 !a"an#e supp"y and demand
09 !a"an#e rea#tive power supp"y and demand to maintain vo"tages
29 6onitor f"ows to prevent over"oads and "ine overheating
9 +eep the system sta'"e
Re"ia'i"ity management 809
=9 +eep the system re"ia'"e/ even if or after it "oses a $ey fa#i"ity
?9 P"an/ design and maintain the system to operate re"ia'"y
9 Prepare for emergen#ies %raining Pro#edures and p"ans !a#$-up fa#i"ities and too"s Communi#ations
@9 %he #ontro" area is responsi'"e for its system
&hat didn)t #ause the '"a#$out 819
19 *igh power f"ow patterns a#ross Ohio 3"ows were high 'ut norma"
35 #ou"d "imit imports if they 'e#ame e#essive
09 System fre4uen#y variations 3re4uen#y was a##epta'"e
29 Eow vo"tages on @B1 and ear"ier 35 vo"tages were a'ove @F through @B12
35 vo"tages he"d a'ove =F 'efore 1=:= on @B1
&hat didn)t #ause the '"a#$out 809
9 Independent power produ#ers and rea#tive power IPPs produ#ed rea#tive power as re4uired in their
#ontra#ts
Contro" area operators and re"ia'i"ity #oordinators #an order higher rea#tive power produ#tion from IPPs 'ut didn)t on @B1
&hat didn)t #ause the '"a#$out 829
=9 Unanti#ipated avai"a'i"ity or a'sen#e of new or out of servi#e generation and transmission A"" of the p"ants and "ines $nown to 'e in and out
of servi#e on @B1 were in the 6ISO day-ahead and morning-of s#hedu"e ana"yses/ whi#h indi#ated the system #ou"d 'e se#ure"y operated
?9 Pea$ temperatures or "oads in the 6idwest and Canada Conditions were norma" for August
1
*ow do we $now this( %he %as$ 3or#e investigation team has over
two hundred eperts from the US and Canada government agen#ies/ nationa" "a'oratories/ a#ademi#s/ industry/ and #onsu"tants
5tensive interviews/ data #o""e#tion/ fie"d visits/ #omputer mode"ing/ and fa#t-#he#$ing of a"" "eads and issues
&hat happened on August 1 At 1:21 pm/ 3irst5nergy "ost
&hy did so many trees #onta#t power "ines(
%he trees were overgrown 'e#ause rights-of-way hadn)t 'een proper"y maintained
&hat happened 829 -- Ohio
After the 2= $> "ines were "ost/ at 2:2 pm 35)s 12@ $> "ines around A$ron 'egan to over"oad and fai" 1? over"oaded and tripped out of servi#e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
% o
l R a
D al e-W . C an t on
W .A k r on B r e ak er
E . i m a-N .! i n l a "
C an t on C en t r al # r an sf or m er
W .A k r on-$ l e a s an t % al l e
B a & & -W .A k r on
E . i m a-N e' i & er t
C l o( er ) al e-# or r e "
* t ar - * . C an t o n
+ 4 , k %
ar ) i n g- C am & er l i n
+ 4 , k %
C am & er l i n-W .A k r o n
1 , 0 , 4 1 E D #
1 , + 2 0 + E D #
1 , 4 1 + , E D #
1 , , 1 4 1 E D #
1 6 0 , , , E D #
&hat happened 89 -- Ohio
&hat happened 8=9 -- #as#ade
!efore the "oss of Sammis-Star/ the '"a#$out was on"y a "o#a" pro'"em in Ohio
%he "o#a" pro'"em 'e#ame a regiona" pro'"em 'e#ause 35 did not a#t to #ontain it nor to inform its neigh'ors and 6ISO a'out the pro'"em
1)
4:06
5) 4:10:39 6) 4:10:44
7) 4:10:45 8) 4:13
Power p"ants affe#ted
Affe#ted areas
&hy the #as#ade spread
2
&hy the #as#ade stopped 5ar"y "ine trips separated and prote#ted areas from the
#as#ade 8southern Ohio9.
,et steps
Phase 1 investigation #ontinues ; more data ana"ysis and mode"ing of the #as#ade
Phase 0 ; deve"op re#ommendations Pu'"i# #onsu"tations in C"eve"and/ ,ew Hor$/
%oronto to re#eive feed'a#$ on Interim Report and re#ommendations on how to prevent the net '"a#$out
Eetters and #omments we"#ome to US GO5 and ,atura" Resour#es Canada we'sites
3ina" report re"eased in ear"y 0.
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