BioPharma 01 Introduction to Immunology

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Biotechnolo and Pharmacolo Course

Le Van Dong MD., PhD

Deputy Head, Department of Immunology

Vietnam Military Medical University

[email protected]; [email protected]

EDUCATION

INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT

RESEARCH


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Text books


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S llabus[1] Topic 1: Introduction to Immunity and Immune Systems

[2] Topic 2: Cells and Organs of the Immune System

[3] Topic 3: Innate Immunity

[4] Topic 4: Antigen

[5] Topic 5: Antibody

[6] Topic 6: Humoral Immune Responses

[7] Topic 7: Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

[8] Topic 8: Immune Responses Against Tumors and Transplants

[9] Tutorial/ Practice

[10] Topic 9: Hypersensitivity Diseases, Immunodeficiencies and Autoimmunity

[11] Topic 10: Immunotherapy

[12] Topic 11: Common immunological techniques

[13] Tutorial/ Practice

[14] Lab work


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Biotechnolo and Pharmacolo Course To ic 01

INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNITY

AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS

Le Van Dong MD., PhD

Deputy Head, Department of Immunology

Vietnam Military Medical University

[email protected]; [email protected]

EDUCATION

INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT

RESEARCH


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Contents

Immunological terms and definition Brief histor of Immunolo

Classification of immunity Classification of immune responses

Other roles of the immune s stem


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uman an pa ogen

are separated:Human is living with

pathogen

No infectious diseases Infectious diseases


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How to avoid infectious diseases?


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Real life

David Phillip Vetter 1971 1984:

Born without the immune system, lived inside the plastic chamber


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Totally separated with environtment......., died from cancer.


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Real life: clean room for maintaining of patient who has immune

sys em es roye y ra a on or c emo erapy


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Pathogen is circulating in a population: epidemic of

infectious disease. In one epidemic, some people got the disease (non-

, .

Immunity: the status/ability to resist to

diseases es eciall

infection and cancer.


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Why we can have immune?

The immune system comprise ofcells, tissues, molecules

participate in the body defence.

Immune system: Bodys arm forces

Immune system = Ministry of Defence + Ministry of Public Security


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What does the immune system do to protect

our bodies?Immune system produces immune response

Immune response is the coordinated reactions of the

immune system to infections and foreign substances.


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Principal functions of the immune system

Prevent new infections

and remove established

outside enemies).

Surveillance and

against internal crimes).


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Notes,

especially infections and cancers. This abilityis performed by the immune system.

Immune system comprises of tissues, cells,

molecules participating in defending the body. The immune system produces immune

response to protect body.

immune system and their reactions to

pathogens which enter the body and strange

cells and substance appear in the body.


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Milestones in Immunology

Before 1900


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Edward Jenner (1796) - an English physician discovered that

cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox


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Vacca, vaccine, vaccination

: ,

combined with adjuvant, that is administered to

microbial infections.

against infectious diseases, originally derived

from immunization against smallpox which uses

the Vaccinia virus.


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Edward Jenner and patients waiting for cowpox vaccination to

protect against smallpox


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ou s as eur use ra es

vaccine for the first time on human e c n o . agocy e s

important to kill bacteria


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1900-1959


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1960-1979


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1980-1990


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1990-2000


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Active immunity, passive immunity

infection or vaccination. Passive immunit : immunit conferred on an individual

by transfer of antibodies from an actively immunized

individual (i.e., protection of newborns from infection by

placenta and in milk).

individual by transfer of primed lymphocytes from an

actively immunized individual.


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Acquired immunity (actively)

Systemic TB; died(No immunity)

BK Mouse does not

No systemic TB;surmised (Has

immunity after BK

Mouse survivedafter infected with BK

n ec on


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Acquired immunity (passively)

Serum

Transferserum

Mouse haspassive

Mouse surmised

after infected with BK

(Has active immunity)

PrimedMouse has

immune cellsrans er

Immune cells immunity


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Classification of immune responses

Innate immune response

(None-specific )

ap ve mmune response

(Specific)> < First line of defense

Non-specific

Second line of defense

Highly specific with


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Innate immunity (non-specific)

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011


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Pha oc tosis


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E ithelial barriers and the Humoral immune response: B

specialized cells and natural

antibiotics present in epithelia)

Pha oc tes

lymphocytes; Antibodies

(eliminate microbes inextracellular fluids)

Dendritic cells

Natural killer cells

Cell-mediated immune

response: T lymphocytes;

Effector T cells (eliminate omp emen an o er p asma

proteins)microbes living inside cells)

Adaptive immune responses often use the cells andmolecules of the innate immune system to eliminate

microbes, and adaptive immunity functions to greatly

enhance these antimicrobial mechanisms of innate

immunity.


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Properties of Innate Immunity

u y u u y

the same way to repeat encounters with a- .

Unlike the adaptive immune system, it doesnt

.


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Ada tive s ecific immunit



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General overview and main functions of

1. Extracellular microbes present

2. B lymphocytes respond by secreting antibodies.

Main functions: block infections and eliminate

.


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B cell and antibod secretin

G l i d i


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General overview and main

-

-

- Helper T lymphocytes respond by binding to macrophageMain functions: activate macro ha es to kill ha oc tosed

microbes

- Intracellular microbes (i.e., viruses) replicated within cell

- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes respond by binding to the infected

cell

infection

T ll kill i l i f t d ll


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T cell kills viral infected cell


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Properties of Adaptive Immunity

y: u

specific responses

vers y: ena es mmune sys em o respon o

a large variety of antigens

emory: ea s o en ance responses o

repeated exposures to the same antigens


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Primary and secondary immune responses:

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011


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Clonal expansion: increases number of antigen-

specific lymphocytes to keep pace with

microbes


B i I l 3 d Ed S d 2011


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The process ofBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011

Burnets Clonal selection theory (1957)

(Nobel Prize 1960)


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Clonal expansion: increases number of antigen-

specific lymphocytes to keep pace with

microbes

pecialization: generates responses that are

optimal for defense against different types of

Contraction and homeostasis: allows immune

antigens

during responses to foreign antigens

Controling: lymphocytes only fight to


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Controling: lymphocytes only fight to

signal 1) and moleculesproduced during the innate

immune response (signal 2)

function cooperatively to activate

anti en-s ecific l m hoc tes.

The requirement for microbe-

tri ered si nal 2 ensures that

the adaptive immune response isinduced by microbes and not by

.

Phases of an adaptive immune response


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Phases of an adaptive immune response


Capture (at epithelia, dendritic cells) Activation of lymphocytes (clonal


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p ( p , )

and display (at lymph node or splenic

follicle b dendritic cell naive T cells

y p y (

expansion and differentiation; T cell

ex ansion and differentiation

recognize peptide-MHC complex on

APCs; naive B cells recognize

antigens (including non-protein

stimulated by the expression of

costimulators on the surface of and

secretion of cytokines by activated

the cell surface) of microbial antigens.

differentiation stimulated by the

activation of complement)


Antigen elimination


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g

(i) via humoral immunity; B cells proliferate and

eren a e n o p asma ce s a secre e an o es;antibodies then bind to microbes and prevent them

from infecting cells and eliminate them

Memory(surviving

from the

omeos as s sachieved by

apoptosis

v a ce -me a e mmun y; e per ce s +

produce cytokines promoting macrophage killing of

microbes; CTLs (CD8+) directly kill cells harbouring

microbes in the c to lasm

activation)


Basic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011


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Other roles of the immune system

v u u

(hypersensitivity).


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O h l f h i


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v u u

(hypersensitivity). .

Congenital: no antibody, no thymus

, , ,HIV/AIDS


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Oth l f th i t


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v u u



, , ,HIV/AIDS

Disorders of immune responses autoimmune

diseases.

A t i di


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Autoimmune diseases

Oth l f th i t


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v u u



, , ,HIV/AIDS

Disorders of immune responses autoimmune

diseases. Graft rejections.


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SUMMARY


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SUMMARY

, ,

molecules participating in defending the body.

is to prevent infections and to eradicate

established infections. The major roles of theimmune system include:

1) Defense against infections.

2) Recognition and response to newly introducedproteins and cells such as tumours and tissue grafts.

Summary (cont )


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Summary (cont.)

1) Deficient immunity results in increased susceptibility toinfection exem lified b AIDS .

2) Vaccination boosts immune defenses and protects

against infections.3) Immune responses are barriers to transplantation and

gene therapy.

4) Potential for immunotherapy of cancer.

Summary (cont )


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Summary (cont.)

Innate immunit : mediates the initial rotection a ainst

infections; is always present in healthy individuals and

prepared to block the entry of microbes and to rapidly.

ap ve mmun y: eve ops more s ow y an me a es

the later, even more effective, defense against infections; is

the type of host defense that is stimulated by microbes that

invade tissues (in other words, it adapts to the presence ofmicrobial invaders)

Summary (cont )


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Summary (cont.)

infection or vaccination.

transfer of antibodies from an actively immunized

individual.

Adoptive immunity: immunity conferred on an individual

by transfer of primed lymphocytes from an actively

immunized individual.

Review uestions


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Review uestions

are some clinical implications of these roles?

2. What are mechanisms of innate immunity?

3. What are mechanisms of adaptive immunity?

4. Why is adaptive immunity needed in a person with afunctioning innate immune system?

5. Provide a general overview (consider: the microbe,

humoral immunity. What are the main functions of humoral immunity?

Review uestions


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Review uestions

responding lymphocyte(s) and effector mechanism) of

cell-mediated immunity. What are the main functions of-

7. What is the difference between active immunity and

passive immunity? Provide an example of passiveimmunity.

8. What are the seven properties or features of adaptive

BioPharma 01 Introduction to Immunology

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