bjhlf fšé MÁça® gla goò - mooc.nios.ac.inmooc.nios.ac.in/mooc/pluginfile.php?file=/14150/course/summary/509... · mUik khzt®fns ! njÁa Âwªjbtë gŸë Ïaff« (NIOS) ÏªÂa

bjhl¡f¡ fšé MÁça® g£la¥ go¥ò

(D.El.Ed)

ð£ìŔHK¾ - 509

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r%f mwptpaypd; gq;F

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A-24/25, GÁõùŔ ð°F, ªî£°F -62 ªï£Œì£

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mUik khzt®fns !

njÁa¤ Âwªjbtë gŸë Ïa¡ff« (NIOS) ÏªÂa muÁš, kåj ts nk«gh£L

mik¢rf¤Â‹ (MHRD)Ñœ Ïa§F« xU j‹dh£Á mik¥ghF«. Ï~J cyfséš äf¥

bgça Âwªjãiy gŸëfë‹ mik¥ghF«. ÏÂš Rkh® 2.02 äšèa‹ khzt®fŸ

Ïilãiy k‰W« ca®ãiy¡fšé gæY»‹wd®. NIOS njÁa k‰W« r®tnjr mséš

xU§fik¥Ãid¡ bfh©lJ - ÏÂš 15 t£lhu ika§fŸ, 2 Jiz ika§fŸ, 5000

fšé ika§fŸ cŸeh£oY« btëeh£oY« fšérh® k‰W« bjhêšrh® fšéæid

tH§F»‹wJ. ÏJ f‰gt® ika jukhd fšé k‰W« Âw‹ nk«gh£L gæ‰Áæid¤

Âwªj k‰W« bjhiyöu¡ fšéæ‹ têahf tH§F»‹wJ. Ï¡fšéahdJ m¢Ál¥g£l

ghl¥bghUŸ, neçilahd tF¥òfŸ (jå¥g£l bjhl® tF¥òfŸ), jftš bjhl®ò

bjhêšE£g cjéÍl‹ (xè,xë ehlh t£L¡fŸ, thbdhè k‰W« bjhiy¡fh£Á

xègu¥òfŸ) el¤j¥gL»‹wJ. NIOS bjhl¡fãiyæš Kiwahd gæ‰Ábgwhj

MÁça®fis¥ gæ‰Wé¥gj‰fhd mÂfhu¤ij¥ bg‰WŸsJ. D.El.Ed bjhl¡f¡ fšé

g£la¥ gæ‰Á¡fhd f£lf¤ij NIOS Ï¤Jiwæš gâah‰W« Ãw ãWtd§fë‹

x¤JiH¥òl‹ cUth¡»ÍŸsJ. ÏªãWtd« òJikahd k‰W« rthšfŸ ãiwªj

Ïu©L tUl¤ bjhl¡fãiy MÁça® g£la¥ gæ‰Áia RTE 2009 tê¡fh£Ljè‹go

gâah‰W« Kiwahd gæ‰Ábgwhj MÁça®fS¡fhf cUth¡»ÍŸsJ.

c§fis, Ïªj njÁa Âwªjbtë gŸë Ïa¡ff« tH§F« bjhl¡fãiy

MÁça®fS¡fhd g£la¥gæ‰Á¡F tunt‰gÂš k»œ¢Á mil»nw‹. c§fŸ

khãy¤Â‹ g§fë¥Ã‰fhf thœ¤J»nw‹. MÁça® RTE r£l« 2009 têfh£Ljè‹go

bjhêšrh®ªj gæ‰ÁbgWjš f£lhakhF«. c§fë‹ mDgt« Âw‹thŒªj

MÁçaU¡F¤ njitahd mo¥gil¤ Âw‹fis tH§»æU¡F« v‹gij òçªJŸnsh«.

MdhY« r£l¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš Ï¥gæ‰Áia ãiwÎ brŒjš f£lhakh»wJ. Ú§fŸ

V‰fdnt bg‰w m¿Î« mDgtK« Ï¥gæ‰Áæš ã¢rakhf c§fS¡F cjÎ«.

Âwªjãiyæš bgW« bjhl¡f¡ fšé g£la¥ gæ‰Á c§fë‹ m‹whl MÁça®

gâia v›éj¤ÂY« ghÂ¡fhJ, bjhêšrh®ªj Âwid ts®¤J¡ bfhŸtj‰fhd

thŒ¥ghfnt mikÍ«. Ï§F cUth¡f¥g£LŸs jhnd f‰wš ghl¥bghUëš òçjiy

V‰gL¤Â, Ú§fŸ gâah‰W« MÁça® ntiy¡F jFÂ¥gL¤JtJl‹, Áwªj MÁçauhf

cUth¡fÎ« têtif brŒ»wJ.

c§fë‹ Ï¥bgça Ka‰Á¡F vdJ thœ¤J¡fŸ.

jiyt® (NIOS)

ததொகுதி 1

r%f mwptpaypd; gq;F

ததொகுதி அலகுகள் :

1: r%f mwptpaypd; gq;F

2: gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f mwptpay

. .

1. 1: r%f mwptpaypd; gq;F 001

2. 2: gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f mwptpay 046

1

உயர் த ொடக்க நிலை சூழலில் சமூக அறிவியல் கற்பித் ல்

MáÇa® fšÉ g£la¥ go¥ò (D.El.Ed)

myF - 1

r%f mwptpaypd; gq;F

1.0 mwpKfk;

gz;ghl;LR+oYld; kdpjhpilNa cs;s cwTfs; gw;wpa

gbg;Ng r%f mwptpay; MFk;. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;il

cs;slf;fpa Kiwahd gbg;ghf r%f mwptpay; cs;sJ.

(Kiwahd gbg;ghf cah;fy;tpj;Jiw / kw;Wk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy;) ,e;jpahit cs;slf;fpa cyfshtpa

ehLfspy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J r%f mwptpayhdJ

gs;spf; fy;tp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xU ghlkhf cUntLj;jJ.

jpUk;gTk; epidT $Wk;NghJ ePq;fs; gs;spapy; gbj;j NghJ

r%f mwptpaiy (my;yJ r%f Ma;Tfs;) gs;spapd; xU

ghlg;gFjpahf gbj;jpUg;gPh;fs;. r%f mwptpaypd; ghpzhkk; kw;Wk;

fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; rpwg;G mbg;gilapy; r%f mwptpayhdJ ,e;j

,aypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ> ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; r%f

mwptpayhdJ vt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk;

r%fj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyiaAk; r%f mwptpaypd;

cl;$WfisAk; gy;Jiw kw;Wk; xUq;fpide;j

fz;Nzhl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf cs;sJ. fUj;jpay;

fye;jha;Tfs;> tpthjq;fs;> cz;ikahd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; kw;Wk;

mDgtq;fs;> nray;fs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; mbg;gilapyhd

cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nray;jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; topNa ,e;j

,aypy; r%f mwptpaypd; ,ay;ghdJ tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1.1 fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;j ,aiy thrpj;j gpwJ ePq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

2

சமூக அறிவியல்

r%f mwptpaypd; ghpzhkj;ij tpsf;fKbfpwJ.

r%f mwptpaypd; fUj;JUthf;fj;ijAk;> r%f Ma;Tfspd; fUj;JUthf;f njhlh;GfisAk; tUtpf;f KbfpwJ.

cah;njhlf;f epiy gs;spfiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f mwptpaypd; epiyiaAk; tpsf;f KbfpwJ.

Kd; etPd> etPd kw;Wk; rkfhy cyfpy; r%fmwptpaypy; epyTk; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;fTk; KbfpwJ.

ntt;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; r%f mwptpaypd; ,e;jpa fz;Nzhl;lq;fis tpsf;f KbfpwJ.

jw;Nghija r%fj; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rthy;fspy; fw;wypy; r%f mwptpaypd; rktha;g;G epiyia fhuz tpsf;fk; juKbfpwJ.

r%f mwptpaypd; FLk;gj;jpd; fPo; cs;s ghlq;fis thpirg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

gs;sp mstpy; r%f mwptpaypd; fw;gpj;jy; cl;$Wfis milahsk; fhzKbfpwJ.

r%f mwptpaypd; gy;Jiw kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j fz;Nzhl;lq;fspy; tpsf;f KbfpwJ.

1.2 r% mwptpay; ghpzhkk; kw;Wk; fUj;JUthf;fk;

kdpj r%fk; kw;Wk; kdpj cwTfisg; gw;wp mwpa

cjTfpd;w mwpTg;Gyk; kw;Wk; xU Jiwia cs;slf;fpajhf

r%f mwptpay; cs;sJ. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; r%f elj;ijfis

r%f mwptpay;fs; mwpa cjTfpwJ. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; r%f

cwTfspd; ntt;NtW Kf;fpa $Wfshf nghUshjhu elj;ij>

murpay; elj;ij> ehfhPf elj;ij> kuGfs;> gz;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

r%fepWtdq;fs;> kjek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; xOf;f newpfs;>

3



r%fj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; kjpg;GKiwfs; Nghd;wit cs;sd.

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; cah;fy;tp Mfpatw;iw Nghy

gs;spf;fy;tpj;JiwapYk; r%f mwptpayhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. gy;fiy> cah;fy;tp kw;Wk;

cah;epiyg;gs;sp mstpy; tuyhW> murpay; mwptpay;>

nghUshjhuk;> khDltpay; Nghd;w ntt;NtW r%f mwptpay;

ghlq;fs; Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; Ra tpUg;g ghlq;fshf fw;NghUf;F

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gs;sp kw;Wk; fPo;epiyg;gs;sp mstpy;

ntt;NtW r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fs; xNu kw;Wk; fyg;gpd

fw;gpj;jy; gFjp kw;Wk; ghlkhf mjhtJ r%f Ma;Tfs; (my;yJ

r%f mwptpay;fs;) fw;NghUf;F fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ehk;

,g;NghJ r%f mwptpaypd; ghpzhkk; kw;Wk; fUj;JUthf;fj;ij

fye;jhNyhrpg;Nghk;.

1.2.1 r%f mwptpay;fspd; ghpzhkk;

gjpnzl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kiwahd gbg;ghf ghpzkpj;J

cah;fy;tp/ gy;fiyf;fof jpl;lj;jpy; xU gFjpahf cUthd

NghJ r%f Ma;Tfs; (ntt;NtW r%f mwptpaypUe;J

mjDila ghlg;gFjpfs; vLf;fg;gl;L) ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bdpilNa gs;sp my;yJ fPo;epiy gs;spf;

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nrh;g;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

etPdg;gLj;Jjy;> njhopy;kag;gLj;Jjy;> kWkyh;r;rp>

efukakhf;Fjy;> mwptpay; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; mwptpay; rhh;e;j

NkYk; gy Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; MfpaitNa ghpzhkk; kw;Wk; r%f

mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rpahFk;.

kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapYk; tho;f;if KiwapYk;

gykhw;wq;fs; te;Js;sd. gjpnzl;lhk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjw;F

4


gpd;dhYk; khw;wq;fs; mhpjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. gjpnzl;lhk;

E}w;whz;bypUe;J cyfpy; mjpKf;fpa jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jhyp

kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rp> 1789-y; Vw;gl;l

gpnuQ;r; Gul;rp> 1767-y; Vw;g;gl;l njhopw;Gul;rp> 1776-y; Vw;gl;l

mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;> Kjyhspj;Jt tsh;r;rp> ,aw;if

mwptpaypy; Vw;gl;l kfj;jhd tsh;r;rp Nghd;wit kfpo;r;rpiaAk;>

Jd;gj;ijAk; ,t;Tyfpy; kf;fSf;F nfhLj;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf>

Neh;kiwahf tzpftsh;r;rp> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;G

tsh;r;rp> trjpfs; ngUf;fk;> fy;tp tsh;r;rp> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;

cly;ey tsh;r;rp> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iw $wyhk;.

kw;Wk;> vjph;kiwahf r%f tho;tpy; rpf;fy;> murpay;

gpur;rpidfs;> r%f xOq;fikg;gpd;ik kw;Wk; mikjpapd;ik>

mwpthhe;j neUf;fbfs;> kf;fspilNa tsh;e;Js; MNuhf;fpakw;w

Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik Mfpait MFk;. ,e;jg; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;

rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;s r%f mwptpay; cUthfpaJ> NkYk;

fy;tp fw;wypYk; xUgFjpahf cUntLj;jJ.

etPd mwptpaypd; vjph;fhyk; kw;Wk; gz;Gfis

Ghpe;Jnfhs;s xU Kaw;rpahf 18-Mk; E}w;whz;by; r%f

mwptpay; cUthfpaJ (uh];>1991-gf;-3)khz;nl];fpA+ tho;f;if

rl;lq;fs; (1748) Mjk;];kpj;jpd; ehl;Lnrhj;J (1776)

fhh;z;lh;nrl;bd; kdpj Kd;Ndw;w tuyhw;Wg; ghh;itapd;

ntspg;ghL (1795) n[.[p.n`h;lhpd; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; fUj;Jfs; (1784 -91) Nghd;wit r%f mwptpaypd;

gpd;gw;wj;jf;f fUj;Jf;fshFk; etPd r%fj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk;

epygpuGj;Jtk; mjDila goik tiff;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il

fz;lwpe;J ,e;j r%f mwpQh;fs;> r%f mwptpayhdJ etPd

r%fj;ij Kd;Ndw;w ghijf;F topfhl;Lk; vd;W fz;lwpe;jdh;.

5



tsh;e;J tUk; njhopy;kakhf;fy;> etPdkhakhf;fy;>

mwptpay; tsh;r;rp Nghd;wtw;why; mNef Gjpa r%fgpur;rpidfs;

cUntLj;J r%fmikg;ig ghjpj;J rPh;Fiyj;Jtpl;ld kw;Wk;

Klf;fpd. Ntfkhd njhopy;kakhf;fYk; etPd kakhf;fYk;

Neha;fs;> r%ftpNuhjk;> gzpahsh;fs; Ntiy> Ruz;ly; Nghd;w

r%f gpur;rpidfs; cUntLj;jNghJ> etPd mwptpay;

fpUkpfspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Nghh; kdpj ,dj;ij mopj;jYf;fhd

mZrf;jpia cUthf;Fjy;> mNef jPq;fpiof;f $ba

Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epA+f;spah; Ntjptpidfs; Nghd;w

gpur;rpidfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. tpthpf;fKbahj mstpy; kdpj

,dj;jpw;F ,uz;L Aj;jq;fs; (mjhtJ Kjy;cyfg;Nghh; kw;Wk;

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh;) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Jd;gj;ij

je;Js;sd.

,e;j ,uz;L Aj;jq;fSf;F $Ljyhf ,e;j cyfpd;

midj;J gFjpfspYk; kdpj ,dj;jpw;F nfLjyhf vz;zw;w

Aj;jq;fs; ele;J Kbe;Js;sd. ,e;j cyfpy; jtwhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mwptpay;> efukakhf;fy;> njhopy;kakhf;fy;

Mfpait kdpj ,dj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jyhfNt mike;Js;sJ.

1931-1940 fspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu neUf;fbahdJ

ghJfhg;gpd;ik> gak;> re;Njfpj;jy;> ek;gpf;ifapd;ik

Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. fle;j E}w;whz;Lfspy; mjpNtf

mwptpay; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l jPtpu

Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;wit epiwa Neh;kiwahd tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhYk; mjpf r%fgpur;rpidfisAk;

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.r%fmwptpay;fs; mwptpaypd; jPikahd

tpisTfs;> efukakhjy;> etPdkakhjy; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J

ghJfhj;J fz;lwpe;J nfhs;stJ xUGwj;jpYk;> kw;nwhUGwj;jpy;

rpwg;ghd xU vjph;fhyj;ij etPdrKjhaj;jpw;F topfhl;lTk;

6


tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;nghOJ jj;Jttpayhsh;fs;> murpay;

jiyth;fs;> mwptpay; mwpQh;fs;> murpay;thjpfs;

r%fmwptpayhdJ ,aywptpay;> capuwptpay; Nghd;w

mwptpaYf;nfy;yhk; Fiwe;jJ my;y vd;W czh;e;Js;sdh;.

mZthdJ xU rpW ntbg;gpd; %yk; xl;Lnkhj;j kdpj

Fyj;ijNa mopj;Js;sJ vd;W nghJmwptpay; epUgpj;Js;sJ.

,e;j khjphpahd mopTfspypUe;J kdpj ,dj;ijg; ghJfhf;f

jw;NghJ r%f mwptpaiyg; gbg;gJ NjitahfpwJ.

etPd fhy rKjhaj;NjhL r%f kpfneUq;fpa

njhlh;Gilajhf cs;sjhy; mJ etPd fhyfy;tp/ fiyj;jpl;l

mikg;G Mfpatw;wpy; Kf;fpa $Wfshf r%f mwptpay;

cs;sJ. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J gy;fiyf;fof/ cah;fy;tp

mikg;G Mfpatw;wpy; xU gFjpahf r%f mwptpay;

mike;Js;sJ. MNuhf;fpakhd rKjha kw;Wk; [dehaf

FbAhpikthjpfshd jdpahl;fis r%f mwptpay;

cUthf;FfpwJ vd;gij czh;e;J mjpf ehLfspy; cs;s gs;sp

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bypUe;J ,e;jg; gs;sp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

r%fmwptpay;fs; vd;w ngahpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,dptUk;

,e;j myfpYs;s gphpTfspd; vt;thW r%f mwptpayhdJ gs;sp

kw;Wk; cah;fy;tp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; $Wfshf cUthdJ vd;gJ

gw;wp tphpthff; fhz;Nghk;.

1.2.2 r%f mwptpaypd; fUj;JUthf;fk; kw;Wk; r%f

mwptpay; gbg;Gfs; fUj;JUthf;fj;jpy; mjd; njhlh;G

fUj;JUtpy; r%f mwptpaYk; r%f mwptpay; gbg;GfSk;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;Gilait mNj Nghy; ntt;NtW $Wfspy;

mit xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lit. mitfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s

7



fUj;JUthf;f njhlh;Gfs; kw;Wk; Ntw;Wikfs; Mfpatw;iw

Ma;T nra;Nthk;.

r%f mwptpaypd; fUj;JUthf;fk;

tphpe;j gue;j r%f fyhr;rhu mikg;gpd; kdpj tpraq;fis

gw;wpa mwpjNy r%f mwptpay; MFk;. r%f mwptpayhdJ

cah;epiyf;fy;tp kw;Wk; cah;epiyf;fy;tp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

xUKf;fpa $whf cUthfpAs;sJ. tuyhW> murpay;mwptpay;>

khDltpay;> jj;Jttpay;> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w ntt;NtW r%f

mwptpay; ghlq;fs; cah;epiyf;fy;tp kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp

Mfpatw;wpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;ngw;Ws;sJ. rhh;y]; gpah;L kw;Wk;

N[k;];i` MfpNahhpd; gpd;tUk; tiuaiwfs; r%f mwptpaypd;

fUj;JUthf;fj;jpw;F mNj tpsf;fj;ij nfhLf;fpd;wd.

rhh;y]; gpah;L

Fr;rpfs;> fw;fs;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifnghUl;fs;

Mfpatw;wpypUe;J NtWgl;l Gfo;ngw;w kdpj tpraq;fs;>

vz;zq;fs; njhlh;ghd mwpjNy r%f mwptpay;fs;(

v];.Nf.Nfhr;rhh;> r%f Ma;Tfs; fw;gpj;jy;> 1984- Kjy; gjpg;G)

N[k;]; i`

jhdhf kw;Wk; gu];gun ray;ghLfSila cly; kw;Wk;

,ay;ghd J}z;Ljy;fspy; cUthFk; r%f tpidfspd; fw;wy;

kw;Wk; Ma;TfNs r%f tpidfspd; fw;wy; kw;Wk; Ma;TfNs

r%f mwptpay;fs; MFk;.( lhf;lh;.xa;.Nf.rpq;> r%f Ma;Tfspd;

fw;gpj;jy;>2008)

8


gpd;tUk; fUj;Jfs; r%f mwptpaypd; ,ay;Gfis Fwpf;fpd;wd.

1. kdpj elj;ijfspd; rhh;e;jpUj;jy; vd;gJ ntt;NtW r%f

gz;ghl;L Gyd;fspy; Neubahf rhh;e;jpUj;jiy tpthpg;gNj

r%f mwptpay; MFk;.

2. kdpj r%fj;jpd; Nkk;gl;l Ma;Tfs;: r%f mwptpay; MdJ

kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Nkk;gl;l epiy Ma;TfNs. NkYk;

cah;fy;tp epiyapNya mJ fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. kdpj cwTfisg;gw;wp cz;ikfis fz;lwpjy;:- r%f

mwptpayhdJ kdpj cwTfs; gw;wpa cz;ikfis

fz;lwpar;nra;fpwJ. mt;thW fz;lwpAk;NghJ r%f

gad;ghL kw;Wk; mjd; Nkk;gl;l mwpjypd; cldb

gq;fspg;ghf cs;sJ.

r%f ,aypd; fUj;jhf;fk;

CONCEPT OF SOCIAL STUDIES

r%f ,ay; (SOCIAL STUDIES) vd;w xU fUj;jhf;fkhdJ

rkPgfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa xd;whFk;. r%f ,ay;gs;sp

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf Njhd;wp tsh;r;rpilae;Js;sJ.

r%ftpay; vd;w gjkhdJ mnkhpf;fhtpy; 1916 Kjy; gutyhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; r%f,ay; vd;w gjk; 1937-y;

fhe;jp[papd; “mbg;gil fy;tp” Njhd;wpaJ Kjy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

r%f ,ay; ghlhkhdJ jdpj;j kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j

fw;gpj;jy; gFjpapid nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjd; nghUslf;fkhdJ

r%f mwptpaypd; gFjpfshd tuyhW> Gtpapay;> murpay;

mwptpay;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; ,ju gFjpfspypUe;J

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. r%f,ay; gbg;ghdJ r%fmwptpay;

9



gFjpfis njhlh;G ,y;yhj tifapy; ,izg;gJ ,y;iy>

mjw;F gjpyhf kdpjid jhd; thOk; r%fk; my;yJ R+oNyhL

njhlh;GgLj;jp fw;Nghh; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy;

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. r%f,ay; ghlj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhdJ

eykhd r%f tho;T tho;tjw;F Vw;w jpwd;fis fw;NghUf;F

tsh;g;gNj MFk;. r%f,ay; ghlkhdJ r%fj;jpd; eilKiw

mk;rq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. r%f,ay; ghlk; gw;wpa

N[k;]; i` kw;Wk; [hd;.tP.ikf;Nfy; MfpNahhpd;

tiuiaiwfis fhzyhk;.

N[k;]; i`:

vspikahf nrhd;dhy;> r%f,ay; gbg;G vd;gJ

r%fmwptpaypy; cs;s mwpthh;e;j fz;Lgpbg;Gfis fhl;bLk;

gs;sp fz;zhbNa MFk;. r%fmwptpay; mwpQh;fs;

Gs;sptputq;fis jpul;b> xd;WgLj;jp> vspikahf;fp me;je;j

tFg;G khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; toq;Ffpd;wdh;.

(v];.Nf. Nfhr;rhh;> “r%f ,ay; fw;gpj;jy;”> -1984 Kjy;gjpg;G)

[hd;.tP.ikf;Nfy;:

r%f,ay; gbg;ghdJ kdpjd; kw;Wk; mtd; rhh;e;j r%f

kw;Wk; ,aw;if R+oYld; mtDf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;gpid

tpsf;FfpwJ. r%f mwptpaypy; fy;tpapd; ikag;gzpAk; xd;whf

tpsq;FfpwJ. [dehaf Fbikapaypd; tsh;r;rp- (v];.Nf.

Nfhr;rhh;> “r%f ,ay; fw;gpj;jy;”> -1984 Kjy;gjpg;G)

gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; r%f,ay; ghlj;jpd; jd;ikfis

tpsf;FfpwJ.

10


1. r%f gz;ghl;bw;F kdpj cwTfis gw;wpa gbg;Ng r%f

mwptpay; MFk;.

2. r%fmwptpayhdJ MNuhf;fpkhd r%f> [dehaf tho;jiy

gs;sp khzth;fSf;F Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL tsh;f;Fk; tpjkhf

r%fmwptpaypy; ,Ue;J ghpzhkk; mile;Js;sJ.

3. r%f,ay; ghlkhdJ epfo;fhy> fle;jfhy kw;Wk;

vjph;fhyj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd cwtpid tpsf;FfpwJ.

4. r%f,ay; ghlkhdJ kdpjDila fle;j fhyj;ij tpl

epfo;fhy kdpj tho;f;if kw;Wk; mjd; rpf;fy;fSf;F

mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.

5. r%fgz;ghl;L R+oypy; cs;s FLk;gk;> ,dk;> muR> Njrk;

kw;Wk; kdpj ,dj;NjhL ,iae;J thOk; jd;ikia

cUthf;FtNj Nehf;fkhFk;.

6. r%f,ay; ghlk; r%fj;jpd; eilKiw mk;rq;fis gw;wpa

gbg;G MFk;.

7. r%f,ay; ghlkhdJ Nk;gl;l tsh;r;rpepiyapy; cs;sjhy;

NkYk; tphptila Kay;fpwJ.

8. r%f,ay; ghlkhdJ eykhd tho;Tf;F thoNjitahd

jpwd;fis tsh;g;gjpy; njhlh;Gila ghlkhf gs;sp mstpy;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; kw;Wk; r%f ,ay; ,uz;bw;Fk; eilKiwapy;

xg;Gikfs; (Simlilaritees) kw;Wk; Ntw;Wikfs;

xg;Gikfs;: (Simlilaritees)

1. r%fmwptpay; kw;Wk; r%f,ay; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fis Nghd;wJ.

11



2. ,uz;L ghlq;fspd; nghUslf;FKk; nghJthdNj MFk;.

3. ,uz;L ghlq;fspd; ikafUTk; kdpjh;fSf;Fk; R+oYf;Fkhd

njhlh;gpid tpsf;FtNj MFk;.

4. r%fmwptpay; kw;Wk; r%f,ay; gbg;gpd; nghJthd rhuk;rk;

kdpjid ikakhf nfhz;lNj MFk;.

,uz;L ghlq;fSk; kdpjdpd; mbg;gil Njitahd

epiwT nra;tij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l eltbf;iffSf;Fk;>

tho;f;iff;F Njitahdtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

kw;Wk; Efh;jy; gw;wpAk; kw;Wk; kdpjtsk;> ,aw;if

tsk; Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;G gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay; ,ilapyhd cwT

Ntw;Wikfs;

NtWgLk; fUj;J r%f mwptpay; r%f ,ay;

cUthf;fk;

(my;yJ)

Njhw;wk;

DERIVATOPM

r%f mwptpaypUe;J

r%ftpay;

Njhd;wpaJ

r%f ,ay; gbg;G

vd;gJ r%f

mwptpaypy; ,Ue;J

cUthd gbg;G

12


AREA OF AFFAIRS

epfo;T gFjp

kdpj eltbf;ifapd;

fUj;jpaiy rhh;e;jJ

eilKiw rhh;e;j kdpj

eltbf;iffis

gw;wpaJ

AREA OF AFFAIRS

epfo;T gFjp

r%f mwptpay; r%f

gad;ghl;il ehLfpwJ

r%f ,ay; fw;gpj;jy;

gad;ghl;il ehLfpwJ

mZFKiw

r%f mwptpay;

nghpath;fSf;fhd

mZFKiwia

nfhz;lJ

rKf ,ay;

rpwpath;fSf;fhd

mZFKiwia

nfhz;lJ

mZFKiw r%f mwptpay;

fUj;jpay; mDFKiw

r%f ,ay; gad;ghl;L

mZFKiwapy;

gbf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nehf;fk;

r%f mwptpahpd;

Nehf;fk; mwptpid

gfh;jy; kw;Wk;

mwptpid tphptila

nra;jYk;

r%f ,aypd; Nehf;fk;

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

gy;NtW eilKiw

rpf;fy;fSf;F

jPh;TfhZk; mwptpid

ngWjy;

ghlg;gFjp

COMPOSITION

r%f mwptpayhdJ

tuyhW> murpay;>

mwptpay;> r%ftpay;>

Gtpapay;> khDltpay;>

nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;

,ju gpw ghlq;fis

cs;slf;fpaJ

r%f ,ay; ghlkhdJ

gy;NtW r%f mwptpay;

ghlq;fspy; ,Ue;J

nghUslf;fj;jpid

ngw;w NghjpYk;

mitfis %d;W

my;yJ ehd;F ngUk;

jiyg;gpd; fPo;

gbf;fpwJ.

(cjhuzk; - tuyhW>

13



Gtpapay; kw;Wk; gy)

,it njhlf;f kw;Wk;

cah;epiy gs;spfspy;

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ghlg;gFjpapd;

jd;ik

r%f mwptpay;

ghlj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l

ghlg;gFjpAk; jdpj;

jd;ik tha;e;jJ.

xt;nthU

ghlg;gFjpiaAk; kw;w

ghlg;gFjpapypUe;J

vspikahf

NtWgLj;jpl KbAk;.

r%f mwptpay;

gbg;ghdJ fyit

vd;gij tpl $l;L

vd;W miof;fyhk;.

,e;j ghlg;gFjpfspy;

,iztpdhy; Gjpa

xd;W cUthfyhk;.

,g;ghlg;Fjpfis

njspthf gphpj;J mwpa

KbfpwJ. KbahJ

fw;Nghh;

Reader

r%f mwptpay;

fw;Nghh; ntF rpyh;

,ad;wth;fSk;

Mh;tKs;sth;fSk;

kl;LNk r%f

mwptpaiy fw;f

,aYk;

r%f ,aypd; Kf;fpa

Nehf;fNk rpwe;j

Fbkfddhf jahh;

nra;tNj vd;gjhy;

midtuhYk;

gbf;fg;gLfpwJ.

gbg;gpd;

gbepiyfs;

r%f mwptpay; kdpj

rKjhaj;jpid gw;wp

gbf;Fk; etPd gbg;G

,g;gbg;G nghJthf

cah; gs;spfspYk;

gy;fiyf;

fofq;fspYk;

r%f ,ay; ghlkhdJ

r%f mwptpay; gbg;gpd;

vspikahd tbtNk

MFk;. ,J njhlf;f

gs;spfspYk;>

gs;spfspYk;

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

14


mbg;gilahf

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

vy;iy

SCOPE

xt;nthU r%f

mwptpay; ghlk;

Fwpg;gpl;

tiuaiwf;Fs;

cl;gl;L

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf:

nghUshjhuk;>

nghUshjhuj;NjhL

njhlh;Gila

eltbf;ifia gw;wp

gbf;fpwJ.

r%f ,ay; gbg;G

kdpjdpd; r%f

tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh

mk;rq;fis gw;wpAk;

gbf;fpwJ.

vy;iy

SCOPE

r%f mwptpay;

epiwa

vz;zpf;ifapyhd

ghlq;fis

nfhz;Ls;sjhy; gue;j

vy;iyfis

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

r%f ,ay; gbg;G

vd;gJ r%f

mwptpaypd; xU gFjp

kl;LNk Mifahy;

vy;iy FWFfpaJ

MFk;.

fbdj; jd;ik

COMPLEXITY

r%f mwptpay;

vd;gJ r%f

epfo;Tfis gw;wpa

rpf;fyhd gbg;G

r%f ,ay; vd;gJ

r%f mwptpay;

ghlj;jpd; vspikahd

mk;rq;fis gw;wp

gbg;gJ MFk;. ,J

gs;spfspy; fw;gpg;gjw;F

vspikahf;fg;gl;lJ.

15



1.2.3 cah;njhlf;f gs;sp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f mwptpay;

jw;Nghija ehl;fspy; r%f mwptpay; ghlkhJ cyfpy;

cs;s ngUk;ghyhd gs;sp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf

cs;sJ ehk; jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; gs;sp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f

mwptpaypd; epiy gw;wp tpthjpf;fyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy; njhlf;f

gs;spepiyapy; (mjhtJ tFg;G I-V) r%f mwptpay; Rw;Wr;

R+oy;fy;tp my;yJ Rw;Wr;R+oy; mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU

gFjpahf fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cah;njhlf;fg;gs;sp epiyapy; (mjhtJ tFg;G VI-VIII)

kw;Wk; ,ilepiy gs;sp epiyapy; ( mjhtJ IX-X) r%f

mwptpay; ghlkhdJ r%fj;Jld; rhh;e;j ghlq;fSld; ,ize;J

fw;gpf;f $ba gFjpahf fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jdhNyNa

r%ftpay; my;yJ r%f mwptpay; vd;fpNwhk;. cah;njhlf;f

gs;sp kw;Wk; ,ilepiy gs;spfspy; %d;W my;yJ ehd;F

gFjpfshf (cjhuzkhf-tuyhW> Gtpapay; kw;Wk; ,ju) r%f

mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nky;epiyg;gs;sp epiyapy; (mjhtJ tFg;Gfs; IX kw;Wk;

XII) gy;NtW r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fspy; murpay; mwptpay;>

khDltpay;> nghUshjhuk;> kNdhjj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,ju ghlq;fis

jdpjdpNa tpUg;g ghlkhf fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cah;njhlf;f tFg;Gepiy kw;Wk; ,ilepiy fy;tp tFg;G

epiyapYk; r%fmwptpay; vd;w thh;j;ijAk; r%f,ay; vd;w

thh;j;ijAk; nghUs;NtWghL ,y;yhky; khw;wp khw;wp

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. cjhuzkhf (NCF 2005 P-53) - y;

r%f,ay; vd;w thh;j;ij cah;njhlf;fepiy fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghd;W THE POSITION PAPER NATIONAL

16


FOWS GROUP ON TEACHING SOCIAL SCIENCE (2006 - P5) –y; r%f

mwptpay; vd;w thh;j;ij cah;njhlf;f tFg;Gepiy

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NCERT - My;

ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s CBSE fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; tuyhW ghlg;Gj;j-

fj;jpYk;> Gtpapy; kw;Wk; “r%f kw;Wk; murpay; tho;f;if”

ghlq;fspYk; cah;njhlf;f tFg;G epiyapy; r%fmwptpay; vd;w

thh;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. thh;j;ij vJ

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNghjpYk; (mjhtJ r%f,ay; my;yJ

r%fmwptpay;) fw;wy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ tFg;G epiyf;F

jFe;jhw;Nghy; ghlq;fspd; epiyAk; Kd;G tpthjpj;jJ Nghy;

khWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. gs;sp epiyapy; r%fmwptpay; fw;wy;

vd;gjd; ghlg;nghUshf cah;fy;tp epiyapy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;L

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

njhlf;fepiy kw;Wk; cah;njhlf;f epiy gs;spapy; r%f

mwptpay; gbg;gjd; nghJthd Nehf;fq;fs; :

1. khzth;fs; jq;fSila Gtpapay;> r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu

R+o;epiyfis gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;.

2. khzth;fsplk; r%fjpwd;fisAk; kw;Wk; r%fk; njhlh;ghd

mh;g;gzpg;G czh;tpidAk; tsh;j;jy;.

3. khzth;fsplk; [dehaf Fbik gz;Gfis tsh;j;jy;.

4. khzth;fspilNa Njrgf;jpiaAk;> ehl;bid gw;wpa

czh;tpidAk;>

rh;tNjr ehLfis gw;wp GhpjiyAk; tsh;j;jy;.

5. khzth;fs; r%f nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspy; gq;Fngw

cjTjy;

17



6. khzth;fis jw;NghJ cs;s r%fgpur;rpidfisAk;

vjph;fhyj;jpy; tuf;$ba r%fgpur;rpidfisAk;

rthy;fisAk; jPh;Tfhd gapw;rp mspj;jy;.

7. khzth;fspilNa ePjpnewp gz;GfisAk;

czh;TG+h;tkhd Fzeyd;fisAk; tsh;j;jy;.

cah;njhlf;f epiy tFg;Gspy; r%fmwptpay; ghlj;jpid

Nghjpg;gJ gw;wpa National Group on Teaching Social Science (2006) d;

Fwpg;Gfs;

cah;njhlf;f epiy tFg;Gfspy; r%f mwptpay; Nghjpg;gjpd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

kdpjdpd; thoplkhd Gtpapid gw;wpAk; kw;w caphpdq;fis

gw;wpAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy;.

cyfj;jpid fUj;jpy;nfhz;L khzth;fs; jq;fSila

nrhe;j tl;lhuk;> khepyk; kw;Wk; ehl;bid gw;wp fw;f

Jtq;Fjy;

cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspd; epfo;fhy

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijnfhz;L ,e;jpahtpd; fle;j fhyj;ij fw;f

Jtq;f Ntz;Lk;.

r%fk; kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fspy; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

khWghLfs; gw;wp khzth;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Jtq;Fjy;

,e;j epiyapy; r%f mwptpaypd; ghlg;nghUs; tuyhW>

Gtpapay;> murpay;mwptpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; Mfpait

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjhL ,d;iwa gpur;rpidfSk;

khzth;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. tWik> fy;tpawptpd;ik>

Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;> nfhj;jbikfs;> tFg;Gthjk;> rhjp>

18


ghypdg;ghFghL> Rw;Wg;GwR+o;epiy Nghd;w gpur;rpidfSf;F

jPh;Tf;fhd typAWj;jg;gLk; tl;lhu mstpYk; cyfmstpYk;

Rw;;Wr;R+oy;> tsq;fs; gy;Jiw tsh;r;rp Nghd;w gpur;rpidfSf;F

jPh;Tf;fhd GtpapaYk; tuyhWk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

gd;Kfj;jd;ikia typAWj;Jk; tifapy; tuyhW fw;gpf;fg;gLk;.

tl;lhu> khepy> ika mstpyhd murhq;f mikg;GfSk;

mitfspd; nray;ghLfSk; khzth;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpghh;-1

Fwpg;G:- fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpy; cdJ gjpiy

vOjp ,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gjpYld; cdJ

gjpiy xg;gpl;L ghh;f;fTk;.

1 - Nfs;tp

Njrpa ftdf;FOtpd; (NFG) $w;Wg;gb cah;njhlf;f fy;tp

mstpy; r%f mwptpay; fw;gpg;gjpd; Nehf;fnkd;d (2006) ?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

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1.3 r%f mwptpay; :- fiy thpirapy;

cz;ikapy; r%f mwptpay; fw;gJ vd;gJ GJikahd

xd;wy;y ehfhpfk; njhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj VNjDk; xU topapy;

r%f mwptpay; fw;wy; vd;gJ fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpy; xU mq;fkhf

19



,Ue;jJ. r%f mwptpay; tsh;r;rpia fhy thpirapy; ehk;

fhz;Nghk;.

1.3.1 Kd; etpd cyfpy; r%f mwptpay;

kdpj r%fk; cUthf;fg;gl;l 17-18 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfsp;d;

ngUk; gFjpia Kd; etpd fhyk; Ml;nfhz;lJ gpwF 18-19> 20-

21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; etPd cyfk; njhlq;fpaJ. Ntl;ilahb

Nrfhpj;j fhyk;> fw;fhyk;> cNyhffhyk;> Mw;Wr;rkntsp ehfhpfk;

kw;Wk; 18-19 Mk;E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpafhyk; Mfpa gy

ehfhpfq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ Kd; etPdfhyk;. kdpj r%fk;

,e;j cyfj;jpy; kdpjd; Njhd;wp FLk;gkhfTk; r%fkhfTk;

tho;e;J te;jhd; gpwF mtDf;F FLk;gk;> r%fk; r%f

fl;likg;Gfis Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ.

mjdhy; r%f mwptpay; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; mj;ahtrpakhf

,Ue;jJ. me;j fhyj;jpy; r%f mwptpay; fw;Wf;

nfhs;tJnjd;gJ Kiw rhuhkYk; mq;fpfhpf;fg;glhj xd;whfTk;

,Ue;jJ. ehSf;F ehs; kdpj r%fk; ngUf ngUf r%f

NjitfSk; rthy;fSk; ngUfpaJ mjd; fhuzkhf> r%f

mwptpay; fy;tp mj;ahtrpkhapw;W.

etPd fhyj;Jld; xg;gpl;L ghh;f;Fk; NghJ goq;fhyj;jpYk;

kj;jpa fhyj;jpYk; r%f mwptpaYf;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; kpfTk;

mhpjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. goq;fhy mwpQh;fshd rhf;ul;B];> gpshl;Nlh>

mhp];l;lhl;by; kw;Wk; gyh; r%fj;jpw;F jq;fs; gq;fspg;ig

nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;> gpshl;Nlhtpd; FbauR mhp];lhl;by;; murpay;

Nghd;w Ehy;fs; r%f mwptpaiy vd;iwf;Fk;

epidT $Wtifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. fpNuf;f ehl;by; xU

20


kdpjd; FbAhpik taij vl;baTld; me;j ehl;bd; Kiwg;gb

mth;fs; xU rj;agpukhzk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. mjhtJ

“ehq;fs; vq;fs; efuj;jpw;F mtkhdk; juf;$ba Neh;ikaw;w>

Nfhioj;jdkhd ve;j xU nraiyAk; xUNghJk; nra;akhl;Nlhk;;

Jd;gg;gLk; vq;fsJ Njhoh;fis iftpl khl;Nlhk;; jdpahfNth

my;yJ FOthfNth vq;fs; yl;rpaq;fSf;fhfTk;>

Gdpjj;Jf;fhfTk; NghuhLNthk; vq;fs; ehl;bd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F

kjpg;G mspj;J vq;fshy; ,ad;w ed;ikapid nra;Nthk;.

nghJkf;fspilNa FbAhpik rpe;jidia tpiuTgLj;j

,iltplhky; njhlh;e;J KaYNthk;; ,t;thwhf vq;fs;

ehl;il vq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUgg;ijtpl rpwe;jjhfTk;

cah;e;jjhfTk; khw;w vy;yhtifapYk; KaYNthk;” kj>

nghUshjhu> tzpf kw;Wk; khepy rl;ljpl;lk; Nghd;w gy

ghlq;fis Kd; etPd fhyj;jpYk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpYk; r%f

me;j];J ngw;wikf;fhd fy;tpapy; ,lk; ngw;wjw;Fk; rhd;Wfs;

etPd kw;Wk; rkfhy r%f mwptpaypy; cs;sJ.

1.3.2 etPd kw;Wk; rkfhy cyfpd; r%f mwptpay;

etPd fhyj;jpy; r%f mwptpaypd; ghpzhkk; gw;wp

Ke;ija myfpy; tphpthf tpthjpj;Njhk; r%f mwptpay;

Kiwahf fw;gjw;F ,JNt rhpahd NeukhFk; ehSf;F

ehs; etPdfhyj;jpy; r%f gpur;rpidfs; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ

,itfis Fiwf;f Gjpa r%f mwptpay; mt;tg;NghJ

cUthfpwJ. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J r%f mwptpay;

gy;fiyf;fof fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; 19-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J gs;sp

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; Kiwahd ghlg;gFjpfshf ,Uf;fpwnjd;W

21



Ke;ija myfpy; gbj;Njhk;. ,uz;L cyfg;Nghh;fSf;F> gpwF

r%f mwptpay; gs;sp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F

tfpj;jJ. cyf NghUf;F gpwF Ad];Nfh> Adpnrg;> If;fpa ehl;L

tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G Nghd;w fy;tp rhh;e;j

rh;tNjr mikg;Gfs; cyf kf;fs; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;if tho

r%f mwptpay; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ. rh;tNjr

kdpj chpikfs; Miza rl;lk;(198)-1 d;gb cyfj;jpy; gpwe;j

midj;J kdpjh;fSk; Rje;jpuKk; rk khpahijAk; chpikAk;

nfhz;lth;fs; mth;fs; midthplKk; rNfhjuj;JTlDk;>

kdrhl;rpAlDk; czh;TlDk; nray;gLthh;fs;. Byh;]; FO (1996)

Nrh;e;J tho fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ.

ey;nyhOf;fq;fSlDk;> ey;ypzf;fj;JlDk;> r%f gz;ghl;L

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;Tfhd Kiwrhh;e;j fy;tpapYk; Kiwrhuh

fy;tpapYk; r%f mwptpaypd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Gjpjhf

cUthFk; Njrk; [dehaf murpay; flikfis njhpe;Jnfhs;s

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; gs;spfspYk; r%f mwptpay; mtrpak;

vd;W fUJfpwJ. Vndd;why; r%fmwptpay; jhd; [dehaf r%f

elj;ijfis rpwg;ghf tpsf;FfpwJ.

,ilepiyf; fy;tp nfhs;is (1952-53) Fwpg;Gfs;

,e;jpa fy;tpapy; r%f mwptpay; vd;w nrhy;; Gjpajhd

xd;W> ,J ghuk;ghpakhf tuyhW> Gtpapay; nghUshjhuk;>

Fbikapay; Ngd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. mjdhy; r%f

mwptpay;; fy;tpapd; KO Nehf;fKk; khzth;fs;

rhh;e;jpUf;ff;$ba r%f #oiyg; gw;wpAk;> FLk;gk;> ,dk;

khepyk;> ehL Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jid

fw;gjd; %yk; khzth;fs; jw;NghJ jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;f $ba

22


r%fj;ij mwpTG+h;tkhf Ghpe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ. NkYk; r%f

,af;fq;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

fy;tpf; nfhs;if (1964-66) Fwpg;Gfs;

r%f mwptpay; fw;gpg;gjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;

khzth;fSf;F mth;fs; rhh;e;jpUf;ff; $ba r%fk;> kdpjh;fspd;

cwTKiwfs;> kdg;ghd;ik> tpOkk; ,itfs; vy;yhk;

cyfj;jpd;; epfo;Tfis glk; gpbj;Jfhl;Ltjpy; Kf;fpa

gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. ,jid czh;j;JtJk;> czh;r;rp G+h;tkhd

xUikg;ghL nfhz;l xU rpwe;j Fbkfdhf cUfhf;FtJk; r%f

mwptpy; fw;gpg;gjd; rpwe;j nrayhFk;.

gj;jhz;L gs;sp fiyj;jpl;lk;:

Njrpa fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;G ( 1975)

Fwpg;Gfs;: xd;W kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; tFg;G khzth;fSf;fhd

#o;epiyf; fy;tp ghlGj;jfk;> ,aw;if kw;Wk; r%f

#o;epiyiaAk; Nrh;j;J mike;Js;sjhy; r%f mwptpay;

vd;gijtpl r%f fy;tp vd;gJ jhd; njhlf;f epiy

khzth;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

gue;J gy;tifahd topfhl;Ljy;fs;

njhlf;f kw;Wk; ,ilepiy fy;tp Njpra ghlj;jpl;lk; (1988)

Xh; cw;W Nehf;fy;

r%f mwptpay; vd;gJ midj;J tifahd fy;tp

$WfisAk; cs;slf;fpa xU rpwg;ghd ghlkhf cs;sJ vd;W

Njrpa fy;tpf;FO (1986) fUJfpwJ.

23



-Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;ifahy; fUjg;gLfpw Jizf; $Wfs;

1. ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhW

2. murpay; mikg;gpd; flikfs;

3. ,e;jpahtpd; ghuk;ghpak; gz;ghL nfhz;l tpOkq;fs;

4. rkj;Jtk; [dehafk; rka rhh;gpd;ik

5. ghypd rkj;Jtk;

6. Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G

7. rpW FLk;g newpKiwfs;

Njrpa fiyj; jpl;lk; fl;likg;G (2005-p.50) Fwpg;Gfs;

rKf mwptpay; vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis

cs;slf;fpaJ. tuyhw;wpd; ngUk; gFjpiaAk; Gtpapay;>

mwptpay; tuyhW nghUshjhuk;> r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khDltpay;

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJ. mikjpahd r%fj;ij cUfhf;FtNj

r%f mwptpaypd; fz;Nzhl;lKk; mjd; mwpTk; gphpf;f Kbahj

xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. r%f epjh;rdq;fis Ma;e;jwpaTk;>

tpkh;rdq;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk; tpopg;Gzh;it khzth;fspilNa

Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mjd; ghlg;nghUs; mika Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa

ghpkhzj;NjhL Fwpg;ghf khzth;fspd; Ra tho;f;if

mDgtq;fis tpkh;rdG+h;tkhfTk; r%fj;ij khzth;fs;

Ghpe;Jnfhs;s VJthfTk; tskhd fiyj;jpl;lk; cUthtjfw;F

Njitahd Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlg;nghUis njhpTnra;J

khzth;fs; ngUk; tifapy; cUthf;FtNj rtyhd gzpahFk;.

24


Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpghh; - 2

Nfs;tp: gz;ila ,e;jpa gz;gHL/fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f

mwptpay; fw;wypd; ,lj;ij tpthp.

(Fwpg;G: cdJ gjpiy vOjp ,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gjpYld; xg;gpl;L rhpghh;)

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1.4 ,d;iw r%fj;jpd; epiy

fle;j fhy r%fj;jpd; ghpzhkj;jpypUe;Jjhd; jw;Nghija

r%fk; cUthfpapUf;fpwJ. nghJthf kf;fs; jw;Nghija

r%fj;ij etPd my;yJ gpd; etPd r%fk; vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdh;.

gz;ila> ,ilf;fhy> Muk;gf; fhy etPd r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;glhj jdp rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; Fzhjparaq;fis

jw;Nghija r%fk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jw;Nghija r%f

epfo;TfspYk; mjd; vjph;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fspYk; r%f

mwptpaypd; gq;F vd;d vd;gij ehk; tphpthf fhz;Nghk;.

25



1.4.1 ,d;iwa r%f epfo;TfSk; rthy;fSk;

Kd;Ndw;wk;> khw;wq;fs;> Fog;gq;fs;> gpur;ridfs;> rthy;fs;

Nghd;w 21 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; gy mDgtq;fspd; gz;Gfis

nfhz;lJ ,d;iwa r%fk;

1. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; mRu tsh;r;rpapd;

fhuzkhf ,d;iwa r%fk; mjpNtfkhf tsh;e;Js;sJ.

2. ,d;iwa r%fk; ngUk; rpf;fy;> gy jug;gl;l kf;fs>;

NtWghL tho;f;ifapd; gy Nfhzq;fs; (cjhuzkhf-

nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> gz;ghL> rkak;) Nghd;w gy

mk;rq;fis nfhz;lJ.

3. Gjpa r%f rl;lq;fs; etPd kakhjy;> njhopy; kakhjy;>

efukakhjy;> rpwg;G kakhjy;> jd;kakhjy;> cyfkakhjy;>

jdpahh; kakhjy;> jhuhskakhjy;;> jpl;lkpl;l tsh;r;rp

Nghd;wit ,d;iwa r%fj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fshFk;.

4. Gjpa r%f tpOkq;fs>; [dehafk;> nghJTlik>

kjr;rhh;gpd;ik> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> ePjp>

mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik> jdpkdpj chpik> tpLjiy>

gFj;jwpT rpe;jid Nghd;w kjpg;Gfs; etPd r%fj;jpd;

ntspg;ghL MFk;.

5. r%f ,lg;ngah;T> gd;Kf gz;ghL> gd;ikj;Jtk;>

gd;nkhopNgRjy;> jPa r%f tof;fq;fspd; tPo;r;rp

Nghd;witfs; ,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; mjpfhpj;J

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

6. Vo;ik> Ntiyapd;ik Kjhyhspj;Jtr; Ruz;ly;> fpuhk efu

NtWghL> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;fs;> Fbirtho;kf;fs; mjpfhpg;G>

26


r%fmd;dpakhjy;> kf;fs; njhif gpur;rpid> FLk;g

rpijT> r%f Fw;wq;fs; fs;sr; re;ij> r%f xOq;fpd;ik>

gphptpidthjk;> tsh;r;rpapd;ik> Rw;Wg;Gw mr;RWj;jy;>

jfty; kw;Wk; mwpT nghUj;jghbd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw r%fk;

Gjpa rthy;fshf vjph;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1.4.2 xU gd;Kf rKfj;jpy; r%f mwptpaypd; Nehf;fk;

gd;Kf r%fk; vd;gJ gy r%f gpur;ridfisAk;

rthy;fisAk; vjph;nfhs;fpw gygbj;jhd rpf;fy; epiwe;j r%f

mikg;ghFk; vq;Nf mjpf r%f gpur;ridfs; fhzg;gLfpwNjh

mq;Nf gz;Kf r%fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,d;iwa r%fk;

vjph;nfhs;fpw gpur;ridfis ehk; ,jw;F Kd; gbj;j myfpy;

tpthjpj;Njhk;. mwptpay; njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rpahYk; Nkk;gl;l

Clfq;fspd; jhf;fj;jpdhYk; jw;Nghija r%fk; ehSf;F ehs;

mRu Ntfj;jpy; tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. fy;tpjpl;lj;jpy; r%f

mwptpay; ghlj;jpy; Gjpa ghlq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd mjdhy;

Gjpa Gjpa r%f gpur;ridfSk; cUthfpd;wd. 18- Mk; 19 –

Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; r%f mwptpaypy; r%f Ntiy> nghJ

eph;thfk;> Fw;wtpay;> kNdhtpay;> kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;

Nghd;wit FiwthfNt ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd Mdhy; 20-kw;Wk; 21-

Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; r%f gpur;ridfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtjhYk;

,itfis fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,izj;J khzth;fSf;F fw;gpf;f

Ntz;bAs;sjhYk; Nkw;$wpa ghlq;fs; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngw;Ws;sJ (cjhuzkhf) 18-Mk; 19-Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; kf;fs;

njhif ngUf;fk; vd;gJ xU nghpa gpur;ridahf ,y;iy.

Mdhy; 20-Mk; 21-Mk; Ehw;whz;by; kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;

vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; gy tiffspy; gpur;ridahf ,Ue;jJ.

27



mjdhy; kf;fs; njhif fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpy;

Kf;fpakhd xd;whf fUjg;gl;lJ. Kd; etPd fhyj;jpYk;> gpd;

etPd fhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; md;whl tho;Nt kpfTk;

rhjhuzkhfTk;> Fw;wr; nray;ghLfs; kpf Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gl;lJ

Mdhy; jw;Nghija etPd njhopy; r%fj;jpy; kdpjdpd; midj;J

epiyfspYk; Fw;wr; nray;ghLfs; kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

r%fFw;wg;ghjpg;Gfis epWj;Jtjw;F r%f mwptpay;

fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpy; Gjpjhf Fw;wtpay; jdpg;ghlkhf

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. r%f Fw;wq;fis khw;wf;$ba tifapy; r%f

mwptpaypy; Gjpa Gjpa ghlq;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd mjdhy;

fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpy; r%f mwptpaypd; Njit ehSf;F ehs;

mjpfhpj;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpghh; - 3

(Fwpg;G:- ,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j

Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpYld; cdJ gjpiy xg;gpl;L ghh;f;fTk;)

Nfs;tp:- ehSf;F ehs; r%fmwptpay; Jiw tsh;e;J tUtJ Vd;?

____________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________

1.5 r%f mwptpaypd; ghlf;$Wfs;

r%f mwptpay; epWtg;gl;l mbg;gil Jiwrhh;e;j gbg;ghFk;.

,Ug;gpDk; r%f mwptpay; Njhw;wk; FWfpa fhyj;ij

28


nfhz;Ls;sJ. r%f mwptpay; Kf;fpa Jiw rhu;e;j

gbg;GfisAk; kw;w JiwfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g; ghlkhdJ

fhyj;jpd; nry;thf;ifAk;> #oiyAk;> rthy;fisAk; nfhz;l

r%f epfo;Tfs; r%f mwptpay; ghlj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

ehk; jw;NghJ r%f epfo;Tfs; r%f mwptpay; ghlk; rhh;e;j

gbg;G epWtg;gl;lijAk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlf; $WfisAk;

gs;sp mstpy; tpthjpg;Nghk;.

1.5.1 r%f mwptpay; cs;slq;fpa ghlg;gFjpfs;

mwpT vd;gJ jdpj;Jtk; mike;jjhFk;. ve;j xU ghlKk;

KOikahd mwpT mspf;f ,ayhJ. mwpthdJ NghJkhd

njhlh;Gila tphpthd Jiwfshf tifg;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

tphpthd mwpTg;Gyk; ngw fP;;o;f;fz;l ml;ltiz cs;sJ.

mwptpidg; ngWtjw;F tpupthd Jiw mZFKiw

Jiw gbg;G tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l fPo;f;fz;l Jiwfs;

,aw;gpay; mwptpay;

*) ,aw;gpay;

*) Ntjpapay;

*) Gtp mwptpay;

fzpj mwptpay;

*) ,aw; fzpjk;

*) vz; fzpjk;

*) tbtapay;

*) mstPLfs;

caph; mwptpay;

*) jhtutpay;

*) tpyq;fpay;

*) caph; El;gtpay;

*) Ez;Zaphpay;

r%f mwptpay; *) tuyhW

29



*) nghUshjhuk;

*) murpay; mwptpay;

*) cstpay;

nkhop mwptpay;

*) ,yf;fpak;

*) nkhopapay;

*) ehlfk; kw;Wk; Gjpdk;

xUJiw rhh;e;j gbg;G fPo;fz;l %d;W epge;jidfis

G+h;j;jp nra;tjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1) xt;nthU JiwAk; vz;zw;w jdpg;ghlq;fis nfhz;ljhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2) ghlq;fspilNa eilKiw njhlh;GfisAk; kw;Wk;

NtWghLfis nfhz;l ghlq;fis cilajhf xUJiw

tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;..

3) Jiw rhh;e;j ghlq;fpsilNa eilKiw njhlh;G>

NtWghLfis cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;..

Nkw;fz;l %d;W epge;jidfis nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk; Kjyhtjhf r%f mwptpay; ghlk; vz;zw;w

jdpg;ghlq;fis cilaJ. cjhuzkhf tuyhW. Gtpapay;>

murpay; mwptpay;> nghUshjhuk;> rl;lq;fis cilaJ.

,uz;lhtjhf r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fs; eilKiw

njhlh;GfisAk;> NtWghLfisAk; cilaJ.

r%f mwptpay; vy;yh ghlq;fSld; njhlh;GilaJ

Vnddpy; kdpj cwTfs; gw;wpAk; ,g;ghlj;jpy;

nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;L;ssJ. NkYk; NtWghLfs;

Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; NtWghLfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

30


vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nghUshjhug; gbg;G r%fj;jpd; epjp

rhh;e;jJ murpay; mwptpay; r%fj;jpd; mikg;gpay;

KiwfisAk;> rl;lg; gbg;G r%fj;jpd; rl;l mikg;GfisAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

%d;whtJ r%f mwptpay; gy;NtW Jiw eilKiwj;

njhlh;GfisAk; NtWghLfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzq;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vy;yhj; Jiw rhh;

gbg;GfisAk; mwptpid ngwf;$bajhf cs;sd. mwpT vd;gJ

Kjd;ikahd jdpj;Jtk; ngw;wjhFk;.

r%f mwptpay; ghlk; vz;zw;w gz;Gfis jd;dfj;Nj

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,ij gw;wp ,t;tyfpy; gpd;tpthjpf;fg; gl cs;sJ.

,Ug;gpDk; r%f mwptpay; Jiw NkYk; mjd; ghl r%f

cwTfisAk;> nghUswptpay; ghlj;jpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> ntg;gk;>

xsp> Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; nfhz;L tpsf;FfpwJ.

caphpay; ghlj;jpy; tpyq;Ffspd; tho;f;if Kiw kw;Wk;

jhtuq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. fzpj mwptpay; ghlkhdJ

vz;KiwfisAk; vz; gw;wpa fUj;JfisAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; ghlk; vz;zw;w ghlq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

Rpy r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fs; murpay; mwptpay;> nghUshjhuk;>

jj;Jtpay; Nghd;wit goikahdJ. kw;w r%f mwptpay;

ghlq;fshd kdpj cupikfs; nghJ eph;thfk;> r%fg;gzp

Nghd;wit jw;NghJ tsh;e;J tUfpwJ.

31



r%f mwptpay; ghlk; fPo;f;fz;l jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Kjd;ik r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fs; > murpay; mwptpay;>

nghUshjhuk;> tuyhW> rl;ltpay;> r%ftpay;> nghJ eph;thfk;>

r%fg;gzp> kdpj cupikfs;> khDltpay; Nghd;wit.

,uz;lhk; epiy r%fg; ghlq;fs;: ed;ndwp> fy;tp> jj;Jttpay;>

cstpay;> fiy kw;wit.

r%fk; cs;slq;fpa ghlq;fs;: Gtpapay;> capupay;> kUj;Jtk;>

nkhopapay;> kw;Wk; Ehyf mwptpay; Nghd;wit.

1.5.2 r%f mwptpay; gs;sp mstpy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba

ghlf;$Wfs;

gs;sp khzhf;fh;fSf;F vz;zw;w r%f ghlq;fis

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Kd;djhf tpthjpj;Njhk;

Njh;T nra;j ghlg;gFjpfshd tuyhW> Gtpapay;> kw;w r%f

mwptpay; ghlj;jpd; fPo; khzhf;fSf;F fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cah;

njhlf;f gs;sp mstpy; jw;NghJ r%f mwptpay; kj;jpa

,ilepiy fy;tp thhpak; fiyj;jpl;lk; Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp

kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,f;fiy

jpl;lj;jpy; ghlg;gFjpfshf tuyhW. Gtpapay;> r%fk; kw;Wk;

murpay; mwptpay; Nghd;wit cs;sd. cah; njhlf;f fy;tp

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mjpf tpguq;fSld; mjpfkhd jfty;fis

tUk; myFfspy; toq;fg;gLk;. ,ilepiyf; fy;tp fiyj;jpl;lk;

kj;jpa ,ilepiy fy;tp thhpaj;jy; ntspapl;lJ. Njrpafy;tp

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtk; fPo;f;fz;l ghlq;fis

nfhz;Ls;sJ. (c.k;) tuyhW> Gtpapay;> murpay; mwptpay;

kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; NkYk; Nky;epiy gs;sp mstpy; mjpf

32


mstpyhd r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fis nfhz;lJ. (c.k;)

tuyhW> murpay; mwptpy;> khDltpay;> r%f mwptpay;

jdpj;jdpg; ghlkhf fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. glk; 1.2 cah; njhlf;f>

Nky;epiy mstpy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlq;fshf

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ngz; Mz; mbg;gil Njitfs;

__________________________________________________________________

cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Efh;T

muR kw;Wk; epWtdk;

jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J

mofpay; kw;Wk; kjk; kw;wit

fy;tp kw;Wk; nghOJ Nghf;F

glk;: cah; njhlf;f kw;Wk; Nky;epiy fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba r%f mwptpay;

ghlg; gFjpfs;

Mz; ngz; mbg;gil nray;ghLfs;

r%f mwptpay;

tuyhW Gtpapay; murpay; mwptpay;

r%f mwptpay;

cstpay; khDltpay; mwnwwp

tuyhW> Gtpapay;> murpay; mwptpay;> nghUshjhuk;

33



Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpghh;j;jy; 4

tpdh : Jiw rhh;e;j gbg;gpd; gz;Gfshd %d;W gz;Gfs; ahJ?

r%f mwptpay; Jiwapy; cs;s Ie;J ghlq;fs; ahit?

(Fwpg;G: ,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j

Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpYld; cdJ gjpiy xg;gpl;L ghh;f;fTk;)

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1.6 r%f mwptpaypy;; gy;Jiw kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j fz;Nzhl;lk;

mwpT vd;gJ gphpf;f Kbahj jdpj;Jtk; cilaJ. ve;j

xU jdp ghlKk; my;yJ JiwAk; jdpj;J nray;gl KbahJ.

r%f mwptpay; gyghlq;fisAk; eilKiw

njhlh;GfisAk; njhlh;GilaJ vd mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. r%f

mwptpay; ghlq;fspilNa eilKiw njhlh;Gfis jd;dj;Nj

nfhz;L khWgl;l Jiwrhh; ghlq;fis cilaJ.

r%f mwptpaypy; gy;Jiw kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j fz;Nzhl;lj;ij

gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.

1.6.1 rKf mwptpaypy; gy;Jiwfspd; fz;Nzhl;lk;

r%f mwptpay; ghlk; ,ay;ghf gy Jiwfis cilaJ.

r%f mwptpay; Jiw kw;w ghlq;fs;> kw;w JiwfSld;

njhlh;GilaJ NkYk; gyg; ghlq;fis nfhz;lJ. (c.k;)

34


nghUswptpay;> nkhopf; fw;wy;> caph; mwptpay; kw;wit (c.k;)

ghl cwTKiw gw;wpa tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

r%f mwptpay; ghlk; ,ay;ghf gy Jiwfis cilaJ.

Vnddpy; tuyhW gbf;fpd;wnghOJ kw;w r%f mwptpay;

ghlq;fshd nghUshjhu tuyhW> murpay; tuyhW> cstpay;

tuyhW> r%f tuyhW> kj tuyhW Nghd;wit NkYk; r%f

mwptpay; my;yhj ghlq;fshd ,aw;gpay; tuyhW> jhtutpay;

tuyhW> tpyq;fpay; tuyhW> fzpj tuyhW> gz;nkhop tuyhW

Nghd;wit tuyhw;wpd; gFjpahf epWtg;gl;lJ. r%f gpur;rid

njhlh;ghd r%f ghlj;jpy; nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> murpay;>

mwptpay; tsh;r;rp> mwptpay; Nkk;ghL> nkhopgw;W ,yf;fpak;

,d;wp r%ftpay; ghlk; vd jdpj;J gbf;f ,ayhJ.

,ijg;NghyNt tuyhW kw;Wk; r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fSk;

gyJiw rhh;e;J kw;Wk; ghlq;fis njhlh;GilaJ (ck;).

nghUswptpay; Jiw fzpjk;> caphpay; Jiw kw;wit)

Mdhy; r%f mwptpay; ghlkhdJ mjpf njhlh;Gld; gpw

ghlq;fis jd;dpilNa cs;sJ. kw;w ghlq;fspy; xg;gpLk;NghJ

kw;w Jiw rhh; gbg;Gfspy; Fiwthf cs;sJ. glk; 1.3 r%f

mwptpay; ghlk; ‘rl;lk;‟ gFjp gy;Jiw ghlk; tpsf;fk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

35



rl;lk; gy;Jiwfspd; mZFKiw

1. ngHUswptpay;;

2. fy;tp

3. caph;mwptpay

4. nkhop

5. Ntjp ,ay;

6. nghUshjhuk;

7. kjk;

8. jj;Jt,ay;

1.6.2 r%f mwptpaypy; xUq;fpize;j fz;Nzhl;lk;

KOikahd mwpT vd;gij gphpj;jwpa ,ayhj xd;W Mdhy;

ghlk; xUq;fpize;jJ. gs;sp epiy fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; fw;gpf;Fk;

Ntisapy; GJikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ r%f

mwptpay; ghlk; vt;thW gyJiwfSld; ,ay;ghf

xUq;fpize;jJ vd;gij fhz;Nghk;. czT cil> ,Ug;gplk;>

Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty; njhlh;G Nghd;wit gs;spfiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

nghJthf fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cw;gj;jp> re;ij> Efh;Nthh;

kw;wit czT nghUshjhuj;NjhL njhlh;GilaJ. czT Kiw>

rk;gpuhja czT> Nghd;wit r%fj;ij NtWgLj;jp fhl;LfpwJ.

,it r%ftpaYld; czT njhlh;GilaJ mjhtJ rkg;

gq;fPL> tuT nryT> tpiythrp Vw;w ,wf;fk; NkYk; czT

murpay; mwpTld; njhlh;GilaJ. khWgl;l fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g czT

gpur;rpidfSk;> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wg fpilf;ff;$ba czT tiffs;

$l tuyhw;Wf;F njhlh;GilaJ. czT gy;NtW kzj;Jld;

jahhpj;jy;> Rfhjhu Nkyhz;ik> czT gof;f tof;fk;> kid

,ay; ghlj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ.

36


mstPL> tFj;jy;> gpd;dk; Nghd;wit fzpjj;Jld;

njhlh;GilaJ. gytif caph;r;rj;J> Ez;Z}l;lk;> cztpd;

tiffs;> EzZ}l;l msTfs; Nghd;wit caph; mwptpaYld;

njhlh;GilaJ. ed;F Rj;jkhd rkr;rPh; czT kw;Wk; czT>

MNuhf;fpak;> Rfhjhuk;> NkYk; czTld; njhlh;GilaJ.

czT jahhpf;f Njitg;gLk; kpd;dLg;G jahhpj;j czit

gjg;gLj;j Njitg;gLk; Fsph;rhjdg;ngl;b Nghd;w kpd;dD

nghUl;fs; ,aw;gpaYld; njhlh;gilaJ.

czT nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;>

gjg;gLj;j gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; NtjpaYld;

njhlh;GilaJ.

czTnghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F kz;tifAk;> Rw;Wr;R+oYk;

GtpapaYld; njhlh;GilaJ.

ghly;fs;> fijfs;> nkhopf;fw;wy;> fl;Liu Nghd;wit

nkhop ,yf;fpaj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ. czT vd;W fUj;jhdJ

gy;NtW gFjpfisAk; ghlq;fisAk;> czT kw;Wk; kw;w r%f

mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fSk; kw;w ghl kw;Wk; JiwfSld;

njhlh;GilaJ . fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jd;%yk; ;

xUq;fpide;j mwpTk; fw;wYk; r%f mwptpaypy; fw;wyhf

cs;sJ.

r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpy; mwpit xUq;fpizj;jiy ntspf;nfhzUk; nray;ghL:

cah;njhlf;f epiyapy;> r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpYs;s

mwpitAk; fw;wiyAk; ,izj;jiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; Xh;

tFg;giw nray;ghL. ,e;j nray;ghl;bw;F ‘fhL’ (tdk;) vd;fpw

fUj;jhf;fk; Mwhk; tFg;gpd; r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fspy; xd;whd

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Gtpapaypy; fhzg;gLk; xd;W mwpit xUq;fpizj;jYf;Fk; ghl

,izg;gpw;Fk; vLj;jhsg;gLfpwJ.

,q;F nray;njhFg;G> nray;fw;gpj;jy; Kiw kw;Wk;

nray;top fw;wy; xg;gilg;Gfs; fPo;fhDkhW tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

m. nray;njhFg;G:

tFg;G : Mwhk;tFg;G

fw;wy; ghlk; : r%f mwptpay;

ghlj;jpl;lk; : fw;wy;

gphpT : r%f mwptpaypYs;s Gtpapay; ghlk;

fw;wy; fUj;J : fhL

fw;wy; Nehf;fk; : ‘tdk;’ vd;fpw fUj;Jf;F njhlh;Gs;s midj;J mwpitAk; mwpar;nra;jy;

Njitg;gLk; nghUl;fs; : tdtpaYf;F njhlh;Gs;s tpsk;guq;fs;

fw;wy; cj;jp : tpsk;guk; fhz;gpj;jy;

fw;wy; Kiwik : jdp khzth; epiy

M. nray;Kiwik:

,q;F ,e;j nraypd; %yk; Mrphpah; ‘fhL’ gw;wpa

KOikahd fw;wiy mwpe;jpl topfhl;Lfpwhh;.

khzth;fNs ,uz;L tpsk;gu glq;fs; ‘fhL’ gw;wpa

fUj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;s fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it

,uz;by;> Kjy; tpsk;gug;glk; ‘rl;lj;Jld;’ njhlh;GilaJ>

38


,uz;lhtJ caphpaYlDk; njhlh;GilaJ vdf; fUJtJ Vndd

,q;F ehk; Muha;Nthk;.

tpsk;guk;-1

,e;j glkhdJ ‘fhL” vd;fpw fUj;J rl;lj;Jld;

nfhz;Ls;s njhlh;ig tpsf;FfpwJ.

glk;-1

ghlj;NjhL glk; vt;thW njhlh;GilaJ vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;

fhl;bYs;s kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;LtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjid kPwp ntl;lg;gLk;NghJ rl;lk; jz;lid toq;FfpwJ.

tpsk;gug; glk;> kuk; ntl;Lk; xUth; rl;lj;jpd; gpbapy;

khl;bf;nfhs;fpwhh; vd;gij mwpar;nra;fpwJ. jz;lidf;Fhpa

Fw;wk; vd;gJ ‘rl;lk;’ gw;wpa ghlj;njhlh;GilanjdpDk;> ,q;F

fhL gw;wpa mwpTlDk; njhlh;Gila xd;W vd;gij glk;

czh;j;JfpwJ.

glk;-2

‘fhL’ fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; tpsk;gug; glk;.

caphpypaNyhL vt;thW njhlh;GilajhfpwJ vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;

fhw;Wk; ePUk; caph; tho;f;iff;fhd mbg;gil caph; tho;Tf;F

mj;jpahtrpakhd Mf;rp[id fhL toq;Ftjhy; tdKk;

ePiug;NghyTk; fhw;iwg;NghyTk; caph;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj

xd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. tpsk;gu glj;jpid fhz;ifapy;

kdpjh;fspd; Rthrj;Jf;F xU kuk; vj;jid mtrpak; vd;gij

39



czh;j;JfpwJ. caph; tho;Tf;F Njitahdtw;iw gw;wp glk;

czh;j;Jtjhy; ,e;j glkhdJ ‘caphpay;’ ghlj;Jf;Fs;s

njhlh;ig ,q;F Rl;LfpwJ vdyhk;.

fhw;Nw capUf;fhdJ

fhLk; capUf;fhdJ

ePNu capUf;fhdJ

Nkw;fz;l ,U tpsk;gu glq;fis Nghd;W ,d;Dk; gy

tpsk;gu glq;fis ehk; jahhpf;fyhk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; fhL

vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fj;jpw;F njhlh;Gs;s kw;w ghl tiffisAk;

mtw;wpd; njhlh;Gf;fhdtw;iw mwpar;nra;a tha;g;G Vw;gLk;.

(1) ,. nray; top fw;wy; xg;gilTfs;

khzth;fSf;F fPo;fhZk; xg;gilTfs; toq;fyhk;. ,e;j

xg;gilTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;F ,q;F

nfhLf;fg;gl;lthW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

(1) ‘fhL’ vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fj;Jf;F eilKiwapy;

njhlh;Gila ghlg;nghUs;fs; vd fzpjk;> nkhop kw;Wk;

nghJ mwptpay; njhlh;ig tpsf;Fk; tpsk;gug; glk;

jahhpj;jy;.

(2) ‘Nghplh;’ vd;gJ xU r%f mwptpay; fUj;jhf;fk; ,e;j

fUj;jhf;fk;> rl;lk;> murpapy> fzpjk;> cly;eyk; kw;Wk;

Rfhjhuk;> nghUspay; ghlq;fNshL vt;thW fhyepiy

vd;fpw fUj;J njhlh;GilaJ vd;gij (tpthpf;Fk; ghlk;

xd;iw) tpthpj;jy;.

(3) fzpjg; ghlj;jpd; fUj;jhf;fkhd ‘rjtPjk;’ vd;gij

vLj;Jf;fnfhs;Nthk;. ,jid Gtpapay; ghlk;> kw;Wk;

40


NtW MW ghlg;gphpTfSlhd njhlh;Gfis

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; (nghUshjhuk;> mwptpay;> thdpay;)

tpsf;Ff.

(4) CBSE ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Vohk; tFg;G ghlg;Gj;jfq;fshd

Gtpapay;> tuyhW kw;Wk; r%f murpay;> Fbikapay;

tho;f;if gw;wpa fUj;Jfis gbj;jwpjy; ,e;j %d;W

ghlq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd fUj;jhf;fq;fspy; 30 ypUe;J

40 tiuapyhd fUj;Jf;fis gl;baypLf

Kd;Ndw;wk; milAk; epiy:

Nfs;tp: tuyhW ghlk; kw;w ghlj;jpNdhL nfhz;Ls;s

njhlh;G ,ay;ig tpthjpf;fTk;.

(Fwpg;G: ckJ gjpiy fPo;fhZk; ,lj;jpy; vOjTk;

NkYk;> ,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s khjphp

tpilAld; ,jid xg;gpLf)

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gd;Kfkhd r%f mikg;gpy; kdpj cwTfis Mhuak; mwpjy;

gphpNt r%f mwptpay; vdg;gLk;.

41



etPd mwptpay; njhopy;kak;> etPdkhf;fy; Mfpatw;wpd;

tsh;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l r%f rpf;fy;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; jPh;T

fhz;gjw;F gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; cUthd ghlg;gphpTfNs

r%f mwptpay;fs; vdyhk;. ek; ,isa jiyKiwapd;

khzth;fis ey;y r%fk; cUthtjw;fhd gz;Geyd;fisAk;

rdehafgz;GfisAk; tsh;j;njLf;f Ntz;bajd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;Nj> nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; Kjyhf r%f

mwptpay; ghlkhdJ cyf mstpy; midj;J ehLfspYk;>

,e;jpah cl;gl> gs;sp fytpapy; xU ghlkhf

cUthf;fg;gl;LtUfpwJ.

Nky;epiy kw;Wk; cah;epiy gs;spmstpy;> gy;NtW r%f

mwptpay; ghlq;fshd tuyhW> murpay;> khdpltpay; > rl;l

mwptpay; Mfpatw;iw jdpg;ghlkhfNth tpUg;gghlkhfNth

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1.7 njhFj;jspj;jy;

,e;j ghl myfpy; r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpd; jd;ikfis

KOikahf mwpar;nra;a KaYfpwJ. r%fmwptpayhf

fUj;jhf;fq;fis Nfhl;ghl;L tpsf;fq;fSld; tpthpg;GlDk>;

eilKiw rhh;e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSlDk;> Nkw;Nfhs;fSlDk;>

xg;gilTfs; nray;jpl;lq;fSlDk; tpsf;fkhf

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; ghlmwpT cUthf;fk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp>

fhy thpirapy; mjdpd; ,af;f epiy> jw;Nghija epiyik>

r%f mwptpaypd; ghlg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; ghl,iz mwpjYk;

xUq;fpize;j ghh;itAk; gw;wpa fw;wiy Kjd;ikahf ,e;j

42


myF nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ghl myfpd; Kjd;ikahd fw;wy;

$Wfis fPo;fhZkhW njhFj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

ehfhpf fhyk; njhlf;fk; nfhz;L r%fmwptpay;

fw;gnjd;gJ ntFfhykhfNt eilngw;W tUfpwJ Mjp

r%fq;fspYk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ ,ilf;fhy r%fq;fspYk;

r%f mwptpay; tiuKiwg;gLjg;glhkYk;>

xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;glhkYk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ Mdhy; etPd

kw;Wk; gpd;etPd r%f mikg;gpy; ed;F tiuKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; r%fmwptpay; fw;wy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahitg;nghWj;j mstpy;> r%f

mwptpay; fw;wyhdJ Ntj cgep];l fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;iwa

fhyk; tiu fy;tpKiwapy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpj;J tUfpwJ.

mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mjpftsh;r;rpapd;

nghUl;Lk; jw;Nghija tp];jPukhd etPdkakhf;Fjy; kw;Wk;

njhopy;kakhf;fy; fhuzkhfTk;> ciog;G Ruz;ly; kf;fs;njhif

rpf;fy;> Fw;wr; nray;ghLfs; Gjpjhf ehs;NjhWk; Njhd;wpa

tz;zk; cs;sd. ,jid rhpnra;tjw;nfdNt ehs;NjhWk; gy

GJtpj r%fmwptpay;fs; Njhw;wnkLf;fpd;wd. mitfs;

Fw;wtpay;> kf;fs;njhif fy;tpapay; vd gythFk;.

r%f mwptpay;fs; vd;gjd; ghlg;gphpthdJ murpay;>

khDltpay;> rl;lk;> nghUshjhuk;> Gtpapay; vd gy ghlq;fis

jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gs;spmstpy;> gyg;gy ghlg;gphpTfis nfhz;l r%f

mwptpay; ghlq;fis xUq;fpizj;J xNughlkhf r%f mwptpay;

ghlk; tpsq;FfpwJ. Mdhy;> mit %d;W my;yJ ehd;F

ghlj;jiyg;Gfspy; (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tuyhW> Gtpapy;> Fbikapay;

43



Nghd;w) tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L khzth;fs; fw;gjw;F

cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; ghlq;fs; Kjd;ikahf ghl,izg;ghfTk;

njhlh;gpize;j ghlq;fshfTk; tpsq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ

jd;Dila ghlg;gphpTfSf;fpilNaAk;> kw;w ghlg;gphpTfshd

gUg;nghUs;mwptpay;> caphpay; Mfpatw;wpNdhLk; njhlh;G

nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjypdhy; r%f mwptpay; ghlk; fw;gjw;F

mjid kw;w ghlg;gphpTfSld; ,izj;J fw;wplr; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. r%f mwptpay;fs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tptuq;fis

njhlh;e;J tUk; ghl myFfspy; fw;gPh;fs;.

1.8 mUQ;nrhw;fSk; RUf;nfOj;J Fwpg;GfSk;

kWkyh;r;rp

kWkyh;r;rp vd;gJ mwpT tpopg;Gzh;r;rpia Fwpf;fpwJ.

mwptpay;> gz;ghL> murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> r%ftpay; Mfpa

gythwhd Jiw rhh;e;j mwpTj;JiwfspYk;> gjpndl;lhk;

E}w;whz;by; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;likahy; ,e;j fhyj;ij

kWkyh;r;rp kpf;f fhyk; vd;Nghk;. etPd fhyj;jpd; kWkyh;r;rpf;F

,d;iwa mjpNtf mwptpay; tsh;r;rpAk; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpAk;

etPdj;JtKk; kpfg;nghpa gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sd.

fhe;jpabfspd; mbg;gil fy;tp

1937 mf;Nlhgh; 22 kw;Wk; 23 fspy; thh;Njtpy; eilngw;w

mfpy ,e;jpa Njrpafy;tp khehl;by; fhe;jpabfs;> xU

fy;tpjpl;lj;ij tiuaWj;J toq;fpapUe;jhh; ,e;j

fy;tpj;jpl;lkhdJ mbg;gilf;fy;tp my;yJ thh;jh fy;tpj;jpl;lk;

vdg;gLk; ,e;jpa Foe;ijfspd; mbg;gilj; NjitfisAk;

44


Nguhtf;fisAk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;L fhe;jpabfs;

,j;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.

nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp

nghUshjhu eilKiwfspd; ngUe;jilapidNa

nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp Fwpf;fpwJ. nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp Vw;gLnkdpy;

nghUs;cw;gj;jp tpdpNahfk;> nghUs;tpw;gid ,og;G

gpd;tpistFk;. cyf ehLfspd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspd;

nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp 1930 fspy; nghpjstpy; Vw;gl;ljhy;

“kpfg;ngU nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp fhyk;”; vdg;gLfpwJ.

1.9 jq;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa cjTk; gjpy;fs;

Nfs;tp-1

gjpy;fs;: NFG-d; (2006)-y; r%fmwptpay; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpj;jhd

tptuq;fspy;> cah;njhlf;f fy;tpapy; r%fmwptpay;

fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.

kdpjh;fSk; gpw caphpdq;fSk; tho;tjw;Fhpj;jhd

thoplkhf G+kp tpsq;FfpwJ. vd;gij Ghpe;jplr;nra;jy;

gue;j mstpy;> ekJ ehL> muR> kjk; Mfpatw;wpid

khzth;fs; mwpe;jpl Cf;Ftpj;jy;

,e;jpahtpd; fle;j fhyk;> kw;w cyf ehLfspd; ,d;iwa

New;iwa tsh;r;rpNahL xg;gpl;L mwpa nra;J khzth;fis

tpopg;G+l;Ljy;.

,e;jpahtpd; r%f murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk;

nray;ghLfis khzth;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

45



Nfs;tp-2

gjpy;fs;:

,e;jpa fy;tpKiwapy; r%fmwptpay; ghlq;fs; fw;gjhdJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whFk;. mwptpay;> Md;kPftpay;> r%f

gz;Gfs; Nghd;wit mf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; topfhl;Lk; jj;Jtkhf

tpsq;fpd.

Ntjq;fs;> cgeplq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,uhkhazq;fs;>

kfhghujq;fs; Mfpad ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija

fhyj;jpd; njhd;ik ntspg;ghLfs;. ,tw;wpy; r%fj;jpd;

tpOkpq;fSk; RKfkhd tho;f;iff;fhd jj;Jtq;fSk;

tputpAs;sdd vdyhk;.

nfsby;ypahpd; mh;j;jrh];jpuKk;> tp~;D rh;khtpd;

gQ;rje;jpuk; ,e;jpahtpd; goq;fhyj;jpd; murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfSk;> eilKiwapypUe;j r%f nray;KiwfSk;

MFk;. ,it ahtw;iwAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nlhnkdpy;>

njhlf;f fhy ,e;jpahtpy; r%f mwptpay; tiffs;>

fy;tpmikg;gpd; ePq;fhj ghlq;fshf tpsq;fpte;Js;sij

mwpayhk;.

Nfs;tp - 3

gjpy;fs;:

mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapdhYk;> Clfq;fspd;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fshYk; ekJ tho;f;ifahdJ mjpNtf

tsh;r;rpaile;J tUtjhy;> GjpJ Gjpjhd r%fg; gpur;rpidfs;

ehs;NjhWk; Njhd;wpa tz;zk; cs;sd;. Gjpjhf fpsh;e;J tUk;

r%fg;gpur;rpidfis rkhspg;gjw;Fk; topfhl;Ltjw;Fk;> Gjpjhd

r%f mwptpay; gbg;Gfs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;L> ekJ fy;tpj;Jiwapd;

ghlq;fshf ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gjpndl;lhk;> gj;njhd;gjhk;

46


E}w;whz;Lfspy; r%fg; nghJg;gzp> nghJ eph;thfk;> Fw;wtpay;>

cstpay; kw;Wk; kf;fs;njhif fy;tp Mfpa Jiwrhh;e;j

gbg;Gfs; Fiwe;j msNt ,lk; tfpj;jJ. Mdhy; mitfs;

ahTNk nrd;w E}w;whz;bYk; epfOk; E}w;whz;bYk; kpf tYthd

,lk; ngw;w gbg;ghf khwpAs;sJ.

18 Mk; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fk;>

Kf;fpa r%fg; gpur;rpidahf cUthfpapUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;

20Mk; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fj;jpd;

jhf;fkhdJ r%f tho;f;ifia gythW ghjpg;gilar;

nra;Js;sjhy; kf;fs;njhiffy;tp vd;fpw Jiw cUthfp ekJ

fy;tpj;Jiwapd; kpf Kf;fpa Jiwahf epiyj;Js;sJ. tsh;e;J

tUk; r%fg;gpur;rpidfis vjph;nfhs;s ,itNghd;w gy r%f

mwptpay; fy;tp ghlq;fs; ehs;NjhWk; Njhd;wpa tz;zk;

cs;sJ.

Nfs;tp - 4

gjpy;fs;:

xU fy;tpj;Jiwf;F mtrpakhd gz;Geyd;fs;

1) xUmwpTg;GykhdJ gytif jdpg;ghlq;fisAk;

jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2) xU mwpTj;JiwapYs;s gy;;Ntwhd ghlq;fSf;

fpilNaahd njhlh;GfisAk; NtWghLfisAk;

jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;

3) xU mwpTj;Jiw gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; kw;w

mwpTj;Jiwfspd; ghlq;fNshL mtw;wpd; njhlh;gpidAk;

NtWghl;bidAk; tpsf;fplNtz;Lk;.

Nfs;tp-5

gjpy;fs;:

tuyhw;W ghlkhdJ gyJiw mwpitAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;

xU mwpTg;Gyk;. tuyhW xU gy;Jiw rhh;G mwpTj;JiwAk;

47



MFk;. tuyhW vDk; ghlkhdJ> nghUshjhu tuyhW> murpay;

tuyhW> cstpay; tuyhW> r%ftpay; tuyhW> rkaq;fspd;

tuyhW Mfpa midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa xd;W. ,tw;NwhL

r%fmwptpay; Jiw rhuhj ghlq;fshd ,aw;gpay; tuyhW>

jhtutpay; tuyhW> tpyq;fpay; tuyhW> fzpjtuyhW>

gd;nkhopfspd; tuyhW Mfpa midj;ijAk; „tuyhW‟ vd;w

mwpTj;Jiw cs;slf;fpa xd;whFk;.

48


myF-2

gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f mwptpay;

2.0 mwpKfk;

myF 1-y; ePq;fs; r%f mwptpaypd; jd;ik gw;wp mwpe;J

nfhz;Bh;fs;. NkYk; mjd; nghUs; ghpzhkk; kw;Wk; rKjhaj;jpd;

jw;Nghija epiy gw;wpAk; njhpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;.

,d;iwa jpdk; r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtj;ij

ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ epidj;jpUf;fpwPh;fsh? NkYk; mJ

ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mjd; jw;Nghija tbtj;jpy; vt;thW mgptpUj;jp

nra;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; mwptPh;fsh? r%f mwptpay;

gue;jstpy; cs;sd. Mdhy; mjpy; khzth;fs; Njh;e;njLj;J

gbf;f $ba cs;slf;fk; jhd; mth;fSila tsh;r;rpia

eph;zapf;fpwJ. ntspg;gilahf $WNthNkahdhy;> cs;slf;fj;

Njh;T vd;gJ fy;tpAila ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; r%f mwptpay;

fw;gpj;jYila Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.

r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F

KbntLj;jJ ahh;? mjw;fhf vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk;? vd;ndd;d

rf;jpfs;> fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;Ffs; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid

cUthf;Fk; gq;fspg;ig mspj;jd? Nkw;$wpa Nfs;tpfs; gw;wpa

Ghpjy; r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;s

cjTtNjhL> gs;spapy; mijrhpr;nra;aTk; cjTk;.

r%f mwptpay; vd;gJ tuyhW> Gtpapay; nghUshjhuk;

murpay; mwptpay; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l gy;NtW

jiyg;Gfspy; cUthdjhFk;. ,e;j myfpy; ,e;jpahtpy; r%f

mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis ghjpf;Fk; rf;jpfisAk;> fw;gpj;jy;

Nehf;fq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisAk; Muha;Nthk;.

2.1 fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; milaNtz;ba fw;wy; milTfs;

49



r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk; ghpzhkj;ij

Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba $Wfis milahsk; fhz;gJ.

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ fhydpj;Jt kuGfspd;

nry;thf;ifg; gw;wp tpthjpg;gJ.

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk; kPJ Njrpathj nry;thf;if

tpsf;FtJ

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bd;

jhf;fj;ijAk; rh;tNjr GhpjiyAk; tpsf;Fjy;

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik-nghJTlik

gw;wp tpsf;FjYk; tpthjpj;jYk;

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;;lj;jpy; eypTw;Nwhh; fz;Nzhl;lk;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ghypdk;> rhjp kw;Wk;

goq;Fbapdh;fs; gw;wpa nry;thf;if cjhuzq;fNshL

toq;Fjy;

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; jw;Nghija rh;tNjr

ghh;it gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

Njrpa mstpyhd r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;;lj;jpy;

jw;Nghija rpe;jid kw;Wk; eilKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;

2.2 r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; nry;thf;if nrYj;jpa

rf;jpfs;

gyrf;jpfs;- vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; rpj;jhe;jq;fs;> ,af;fq;fs;

kw;Wk; Gul;rp ,af;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; Ntw;WikfSk;> njhlh;GfSk;>

Rw;Wr;R+oy;tsq;fSk; r%f mwptpay; 19-Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

,e;jpahtpd; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;; etPd Mq;fpy fy;tpKiw

njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh; r%f mwptpay; xU jdpJiwahf

,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Mq;fpNyah;fs;> Mq;fpNya muRf;Fk; ,e;jpa

50


ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; gzpGhpa jpwikahd mYtyh;fs;>

vOj;jh;fis cUthf;f ghlj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Njrpa

rpe;jidfs;> fyhr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis mbg;gilahf

nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpd; [dehaf ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpy;

Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; r%fmwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fis

nfhz;Lte;jd. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; gutyhd kf;fs;njhif>

tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu epiy> r%f vOr;rpfs; kw;Wk;

Nkhjy;fs; Mfpait ,j;Jiwia Mq;fpy fhyj;jpypUe;J

NtWgLj;jp fhl;Lgitahf cs;sJ. Rw;Wr;R+oy;> tsq;fs;>

murpay;> mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; kdpjFy gpur;rpidfs;

Mfpatw;wpy; cyfshtpa mstpy; ,e;jpah jdJ gq;ifAk; $l

r%f mwptpaypy; fUj;ijnfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpah vjph;nfhz;l

Gjpa gpur;rpidfis kf;fs;njhif ntbg;G> tWik> nrhj;Jhpik>

Ruz;ly; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfis re;jpj;jJ. ,e;j gpur;rpidfs;

midj;Jk; r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fw;fgl;L

fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpd; gyjug;gl;l kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp mjDila

Nkk;ghL r%f nghUshjhu epiy> r%f vOr;rpfs; kw;Wk;

Kuz;ghLfis mjDila RtLfshf tpl;Lr;nrd;wdh;.

Rw;Wg;Gw#oy; tsq;fs;> murpay;> Nghuhl;lk;> kw;Wk; kdpj

Neak; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L r%f mwptpaypy; cyfj;jpy;

,e;jpahtpw;nfd jdp,lk; cs;sJ. mjhtJ kf;fs; njhif

ntbg;G> Vo;ik> rkj;Jtk;> Ruz;ly;> tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; cs;slq;fpa

Nkk;ghl;L gpur;rpidfis ehL re;jpj;J tUfpwJ. midj;J

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; vt;thW fw;fg;gLfpwJ

fw;gpf;fpd;Nwhk; vd;gij fhz;Nghk;.

51



2.2.1 fhyzp Mjpf;f kuGk; kw;Wk; Njrpathjpfspd; fz;Nzhl;lk;

,e;jpa r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;l tsh;r;rpay;

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; ngUk;gq;F ,Ue;jJ. r%f mwptpay;

jdpg;ghlkhfTk; mjw;nfd fiyj;jpl;lk; cUthf ,JNt rhpahd

fhykhf ,Ue;jJ tuyhW neL;q;fhykhf vOjg;gltpy;iy.

gphpl;b\; fhyj;jpy; Kjyhtjhf ,e;jpa tuyhW vOj

mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyfhy etPd mwptpay; Kiwfspy;;

fzf;nfLg;G Kiwfs; %ykhf ,e;jpahtpd; ePs> mfyj;ij

fz;lwpe;jdh;. nghpa KO mstpshd cz;ikfs; Gs;sp

tpguq;fs; ,Jtiu njhpahj ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; cyfj;jpw;Fk;

tptuq;fis njhpag;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,e;jpa

kf;fSf;F Gjpa Kiwapd; %ykhf ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. Mq;fpy

Ml;rpahsh;fs;; tskhd mwpTld; jd; cs;Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;

Nehf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;j$ba jd; ehL gadpf;f$ba tifapYk;

cWjpahf ,Ue;jdh;. Nkw;fz;l fUj;Jfis nfhz;l r%f

mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

ePq;fs; mtrpak; rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhPfk; gw;wp gbf;fNtz;Lk;.

rpEJrkntsp ehfhpfk; ,e;jpa Jiz fz;lj;jpy; tlNkw;F

gFjpapy; 3300 fp.gp Kjy; 1300 fp.gp fhyj;jpy; nropj;J

,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;ikahd ehfhpfkhf jpfo;e;jJ.

goikahd ehfhpfk; kw;Wk; mjd; Nkk;ghlhd njhopy;

El;gq;fSk; rf trjpfisAk; nfhz;l efu fyhr;;rhuk;

ngw;wpUe;jJ. etPd cyfk; Kjypy; rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;

gw;wpa fw;fpd;wNghJ 1826 gphpl;b\; uhZt nlrl;lh; rhh;y]; kprpd;

kpf nghpa XLfs; nfhz;l nghpa mope;j efuk; etPd ùg;gh

njhy;ypay; Jiw%yk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. 1856-1872 ,ilg;gl;l

fhyj;jpy; rh; mnyf;rhz;lh; fd;dpq;fhk; ,af;Feuhf ,e;jpa

njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; ,Ue;j NghJ ùg;ghtpd; rpWgFjpia

fz;lwpe;jhh;. nrq;fw;fis nfhz;L tPL fl;lg;gl;lJ. gpd;

52


nrq;fw;fis gad;gLj;jp fuhr;rp – yh$h; uapy;Nt ghij

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1914 rh;[hd; khh;ry; ,af;Feuhf ,Ue;j NghJ

ùg;ghtpy; Ma;T nra;J nghpa Fsk;> Fspayiw> jhdpa

fsQ;rpak; fz;lwpe;jhh;. Mh;.b. ghdh;\p ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw

,af;Feuhf ,Ue;jNghJ (1922) nkhfQ;rjhuh fz;lwpe;J

goikahd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp njhpe;Jnfhs;s

cjtpaJ.

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; kw;WnkhU cjhuzk; cyf Gfo;ngw;w

Ml;rpahsh;fspy; Kd;khjphpahf mNrhfh; fUjg;gl;lhh; vd

Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrphpah; H.G.nty;]; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpy; gj;jhapuk; kd;dh;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; jdpj;Jtk; ngw;W

gpufhrpf;fpwhh;. mNrhfh; Gj;jkj ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mjpfkhf

tptupf;fg;gl;lijg;Nghy mtuJ nray;ghLfs; tptupf;fg;gltpy;iy

NkYk; tuyhw;wpy; Jy;ypakhf cWjpg;ghl;Lld; ,y;iy

goikahd fy;ntl;L nly;ypapy; nghpa ghiwj;J}z; fz;lwpe;J

1857-y; N[k;]; gphpd;]; Fiwia epth;j;jp nra;jhh;. kw;Wk; gy

fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; mf;fhyq;fis gw;wp mwpa KbfpwJ.

,t;tif fy;ntl;Lfs; ,e;jpah KotJk; rpjwp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

(ghfp];jhd; Mg;ghdp];jhd;> kw;Wk; Neghsk; ) ,t;tif

fy;ntl;Lfs; thpirahf ghiw murhizfs; jd;idNa

flTspd; md;Gf;Fhpath; vd;Wk;> murh; gpahj]p vdTk;> kw;nwhU

fy;ntl;L milahsk; fhzg;gLs;sJ. flTspd; md;Gf;Fhpath;

vd;Wk; murh; gpahj]p vdTk;. kw;nwhU fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l

fy;ntl;bd; %yk; 1915 y; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy;

njhy;nghUs; kw;wk; tuyhw;W tho;f;if ghh;f;Fk;NghJ

rhjidfSk; kw;Wk; jFjpfSk; mNrhfUf;F cs;sd.

Nkw;fz;l fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpy; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa

fz;Nzhl;lj;ij khw;wpaikj;jJ. Nkw;fz;l ,uz;L epfo;Tfspd;

%yk; ePq;fs; vd;d jPh;Tf;F tUfpwPh;fs;.

53



rpy gphpl;\; eph;thfpfSk; kw;Wk; mYtyh;fSk; ,e;jpa

tuyhw;iw vOj kpfTk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. 1784 y; thud;

N`];bq; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l rh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; ,e;jpa

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp mYtyh; kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh cah; ePjpkd;w

Kjd;ik ePjpgjp MfpNahh; ,e;jpa tuyhW Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

vd;wdh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mwpthh;e;j> Jzpthd

Kaw;rpapdhy; tq;fhs Mrpah $l;likg;ig epWtp ,e;jpa

tuyhw;iw vOjpdhh;.

tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; ngUk; Kaw;rpAk; Mh;tKk; ntw;wpf;F

gpd;Gykhf ,Ue;jJ. mtUila mjpfg;gl;r Kaw;rpapd;

fhuzkhf Mrpahl;bf; Muha;r;rp ehspjo; 1788 njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

,e; ehspjo; Muha;r;rpfs;> Gs;sp tptuq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd; tsq;fs;

kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpd. njhlh;r;rpahd fsgg;gzpapd;

tpisthf epiwa njhy;nghUl;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gpwF

,jid Nghd;w kw;w $l;likg;G epWtdq;fs; Kk;ig> nrd;id

gFjpfspy; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. 1833 N[k;]; gphpd;]; Mrpahl;bf;

$l;likg;G epWtd nrayh; Mdhh;. ,tUila gpuhkpf;> fNuh\;b

vOj;Jf;fis 1834-1837 y; fz;lwpe;J mNrhfhpd; gpahj]p

vd;gij milahsk; fz;lhh;. tq;fhs Mrpa $l;likg;gpd; ,J

mhpa rhjidahFk;. ,e;jpah kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd ngUk; gq;fspg;G

vd ,d;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. fhydp Mjpf;f fhyj;jpy;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw kWrPuikf;f

topfhl;baJ. KO msT njhy;ypay;Jiw Nkk;gLj;j

fd;dpq;`hk; ,uz;lhk; nyg;bidd;l; tq;fhs ,d;[pdpah; Kjy;

njhy;ypay; Ma;thsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;;;ldh;. brk;gh; 1861

njhy;ypay; Jiw Ma;thdJ ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l

jiyik Jiwapy; ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw Ma;T kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;G eltbf;if vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

Kjy; KOikahf ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOjpa ngUik

N[k;];kpy;iy rhUk;. ,th; xUNghJk; ,e;jpahit

54


Rw;wpghh;f;fhjNghJk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOJk;NghJ mjpf

jfty;fis mspj;jhh;. ,th; 1806-1818 tiu fhyj;jpd; gphpl;b\;

,e;jpa tuyhW vd;w Ehiy ntspapl;lhh;. gphpl;b\; eph;thf

mYtyh;fSk; kw;w ,uhZt mjpfhhpfSk; ,e;j E}iy

vOJtjw;F cjtpdhh;fs;. mth;fspy; rpyh;; Nk[h; n[duy; [hd;

khy;Rk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; tuyhw;wpd; RUf;fk; Nfg;]d;

fpuhz;l;lg;> n[d;gphpf;];; (Kfk;kjpah; ,e;jpahtpy; vOr;rpAk;>

mjpfhuk; 1829)

nkapd; ];lhh;l; vy;gpd;];ld; (,e;jpa tuyhW 1841) kw;Wk;

N[h]g; fd;dpq;fhk; (rPf;fpa tuyhW 1949) rpwe;j Gj;jfq;fs;

,e;jpahtpYk; ntspehLfspy; thOk; nghJkf;fSf;F ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpd; mwpTf;fsQ;rpakhFk; jfty;fshfTk; kpf

tpiutpNyNa khwpd ek;ehl;by; Mq;fpNya fy;tpj;jpl;lk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

,e;jpa tuyhW ghlj;jpw;F ,th;fSila E}y;fisNa Mjhukhf

gad;gLj;jpdh;.

1767-y; fpof;fpe;jpafk;ngdp ,e;jpahtpd; Ma;T epWtdk;

xd;iw cUthf;fpaJ. ehl;il rpwpJ rpwpjhf MuhaTk;

,uhZtj;jpw;fhd tiugl eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sTk;

epWtpaJ ,e;jpahtpd; epyk; kw;Wk; tsq;fSf;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j

jfty; fskhf ,e;j Ma;T khwpaJ. rpy jfty;fs; ,aw;if

tsq;fis Ruz;Ltjw;Fk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;>

Ml;rp nra;tjw;Fk; tsh;r;rp jpl;lkplYf;fhfTk; xU Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jjhf khwpaJ. epyj;ijAk; mjd; kf;fisAk; gw;wp xU

Gjpa Ghpjiy kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;G nfhLj;jJ. ,jd; %ykhf

mwpTk; jfty;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp

vjw;fhf ,e;j kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lJ vd A+fpf;f

Kbfpwjh? r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,d;iwa Nehf;fkhdJ

khzth;fs; jq;fs; thoplj;ij gw;wpAk; ,e;jpa ehl;L kf;fisAk;

mjDila ejpfisAk;> kiyfisAk;>

55



fhLfisAk;>tptrhaj;ijAk;> nghUshjhu epiyiaAk;>

kf;fs;njhifiaAk;> kjq;fisAk;> muirAk; kw;Wk; gy

rpwg;Gmk;rq;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.

,e;j midj;J Jiw mwpTk;> Ghpe;Jzh;Tk; jw;Nghija r%f

mwptpay; ghlj;jpd; gy gFjpfshf cs;sd;. ,itfs ntt;NtW

ghlq;fshf tuyhW> Gtpapay;> murpay;> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w

ghlq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wd.

,e;jpah kpfg;nghpa mstpy; NtWgl;l kf;fspd; xUtPL

vd;gij ePq;fs; czh;e;jpUg;gPh;fs;. ,e;jpa kf;fisAk; kf;fspd;

vz;zpf;if> ghypdtpfpjk;> vOj;jwpT kw;Wk; gy;NtW

gz;GfisAk; njhpe;Jnfhs;s ,e;j kf;fs;njhif

fzf;nfLg;ghdJ kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. rpy jfty;fs;

ek; r%fj;ij gw;wpa njspthd Ghpjiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; kpf

Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. ePq;fs; vg;NghOjhtJ ek; kf;fs;

njhif fzf;nfLg;ig gFj;J ghh;j;Js;sPh;fsh? ,e;jpa

r%fj;ij gw;wpa mwpitiaAk; GhpjiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;

kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G kpf Kf;fpakhd gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

Kjy; Kjypy; kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G ,e;jpahtpy; 1872-y;

Mq;fpy muR njhlq;fpaJ. mLj;J fzf;nfLg;G 1881-y;

eilngw;wJ. mjd; gpd; kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;ghdJ

njhlh;r;rpahf xt;nthU gj;jhz;LfSf;F vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j

ntw;wpfukhd kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G KiwNa ey;ynjhU

mwpitAk;> jfty;fisAk; kw;Wk; GhpjiyAk; cUthf;fpaJ.

,JNghd;w ey;y rpwe;j jfty;fSk; r%f mwptpay;

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1835-y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mq;fpy fy;tpKiwahdJ

,e;jpa khzth;fis Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpaiyAk;

njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; fw;fr;nra;jJ NkYk; ,aw;if kw;Wk;

r%fj;ij gbg;gjpy; ,Ue;j fLikahd Kiwia tpkh;rpg;gjhf

mth;fis ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. cl;]; mwpf;if (1854) gy;NtW

56


epiyapYs;s fy;tpia Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; eph;thfk; nra;a xU

kpfg;nghpa Vw;ghl;Lld; etPd fy;tpKiwjpl;l Kiwia cUthf;f

Kaw;rpj;jJ. cldbahf 1857 Kjy; %d;W

etPdgy;fiyf;fofq;fis Kk;igapYk;>nfhy;fj;jhtpYk; kw;Wk;

nrd;idapYk; epWtpaJ.

Mq;fpNya muRk; Ml;rpKiw epWTtjpy; Gjpa

Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; njhiyj;njhlh;G mjhtJ njhlh;tz;b

kw;Wk; njhiyNgrpnjhlh;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpajpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;F

tfpj;jJ. rl;lk; kw;Wk; tpjpfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw

cUthf;fpnray;gl itj;jJ mLj;j Kf;fpakhd Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;.

njhlh;r;rpahf ngz;fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk; cld;fl;il VWjy;

kw;Wk; gy nray;ghLfs; %ykhf r%f rKjha

rPh;jpUj;jq;fisak; njhlq;fpitj;jhh;fs;. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd;

,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhuKk; ghuk;ghpaKk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa

gy Gdpj E}y;fs; kw;Wk; kjr;rhh;gw;w Gj;jq;fs; INuhg;gpa

nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ ,e;jpa ehfhpfj;jpd; Gjpa

fpof;fpj;jpa nkhopfis fw;wtuhf gpunlhpf; Nkf;];Ky;yh;

nkhopngah;g;G gzpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jhh;> NkYk;

fpof;fpe;jpa Gdpj E}y;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; Gj;jfq;fis

ntspapl;lhh;.

njhy;ypay;> tuyhW> fyhr;rhuk;> ghuk;ghpak;> ,e;jpa epyk;

fzf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs; kf;fs;njhif

fzf;nfLg;G> ,e;jpa Ml;rp Kiwkhw;wq;fs;> fy;tp Nghf;Ftuj;J

kw;Wk; njhiyj;njhlh;G kw;Wk; r%f rPh;jpUj;j nray;ghLfs;

Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwrhh;e;j nray;ghLfs; r%f mwptpay;

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLs;sJ.

khw;W Njrpathjpfs;

Mq;fpNya muR NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s midj;J

nray;ghLfisAk; ehl;il Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w xNu

57



gadhf nfhz;L jPtpukhf nray;gltpy;iy gy;NtW

nray;ghLfs; Mq;fpNya muir ,e;jpahtpy; epahag;gLj;jNt

nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy Ml;rpahsh;fs; xU NkNyhq;fp

mwpTg;G+h;tkhd tpthjq;fis jq;fSila Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpy;

epiyj;jpUf;f Kd;ndLj;J nrd;whh;fs;. Uj;ahh;L fpg;spq;];]d;

“xapl;nkd;gh;ld;” Gj;jfkhdJ Vfhjpgj;jpak; xU rpwe;j epWtdk;

vd;W epahag;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpwJ NkYk; nts;isah;fs; Gjpjhf

FbNawp me;j ehl;L kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf Ml;rp nra;aNtz;Lk;

vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

nkf;fhNy vOjpaJ vdf;F rk];fpUjj;ijAk; kw;Wk; mugpf;

gw;wpAk; vJTk;; njhpahJ Mdhy; mth;fSila kjpg;ig vd;d

vd;d rhpahf nra;aKbANkh me;j msTf;F kjpg;gPL

nra;Js;Nsd;. kpfTk; gpugykhd rk];fpUjk; kw;Wk; mugpf;

nkhopngah;g;Gfis ehd; gbj;Js;Nsd;. fpof;fpe;jpa nkhopfspy;

gpugykhfp NtWgl;L epd;w kdpjh;fSld; tPl;bYk; ntspapYk;

ciuahbapUf;fpNwd;. fpof;fpe;jpah;fspd; kjpg;gPl;by; fpof;fpe;jpa

fw;wiy ehd; ngw Kw;wpYk; jahuhf cs;Nsd;. ,e;jpah kw;Wk;

mNugpa KO ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; INuhg;gpaUila rpwe;j

E}yfj;jpd; mykhhpf;F ,izahdJ vd;gij kWf;fKbahj ve;j

xUtiuAk; ehd; fz;ljpy;iy.

fpof;fpe;jpa fy;tpj;jpl;lj;ij Mjhpf;Fk; FOtpd;

mq;fj;jpdh;fshy; Nkw;fj;jpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;shh;e;j

Nkd;ikia cz;ikahfTk; KOikahfTk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

nkf;fhNy mwpf;if - 1835

nkf;fy;Nytpd; ,e;j mwpf;ifia gw;wp ePq;fs; vd;d

epidf;fpwPh;fs;?

jhk]; Nggpq;ld; nkf;fy;Nytpd; “fy;tp mwpf;if” apy;

cs;s ,e;jpahtpd; fz;fs; tho;tpd; ghuk;ghpak; nlhdhy;L

[hd;rd; (epA+t; ahh;f; CITE Gj;jfk;-1992)

58


,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOJk;NghJk; kjr;rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk;

r%fj;ij tpsf;Fk; NghJk; Mq;fpy vOj;jhsh;fshYk;

eph;thfpfshYk; ,e;jpa tho;f;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;

vjph;kiwahd $Wfis kpifg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpwhh;fs; NkYk;

Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpapy; cz;ikapy; ,e;jpah;fSf;F

gaDs;sjhf mikAk; rpy Mq;fpNyah; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpah;fspd;

Nkd;ikahd top fhl;LfpwJ. Njrpathj rpe;jidfSld; cs;s

,e;jpah; rpy Neuq;fspy; ,th;fspd; fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s

kWf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; ,e;jpah;fs; jhd; mth;fSila

tuyhw;iw vOjNtz;Lk; NkYk; mth;fSila fyhr;rhuj;ij

tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gy;NtW tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis gynghUspy; ntspg;gLj;j

,aYK; vd epidf;fpwPh;fsh? (jdJ nrhe;j tuyhw;iw

mth;fSila nrhe;j fyhr;rhuj;Jld; jhd; vOjNtz;Lk; vd

tpUk;gpdhh;fs;)

1857 vOr;rpia vt;thW nghUs;gLj;JtPh;fs;. rpg;gha; fyfk; vd gy Mq;fpNya tuyhw;whrphpah;fs; tpsf;Ffpwhh;fsh? Kjy; Rje;jpuNghh; vd ,e;jpa Njrpa tuyhw;WMrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fsh? rhjfkhd gjpYf;Fs;s tpthjNk rhd;whfcs;sJ. Mq;fpNya topapy; nghUs;nfhz;l ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw ehfhPfk;> fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpak;. mth;fs; khWgl;l ghh;itapy; ,e;jpa nghUshjhu <LghL murpay; Kjph;T kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gk; nghUj;jJ. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; Kjyhtjhf ,e;jpa ghh;itapy; ,e;jpa NjrpatuyhW vOjg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; cw;WNehf;fpa tifapy; Mq;fpNya vOj;jhsh;fspy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;jpa tuyhW tsikahd fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;ljhf ,y;iy. Nkiyehl;bdh;fs; vg;gb ek;Kila ,dg;gof;ftof;fk;;> kjk;> jj;Jtpay;> vt;thW Ghpe;Jnfhs;s ,aYk; ghug;gl;rkw;w cz;ikahd tuyhw;iw vOjKbahJ ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw ,e;jpah;fs; jhd; vOjNtz;Lk; vd Kjd; Kjypy; tpNtfhde;jh; typAWj;jpdhh;. Mq;fpNya vOj;jhsh;fs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOJk;NghJjhd; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ntspehl;lth; gilnaLg;ig gw;wpAk; r%f vjph;kiw

59



vz;zq;fshd rhjpKiw> jPz;lhik eilKiw> cwTKiwfisAk; mwpthh;e;j Kjph;rpe;jidfisAk; kw;Wk; rk];fpUjk; gad;gLj;jpaijAk; Njrpa thjpfs; czh;e;jhh;fs; tphpthf ghlq;fis vOjhky; ,e;jpah;fspd; me;epa gilnaLg;G tplhg;gpbahd Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; typikahd epahakhd r%fmikg;G gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng cs;s rk];fpUj nkhopiaAk; tskpy;yhky; kf;fSf;F Kjd;khahd yp];Fth gpuh];Fth gw;wpAk; vOj kwe;JNghdhh;fs;. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw jdpg;gz;G> ed;ndwp> ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpak; nfhz;ljhfNt vOjNtz;Lk; vd Njrpathjpfs; tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. ,JNt ehl;bd; milahskhf mikAk; gf;fpk; re;jpurhl;lh;[p fhydp ehl;bd; mYtyuhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;. ,e;jpahtpd; typikahd fyhr;rhu kj kWkyh;r;rpf;fhd te;Nj khjuk; vd;w Kf;fpa nrhy;iy Kd;nkhope;jhh;;.

gyNjrpa jiyth;fs; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;F gy tiffis ifahz;lhh;fs; NfhghyfpUl;bz NfhfNy ehl;bd; xNu khjphpahd Muk;g fy;tp Njitia Kd;itj;jhh;. kfuh[; rpah~;uht; Nff;thh;l; gNuhlh kd;dh; ,ytr fl;lha fy;tpia jd;khepyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp tphpthd mbg;gil fy;tp ,e;jpahtpw;F Njit vdf;$wpdhh;. kw;w Njrpa jiyth;fs; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; epWTtijAk; ngUik> jd;dk;gpf;if nfhz;l khzth;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;. fhydp Mjpf;fk; cs;sth;fs; Nghyd;wp jhk; vt;thW thoNtz;Lk; vd;gij gw;wpf; $wpdhh;. Mq;fpy vOj;jh;fis cUthf;Fk; fy;tpapypUe;J tpyfp ,e;jpa Foe;ijfs; cly;uPjpahf> kdhPjpahf Md;kPfk; nfhz;ljhf cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. Rthkp jahde;jUila jahde;jh Mq;fpy Ntj ,af;fk; vd;gJ kw;nwhnkhU r%f kj ey;ypdf;fkhd rPh;jpUj;j fUj;Jfis cilaJ.

Mhpa rkh[k;> gpuk;k rkh[k; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fs; r%f

rka rPh;jpUj;jq;fSf;F Kaw;rpj;jd. NkYk; gy jdpegh;fSk;

khw;Wfy;tpf;F jd;dhy;,ad;w gq;fspg;ig mspj;jdh;.

,e;jpahtpd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;F xU

Gjpa tbtk; kfhj;kh fhe;jp Kd;nkhope;jhh; mtUila

60


tbtj;jpy; njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa topfSf;F

,lkpy;iy. Rje;jpuk; vd;Dk; mtUila fUj;jpy; nghUshjhuk;

kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiy cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mtUila

rpe;jid fpuhkq;fis mjd; Njitfis Rakhf G+h;j;jpnra;Ak;

gFjpfshf khw;wf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fpuhkq;fspd; midj;J

jdpkdpjDk; Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhfTk; fz;zpaj;JlDk; tho;f;if

elj;Jthh;fs;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Njrpathj ,af;fk; nghpa

,af;fkhf khwpaNghJ r%fk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fUj;Jila

Njrpathjpfs; murpay; mjpfhuk; KORje;jpuk; Ntz;b

xUtYthd khw;Wrf;jpfshf khwpdhh;fs;. r%f mwptpay;

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%f thjpfspd; khw;Wr;rpe;jidAk; nghpa

jhf;fj;ij nrYj;jpdh;.

nray;ghLfs;-1

1. ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa eP ftdpj;j Ntw;Wikfis

gl;baypLf.

2. ,e;jpah;fSila Ntw;Wikapy; fhZk; rpy

rthy;fisg;gw;wp ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPh;fs;?

3. cq;fSila tl;lk;> xd;wpak; my;yJ Cuhl;rpapy;

rkPgj;jpa kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;ig fz;Lgpb?

eP cd;Dila gFjpay; thof;$ba kf;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifiaAk; kw;Wk; kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp

tpfpjj;ijAk; eP mwpayhk;. ePq;fs; cq;fs; gFjpapy;

cs;s rhjp kw;Wk; kjk; vOj;jwpT tpfjpjk;>

ghypdtpfpjk; Nghd;w gy;NtW jfty;fis fz;lwpayhk;.

,e;j nray;ghl;bw;F gpd; cq;fs; gFjpapd; kf;fs; gz;G

eyd;fisAk; epiyg;ghl;ilAk; Ma;T nra;J vOJf.

61



cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rhpghh;j;jy;:

1. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw Kjd;Kjypy; vOjpath; ahh;?

2. Kjd;Kjypy; mNrhf ghiwapy; vOj;JfSf;F nghUs;

vOjpath; ahh;?

3. Vd; ,e;jpa fzf;nfLg;G epWtg;gl;lJ.

4. ve;j ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; mth;fSila khepyj;jpd;

fl;lha Muk;g fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;jath;?

62


Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; r%f mwptpaypd; fiyj;jpl;l ghpzhk

tsh;r;rp

2.2.2 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; fiyj;jpl kjpg;gPL

nghUg;Gld; jd; nray;fis epUtfjpj;jy; Raeph;thfk;

Njtif;Nfw;g mwpit cUthf;Fjy; jpwd;mbg;gilapyhd

[dehafj;ij cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl Rje;jpuk; ngwgl;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ePz;l fhy

Nghul;lj;jpd; gadhf Rje;jpuk; mile;J mij topelj;Jk;

mwpnewpfs; Rje;jpug;Nghul;l nfhs;iffs; ntspg;glyhapd.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU rkkhd rkj;Jt Gjpa rpe;jidia

cUthf;Ftjw;F Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; Gjpa nfhs;iffs; Rje;jpuk;>

rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> ePjp> kjpg;Gfs; rKjhaj;jpw;F

fpilf;Fnkd vjph;ghh;j;jJ Mdhy; Kuz;gl;L ePz;l fhy

mbikj;jdk; rhjp> ghypd NtWghLfs;> fhydp Mjpf;fk;

Mfpad Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Dk; fhzg;gLtJ Ntjidia

jUtjhf ,Ue;jd NkYk; gLnfhiyfs;> td;Kiw>

rhjpaf;fytuq;fs; ePz;lfhykhf Muhj tLf;fshf ,Ue;jd.

[dehaf nray;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;fTk; jiyikg;gz;Gfis

Nkk;gLj;jTk; mwnewp tsh;f;fTk; khzth;fSf;F toq;fpl

,e;jpah cWjp G+z;lJ. 1948-49 Mz;by; gy;fiyf;fof

fy;tpf;FO epWtg;gl;L khzth;fSf;F r%f jj;Jtj;ij ngwTk;

nghUshjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp nfhs;sTk; Gjpa fy;tp epWtdj;ij

njhlq;f ghpe;Jiu nra;jd. NkYk; ,ilepiy fy;tp FO 1952-53

Mk; Mz;L gz;ghl;L ghuk;ghpa> r%f fy;tpia kPz;Lk;

typAWj;jpd. ,e;jpa fy;tpf;FO 1964-65 kPz;Lk;; [dehafk;>

FbAhpik jiyik gz;Gfs; toq;f typAWj;jpd. fy;tp

tho;f;ifapd; Njitia G+h;j;jpnra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; fy;tp

miktNjhL> r%f kw;Wk; Njr eyid gyg;gLj;jTk; r%f

newp> Md;kpf newpfisAk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bidAk;

tsh;g;gjhf mikaNtz;Lk;.

1986-y; Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.

fy;tp nfhs;ifahdJ Njrpa mstpy; xNutpjkhd

63



fy;tpfiyj;jpl;lk; vd;fpd;w mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu ,af;fk;> murpayikg;gpd;

chpikfs;> flikfs; cs;slf;fpa Njrpa milahskhf

tbikf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j fy;tp Kiwapd; cl;$Wfshf r%f>

gz;ghL> ghuk;ghpa> [dehafk;> kjr;rhh;gpd;ik> ghypd rkj;Jtk;>

Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;G> r%f jilfis fisjy;> rpWFLk;g

newpKiw nra;jy;> mwptpay; nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;

kjrhh;gw;w kjpg;GfSld;> r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,J r%f mwptpay;

fiyj;;jpl;lj;ij totikf;Fk; fy;tpahsh;fspd; ftdj;ij

<h;;j;jJ. Rje;jpu ,e;jpah vjph;nfhz;l vz;zw;w rthy;fs;

tWik> vOj;jwptpd;ik> gpd;jq;fpa r%fepiy> tFg;G thjk;

Mfpad fiya Njrpamstpy; Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;gl;ld. mjpf

czT cw;gj;jp mwptpd;ik xopg;G> kf;fs;njhif

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> kf;fspd; cs;tsh;r;rp kw;Wk;

ntspg;Gwtsh;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;j xNu Fwpf;Nfhis Njrk;

KOikahf nfhz;lJ. tho;fpd;w r%fj;jpy; Nkw;fz;l

gpur;rpidfis khzth;fSk; czur;nra;a fiyj;jpl;l

tbtikg;ghsh;fs; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

2.2.3 Njrpaf xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; rh;tNjr Ghpe;Jzh;T

,e;jpa r%fj;jpd; ngUik mjd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikia

cs;slf;fpajhFk;. czh;Tkpf;f xUikg;ghL gynkhop NgRk;

kf;fs; mzpAk; cilfs; gyjug;gl;l topghl;L ,Ug;gplq;fs;>

gyjug;gl;l njhopy;fs; MfpadahTk; gd;Kfj;jd;ikapd;

rpwg;GfshFk;. ,e;jpa kf;splk; Njrpa czh;it tsh;j;;jy;

ehl;bd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;NfhshFk;. Njr xw;Wik ntspg;gLtjw;F

fy;tpia toq;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;. fbd ciog;ghy; ngw;w

Rje;jpuj;jpd; xw;Wik czh;it tPzbf;f$lhJ.; gphptpid

%ykhf ,e;jpahit Njhw;fbf;f ntspehl;L rf;jpfSf;F

vspjhfptpLk;. ,e;jpa fy;tpf;FO 1964-66 r%f kw;Wk; Njrpa

xUikg;ghl;il fy;tp Kiwapy; Kf;fpa ,yf;Ffspy; xd;whf

fUjpaJ. r%f kw;Wk; czh;tpd; mbg;gilapy; xUq;fpizj;jy;

64


mtrpak; vd;whYk; ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa xUikg;ghLk;

mtrpakhfpwJ. rhjp> tUkhdk;> fUj;jpay; ghFghLapd;wp

midtuJ Fuy;fSk; xUkpj;J xypg;gNj ,e;jpa

xUikg;ghlhFk;.

r%f nghUshjhu cs;slf;fpa Nkk;ghL ,itfs;jhd;

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa xUikg;ghL vd fUJfpwPh;fsh? my;yJ

,itfs; jhd; gpd;jq;fpa eyptile;j gphptpdUf;Fk; fhuzk; vd

fUJfpwPh;fsh? Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fs;

vd;dntd;W fUJfpwPh;fs;? kf;fspilNa xUikg;ghL czh;it

tYtpof;fr; nra;a gphptpidthj FOf;fs;> cs;ehl;L rf;jpfs;

,aq;Ffpd;wdth? ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kjthjk;>

rhjp> gphptpidthjk;> tl;lhunghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy; Vw;wj;jho;T>

NtWgl;l tUkhdk;> Vio gzf;fhuh;fSf;fpilNa cs;s

NtWghL mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. Nkw;$wpait Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bw;F

CWtpistpf;Fk; rf;jpahf cs;sd. ,Jkl;Lky;yhky; NkYk;

gy rf;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. r%fmwptpay; ghlk; %ykhf Njr

xw;Wik fhz topfs; vd;d? Njrxw;Wik czh;it tsh;g;gjw;F

kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j xd;whf r%f mwptpay; fy;tp fUjg;gLfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; fw;gpj;jy; %ykhf Njr xw;WikAzh;it

Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. kjpg;Gkpf;f tuyhw;W rpd;dq;fis fw;gpj;jy;

kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy; %ykhf Njrpa czh;T+l;LtNj Njrpa

fy;tpf;nfhs;ifahFk;. 1986 Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if> ,e;jpa

fyhr;rhu ghuk;ghpa> ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhW>

murpayikg;G flikfs;> Njrpa Njitfs; Njrpa

milahsj;jpd; xw;WikAzh;T fw;NghhpilNa Mrphpah;fs;

Nghjpf;f KbAk;. tuyhw;Wf;Fk; GtpapaYf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

Ghpjiy cUthf;fp r%f mwptpay; Mrphpah;fs; Nghjpf;Fk;

nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk.; khzth;fspilNa Njr

xw;Wikia Cf;Ftpf;fNtz;Lk.; Njrpa xUikg;ghL vd;w

fUj;J rh;tNjr GhpjYf;fhd fUj;jhFk;. cyfkakhf;fy;

Afj;jpy; ehk; tho;fpNwhk;. ve;j ehLk; jdpj;Nj tho;tjpy;iy

kdpj r%fk; re;jpf;f $ba gy gpur;rpidfs; xU ehl;ilNa

65



rhh;e;jJ my;y. gy ghpkhzq;fspy; cyfpy; thOk; kf;fs;

vjph;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fs; rpytw;iw gl;bayplKbAkh?

Rw;Wr;R+oy;> ftiyfs;> th;j;jfk;> nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfs;>

kdpjtsh;r;rp> kf;fs; gpur;rpidfs;> cyfrkhjhdk;> rh;tNjr

Ghpe;Jzh;T ,y;yhjjhy; epWj;jpitf;fg;gl;lJ. cyf Nghh;

,uz;LKiw eilngw;wjhy; ngUk; ,og;Gk; caph; kw;Wk;

nghUl;NrjKk; Vw;gl;ld. kdpjhgpkhd mwnewpfs; kdpjdplk;

,y;yhjjhy; epiwtilaKbatpy;iy vdNt cyfpy; cs;s

midj;J jug;G kf;fSk; kdpjchpikfs;> kdpj chpikfs;>

kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis tpl;Ltpl;L cyf

Ghpe;Jzh;T xj;Jiog;Gf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

r%f mwptpaypy; jdpehLfSf;F kl;LNk rhjfkhd kdepiy

cUthf;f KbAk;. cyf Gtpapay; cyf tuyhw;iw fw;gpg;gjd;

%yk; cyfk; gw;wpa rpe;jidia khzth;fSf;F cUthf;f

KbAk;. cyf rkhjhdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;J $l;L

Kaw;rp> xj;Jiog;G Gjpa jiyKiwapdh; xUtUf;nfhUth;

kjpj;jy;> khpahijnra;jy; Nghd;witfis ghuhl;Lk; mstpw;F

cyf tuyhw;wpy; ghlg;nghUs; mike;Js;sJ. xUtUf;nfhUth;

Ghpe;Jnfhz;L $l;LKaw;rpAld; cyf mstpy; Kd;Ndw

fl;likg;G cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rh;tNjr epUtdq;fisAk;

mjd; gzpfisAk; njhpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

vjph;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fis jPh;g;gjw;fhf NghJkhd msT gy;NtW

rh;tNjr epWtdq;fis gw;wpAk; mjd; gzpfisAk;

Ghpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;. Njrpa xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; rh;tNjr

Ghpe;Jzh;T Mfpait r%fmwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;

gpujpgypf;fpwJ.

2.2.4 kjrhh;gpd;ik kw;Wk; nghJTlik

gy rka nray;ghLfis gw;wp ehk; NgRk;NghJ ,e;jpa

gd;Kf fyhr;rhuk; kPz;Lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. gy;NtW

ek;gpf;iffSk;> nfhs;iffSk; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; vg;NghJk; nropj;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ek; ehl;L kf;fspd; MjuNthLk; r%f

jd;ikNahL gy kj ek;gpf;iffs; Njhd;wp tsh;e;Js;sJ. cyf

66


mstpy; NkYk; gy gFjpfSf;F gutptUfpd;wJ. gyek;gpf;iffs;

gpw gFjpfspypUe;J ehl;bw;F te;jijf; fz;L ,lk; nfhLj;J

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;fs;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kf;fspilNa kjhPjpahd

gpur;rpidfs; ,y;iynad;W $w KbahJ. gpur;rpidfisAk;

mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; tpthjpg;Nghk;.

nray;ghL-2

ek;ehl;by; eilKiwapYs;s gy;NtW kj nray;ghLfis

jahh;nra;f:-

Njrpa kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G mbg;gilapy;

kjrlq;Ffis gpd;gw;Wfpd;w kf;fs;njhif tpfpjhr;rhuj;ij

fz;Lgpbf;fTk;. ,e;jpah xU rkarhh;gw;w ehL vd;W

ntspg;gilahf ,e;jpa murpayikg;G $WfpwJ. ,e;jpa rka

rhh;gpd;ik vd;gJ vt;tpj kjj;ijAk; rhh;e;jpuhky; midj;J

kjj;jpidAk; rkkhf elj;JfpwJ. ,e;jpah rka rhh;gw;w ehL

vd;whYk; ,d;dKk; kjthjk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy;

rhjpaNkhjy;fs; fytuq;fSf;fhd cz;ikahd fhuzk;

vd;thf ,Uf;Fk;? mwpahik> gphptpidthjk; Nghd;w NjrtpNuhj

nfhs;ifahf $l ,Uf;fyhk; kiwf;fg;gl;l rpy FOf;fs;

,dg;gpur;rpidfis J}z;btpLthh;fsh? my;yJ mfw;wp

tpLthh;fsh? tFg;G thj gpur;rpidia J}z;btpLtjw;fhd

vd;dnty;yhk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; cs;sd. kjkhw;wk;>

rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> rpwpajdpg;gl;l tpUg;gq;fs; ,jd; ikakhf

,Uf;fyhk; gpur;rpidfis ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSld;

ntspg;gilahf tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfsplk;

,g;gpur;rpidfis tpthjpf;f KbAk; vd epidf;fpwPh;fsh?

Nkw;fz;litfis mwpTG+h;tkhfTk; eLepiyahfTk;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;thh;fs; vd epidf;fpwPh;fsh?;

67



nray;ghL-3

1. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tYg;gLj;j cjTk; r%f

nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fis gl;;baypLf

2. ,e;jpahtpy; xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il

gytPdg;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW rf;jpfis gl;baypLf?

3. Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G Nkk;gLj;j khzth;fs; vLj;j

eltbf;iffs; gl;baypLf? mit Njrpa ehl;fis

nfhz;lhLtjw;F cjTfpwjh?

4. r%f mwptpaypy; xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; xw;Wikia

typAWj;Jk; nray;ghLfis gl;baypLf?

5. rh;tNjr epWtdq;fshd UNO, UNESCO, UNICEF, WTO,WHO,

FAO ,tw;wpd; nray;ghLfis Nrfhpf;f.

6. rh;tNjr jpd ehl;fspd; gl;baiy jahh;nra;f. tUlk;

KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehl;fs; gw;wpAk; mit

mDrhpf;fg;Lk; Kiwgw;wpAk; jpl;lk; jahh;nra;f.

7. rpe;jpf;f cq;fs; gFjpapy; tFg;G thj fytuq;fis

fw;gid nra;J ghUq;fs; ,tw;iw fisa ePq;fs; cq;fs;

khzth;fSld; fye;Jiuahb vd;d eltbf;if vLf;f

KbAk; vd Muha;f.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rhpghh;f;f

1. r%f mwptpay; khzth;fSf;F fw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba

murpayikg;G kjpg;Gfis gl;baypLf?

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68


2. [dehafj;ij gapw;rpngw ve;j fy;tpf;FO

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ?

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________________________________________________

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3. nghJthd fUtpd;mbg;gilapy; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij ve;j Njrpa

fy;tpf;FO Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ?

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

4. kdpj Nea eyDf;F gad;gLk; rh;tNjr mikg;Gfspd;

ngah;fis gl;baypLf?

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

2.2.5 r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mbj;jl;L kf;fs;

ghh;itapd; jhf;fk;

ntFfhyj;jpw;F gpd; tuyhW vq;Fk; cs;s Nky;my;yhj

kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig gyUk; ntspf;nfhzh;e;jpl njhlq;fpdh;

Fwpg;ghf khh;f;rPa ghh;it nfhz;lth;fs; ,jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWfpd;wdh;. cyfka Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhfTk;> r%fj;jpy;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjw;F vjpuhfTk;> NghubtUk; xLf;fg;gl;l

kf;fisAk; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fsiAk; Fwpg;gjw;F> “mbj;jl;L”

vd;fpw Fwpr;nrhy; 1980-d; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa gutyhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. r%f kw;Wk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf Nky;jl;bdh;

my;yhj kf;fis Fwpg;gjhf ,e;j nrhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

69



fiyr;nrhy; fPo;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;G kf;fsiAk; xLf;fg;gl;l

kf;fisAk;> jho;j;jg;gl; kf;fisAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,e;jpa

NjrpathjpfshYk;> Mq;fpNyah;fshYk; vOjg;gl;l tuyhWfspy;

Nky;jl;L th;f;fg; ghh;itNa mike;jpUe;jJ. Mdhy; mbj;jl;L

kf;fs; ghh;itapyhd tuyhW> kf;fspyd; epiyapypUe;Jk;

Nky;jl;L kf;fspd; rhh;ghd tuyhw;W ghh;itia

kPl;nlLg;gjpypUe;Jk; cUthfpwJ. ,e;j mbj;jl;L kf;fs;

ghh;itapyhd tuyhW vOJjy;> MSk; th;f;fj;jpw;Fk; mbj;jl;L

kf;fSf;Fkhd cwit Muha;tjw;F Kay;fpwJ. %d;whk; cyf

ehLfspd; r%f mwptpay;> nghUshjhuk;> tuyhW Mfpa

Jiwfspd; kpfg;ngUk; gq;fspg;Gfis mbj;jl;L rpe;jidg;gs;sp

toq;fpAs;sJ. tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; cs;spl;l ,e;jpa tuyhW

vq;Fk;> Nky;epiy MSikfNs jkJ ngUikfsh fUJtjid

vjph;j;J fPo;epiyapypUe;J cUthfpa xd;W mbj;jl;L kf;fs;

ghh;it vd;gjhFk;.

rhe;jy; vOr;rp(1855)> rhk;uhd; rj;jpahf;fpufk;(1917-18)> kw;Wk;

gNuhyp rj;jpahf;fpufk; (1928) Mfpa tptrha njhopyhsh;fs;

Nghuhl;lq;fs; mbj;jl;L kf;fs; jkJ chpikfis

kPl;nlLg;jw;fhd vjph;tpidfhsfNt ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa

Nghuhl;lq;fs; epfo;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; Gjpa epy tUtha;

KiwiaAk;> mlf;FKiwahd nghUshjhu nfhs;ifiaAk;

fhydp Ml;rpahsh;fs; ifahz;lNjahFk;.

,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; kpfg;ngUk;ghz;ikahd kf;fs;

mbj;jl;L epiy kf;fNs Mthh;fs;. ,k;khngUk; kf;fs; jhk;

xLf;fg;gLtijAk;> Xuq;fl;lg;gLtijAk;> ftdpf;glhky;

tpLtijAk; czh;thh;fNsahdhy;> vd;d tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;

vd rpe;jpAq;fs; ,e;j epiyikfs; ekJ tsh;r;rpf;fhd Kf;fpa

juTfshf fUJfpwPh;fsh? Njrpa tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> r%f

Kd;Ndw;j;jpw;Fk; fPo;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; Njitfis

cs;slf;fhky; [dehafk; ntw;wpngWkh? r%f tsh;r;rpAk; muR

MSikAk; vt;thW ghh;f;fg;gLk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mbj;jl;L

kf;fs;ghh;it kpfKf;fpakhd gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sJ.

70


fPo;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; Fuy;fs; vt;thW ftdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;

vd;gijAk; ,e;j ghh;it Muha;fpwJ. mth;fisg; gw;wp mth;fNs

NgrtpLNthk;. mth;fs; Fuy;fs; Xq;fp xypf;fg;gltpy;iy

vd;whYk; jw;NghJ mth;fsJ Kd;Ndw;j;jpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. fPo;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; epiyikia

khzth;fis czuitf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk; mth;fs;

Gwf;fzpf;g;gl;lhYk; r%fj;ijg; gw;wpa ekJ Ghpjy;

KOikailahjjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

2.2.6 ghypdk; rhjp kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; gw;wpa xU fz;Nzhl;lk;

midj;J khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; Mz;>

ngz; vOj;jwpT tpfpjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag;

gbf;ftk;.

ml;ltiz 2.1 ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; kw;Wk; A+dpad;

gpuNjrq;fspd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G-2011.

t.vz; khepyk; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrk;

nkhj;j egh;fs; rjtPjk;

Mz;fs; rjtPjk;

ngz;fs; rjtPjk;

1 me;jkhd;-epNfhghh; jPTfs; 86.3% 90.1% 81.8%

2 Me;jpugpuNjrk; 67.7% 75.6% 59.7%

3 mUzhrygpuNjrk; 67.0% 73.7% 59.6%

4 m];]hk; 73.2% 78.8% 67.3%

5 gPfhh; 63.8% 73.5% 53.3%

6 rz;bfh; 86.4% 90.5% 81.4%

7 rl;b];fh; 71.0% 81.5% 60.6%

8 jhj;uh & ehfh; `Ntyp 77.7% 86.5% 65.9%

9 lhkd; & ilA+ 87.1% 91.5% 79.6%

10 nly;yp 86.3% 91.0% 80.9%

11 Nfhth 87.4% 92.8% 81.8%

12 F[uhj; 79.3% 87.2% 70.7%

71



13 `hpahdh 76.6% 85.4% 66.8%

14 `pkhr;ry; gpuNjrk; 83.8% 90.8% 76.6%

15 [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPh; 68.7% 78.3% 58.0%

16 [hh;fz;l; 67.6% 78.5% 56.2%

17 fh;ehlfh 75.6% 82.8% 68.1%

18 Nfush 93.9% 96.0% 92.0%

19 yl;rj;jPTfs; 92.3% 96.1% 88.2%

20 kj;jpagpuNjrk; 70.6% 80.5% 60.0%

21 kfhuh~;buh 82.9% 89.8% 75.5%

22 kzpg;G+h; 79.8% 86.5% 73.2%

23 Nkfhyah 75.5% 77.2% 73.8%

24 kpNrhuk; 91.6% 93.7% 89.4%

25 ehfyhe;J 80.1% 83.3% 76.7%

26 xhp]h 73.5% 82.4% 64.4%

27 GJr;Nrhp 86.5% 92.1% 81.2%

28 gQ;rhg; 76.7% 81.5% 71.3%

29 uh[];jhd; 67.1% 80.5% 52.7%

30 rpf;fpk; 82.2% 87.3% 76.4%

31 jkpo;ehL 80.3% 86.8% 73.9%

32 jphpGuh 87.8% 92.2% 83.1%

33 cj;jpugpuNjrk; 69.7% 79.2% 59.3%

34 cj;jpufhz;l; 79.6% 88.3% 70.7%

35 Nkw;F tq;fk; 77.1% 82.7% 71.2%

36 ,e;jpah 74.0% 82.14% 65.46%

,e;jpahtpy; ghypd tpfpjk; (1000 Mz;fSf;F ngz;fspd;

vz;zpf;if) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khepyq;fs

,e;jpah gPfhh; rl;b];fh; [hh;fz;l; xbrh gQ;rhg; cj;jpugpuNjrk; cd;khepyk;

940 916 991 947 978 893 908 fz;Lgpbj;J

vOJ

(Mjhuk;: ,e;jpa kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G -2011)

72


,e;jpah Nghd;w etPd [dehaf ehl;by; cyfpy;

“tsh;r;rpAw;w” epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUg;gjhff;$Wk;

R+o;epiyapy; ,e;j epiyik ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ my;y.

,e;j R+o;epiyapy; ,e;jpah;fs; kj;jpapy; xUkdg;Nghf;if

khw;wNtz;Lk;. r%f khw;wk; gw;wp rl;lKk;> rf;jpAk;

NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy r%f mwptpay;fs; xU ghlkhfTk;

kw;Wk; r%f mwptpaYila Mrphpah;fs; xU rKjhakhfTk; khwp

khzth;fSila kNdhghtj;ij khw;Wtjw;F Kaw;rp nra;ayhk;.

r%f mwptpay; ghlnewpfspy; ghypdk; rkj;Jtk; Nghd;w

vjph;fhy $Wfis ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;

czh;j;jNtz;Lk;. ,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; rKjhaj;jpy; rpy

Kd;khjphpfis ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid kl;LNk tpthjpj;jhy;

NghjhJ. r%fj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf ngz;fspd;

gpur;rpidfis ekJ ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUtJ mtrpak;.

r%f eyd; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd mth;fspd; gq;fspg;G

vd;gJ ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; mth;fspd; gq;fspg;G

nrhj;Jhpik> rkj;Jtk;> kjpg;G kw;Wk; khpahijAld; elj;Jjy;

ngz;fy;tp Nghd;witahFk;. ,e;jpa Njrj;jpy; xUKf;fpa

gpur;rpid ngz;Foe;ijapd; fy;tp. ,d;iwa gs;spfspy;

mjpfhpj;JtUk; ngz;Rje;jpuk; fhuzkhf ngz; vOj;jwpT

mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. ngz;fSf;F jukhd fy;tp trjpfis

Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fy;tpapy; ghypd rkj;Jtj;ij miltjw;F

,d;Dk; $Ljyhd Njitfis nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpahtpy; gpd;jq;fpa rhjpfs; gy r%f> nghUshjhu>

murpay; kw;Wk; kj rYiffis ,oe;jpUf;fpd;wd. rhjp mLf;fpd;

fPo;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J tWik> mtkhdk; kw;Wk; Ruz;ly;

Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpd;

rkfhy fl;likg;ghdJ gpd;jq;fpa rhjpapdhpd; Mjpf;fj;ij

epiyepWj;jpAs;sJ. gpd;jq;fpa rhjpapdh; jq;fs; nrhe;j

rpj;jhe;jj;ijAk;> gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; tpkh;rd rpe;jidAk;

fUj;jpy;nfhz;L ,aq;Ftjw;fhd tpUg;gj;ij tYg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. gpd;jq;fpa rhjpapdh; Ntiy kw;Wk; murpaypy;

73



gpuNtrpj;J jiyikj;Jtk; ngw jq;fSila nrhe;j

jpwikfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; Nkk;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;.

fle;jithpak; gw;wp ftiynfhs;shky; RakhpahijAk;>

khpahijf;Fhpa tho;f;if ghzpiaAk;

cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,e;j eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; fPopUe;Nj tuNtz;Lk;. Mapuf;fzf;fhd

Mz;Lfshf ghFghL kw;Wk; xLf;FKiwfspypUe;J Nkk;gl;L

tpopg;Gzh;T kw;wk; jpwid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fy;tp vd;gJ xU

kpfKf;fpakhd topKiwahFk;. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; fy;tp tsh;r;rpapd;

ika Nehf;fkhdJ jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; my;yhNjhUf;F ,izahf

fy;tpapd; midj;J epiyfs;> gFjpfs; kw;Wk; ehd;F

ghpzhkq;fis – “fpuhkg;Gw Mz;fs;> fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fs;>

efh;g;Gw Mz;fs; kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw ngz;fs;” Mfpatw;wpy;

rkepiy nfhz;lJ. (Njrpa fy;tpf;fnfhs;if-1986)

ml;ltiz-2.3

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rpy khepyq;fspd; jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;

goq;Fbapdhpd; vOj;jwpT

khepyq;fs;

jho;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh;

nkhj;j

egh;fs;

rjtPjk;

ngz;fs;

rjtPjk;

nkhj;j

egh;fs;

rjtPjk;

ngz;fs;

rjtPjk;

gPfhh; 28.5 15.6 28.2 15.5

rl;b];fh; 64.0 49.2 52.1 39.3

[hh;fz;l; 37.6 22.5 40.7 27.2

xbrh 55.5 40.3 37.4 23.4

cj;jpugpuNjrk; 46.3 30.5 35.1 20.7

,e;jpah 54.69 47.10

Mjhuk;: ,e;jpa kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G-2011

74


Gul;rpfu r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fy;tp vd;gJ

xU rf;jptha;e;j MAjk;. gpd;jq;fpa rhjpapd; Foe;ijfs; gioa

gpw;Nghf;F thj r%fj;ijAk;> nghUshjhu jilfisaAk; fy;tpr;

nray;ghLfspy; jPtpukhf gq;FngWtjd; %yk;

cilj;njwpaNtz;Lk;. fy;tp vd;gJ r%f tpopg;Gzh;T> r%f

kw;Wk; xOf;f kdrhl;rpia cUthf;Ftjw;F toptFf;f

Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp vd;gJ jho;T kdg;ghd;ik jho;T epiyiaAk;

fle;J nry;Yk; xUtopKiwahFk;. ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ fyhr;rhuk;>

nkhop kw;Wk; ,e;j kf;fSf;fhd mwpit czh;j;JgitahfTk;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;jq;fpa rhjpkhzth;fs; jhq;fisg;gw;wpAk;

mth;fsJ fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijak; njhlh;GgLj;jpg;

ghh;g;gjw;fhd tha;g;gig Vw;gLj;jp juNtz;Lk;. mNjhL

fy;tprhh;e;j nray;ghLfis khzth;fsplk; xg;gilj;J mij

mth;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mth;fs; me;epakhjypy;

,Ue;Jk; jho;T kdg;ghd;ikapy; ,Ue;Jk; Nkyhjpf;f

FOf;fsplkpUe;Jk; tpLgLfpd;wdh;.

,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;njhifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

tpfpjhr;rhukhf goq;Fbapdh; cs;sdh;. ghuk;ghpakhf mth;fs;

jq;fSf;Nf chpa nkhop fyhr;rhuj;Jld;; Rje;jpukhd tho;f;if

tho;fpwhh;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd goq;FbapdUf;F jq;fSf;nfd

jdpnkhopfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mit Ngrg;gLk; nkhopahf kl;LNk

cs;sJ. NkYk; mth;fs; jq;fSf;Nfahd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

kuGfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;G mikg;GfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

mth;fSf;nfd;w xUjpl;lkpl;l tho;f;ifia tbikj;Js;sdh;.

mth;fSila ,aw;if gw;wpa neUf;fkhd mwpT

jdpj;JtkhdJ. mth;fs; ,aw;ifAld; neUq;fpa cwTlDk;>

Rw;Wr;R+oypd; kw;w $WfSlDk; tho;fpd;wdh;. mk;kf;fs; jq;fs;

nfsutj;ijAk; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; ghJfhg;gjpy; jahuhf

,Ug;gjpy; ngUik nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mth;fspy; gyh; JzpTld;

Mq;fpNyahplkpUe;J jq;fs; epyj;ijAk; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;

ghJfhf;f Nghuhbdh;. ,jpy; 1855 rhe;jhy; vOr;rp kw;Wk; gph;]h

Kz;lh jiyikapy; Vw;gl;l vOr;rp cjhuzq;fshFk;.

75



goq;Fb kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fbdkhd epyg;gug;GspYk;>

kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpfspYk; tho;tjhy; njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk;

murpay; ikaq;fspypUe;J tpyfpr;nrd;Ws;sJ. mth;fis nghpa

mstpy; ghjpg;gilar;nra;Js;sJ. mth;fspd; jdpnkhopfs;

jq;fs; gps;isfSf;F $Ljy; Rikia jUfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;

nghJthf NtnwhU me;epa nkhopapy; fy;tp ngw Ntz;bAs;sJ.

cz;ikiaf; $WNthNkahdhy; mth;fsJ fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk;

kuGfs; vg;NghjhtJ gs;spg;ghlj;jpy; kw;Wk; Gj;jfj;jpy;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j cldbr;R+oy; goq;Fb

khzth;fSf;F gs;sp mstpyhd fw;wypy; $Ljy; gpur;rpidia

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd;. “goq;Fb kf;fs; jq;fs; kfj;jhd gilg;G

jpwik kw;Wk; rpwe;j fyhr;rhu milahsk; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it

cUthf;f midj;J fy;tp epiyfspYk; ghlj;jpl;lk;

tbtikf;fg;gLk;” vd;W fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;if(1986)y;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. goq;FbfSf;fhd tuyhW fyhr;rhuk;> Rw;Wr;R+oy;

kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpthjpf;f kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd

nghUs;/Jiw r%f mwptpay; MFk;.

nray;ghL-4

1. kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpypUe;J ,e;jpah kw;Wk;

cd;Dila khepyj;jpd; ghypd tpfpjj;ij (ngz;fspd;

vz;zpf;if/1000 Mz;fSf;F fz;Lgpb.

2. gl;bay; ,dj;jth;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; nghJgphptpdh;fspd;

fy;tpawpT tpfpjq;fis xg;gpLf.

nghJgphpT Mz;fSld;> nghJg;gphptpdh;> gl;bay; ,dj;jth;>

goq;Fbapdh; ngz;fspd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjq;fis xg;gpLf.

ve;j FOtpdh;fs;> fy;tpawpT mbg;gilapy; gpd;jq;fpait

vd;W ePq;fs; ftdpj;jPh;fs;> ve;j FO kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa FO

vd;W epidf;fpwPh;fs;?;

76


3. ve;je;j khepyq;fspy; gl;bay; rhjpapdh; mjpf mstpy;

FOkpAs;sdh;. NkYk; goq;Fbapdh; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL

gw;wp vd;d fz;Lgpbj;Js;sPh;fs; vd vOjp cq;fs; khzth;fs;

rf Mrphpah;fSld; tpthjpf;fTk;.

4. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba FOtpd; kf;fs;njhif

fzf;nfLg;G juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; jdpj;jdpahf milahsk;

fhz;f? kw;w khepyq;fis xg;gpLifapy; mjpfstpy; gl;bay;

,dk; goq;Fbapd kf;fs;njhif thOk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk;

tsh;r;rp epiy Fwpj;J ePtph; fz;Lgpbj;jJ vd;d?

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rhpghh;f;fTk;.

mbj;jl;L kf;fs; vd;gth; ahh;?

tuyhw;wpypUe;J mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; ,af;fk; xd;iw vOJf.

vOj;jwpT tpfpjj;jpy; ve;j gphptpdh; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.

ve;j FO kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa fy;tpawpT FO tpfpjj;jpid

fUj;jpy; nfhs;tJ.

2.2.7 cyf ghh;itapy; - r%f mwptpaypd; fiyj;jpl;lk;

cyf kakhf;fypd; fhyj;jpy; ehk; tho;e;J

nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. kf;fs; kw;Wk; cyf kf;fs; xd;NwhL

xd;wpide;j tho;f;if KiwahFk;. Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;

jfty;njhlh;G – cyf ,lq;fisAk;> cyf kf;fisAk;

,izj;jd> ,d;W kf;fs;> cyf rKjhak; re;jpf;ff;$ba

rthy;fshf rh;tNjr mstpy; Rw;Wr;R+oy; cs;sd. Rw;Wr;R+oy;>

Rw;Wr;R+oy; khRghL> kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL ,tw;why;

ghjpg;gilfpd;wd. Rw;Wr;R+oy; tsq;fisAk; ghJfhj;jYk;>

77



gad;gLj;jYk; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; tzpfkakhf cs;sd.

r%fq;fspy; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F th;j;jfk;> tzpfk;> rh;tNjr

rkhjhdk;> Nkhjy;> MAjg;Nghl;b Nghd;wit rpf;fy;fis

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NguopTfs;> gaq;futhjk;> Rdhkp> Nghd;w

,aw;if Nghplh;fs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,j;jifia cyfshtpa

gpur;rpidfis khzth;fspilNa mwpe;Jnfhs;s tpopg;Gzh;T

Vw;gLj;j r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk; Kf;fpa nghWg;ghf

cs;sd. etPdfhyj;jpy; kdpjtsh;r;rp> tho;f;ifj;juk;> chpikfs;

,Ue;jNghJk; cyfshtpa jhf;fq;fis ngw;Ws;sd. cyf

kf;fs; ,g;NghJ vijg;gw;wp ftiynfhs;fpwhh;fs;. cyfpy; ve;j

gFjpapYk; thOk; kf;fSf;F elf;Fk;> rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk;> ePjp>

ghypdk;> ,dk; rkgq;F Nghd;w kjpg;G kl;Lk;

tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. ve;j xU r%fKk; ngUk;ghyhd

rKjhaq;fs; ,e;j tptfhuq;fSf;F jPh;T fhzNtz;Lk; vd r%f

mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW ehLfspd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;

gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspy; r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk; vd;d

elf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;Nthk;. njd;dhg;gphpf;fhit

cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk; rh;tNjr gpur;rpidfs;>

njd;Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;l Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

vl;L Kf;fpa gFjpfspy; r%f mwptpaYk; xd;W.; kf;fs;

kf;fspilNa cs;s cwTfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy;fSf;fpilNa

murpay; nghUshjhuh kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; kjpg;Gfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>

tuyhW> Gtpapay;> fUj;Jfs;> jpwikfs; nray;Kiwfs;

Rw;Wr;R+oy;fy;tp kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfs; fy;tp Mfpait

,tw;wpd; xUq;fpide;j gFjpfshFk;.

r%f mwptpay; fw;wy; gFjp fw;gth; kw;Wk; fw;WnfhLg;

gth;fSf;F gw;wpaJ mwpit vg;gb fw;f Ntz;Lk;> fw;gpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd cw;rhfgLj;JfpwJ. mth;fs; thOk; r%f kw;Wk;

Rw;Wr;R+oy; gw;wpa Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpiy fz;Lgpbf;f

cjTfpwJ. NkYk; jfty; njhopy;El;g tsh;rpf;fhd gq;fspg;ig

vjph;Nehf;FfpwJ. nghWg;ghd kw;Wk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd Fbkf;fis

78


cUthf;FfpwJ. khwptUk; r%f R+oYf;Nfw;w fw;gpg;gth;fis

fyhr;rhu hPjpahf cUthf;FfpwJ. ghlj;jpl;lk; fw;gth;fis

xUNeh;ikahd r%f [dehaf tsh;r;rpf;fhf Nkk;gLj;JkhW

mika Ntz;Lk; ehl;bd; epfo;fhy kw;Wk; vjph;fhyj;jpy;

nghUshjhu r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfis (,d> ghypd ghFghL)

r%fj;jpy; xU tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLk; tpjkhf fiyj;jpl;lk;

mikaNtz;Lk;.

r%f mwptpay; ghlj;jpl;l cl;$Wfs; jpwid

njhpe;Jnfhs;s fle;jfhy kw;Wk; epfo;fhy tuyhWfs;> Gtpapay;

nray;ghLfs; mike;Js;sd. kf;fs; tsq;fs; kw;Wk;

Rw;Wr;R+oYf;fpilNa njhlh;ig tuyhWfs; tpthpf;fpd;wd. kdpj

chpikfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; gpur;rpidfis gFg;gha;T nra;J

cs;@h; Njrpa kw;Wk; cyfyhtpa tsh;r;rpf;F murpayikg;G

kjpg;gspj;J tsh;r;rpaila nra;fpwJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;

fw;gpg;gth;fspd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidia Muha Kw;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;

,dk;> ghypdk;> tFg;G> ,dg;gLnfhiy> md;dpah; kPjhd gak;

Mfpait fle;j kw;Wk; epfo;fhyj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd

fle;j fhyj;jpy; mjpfhu cwTfis Ma;T nra;Ak; tpjkhf

tsq;fis gad;gLj;jpnfhs;sTk;> tsq;fis tpahghuk; nra;aTk;

murpay; eilKiwfis gpd;gw;wp ghypd cwTfs; kPJ Mjpf;fk;

nrYj;jpdh;.

cyf KOtJk; tho;e;j kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk;

njd;dhg;gphpf;fhTk; vjph;nfhs;Sk; newpKiw rpf;fy;fs;> r%f

kjpg;Gfs; nghUshjhu mwnewpAld; thoNtz;Lk; vd

czh;e;jdh;.

2.2.8 Njrpa mstpy; r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy;

eilKiwfSk; rpe;jidfSk;

Njrpa fiyj; jpl;lk; 2005-y; r%f mwptpay; gw;wpa

tphpthf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. r%f mwptpay; r%fj;jpy; cs;s

Ntw;Wikfis xUikg;gLj;JfpwJ. r%f mwptpay; tuyhW>

Gtpapay;> murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> r%f mwptpay; kw;Wk;

79



khDltpay; ghlq;fis gw;wp tphpthf cs;sJ. r%fj;jpy;

khzth;fSf;F Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk;> tpopg;Gzh;T ngWtjw;Fk;> $h;

rpe;jidAld; fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; Nfs;tp Nfl;gjw;Fk;>

cz;ikia fz;lwptjw;Fk; fiyj;jpl;lk; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.

fw;gth;fSf;F Njliy nfhLf;fpwJ. r%fk; gz;ghL> gFg;gha;T

jpwd; kw;Wk; mDrhpj;jy;> re;jjpf;Fk; cyfj;ij Njitahdij

mspf;fpwJ kw;Wk; murpay;> nghUshjhu cwTfis tpsf;FfpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; 2005 fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf cs;sJ.

typikahd kdpj ed;ndwpfis cUthf;FfpwJ> mjhtJ>

Rje;jpuk;> ek;gpf;if> xUtUf;nfhUth; khpahij nra;jy;

khzth;fis jtwhd topapypUe;J ed;ndwpgLj;j cjTfpd;wJ.

r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;lk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd

toptiffis typAWj;JfpwJ. xOq;FKiw ghpkhdq;fis

Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Ug;gJk; NghJkhdjhf

,y;iy. Murpay;> r%fj;jpd; khpahij rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ePjp >

2005 fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; tsh;r;rpf;fhd jdp eghpd; gq;F kpfTk;

tiuaWj;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fbikapay; vd;gjw;f gjpyhf murpay; mwptpay; vd;w

nrhw;nwhlh; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa gs;spf;

fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; fhydp Mjpf;f fhyj;jpy; Fbikapay; ,e;jpa

fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; mur tpRthr kpd;ikia vjph;g;gij

Fwpf;fpwJ. Fbikapypd; rpwg;Gfshf fP;o;gbjy; kw;Wk;

tpRthrNk cs;sJ. r%f mwptpay; xl;L nkhj;j

czh;TG+h;tkhd > Nfs;tpfl;Fk; epiwtila> MuhAk; Fzk;

nfhz;l kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd Fbkf;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.

(Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk;-2005)

gs;spf; fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; Njpra fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld;

cs;Sh;> Njrpa kw;Wk; cyf mstpshd #oy;fis

fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; Ghpjiy cUthf;Fk;. kdpj chpikfs;>

Rw;Wg;Gw #oy; khRgLjy;> kf;fs; njhif gpur;rid> Njrpa

xUikg;ghL> tWik> vOj;jwptpd;ik> Foe;ij kw;Wk; Foe;ij

njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; nfhj;jbik gd;Kf jd;ik> ghypdk;> tFg;G

80


kw;Wk; rhjp rkj;Jtk; Nghd;w rkfhy r%f gpur;ridfis

fiyj;jpl;lk; Muha;fpwJ. Foe;ijfs; eyk;> r%f eyk;>

tshpsk; gUtj;jpy; ngw;Nwhh; cwT Kiwfs;> xg;ghh; FO> vjph;

ghypdk;> kw;Wk; KjpNahh; gw;wpa nghJthd jfty;fSk;

Njitg;gLfpwJ. cyf mstpyhd Nghl;bfs; re;jpf;$ba

jukhd fiyj;jpl;lk; mikaNtz;Lk;.

cah; njhlf;f epiyapy;> tuyhW ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

gy;NtW gFjpapYs;s tsh;r;rpia cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ. kw;Wk;

epfo;Tfs; gFjpiaAk; my;yJ cyfj;jpy; gpw gFjpapYs;s

tsh;r;rpia cyfshtpa Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l> khWgl;l epiyfisAk;>

tsq;fisAk;> Rw;WGw #oy;fisAk; rkr;rPuhd Ghpjiy

Nkk;gLj;j Gtpapay; cjTfpwJ.. murpay; mwptpaypy;

khzth;fSf;F cs;@h;> khepy> kj;jpa muR mikg;GfisAk;>

[dehaf Kiwapy; gq;Nfw;G eilKiwfisAk;

mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. nghUspay; $Wfspd; nghUshjhu

mikg;Gfis> FLk;gk;> re;ij> khepyk; Nghd;wtw;iw

cw;WNehf;f khzth;fSf;F cjTfpwJ. gy Jiwfspy;

mZFKiw > Nehf;fj;jpw;F xU gFjpahf Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk;-

2005 milahsk; fhl;LfpwJ.

jw;Nghija fiyj;jpl;lk;> ntWkNd fw;gpj;jiytpl mjpf

MNyhridfis nfhz;l ghl Gj;jfkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd

Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. fw;Nghh;f;F mjpf mwpT> jpwik Rw;Wg;Gw #oy;

mwptpid ngWtjw;F Gj;Jzh;T cs;s fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypy; Gjpa

mZFKiw Njit. Mf;fj;jpwd; Nkk;gl moFzh;r;rp> kw;Wk;

$h;Nehf;F rpe;jid khzth; ngWtjw;Fk;> epfo;fhy> fle;j fhy

,ilNa cs;s r%f khw;wq;fis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; r%f

mwptpay; Kiw jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpur;rid jPh;j;jy;>

ehlfkak;> kw;Wk; ghj;jpuNkw;W elj;jy; ,Jtiu

fz;Lgpbf;fg;glhj EZf;fq;fis fhz gzp Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpj;jypy;. fhl;rp Nfs;tp fUtpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;>

tiuglk;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;T khjphpfs; kw;Wk; fiyg;nghUl;fs;

ngUkstpy; fw;gpj;jypy; tsq;fshf gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. fw;wy;

81



Kiwapy; ngUksT jfty;fis kl;Lk; ngWtij tpl> tpthjk;>

fye;Jiuahly; khWjy;fs;; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j fw;wy;

mZFKiwahdJ Mrphpah; kw;Wk; khzth;fSf;F r%f

cwTfis mjpfg;gLj;Jk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j

mZFKiw fw;gpj;jy; Njitia NkYk; vjph;ghh;f;fpwJ.

Mrphpah; gy;NtW ghpkhzq;fspy; r%f epfo;Tfis Ra

tpopg;Gzh;T Mf;f jpwid khzth;fspilNa gy;NtW epiyfspy;

tpthpf;fpwhh;.

nray;ghLfs; -5

1. ,e;jpa kw;Wk; njd; Mg;gphpf;fh r%f mwptpay; fiyj;

jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s xw;WikfisAk;> gpur;ridfisAk;

vOJf.

2. ,e;jpa r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s

gpur;rpidfis gl;baypLf.

3. r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypy;

Gjpa mZFKiwfs; ahit?

Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rhpghh;f;f-4

1) gy ehLfspy; nghJthf cs;s gpur;rpidfis

gl;baypLf.

2) njd; Mg;gphpf;f fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; fw;f Ntz;ba r%f

mwptpay; gFjp vd;d?

3) Njrpa fiyj;jpl;l tiuT 2005 y; Fbikapay; gw;wpa

MNyhrid ahJ?

4) Njrpa fiyj;jpl;l tiuT 2005 y; jw;Nghija

ghlg;Gj;jfj;jpd; khw;wk; ahJ? vd;d khw;wk;

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.

82


2.3 njhFj;jwpjy;

r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jp;l;l tsh;r;rp gy

Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk;> nry;thf;ifAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fle;j

fhy;j;jpy; toq;fpAs;sJ. fhyzp Mjpf;f fhyj;jpy; r%f

mwptpay; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L fiyj;jpl;lk;> nra;thf;ifAk;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; mile;jJ. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; fiyj;jpl;lk;

vOJk; NghJ ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lj;ij mstpLk; NghJk;>

kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;NghJk;> Mq;fpy fy;tp Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; NghJk;> r%f mwptpay; mjd; jhf;fj;ij

,oe;jJ. Mq;fpNyah;fs; ehfhPf mikg;gpy; INuhg;gpa fyhr;rhuk;

Kd;dpiyapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij vjph;kiwahf kpifg;gLj;jp

mth;fSila Ml;rpia epahag;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;jdh;. Njrpa

thjpfspd; czh;tiyfs; fhyzp Mjpf;fj;jpd; NghJ khw;Wj;

Njit vd;gij r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lk; nry;thf;if

Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF> ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; Gjpa

ed;ndwpfSk;> tpUg;gq;fSk; gpujpgypj;jd. Gjpa r%f

mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ed;ndwpfs; vd;gJ nghJTlik>

kjr;rhh;gpd;ik> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rkePjp kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk;

ntspg;gilahf cs;sJ. NkYk; fP;o;f;fz;l> Ntw;Wikapy;

xw;Wik> Njrpa xUikg;ghL> gd;dhl;L czh;Tfs;> Rw;Wg;Gw

#oy; kw;wk; tsh;r;rpAk; Gjpa fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpNahh;

goq;Fbapdh;> ghypdk; kw;Wk; [hjp ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; fhuzj;ij

nfhz;L nry;thf;F ngw;wJ. njd; Mg;gphpf;f fiyj; jpl;lkhdJ

kw;w ehLfspd; epfo;Tfis Ghpe;J nfhs;s jfty; mspf;fpwJ.

,J ,uz;L ehLfspy; epfOk; r%f epfo;Tfis fth;tjhf

cs;sJ.

83



r%f mwptpay; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Njpramstpy;

khzth;fs; cah; rpe;jidAk; kw;Wk; r%f gpur;ridAk; jhNd

Gjpa mZFKiwapy; r%fj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; jd;id

Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; cjt Ntz;Lk;.

2.4 Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd gjpy;fis rhpghh;j;jy;

Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpghh;-1

1. N[k;]; kpy;

2. N[k;]; gphpd;nrg;

3. tiuglj;jpy; ehLfis fz;Lgpbj;jy;

4. gNuhlhtpd; N`f;thh;L kfhuh[hrpth[puht;

Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpghh; -2

1. [dehafk;> kjr;rhh;gpd;ik> nghJTlik> Rje;jpuk;>

rkj;Jtk;> ePjp kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk;

2. ,ilepiy fy;tpf; FO – 1948-49

3. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if> 1986

4. UNO > UNESCO, UNICEF, gpw


1. mbj;jl;L kf;fs; vd;gJ tpspk;G epiy kf;fs;.

2. rhe;jy; vOr;rp (1855)> rk;guhd; rj;jpahf;fpufk;(1917-18)>

ghh;Nlhyp rj;jpahf;fpiuah (1928)

3. goq;Fbapd ngz;fs;


1. Rw;Wg;Gw #oy;> tpahghuk; kw;Wk; tzpfk;> kdpj chpik>

rkj;Jtk; Nghd;wit.

84


2. r%f mwptpaypy; fw;fpd;w ghlg;gFjp fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy;

kf;fspilNa cs;s cwT> Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy;> r%fk;>

murpay;. nghUshjhuk;> Rw;Wg;Gw #oy; kf;fspd;

kdg;ghz;ik> ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia fw;gpf;fpd;wJ.

3. murpay; mwptpay;

4. fw;gpj;jiy tpl mjpf MNyhrid toq;Ftjhf

ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2.5 ghh;it kw;Wk; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Ehy;fs;

fy;tpapy; Jiw> gphpflhhpah> njd; Mg;gphpf;fh(2002)

jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l Njrpa fiyj; jpl;lk; tiT> fpNuL .9

(gs;sp) r%f mwptpay;

Rthkp tpNtfhde;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhW> mtUila

fpof;fj;jpa Nkw;fj;jpa rPlh;fs; (2000) njhFjp 2

(nfhy;fj;jh> mj;itj Mrpukk;

Njrpa fy;tpr; nfhs;if 1986

vd;.rp.,.Mh;.o (2015) Njrpa fiyj; jpl;l jpl;l tiuT 2005>

GJnly;yp vd; rp Mh; b

nfspth;j;dh> mDuhjh (1994)> muR MNyhrfh; kw;Wk; Gj;j

kjk;> fz;b> ]pq;fh: Gj;j kj ntspaPL.

,e;jpa fzf;nfLg;G 2011

Refer Book

gapw;rp tpdh 2.6

1. fhyzp Mjpf;fj;jpy; r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;l

tsh;r;rpiaAk; nry;thf;ifAk; tpthpf;f

85



2. gy;NtW muR newpKiw kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

r%fmwptpay; ghlj;jpy; ,ize;Js;sij RUf;fkhf tpthp.

3. mbj;jl;L kf;fs; kPjhd ghh;it Vd; Kf;fpakhdjhf

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

4. ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fspd; epiy ahJ? R%f mwptpay;

fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; ghypd gpur;rid vt;thW

tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. Goq;Fb rKfj;ij> mth;fsJ fyhr;rhuj;Jld;

khw;wpaikf;f KbAk; vd;gJ rhj;jpakh vd;gij $W.

6. r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; Njrpa xUikg;ghL>

gd;dhl;L czh;T vt;thW cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

7. njd; Mg;gphpf;f fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd

ed;ndwpfSk; kw;Wk; gpur;rid ahit? njd;

Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s ed;ndwpfSk;> gpur;ridfSk;

,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;sdth?

8. ,e;jpa r%f mwptpay; fiyj; jpl;lj;jpy; khzth;fSf;F

vd;d ed;ndwpfis gapw;rpaspf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.

9. ,e;jpa r%f mwptpaypy; Gjpa fw;gpj;jy;

mZFKiwfis tpthp.

bjhlf fšé MÁça® gla goò - mooc.nios.ac.inmooc.nios.ac.in/mooc/pluginfile.php?file=/14150/course/summary/509... · mUik khzt®fns ! njÁa Âwªjbtë gŸë Ïaff« (NIOS) ÏªÂa

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