biomlecules_2

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Biomolecules

Molecules that make up living things

Types of Biological Molecules

ProteinsWater Lipids

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates

Organic Compounds Most Biomolecules are organic This means they are based on

Carbon and include hydrogen Includes carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins and nucleic acids Also includes vitamins

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Macromolecules

Large biomolecules Many of these are polymers.

Polymers: long molecules built by linking together small, similar subunits (monomers)

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Building up polymers Condensation polymerization (aka

as dehydration synthesis) removes an OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule. ATP

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Polymerization Diagram Water is formed and ATP is

required Water

(H2O)

Monomers Polymer

ATP ADP+pi

energy

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Breaking down polymers Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond

by adding OH and H from a water molecule

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Hydrolysis Diagram

Water is required Water

(H2O)

Polymer Monomers

Types of Biomolecules

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Carbohydrates Carbohydrate means “hydrated” carbon

Composing elements C, H, O

Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 2:1

Can be simple monomers like glucose

Can be complex polymers like cellulose

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Groups of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

sugars

Monosaccharides (monomers)

Disaccharides( Dimers)

Polysaccharides (polymers)

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Monosaccharides C6H12O6

Fructose Galactose Glucose

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Importance: Energy source: used as a reactant

in respiration Monomer Unit: used to form:

Dimers (disaccharides) and Polymers (polysaccharides)

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Disaccharides

Lactose: glucose + galactose Maltose: glucose + glucose Sucrose: glucose + fructose

sucrose

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Condensation to form Disaccharides

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Importance: Energy storage: sucrose is a store of

energy in sugarcane and sugar beets

Energy transport: carbohydrate is transported in plants as sucrose

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Polysaccharides

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Structural Carbohydrates

Chitin – arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell wall modified form of cellulose

Try making a Concept map

Use the following terms to construct a concept mapMonosaccharidePolysaccharideDisaccharidePolymerMonomerCarbon 19

hydrogen oxygen glucose sucrose cellulose Starch Chitin

Glycogen Amylases Respiration Plants Animals Energy

storageAny others

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Protein C,H,O,N and some have S(a few might also have P due to Addition of P in modification process but P is not a component of amino acids)

insulin:C254H377N65O76S6

Made by Ribosomes Amino acids are

JOIN together by PEPTIDE BONDS Following a

sequence dictated by the DNA

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DNA

mRNA

Polypeptide?/Protein

Transcription

Translation

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20 naturally occurring and encoded by DNA

About half can be made by our body and about half need to be consumed(Between 8-10 are essential)

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Amino Acids

Glutamine (gln)

Aspartic Acid (asp)

Phenylalanine (phe)

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20 different amino acids encoded by the DNA

Folding of polypetides to form Proteins

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Shape of a proteins are important because

This determines how they interact with other molecules

This determines their particular function

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Primary Structure

phe glu tyr ser iso met phe glu

Peptide(phosphodiester) bonds

secondary Structure

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Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Summary

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CATALYSTS eg. lipase

REGULATION(hormones) Eg Insulin

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STRUCTURAL eg.Keratin

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STRUCTURAL eg. Histone Protein

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TRANSPORT: eg haemoglobin

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TRANSPORT: protein channels or carrier proteins

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IMMUNITY: eg Antibodies

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CONTRACTILE: eg Actin and Myosin

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Muscle contraction and relaxation

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Surface receptors

Secondary Energy source

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respiration

Try making a Concept map Amino acid R group Peptide bond Polypeptide Catalysts Hormones Structures Transport

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Transport Haemoglobi

n Immunity antibodies Protein

channels Proteases Carbon

Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Monomer Polymer Amino

group energy

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Lipids Composing elements C, H, O

Lipids are loosely defined as groups of organic molecules that are insoluble in water. Their chemical formula vary considerably.

Include: fats oils Waxes Phospholipids steroids: sex hormones and cholesterol some vitamins glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrates attached)

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Lipid structure Most lipids are composed of a of

glycerol molecule with attached fatty acids

Triglyceride

Phospholipid

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

PO4

HYDROPHYLIC END

HYDROPHOBIC END GLYCEROL

FATTY ACIDS

Lipid structure Some lipids have a four ringed

structure Eg. Cholesterol and other lipids

that are derived from cholesterol

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Steroid HormonesProgesterone: responsible for changes associated with the menstrual cycle and with differentiation factor for mammary glands

Aldosterone: raises blood pressure and fluid volume, increases Na+ uptake

Testosterone: male sex hormone synthesized in the testes, responsible for secondary male sex characteristics

Estradiol: an estrogen, principal female sex hormone, produced in the ovary, responsible for secondary female sex characteristics

Cortisol: involved in stress adaptation, elevates blood pressure and Na+ uptake, numerous effects on the immune system

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Saturated fats:

Their fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms(have maximum number of hydrogen atoms)Straight structureUnhealthy fats usually from animal sourcesSolid at room temperature(20°C)

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Saturated fatty acid

Unsaturatedfats

Their Fatty acids have:Have some carbon atoms that are double bonded(not fully hydrogenated)Kinked in shapeHealthy From plant sources Liquid at room temperature (20°C)

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Unsaturated fatty acid

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Importance; Biological Role

Used to store energy (approx 36 kj/gram)

Lipids are often stored in special adipose tissue, within large fat cells

Fat cell

Lipids are concentrated sources of energy and can be broken down (through fatty acid oxidation in the

mitochondria) to provide fuel for aerobic respiration

Mitochondrion (false color TEM)

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Importance; Biological Role

An important structural component of membranes

Phospholipids are the primary structural component of all cellular membranes, such as the plasma

membrane (false color TEM above).

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Importance; Biological Role

acts as a shock absorber and good insulator

Fat absorbs shocks. Organs that are prone to bumps and shocks (e.g.

kidneys) are cushioned with a relatively thick layer of fat.

The white fat tissue (arrows) is visible in this ox kidney

Stored lipids provide insulation in extreme

environments. Increased body fat levels in winter reduce heat

losses to the environment.

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Importance; Biological Role

Water proofing of some surfaces

Transmission of chemical messages via hormones

Waxes and oils, when secreted on to surfaces

provide waterproofing in plants and animals.

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Forming a triglyceride NOT a Polymer

Try making a Concept map Glycerol Fatty acids Steroids Ring

structure Triglycerides Saturated unsaturated

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lipases Carbon Insulation Phospholipi

d Membrane Hormones Energy

storage

Hydrogen Oxygen Waxes Oils Fats Shock

absorption

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Nucleic Acids Composing elements: C, H , O, P, N Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Encodes information used to assemble proteins.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Reads DNA-encoded information to

direct protein synthesis.

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DNA nucleotides

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Nucleotide structure

3’

Deoxyribose

(sugar)

Phosphate group Nitrogen base

(A,G,C,T)

5’

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OH

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Nucleotide structure

3’

5’

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purines pyrimidines

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Try Making a Concept map Nucleotide Monomer Polymer DNA mRNA RNA tRNA rRNA

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genetic information

Amino acids Ribosome carbon

Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus

END OF PRESENATION

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