Birundu et al. (2016) Assessing the possibility of incorporating Japanese small-scale logging systems into forest operations in Kenya

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Assessing the possibility of incorporating Japanese

small-scale logging systems into forest

operations in Kenya Birundu Abednego Osindi*1, Yasushi Suzuki2, Jun’ichi Gotou2, Hirotaka Nagai2, Yoshifumi

Hayata2, Shin Yamasaki3, Toshihiko Yamasaki3

1Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan2Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan3Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Centre, Kami 782-0078, Japan

07/09/2016FORMEC 2016 – From Theory to Practice: Challenges for Forest Engineering September 4 – 7, 2016, Warsaw, Poland

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Contents

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Part 1:Introduction

Part 2:Feasibility of small-scale mechanized logging in KenyaConclusions and recommendations

Source: https://thumb1.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/98072/427528480/stock-photo-kenya-flag-combined-with-japan-flag-427528480.jpg

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44 million•80% dependency on forestry for energy

127 million•Alternative sources of energy Source: National Geographic

http://prepperscore.nationalgeographic.com/media/images/ddp-population.png

7 %•Kenyan Constitution- 10%

67 %•Global requirement of 10 % (CBD COP 9)

KENYA JAPAN

Source: Green Eternityhttp://www.greenternity.com/assets/OAK.png

Forests- integral role in daily lifeNeed for conservation and management

Part 1: Introduction

Both countries exhibit forms of forest and forest product utilization

Need to investigate the comparative advantage of Japan

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Part 2: Feasibility of mechanized logging in KenyaIntroduction

Source: Takimoto and Yovi (2003)

Manual tree harvesting in Kenya; chain saw felling and transportation by human labourCost and productivity comparison

Assessing the feasibility of small-scale mechanized logging in Kenya

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Research Methodology

Small-scale logging sites:1) Mr. Okamoto private

forest (October 2015)2) Kochi Prefectural Forest

Technology Centre (May 2016)

Mini-forwarder

Data ObtainedTime study of work elementsLog parametersMachinery and labor hourly costsManual logging productivity

Equations derived to calculate productivity and costs of manual and mini-forwarder logging systems

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Mini-forwarder set up in the field

Rigging up

Rigging down

Carriage Winch

Forwarding

7

Move Empty (carrier)

Lateral Pulling (hook)

Hooking

Lateral Loading

Move Loaded

Offloading

Maneuver

Forwarding

Finished?

FellingDelimbing

Bucking

Rigging Down

Rigging Up

Storage

NO YES

Mini-Forwarder

Harvesting Cycle

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Site 1

Site 2

0 100 200 300 400 500

Move EmptyLateral EmptyHookingLateral LoadedMove LoadedOffloadingManeuverOthers

Average cycle time (s)

Site

s

I. Average cycle times Results and discussion

Site 1= Mr. Okamoto forests(17 cycles recorded)Site 2=Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Center (3 cycles recorded)

Main line logging

Lateral logging

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Definition FormulaParameter Values

a b

T1 Move Empty Time (s) a1x1+b1 0.2046 18.298

T2 Lateral Empty Time (s) a2x2b

2 1.0975 1.37

T3 Lateral Loaded Time (s) a3x2b

3 0.4314 1.9362

T4 Move Loaded Time (s) a4x1+b4 0.2168 39.092

Tc Constant Logging Time(s) 69.6 - -

Tf Total Forwarding Time (s) a5x3+b5 3.9967 942

Definition of elements in the regression equations

Four regression equations (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were obtained to determine how distance of the main line and lateral movements affects the total cycle times and productivity.

Total time per logging cycle (s), Tlg=T1+T2+T3+T4+Tc

X=Distance

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0 10 20 30 40 50 600.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5 Vhi1Vav1Vlo1Vhi2Vav2Vlo2Vhi3Vav3Vlo3

Main Logging Distance, x1 (m)

Prod

uctiv

ity (m

3/cr

ew h

our)

Vhi, Vav, Vlo=ranges of mini-forwarder volumes1,2 and 3=0m, 10m, 20m, lateral logging distances, x2, respectively

0 50 100 150 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Productivity (m3/man-day): DifficultProductivity (m3/man-day): MediumProductivity (m3/man-day): Easy

Distance (m)

Prdu

ctivi

ty (m

3/pe

rson

-day

)Source: Umeda et. al (1982)

II. Effect of logging distance on productivity

Regression equations of the field data were obtained and combined with other formula to calculate the productivity of mini-forwarder logging.

Mini-forwarder logging productivity Manual logging productivity

Productivity, P=3600xV/TV=Log VolumeT=Total logging time (s)

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0 2 4 6 8 100

20

40

60

80

100

120

Mini-forwarder Manual

Labor Cost (USD/ Person-hour)

Tota

l Res

ulta

nt C

ost

(USD

/m3)

Intersection Point

At current Kenyan labor cost of 0.6 USD/person-hour, resultant costs for manual and mini-forwarder are 14.8 USD/m3 and 36.5 USD/m3 Resultant cost= cost incurred per operation

A. Relationship between labor cost and resultant cost

III. Operational efficiency of mechanized and manual Logging

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z (resultant cost)= x/y

At a labor cost of 5.8 USD/person-hour, resultant cost for both systems is equal at 51.3 USD/m3

In both labor cost values, mini-forwarder productivity (0.52 m3/crew hour) is higher than that of manual logging (0.14 m3/crew hour)

0 10 20 30 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

ManualMini-for-warderSeries5Series7Series9Series11Series13Hourly cost x (USD/crew-hour)

Prod

uctiv

ity y

(m3 /c

rew

-hou

r) z = 51.3

z = 40 USD/m3 z = 10 z = 20

z = 80

A

B

B. Relationship between costs and productivity

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III. Effect of Kenyan economic growth on labor costs

Kenya was the 3rd fastest growing economy in the world in 2015 Among top 10 middle-income countries in AfricaOutcome= increased wages, thus higher labor costs

Source: Kenya Vision 2030

Source: Robinson J. (2015).

Kenya

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Conclusions and recommendations

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Manual logging is still the most feasible logging method in Kenya, but as the economy grows, it will be favorable to adopt small-scale mechanized logging such as mini-forwarders in its forestry.

There should be further studies to propose possible adjustments that can be made to such logging systems before they are introduced into Kenyan forestry.

Source: Mr. Katagiri (Okayama Prefecture Forest Centre)

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Thank You

Asante sana

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Model BY1202 (Dump)Price (JPY) 2,106,000Weight (t) 870

Maximum Payload (kgW) 1200

Dimensions

Length (mm) 2120Width (mm) 1275Height (mm) 2110Track Contact Length (mm) 1075Track Tread (mm) 910Ground Clearance (mm) 165Loading Deck Height (mm) 520

Bed Inner Size Length 1810Width 735

Engine

Model Kubota Z482

TypeVertical 4 Cycle liquid cooled

dieselHP 9.2 kW (12.5PS)/3600rpm

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Gears

Running

Speed

Forward

1 km/h 1.622 km/h 2.693 km/h 4.264 km/h 6.56

Reverse

1 km/h 1.5

2 km/h 2.5Minimum Rotation

Diameter m 1.65Gradeability Degrees 25

Winch

Line Pull Speed of

the Drum

Front

1 m/sec 0.332 m/sec 0.673 m/sec 1.04

Back

1 m/sec 0.312 m/sec 0.62

Pulling Force kN (kgf) 2.9 (300)Drum Capacity of Wire Rope m 8@8mm