Biology Unit Exam Review. Microscope Total Magnification= eyepiece X objective 1. 10 X 40= 400 2. High Power.

Biology Unit Exam ReviewBiology Unit Exam Review

MicroscopeMicroscope

Total Magnification= Total Magnification= eyepiece X objectiveeyepiece X objective

1.1. 10 X 40= 40010 X 40= 400

2.2. High PowerHigh Power

Key Terms for MicroscopeKey Terms for Microscope

3. 3. Magnification: see first slide for Magnification: see first slide for total magnificationtotal magnification

4. Resolution: show two points that 4. Resolution: show two points that are close together as separate are close together as separate imagesimages

5. Slide moves to left, image appears 5. Slide moves to left, image appears to move to the rightto move to the right

Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope

1.1. Ocular/EyepieceOcular/Eyepiece

2.2. Fine Adjustment KnobFine Adjustment Knob

3.3. Objective LensesObjective Lenses

4.4. DiaphragmDiaphragm

5.5. BaseBase

6.6. Light SourceLight Source

7.7. StageStage

8.8. ArmArm

Fine vs Coarse AdjustmentFine vs Coarse Adjustment

7. Course Adjustment 7. Course Adjustment Knob- moves lensesKnob- moves lenses

8. Course- low power8. Course- low powerFine- High PowerFine- High Power

MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW THE DIAGRAM OF THE THE DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPE AND THE MICROSCOPE AND THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFECHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Steps of Sci Method:Steps of Sci Method:

ProblemProblemHypothesisHypothesisTesting Hypothesis (procedure)Testing Hypothesis (procedure)Record Data (# or details)Record Data (# or details)Analyze and Form ConclusionsAnalyze and Form ConclusionsReplicate WorkReplicate Work

VariablesVariables

Controlled Experiment: Controlled Experiment: Two groups differ by one factor; Two groups differ by one factor;

control is presentcontrol is present

Control vs Experimental Group: Control vs Experimental Group: Experimental group has Experimental group has something changed (i.e. amount something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)of light, etc)

VariablesVariables

Independent Variables:Independent Variables:Changed by scientist to see Changed by scientist to see

what happenswhat happens

Dependent Variable: Dependent Variable: Changes in Changes in response to the change the scientist response to the change the scientist makes to the independent variable.makes to the independent variable.

Determine the Different Determine the Different VariablesVariables

Does fertilizer make a plant grow?Does fertilizer make a plant grow? Two spider plants are placed in Two spider plants are placed in

separate pots. One plant is given separate pots. One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant is not. fertilizer and the other plant is not. Both plants are measured daily.Both plants are measured daily.

Identify Independent, Dependent, Identify Independent, Dependent, and control groupand control group

AnswersAnswers

INDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizerINDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizer

DEPENDENT: Growth of plantDEPENDENT: Growth of plant

CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving fertilizerfertilizer

ChemistryChemistry

Atomic Number, Atomic Atomic Number, Atomic MassMass

Atomic #: # of protons in the Atomic #: # of protons in the nucleusnucleus

Atomic Mass: sum of protons Atomic Mass: sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleusand neutrons in the nucleus

Example: OxygenExample: Oxygen

Atomic #: 8Atomic #: 8

Atomic Mass: 16Atomic Mass: 16

Determine the # of protons, Determine the # of protons, neutrons, and electronsneutrons, and electrons

ANSWERANSWER

Protons: 8Protons: 8

Electrons: 8Electrons: 8

Neutrons: 16-8= 8Neutrons: 16-8= 8

ChargesCharges

Protons: +Protons: +

Electons: -Electons: -

Neutrons: neutral Neutrons: neutral

Neutral AtomNeutral Atom

Neutral atom has no charge; Neutral atom has no charge; so number of protons and so number of protons and electronselectrons would be equal would be equal

IonsIons

Charged atomCharged atom

Charge can be either Charge can be either positive or negative…how positive or negative…how does this form?does this form?

ANSWERANSWER

Positive Ion: excess positive Positive Ion: excess positive charge ( more protons)charge ( more protons)

Negative Ion: excess negative Negative Ion: excess negative charge (more electrons)charge (more electrons)

Positive or Negative Ion?Positive or Negative Ion?

Isotope of potassium has 19 Isotope of potassium has 19 protons and 21 electrons. protons and 21 electrons. What is its charge?What is its charge?

ANSWERANSWER

NEGATIVENEGATIVE

Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds

Bond formed by sharing Bond formed by sharing electronselectrons

Ionic BondIonic Bond

Bond that forms by Bond that forms by transferring the electrons; transferring the electrons; can create an electrical can create an electrical attractionattraction

Elements, Compound, Elements, Compound, MixtureMixture

Elements: substance made up of one Elements: substance made up of one kind of atom (i.e. oxygen)kind of atom (i.e. oxygen)

Compound: made up of two or more Compound: made up of two or more elements (i.e. water)elements (i.e. water)

Mixture: substances that are mixed Mixture: substances that are mixed without forming a new chemical bond without forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)(i.e. saltwater)

2H2H22O + OO + O22---2H---2H22OO22

Atoms= hydrogen, oxygenAtoms= hydrogen, oxygenReactants: Reactants: 2H2H22O + OO + O22

Products: Products: 2H2H22OO2 2

Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 OxygenOxygen

Chemical FormulaChemical Formula

Tells you the type and amount of Tells you the type and amount of atomsatoms

EX: HEX: H22SOSO44

2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen

HH22SOSO44

Atoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, OxygenAtoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen

H= 2H= 2 S=1S=1 O=4O=4

pH ScalepH Scale

pH runs from 1-14pH runs from 1-14 7 is neutral7 is neutral Below 7Below 7 acidic (with 1 acidic (with 1

being more acidic)being more acidic) Above 7Above 7 basic with 14 basic with 14

being most basicbeing most basic

Neutralization ReactionNeutralization Reaction

Reaction that occurs when acids and bases Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and saltare combined to form water and salt

EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2OEX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O

Solution & Its PartsSolution & Its Parts

Substances are spread evenly throughout the Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixturemixture

EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2

Two parts:Two parts:

a.a. Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in in

b.b. Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solventsolvent

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Compounds that contain Compounds that contain carboncarbon and occur naturally and occur naturally only in the bodies and only in the bodies and products of an organismproducts of an organism

Monomer vs. PolymerMonomer vs. Polymer

Monomer- 1 sugarMonomer- 1 sugar

Polymer- 2+ sugars; can Polymer- 2+ sugars; can contain 100 or 1000 contain 100 or 1000 sugarssugars

MacromoleculeMacromolecule

Another name given to Another name given to organic compound organic compound because they are very because they are very large compoundslarge compounds

MonomersMonomers

Carbs: sugarCarbs: sugar Proteins: amino acidsProteins: amino acids Nucleic Acid: nucleotideNucleic Acid: nucleotide

Skip question #6Skip question #6

Examples of CarbohydratesExamples of Carbohydrates

Anything that ends with –ose Anything that ends with –ose (maltose, fructose, glucose)(maltose, fructose, glucose)

Examples:Examples:

LipidsLipids Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxes

ProteinsProteins EnzymesEnzymes

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids DNA, RNADNA, RNA

Classify:Classify:

A. carbA. carb B. carbB. carb C. LipidsC. Lipids D. LipidsD. Lipids E. LipidsE. Lipids F. Nucleic AcidsF. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic AcidsG. Nucleic Acids H. ProteinsH. Proteins I-K. CarbI-K. Carb

Disaccaharide:Disaccaharide: 2 sugars (maltose)2 sugars (maltose)

Polypeptide:Polypeptide: 2+ amino acids 2+ amino acids

connected by connected by peptide bondspeptide bonds

Polar vs. NonpolarPolar vs. Nonpolar

Water is polarWater is polar Polar molecule: a molecule Polar molecule: a molecule

that has a partial positive and that has a partial positive and partial negative chargepartial negative charge

Only polar substances will Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar dissolve in water; non polar will not.will not.

EnzymesEnzymes

12/13. Proteins that are necessary for 12/13. Proteins that are necessary for lifelife

14. 14. It is a catalyst, which causes a It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to occurreaction to occur

15.pH, temperature affect enzymes15.pH, temperature affect enzymes16. Substance that is broken down 16. Substance that is broken down

by enzymeby enzyme17. Area where substrate binds17. Area where substrate binds

The Cell: Make sure you know The Cell: Make sure you know the diagrams on plant and the diagrams on plant and

animal cellsanimal cells

Cell TheoryCell Theory

1. All living things are 1. All living things are composed of one or more cellscomposed of one or more cells

2. Cells are organisms’ basic 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and functionunits of structure and function

3. Cells come only from 3. Cells come only from existing cellsexisting cells

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsCells

Prokaryotes: Lack any Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) structures (most organelles) and nucleusand nucleus

Ex: bacteriaEx: bacteria Eukaryotes: have nucleus; Eukaryotes: have nucleus;

plants & animalsplants & animals

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Also called Plasma Also called Plasma MembraneMembrane

Prokaryotes, EukaryotesProkaryotes, Eukaryotes Plants & AnimalsPlants & Animals Function: controls what enter Function: controls what enter

and leaves the celland leaves the cell

Cell WallCell Wall

Found in bacteria and plantsFound in bacteria and plants Made of celluloseMade of cellulose Function: gives cells its shape Function: gives cells its shape

and protectionand protection

Nucleus & Nuclear EnvelopeNucleus & Nuclear Envelope

Only in eukaryotesOnly in eukaryotes Function: Control center for Function: Control center for

metabolism and reproductionmetabolism and reproduction Surrounded by a Surrounded by a nuclear nuclear

envelopeenvelope that is selectively that is selectively permeablepermeable

NucleolusNucleolus

EukaryotesEukaryotes Function: makes Function: makes

ribosomesribosomes

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Eukaryotes & ProkaryotesEukaryotes & Prokaryotes Jelly-like substance in Jelly-like substance in

between cell membrane between cell membrane and nucleusand nucleus

Function: metabolism; holds Function: metabolism; holds organelles in placeorganelles in place

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Function: highway of cell; Function: highway of cell; moves material from one moves material from one end to the nextend to the next

Two Types:Two Types:

Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attachedattached

Smooth ER: no ribosomesSmooth ER: no ribosomes

RibosomesRibosomes

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Function: makes proteinsFunction: makes proteins

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex

EukaryotesEukaryotes Flattened stack of Flattened stack of

pancakespancakes Modify and transport Modify and transport

proteins to parts of the cellproteins to parts of the cell

LysosomesLysosomes

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Garbage disposal; break Garbage disposal; break down food or bacteriadown food or bacteria

MitochondriaMitochondria

EukaryotesEukaryotes Powerhouse of cellPowerhouse of cell Produces energy for the Produces energy for the

cellcell

VacuolesVacuoles

Plants: one largePlants: one large Animals: several small that Animals: several small that

digest food or remove digest food or remove excess water (similar to excess water (similar to sponge)sponge)

Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella

Involved in cell movementInvolved in cell movement

Cilia: usually in animalsCilia: usually in animals Flagella: usually one whip like Flagella: usually one whip like

structure found in unicellar structure found in unicellar organismsorganisms

Microtubules & Microtubules & MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

Involved in cell movement and shapeInvolved in cell movement and shape

Forms the cell’s cytoskeletonForms the cell’s cytoskeleton

EukaryotesEukaryotes

CentriolesCentrioles

Involved in cell divisionInvolved in cell division

Animals onlyAnimals only

PlastidsPlastids

Plants onlyPlants only

Two types:Two types:

1.1.Leucoplasts: starch storageLeucoplasts: starch storage

2.2.Chromoplasts: pigments for Chromoplasts: pigments for colorcolor

CholoroplastCholoroplast

Type of chromoplastType of chromoplast Contains chlorophyll; site Contains chlorophyll; site

for photosynthesisfor photosynthesis Plants onlyPlants only

Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer

Selectively PermeableSelectively Permeable

Only allows certain things Only allows certain things to enter or exitto enter or exit

EX: Cell MembraneEX: Cell Membrane

OrganizationOrganization

CellCell Tissue Tissue Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver)Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver) Organ System (respiratory, Organ System (respiratory,

circulatory)circulatory) Organism (human, dog, cat)Organism (human, dog, cat)

Tissue vs. OrganTissue vs. Organ

Tissue: group of cells that Tissue: group of cells that serve the same functionserve the same function

Organ: group of tissues that Organ: group of tissues that serve the same functionserve the same function

Cell TransportCell Transport

Active vs. PassiveActive vs. Passive

ActiveActive Energy RequiredEnergy Required Moves from low Moves from low

concentration to concentration to high concentrationhigh concentration

PassivePassive No energy requiredNo energy required Moves from high Moves from high

concentration to concentration to low concentrationlow concentration

DiffusionDiffusion

Movement of molecules Movement of molecules from an area of high from an area of high concentration to an area concentration to an area of lower concentrationof lower concentration

Passive TransportPassive Transport

DiffusionDiffusion

Concentration GradientConcentration Gradient

Occurs when there is a Occurs when there is a difference between high difference between high and low concentrationand low concentration

EquilibriumEquilibrium

Same amount is inside and Same amount is inside and outside the cell outside the cell

OsmosisOsmosis

Diffusion of water across a Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable selectively permeable membrane from region of membrane from region of high water concentration to high water concentration to a region of low water a region of low water concentrationconcentration

PassivePassive

Plasmolysis vs. CytolysisPlasmolysis vs. Cytolysis

Plasmolysis: shrinking of Plasmolysis: shrinking of cytoplasm (result of cytoplasm (result of hypertonic solution)hypertonic solution)

Cytolysis: cell explodes due Cytolysis: cell explodes due to hypotonic solutionto hypotonic solution

Turgor PressueTurgor Pressue

Increase of pressure in a plant Increase of pressure in a plant due to water entering the cell due to water entering the cell via osmosisvia osmosis

Plant cell will not explode Plant cell will not explode because of cell wallbecause of cell wall

Greatest pressure in pure waterGreatest pressure in pure water

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Special transport proteins Special transport proteins transport substance into transport substance into or out of cellor out of cell

Same as diffusion- movement from Same as diffusion- movement from high to low concentrationhigh to low concentration

EndocytosisEndocytosis

Transporting material Transporting material intointo cell cell by vesicleby vesicle

EX:EX: Pinocytosis: small liquids are Pinocytosis: small liquids are

taken into cell by vesicletaken into cell by vesicle Phagocytosis: solid particles Phagocytosis: solid particles

ingested into cell by vesiclesingested into cell by vesicles

ExocytosisExocytosis

Transporting material Transporting material out out of cell by vesicleof cell by vesicle

Type of Solution

Where is there more solute

Where is there more solvent (water)

What direction does water move

What happens to the cell

Hypotonic Inside cell Outside cell Inside Cytolysis (explode)

Hypertonic Outside cell Inside cell Outside Plasmolysis (shrink)

Isotonic Equal Equal Constant Nothin

Let’s Do ExamplesLet’s Do Examples

Look at the examples on the board Look at the examples on the board and determine which way the water and determine which way the water will move and what will happen to will move and what will happen to the cell.the cell.