Assessing the possibility of incorporating Japanese small-scale logging systems into forest operations in Kenya Birundu Abednego Osindi* 1 , Yasushi Suzuki 2 , Jun’ichi Gotou 2 , Hirotaka Nagai 2 , Yoshifumi Hayata 2 , Shin Yamasaki 3 , Toshihiko Yamasaki 3 1 Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan 3 Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Centre, Kami 782-0078, Japan 07/09/2016 1 FORMEC 2016 – From Theory to Practice: Challenges for Forest Engineering September 4 – 7, 2016, Warsaw, Poland
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1Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan 2Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan 3Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Centre, Kami 782-0078, Japan
07/09/2016 1
FORMEC 2016 – From Theory to Practice: Challenges for Forest Engineering September 4 – 7, 2016, Warsaw, Poland
Contents
07/09/2016 2
Part 1:
Introduction
Part 2:
Feasibility of small-scale mechanized logging in Kenya
Source: Green Eternity http://www.greenternity.com/assets/OAK.png
Forests- integral role in daily life Need for conservation and management
Part 1: Introduction
Both countries exhibit forms of forest and forest product utilization
Need to investigate the comparative advantage of Japan
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Part 2: Feasibility of mechanized logging in Kenya
Introduction
Source: Takimoto and Yovi (2003)
Manual tree harvesting in Kenya; chain saw felling and transportation by human labour
Cost and productivity comparison
Assessing the feasibility of small-scale mechanized logging in Kenya
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Research Methodology
Small-scale logging sites: 1) Mr. Okamoto private
forest (October 2015) 2) Kochi Prefectural Forest
Technology Centre (May 2016)
Mini-forwarder
Data Obtained Time study of work elements Log parameters Machinery and labor hourly costs Manual logging productivity
Equations derived to calculate productivity and costs of manual and mini-forwarder logging systems
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Mini-forwarder set up in the field
Rigging up
Rigging down
Carriage Winch
Forwarding
Move Empty (carrier)
Lateral Pulling (hook)
Hooking
Lateral Loading
Move Loaded
Offloading
Maneuver
Forwarding
Finished?
Felling Delimbing
Bucking
Rigging Down
Rigging Up
Storage
NO YES
Mini- Forwarder
Harvesting Cycle
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0 100 200 300 400 500
Site 1
Site 2
Average cycle time (s)
Site
s
Move Empty
Lateral Empty
Hooking
Lateral Loaded
Move Loaded
Offloading
Maneuver
Others
I. Average cycle times
Results and discussion
Site 1= Mr. Okamoto forests(17 cycles recorded) Site 2=Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Center (3 cycles recorded)
Main line logging
Lateral logging
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Definition Formula Parameter Values
a b
T1 Move Empty Time (s) a1x1+b1 0.2046 18.298
T2 Lateral Empty Time (s) a2x2b
2 1.0975 1.37
T3 Lateral Loaded Time (s) a3x2b
3 0.4314 1.9362
T4 Move Loaded Time (s) a4x1+b4 0.2168 39.092
Tc Constant Logging Time(s) 69.6 - -
Tf Total Forwarding Time (s) a5x3+b5 3.9967 942
Definition of elements in the regression equations
Four regression equations (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were obtained to determine how distance of the main line and lateral movements affects the total cycle times and productivity.
Total time per logging cycle (s), Tlg=T1+T2+T3+T4+Tc
X=Distance
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0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
0 20 40 60
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
(m3
/cre
w h
ou
r)
Main Logging Distance, x1 (m)
Vhi1
Vav1
Vlo1
Vhi2
Vav2
Vlo2
Vhi3
Vav3
Vlo3
Vhi, Vav, Vlo=ranges of mini-forwarder volumes 1,2 and 3=0m, 10m, 20m, lateral logging distances, x2, respectively
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
0 50 100 150
Prd
uct
ivit
y (m
3/p
ers
on
-day
)
Distance (m)
Productivity(m3/man-day): Difficult
Productivity(m3/man-day):Medium
Productivity(m3/man-day): Easy
Source: Umeda et. al (1982)
II. Effect of logging distance on productivity
Regression equations of the field data were obtained and combined with other formula to calculate the productivity of mini-forwarder logging.
Productivity, P=3600xV/T V=Log Volume T=Total logging time (s)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10Tota
l Res
ult
ant
Co
st (
USD
/m3
)
Labor Cost (USD/ Person-hour)
Mini-forwarder Manual
Intersection Point
At current Kenyan labor cost of 0.6 USD/person-hour, resultant costs for manual and mini-forwarder are 14.8 USD/m3 and 36.5 USD/m3 Resultant cost= cost incurred per operation
A. Relationship between labor cost and resultant cost
III. Operational efficiency of mechanized and manual
Logging
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z (resultant cost)= x/y
At a labor cost of 5.8 USD/person-hour, resultant cost for both systems is equal at 51.3 USD/m3
In both labor cost values, mini-forwarder productivity (0.52 m3/crew hour) is higher than that of manual logging (0.14 m3/crew hour)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0 10 20 30
Manual
Mini-forwarder
Serie2Hourly cost x (USD/crew-hour)
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
y (
m3/c
rew
-ho
ur)
z = 51.3
z = 40 USD/m3 z = 10 z = 20
z = 80
A
B
B. Relationship between costs and productivity
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III. Effect of Kenyan economic growth on labor costs
Kenya was the 3rd fastest growing economy in the world in 2015 Among top 10 middle-income countries in Africa Outcome= increased wages, thus higher labor costs
Source: Kenya Vision 2030
Source: Robinson J. (2015).
Kenya
Conclusions and recommendations
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Manual logging is still the most feasible logging method in Kenya, but as the economy grows, it will be favorable to adopt small-scale mechanized logging such as mini-forwarders in its forestry.
There should be further studies to propose possible adjustments that can be made to such logging systems before they are introduced into Kenyan forestry.
Source: Mr. Katagiri (Okayama Prefecture Forest Centre)