Biology - Walch · These single-celled organisms lack ... Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotes have a(n) ____. 3. ... Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology 100

Biology

Robert Taggart

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PB SCI TB Biology 4/19/05 10:09 AM Page i

Table of ContentsTo the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

UUnniitt 11:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggssLesson 1: Characteristics of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Lesson 2: Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Lesson 3: Nucleotides and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Lesson 4: The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Lesson 5: Genetics and Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Lesson 6: Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Lesson 7: Organizing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

UUnniitt 22:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmssLesson 8: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Lesson 9: Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Lesson 10: Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

UUnniitt 33:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoommLesson 11: Plant Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Lesson 12: Plant Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

UUnniitt 44:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoommLesson 13: Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Lesson 14: Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

UUnniitt 55:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyyLesson 15: Digestion and Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Lesson 16: Respiration and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Lesson 17: Fighting Invaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Lesson 18: The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Lesson 19: Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Lesson 20: Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Lesson 21: Nervous and Endocrine Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Lesson 22: Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

UUnniitt 66:: EEccoollooggyyLesson 23: Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Lesson 24: Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Lesson 25: Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Biology

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Table of Contents, continued

AppendixesA. Biology Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347B. The Parts of a Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350C. Classifying Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351D. The Parts of a Flowering Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352E. The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353F. Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360G. The Six Major Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Biology

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UNIT 2Simple Organisms

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LESSON 8: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

GOAL: To learn about archaebacteria and eubacteria

WORDS TO KNOW

TThhee OOllddeesstt LLiiffee--FFoorrmmss

BBaacctteerriiaa were probably the first life-forms on Earth. They are living things,but they are neither plants nor animals. These single-celled organisms lackmost of the structures present in plant and animal cells. Yet they are stillthe most numerous and successful organisms on Earth. They can survivein any environment. They are found on the tops of the highest mountainsand at the bottom of the deepest oceans. Some live in extremely saltywater. Some live in rocks and ice. Some live in the roots of plants, or in theintestines of animals. There are more of them in your mouth right nowthan there are people in the world! But you have probably never seen one.This is because bacteria are mmiiccrroossccooppiicc.. They are so small they can onlybe seen when magnified by a microscope.

These organisms have a cell wall, but do not have a true nucleus. Thename for this kind of cell is pprrookkaarryyoottee,, which means “before nucleus.”Instead of a nucleus, these cells have a nnuucclleeooiidd.. This is a region ofcytoplasm where the cell’s DNA is found. DNA is usually in one long

Lesson 8: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria • Biology

95

aannaaeerroobbiicc

aannttiibbiioottiiccss

aarrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa

bbaacciillllii ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacciilllluuss))

bbaacctteerriiaa ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacctteerriiuumm))

bbiinnaarryy ffiissssiioonn

ccooccccii ((ssiinngguullaarr ccooccccuuss))

eeuubbaacctteerriiaa

ffllaaggeellllaa

ggrraamm--nneeggaattiivvee

ggrraamm--ppoossiittiivvee

mmiiccrroossccooppiicc

nnuucclleeooiidd

pprrookkaarryyoottee

ssppiirriillllaa ((ssiinngguullaarr ssppiirriilllluumm))

vviirruusseess


strand. Some have ffllaaggeellllaa,, or hairlikestrands of protein that are used formovement. Some prokaryotes also havean extra capsule on the outside. Thiscapsule helps protect the cell.

Scientists use the cell wall to identifydifferent types of bacteria. They apply aspecial dye to the cell wall. If the cellwall reacts to the dye and turns purple,the cell is ggrraamm--ppoossiittiivvee.. If it does notreact, it is ggrraamm--nneeggaattiivvee..

Bacteria are grouped into two kingdoms, the archaebacteria (or “oldbacteria”) and the eubacteria (or “true bacteria”).

AArrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa

The aarrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa are the oldest living things. They first developed about3.8 billion years ago. At that time, Earth’s atmosphere did not containoxygen. Archaebacteria gave off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis.Eventually, there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere for other life-formsto develop.

Archaebacteria may produce oxygen, but many of them areaannaaeerroobbiicc—that is, they cannot survive when oxygen is present. However,they can survive in conditions that would kill other organisms. Unlikeeubacteria, archaebacteria are not harmed by aannttiibbiioottiiccss,, medicines thatkill disease-causing bacteria.

One type of archaebacteria lives in extremely hot, acidic water. Theseorganisms die of cold when the temperature drops to 55˚C (131˚ F).

Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology

96

Prokaryotic Cell

The terms gram-positive and gram-negative come from thename of Christian Gram, the scientist who first developedthis way of identifying bacteria.

TIP


Another type of archaebacteria dies in the presence of oxygen. Theseorganisms produce energy by converting carbon dioxide into methane gas.They live in areas where they are protected from oxygen, such as the mudat the bottom of swamps, or in the intestines of animals.

A third type of archaebacteria lives in extremely salty conditions. Theseorganisms are found in places like the Dead Sea, where no plants oranimals can survive—not even seaweed grows there! The pinkish colorsometimes seen near the shore of very salty lakes is caused by largeconcentrations of these archaebacteria.

■ PRACTICE 21: The Oldest Life-FormsLook at the list of terms below. Fill in each line with the letter of the termthat correctly completes each of the following statements.

aa.. anaerobic cc.. gram-positive ee.. nucleoid

bb.. flagella dd.. gram-negative

11.. Scientists stain cell walls to see if the cell is ____ or ____.

22.. Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotes have a(n) ____.

33.. Some prokaryotes use hairlike structures called ____ to move.

44.. Prokaryotes that cannot survive in oxygen are called ____.

EEuubbaacctteerriiaa

The other kingdom of bacteria is the eeuubbaacctteerriiaa,, which means “truebacteria.” These are the organisms most people mean when they talkabout bacteria. They are much more common than archaebacteria.

You may be most familiar with bacteria that cause diseases. Bacteriacause strep throat, tetanus, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and some sexuallytransmitted diseases. Most bacteria, however, are harmless. Many havepositive uses and are even essential to life.


97


Eubacteria come in many shapes and forms. However, three shapes aremost common: rod-shaped, round, and spiral.

■ Rod-shaped cells are called bbaacciillllii.. (The singular is bacillus.)

■ Round or oval cells are called ccooccccii.. (The singular is coccus.)

■ Spiral cells are called ssppiirriillllaa.. (The singular is spirillum.)

Most bacteria are able to move themselves from one place to another.Different bacteria have different ways of moving. Most move by spinningtheir flagella. Some produce a slimy substance that they can glide along.Some bacteria do not move at all.

Like other living things, bacteria also reproduce. Most bacteriareproduce by bbiinnaarryy ffiissssiioonn.. The cell makes a copy of its own DNA. Thenthe cell divides, and a new bacterial cell wall forms. Binary fission resultsin two identical daughter cells. Bacteria can reproduce very quickly. Whenconditions are right, they can divide once every 20 minutes.

HHaarrmmffuull BBaacctteerriiaa

Some bacteria cause diseases in humans, such as cholera and pneumonia.Some cause food poisoning, while other bacteria cause acne. They can


98

Bacteria are everywhere around you. To reduce the risk ofbacterial infections, wash your hands well with soap andwater or use an antibacterial hand sanitizer before you eat.

IN REAL LIFE

Bacilli Cocci Spirilla


cause diseases in plants, such as blight or cankers. Because bacteria canreproduce so quickly, just one or two bacteria can quickly becomethousands of bacteria.

However, most bacteria that cause food poisoning are destroyed byheat. Cooking food properly kills these bacteria. Most disease-causingbacteria can be destroyed by antibiotics. Unfortunately, many bacteria arechanging to become resistant to antibiotics. Scientists must find new waysto combat these resistant bacteria.

HHeellppffuull BBaacctteerriiaa

Some bacteria can cause diseases. But most bacteria are not harmful. Infact, they have many important uses.

■ Bacteria take nitrogen from the atmosphere and change it to a formthat plants can use.

■ Bacteria break down dead organisms, returning their nutrients to the soil.

■ Bacteria in your stomach crowd out harmful bacteria and help youdigest your food.

■ Bacteria in water treatment plants help break down sewage.

■ Bacteria take carbon dioxide from the air and replace it with oxygen.


99

Marcia had a sore throat. She made a doctor’sappointment to see if she had a bacterial infection. Afriend offered her some antibiotics. Marcia knew that somebacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. The mainreason is because people take antibiotics when they do notneed them. She refused her friend’s offer and waited untilshe saw the doctor.

IN REAL LIFE


■ Bacteria are essential for making cheese and yogurt.

■ Bacteria are used in oil spills to break oil molecules into lessdangerous forms.

■ Scientists use bacteria to produce medicines and for geneticengineering.

■ PRACTICE 22: EubacteriaCircle the letter of the answer that correctly completes each of thefollowing statements.

11.. Eubacteria that are shaped like rods are called ____.aa.. bacillibb.. coccicc.. spirilla

22.. Bacteria that cause food poisoning can be killed by ____ the food.aa.. eating bb.. freezingcc.. cooking

33.. Bacteria take ____ from the atmosphere and change it so that plantscan use it.

aa.. methanebb.. oxygencc.. nitrogen

44.. Some bacteria are becoming ____ to antibiotics.aa.. resistantbb.. identicalcc.. harmful

VViirruusseess

Bacteria cause some diseases. But other diseases are caused by vviirruusseess..These are tiny particles, even smaller than bacteria. Scientists are


100


Biology

WALCH PUBLISHING

Teacher’s Guide

®

Table of Contents

© 2005 Walch Publishing Teacher’s Guide • Biology

iii

To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Basic English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Classroom Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Use Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

UUnniitt 11:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggssUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

UUnniitt 22:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmssUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6


UUnniitt 33:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoommUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9


UUnniitt 44:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoommUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

UUnniitt 55:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyyUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14


UUnniitt 66:: EEccoollooggyyUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21


Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Graphic Organizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Student Book Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Student Book Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Teacher’s Guide • Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing

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Unit 2 introduces Earth’s simplest organisms: bacteria, protists, and fungi. Lesson 8 gives an overviewof archaebacteria and eubacteria, with a brief introduction to viruses. Lesson 9 discusses the protistkingdom, including plantlike protists, animallike protists, and funguslike protists. Lesson 10 presentsthe role, structure, and diversity of fungi.

Lesson 8—Archaebacteria and EubacteriaGoal: To learn about archaebacteria and eubacteria

WORDS TO KNOW

Lesson 9—ProtistsGoal: To learn about the different classes of protists

WORDS TO KNOW

Unit 2: Simple Organisms

aannaaeerroobbiicc

aannttiibbiioottiiccss

aarrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa

bbaacciillllii ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacciilllluuss))

bbaacctteerriiaa ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacctteerriiuumm))

bbiinnaarryy ffiissssiioonn

ccooccccii ((ssiinngguullaarr ccooccccuuss))

eeuubbaacctteerriiaa

ffllaaggeellllaa

ggrraamm--nneeggaattiivvee

ggrraamm--ppoossiittiivvee

mmiiccrroossccooppiicc

nnuucclleeooiidd

pprrookkaarryyoottee

ssppiirriillllaa ((ssiinngguullaarr ssppiirriilllluumm))

vviirruusseess

aallggaaee ((ssiinngguullaarr aallggaa))

aallggaall bblloooomm

cciilliiaa

eeuukkaarryyoottee

ppaarraassiitteess

ppllaassmmooddiiuumm

pprroottiisstt

pprroottoozzooaannss

ppsseeuuddooppoodd

ssppoorreess

ttooxxiinn

© 2005 Walch Publishing Teacher’s Guide • Biology

33

CycleWrite the important stages of the cycle in the boxes. Add or delete boxes as needed.

Biology

WALCH PUBLISHING

Workbook

Table of ContentsTo the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii

AAccttiivviittyy 11Sci-Fi Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

AAccttiivviittyy 22Basic Chemistry—Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

AAccttiivviittyy 33The Molecules of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

AAccttiivviittyy 44Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

AAccttiivviittyy 55A Cell Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

AAccttiivviittyy 66Cellular Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

AAccttiivviittyy 77Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells . . 7

AAccttiivviittyy 88Plant Cell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

AAccttiivviittyy 99Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

AAccttiivviittyy 1100DNA and RNA Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

AAccttiivviittyy 1111Life on the Edge: The Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

AAccttiivviittyy 1122Cell Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

AAccttiivviittyy 1133DNA and Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

AAccttiivviittyy 1144Gene Crossword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

AAccttiivviittyy 1155Flipping for Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

AAccttiivviittyy 1166Punnett Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

AAccttiivviittyy 1177Queen Victoria and the Royal Disease . . . . . . . 17

AAccttiivviittyy 1188Special Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

AAccttiivviittyy 1199Stripes and Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

AAccttiivviittyy 2200The Life of Charles Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

AAccttiivviittyy 2211Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

AAccttiivviittyy 2222Organizing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

AAccttiivviittyy 2233Monera—Archaebacteria and Eubacteria . . . . 23

AAccttiivviittyy 2244The Bacteria Around Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

AAccttiivviittyy 2255Drawing Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

AAccttiivviittyy 2266Observing Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

AAccttiivviittyy 2277Protists and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

AAccttiivviittyy 2288Mushroom Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

AAccttiivviittyy 2299Mushroom Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

AAccttiivviittyy 3300Fungus Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

AAccttiivviittyy 3311Useful Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

AAccttiivviittyy 3322Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

AAccttiivviittyy 3333Light and Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

AAccttiivviittyy 3344Leaves and Roots in the Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

AAccttiivviittyy 3355Roots Underwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

UUnniitt 33:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoomm

UUnniitt 22:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmss

© 2005 Walch Publishing Biology

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UUnniitt 11:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggss

Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing

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Table of Contents, continuedAAccttiivviittyy 3366

What Stops the Tallest Stems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

AAccttiivviittyy 3377Tropism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

AAccttiivviittyy 3388Simple Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

AAccttiivviittyy 3399Fruit or Vegetable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

AAccttiivviittyy 4400Plant Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

AAccttiivviittyy 4411Where Does Paper Come From? . . . . . . . . . . . 41

AAccttiivviittyy 4422Making Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

AAccttiivviittyy 4433Herbal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

AAccttiivviittyy 4444Marine Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

AAccttiivviittyy 4455Go With the Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

AAccttiivviittyy 4466Model a Marine Invertebrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

AAccttiivviittyy 4477Marine Invertebrate Classification . . . . . . . . . 47

AAccttiivviittyy 4488Marine Invertebrate Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

AAccttiivviittyy 4499Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrates . . . . . 49

AAccttiivviittyy 5500Ecosystems of Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

AAccttiivviittyy 5511Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

AAccttiivviittyy 5522Arthropod Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

AAccttiivviittyy 5533Fishy Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

AAccttiivviittyy 5544Fish Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

AAccttiivviittyy 5555How Do Fish Breathe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

AAccttiivviittyy 5566Amphibian Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

AAccttiivviittyy 5577Characteristics of Non-Amniotic Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

AAccttiivviittyy 5588Reptile Poster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

AAccttiivviittyy 5599Break an Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

AAccttiivviittyy 6600Amniotic Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

AAccttiivviittyy 6611Birds of a Feather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

AAccttiivviittyy 6622Compare and Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

AAccttiivviittyy 6633Mammal Crossword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

AAccttiivviittyy 6644Mammal Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

AAccttiivviittyy 6655Group Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

AAccttiivviittyy 6666Over the Lips, Through the Gums, Look Out, Stomach, Here It Comes . . . . . . . . . 66

AAccttiivviittyy 6677Digestive System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

AAccttiivviittyy 6688Processing the Food Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

AAccttiivviittyy 6699Excretion Word Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

AAccttiivviittyy 7700No Smoking! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

UUnniitt 55:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyy

UUnniitt 44:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoomm

Table of Contents, continuedAAccttiivviittyy 7711

Respiration and Circulation Matchup . . . . . . . 71

AAccttiivviittyy 7722Heart and Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

AAccttiivviittyy 7733Heart to Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

AAccttiivviittyy 7744Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

AAccttiivviittyy 7755White Blood Cell Superhero! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

AAccttiivviittyy 7766Mothers and Smallpox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

AAccttiivviittyy 7777Stopping the Sweat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

AAccttiivviittyy 7788Skeletal and Muscular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

AAccttiivviittyy 7799Muscle Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

AAccttiivviittyy 8800The Neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

AAccttiivviittyy 8811Quick Reflexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

AAccttiivviittyy 8822Sense-abilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

AAccttiivviittyy 8833The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

AAccttiivviittyy 8844Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

AAccttiivviittyy 8855Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

AAccttiivviittyy 8866Reproductive Systems Matchup . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

AAccttiivviittyy 8877Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

AAccttiivviittyy 8888Developmental Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

AAccttiivviittyy 8899Systems of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

AAccttiivviittyy 9900Being an Ecologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

AAccttiivviittyy 9911The Food Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

AAccttiivviittyy 9922Crop Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

AAccttiivviittyy 9933Losing the Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

AAccttiivviittyy 9944Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

AAccttiivviittyy 9955Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

AAccttiivviittyy 9966Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

AAccttiivviittyy 9977Temperate and Tropical Rain Forests . . . . . . . 97

AAccttiivviittyy 9988Charting the Rain Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

AAccttiivviittyy 9999Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

UUnniitt 66:: EEccoollooggyy

© 2005 Walch Publishing Biology

v

© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology

23

On the line next to the definition in Column A, write the letter of the word it defines from Column B.

CCoolluummnn AA CCoolluummnn BB

____ 11.. This is a cell without a nucleus.

____ 22.. These are hairlike strands that movesimple organisms around.

____ 33.. These are spiral cells.

____ 44.. These are ancient bacteria.

____ 55.. These are round or oval cells.

____ 66.. These are true bacteria.

____ 77.. These bacteria can be stained withGram’s stain.

____ 88.. These are rod-shaped cells.

____ 99.. This is the area that contains the DNA in a cell that has no nucleus.

____ 1100.. These are medicines that killdisease-causing bacteria.

UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 23MMoonneerraa——AArrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa aanndd EEuubbaacctteerriiaa

NAME:

aa.. archaebacteria

bb.. antibiotics

cc.. bacilli

dd.. cocci

ee.. eubacteria

ff.. flagella

gg.. gram-positive bacteria

hh.. nucleoid

ii.. prokaryote

jj.. spirilla

Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing

24

Bacteria can be found everywhere. Even when you think you have cleaned an area, some bacteria willremain. In this activity, you will choose four different places to test to see if there are any bacteriapresent. You will watch the bacteria grow (or not). You will write and draw what you see.

MMaatteerriiaallss

■ petri dish with agar solution ■ distilled water■ wax pencil ■ magnifying glass■ four cotton swabs ■ small metric ruler

PPrroocceedduurree

1. Use the wax pencil to divide the petri dish into four quarters. You will do this by drawing on the bottom of the petri dish and labeling each quarter 1, 2, 3, and 4.

2. Take a cotton swab and dip the end in distilled water. Rub the swab against a surface, such as a chair, a doorknob, or a toilet seat.

3. Open the lid of the petri dish, and rub the cotton swab that you just used on one quarter of the agar solution. Replace the lid as soon as you are done. Be sure to keep track of what surface you swabbed and where you placed the sample on the petri dish.

4. Do this three more times using different surfaces. Use a different swab each time.5. Keep the lid on the petri dish between rubbings. Keep the petri dish in a warm, dark location.6. Check the petri dish for the next three days. Use the magnifying glass to see if bacteria are

growing. Try to not take the lid off the petri dish to look at the bacteria.7. On a separate sheet of paper, make a table like the one below for each surface.

Surface: __________________________________

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3

Size: _____________ Size: _____________ Size: ____________

Shape:____________ Shape:____________ Shape:___________

Color: ____________ Color: ____________ Color: ___________

Drawing: Drawing: Drawing:

On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions.

11.. Why did you choose those surfaces?

22.. The bacteria that grew the most came from which surface? Why do you think that happened?

33.. What are some ways to get rid of bacteria?

44.. Why was it important to keep the lid on the petri dish?

UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 24TThhee BBaacctteerriiaa AArroouunndd UUss

NAME:

Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing

28

The body of most fungi lives below the surface of an object. This is true for mushrooms. Onemushroom organism can cover many, many acres of land, but only a small part may be visible. Thepart of the mushroom that is visible is the part you eat. This is the sporangium, which is the sexuallyreproductive part of the mushroom.

In this lab, you will look at an edible mushroom. The cap of the mushroom is the very top. It usually grows out of a ring, which is attached to the stalk. The stalk rises from the cup of themushroom, which grows up out of the ground. When it is immature, this cup is called a button.The gills of the mushroom are found on the underside of the cap. The mycelium is a loose network of hyphae, the threadlike objects that form the body of the mushroom.

MMaatteerriiaallss

■ mushroom■ hand lens■ scalpel or sharp knife

SSaaffeettyy CCoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn

Use extra care when handling the scalpel or sharp knife.

PPrroocceedduurree

11.. Look at your mushroom, and make a drawing of it. Label the stalk, gills, cup, cap, and ring.

22.. Carefully use the scalpel or sharp knife to cut the mushroom in half from top to bottom.

33.. Next, cut the cap off at the ring where it meets the stalk.

44.. Pull some of the stem apart with your fingertips, and look at the structure of the organism withthe hand lens. Can you see the hyphae? Observe how they form a mycelium.

55.. Use the hand lens to look at the gills of the mushroom.

66.. Use the hand lens to look at the stalk of the mushroom. Make a drawing of what you see.

CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn QQuueessttiioonnss

11.. What is the purpose of the gills? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

22.. Why do mushrooms have spores? ___________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 28MMuusshhrroooomm LLaabb

NAME:

© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology

29

Use the Internet or a reference book to find a picture of a mature mushroom. Remember there areseveral parts to the visible mushroom:

■ stalk■ gills■ cup■ cap■ ring

In addition, remember that the gills of a mature mushroom contain spores. The body of themushroom is composed of hyphae that tangle together to form a mycelium.

In the three-dimensional medium of your choice (for instance, plasticine, clay, wood, or othermedium), create a mushroom model. Be sure to label all the parts of the mushroom clearly. Becreative! In the space below, sketch a plan for your model and jot down ideas.

UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 29MMuusshhrroooomm MMooddeell

NAME:

Biology

WALCH PUBLISHING

Test Pack

Table of ContentsTo the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Testing Students Who Do Not Test Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Test-Taking Strategies for Power Basics® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

PPrreetteesstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11

UUnniitt 11 TTeesstt:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggss .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66

UUnniitt 22 TTeesstt:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmss .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1100

UUnniitt 33 TTeesstt:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoomm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1144

UUnniitt 44 TTeesstt:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoomm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1188

UUnniitt 55 TTeesstt:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2222

UUnniitt 66 TTeesstt:: EEccoollooggyy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2266

PPoosstttteesstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3300

Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Student Record-Keeping Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Strategies for Standardized Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

© 2005 Walch Publishing Biology Test Pack

iii

Circle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions.

11.. What are lipids?

aa.. sugars and starches

bb.. the molecules that make up fats and oils

cc.. proteins that are involved in chemical reactions in organisms

dd.. the basic units of proteins

22.. What is the largest, most visible structure in most cells?

aa.. the Golgi complex

bb.. the lysosomes

cc.. the mitochondria

dd.. the nucleus

33.. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in the human cell?

aa.. 7

bb.. 19

cc.. 23

dd.. 27

44.. In peas, green pea pods are dominant over yellow ones. If you cross a green homozygous varietywith a yellow variety, what will the F2 generation look like?

aa.. all green

bb.. all yellow

cc.. half green and half yellow

dd.. three quarters green and one quarter yellow

55.. What is the most important characteristic of a species?

aa.. Individuals must be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

bb.. Individuals must belong to the same population.

cc.. Individuals must possess the same genotype.

dd.. Individuals must possess the same phenotype.

BIOLOGY • PRETESTNAME: DATE:

© 2005 Walch Publishing Pretest • Biology Test Pack

1

NAME: DATE:

10Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing


11.. What were probably the earliest life forms on Earth?

aa.. algae

bb.. bacteria

cc.. diatoms

dd.. viruses

22.. What is the name for cells that do not have a nucleus?

aa.. prokaryotic

bb.. nuclear

cc.. eukaryotic

dd.. bacterial

33.. How do most bacteria reproduce?

aa.. by spores

bb.. by seeds

cc.. by diffusion

dd.. by binary fission

44.. Which of the following are the three most common eubacteria shapes?

aa.. spiral, circle, and sphere

bb.. spiral, rod, and sphere

cc.. rod, rectangle, and circle

dd.. sphere, spiral, and rectangle

55.. Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?

aa.. measles

bb.. influenza

cc.. botulism

dd.. strep throat

UNIT 2 TEST • SIMPLE ORGANISMS

11

NAME: DATE:

© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack

66.. What is an algal bloom?

aa.. the flowering of certain water plants when exposed to algae

bb.. the flowering tip of multicellular algae

cc.. a rapid growth of algae

dd.. a type of algae that lives on flowering water plants

77.. What is red tide?

aa.. an algal bloom of certain dinoflagellates that contain a red pigment

bb.. an algal bloom of diatoms that contain a red pigment

cc.. a kind of red algae that lives in snow

dd.. a kind of red seaweed

88.. What is the name for a protozoan that attaches itself to another organism and uses the hostorganism for food?

aa.. ciliate

bb.. dinoflagellate

cc.. parasite

dd.. pseudopod

99.. What type of algae are commonly known as seaweed?

aa.. blue-green algae

bb.. brown algae

cc.. green algae

dd.. red algae

1100.. What is the name for the foot-like extension of cytoplasm some protozoans use to move?

aa.. flagellum

bb.. cilium

cc.. pseudopod

dd.. fingers

12

NAME: DATE:

Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing

1111.. What makes single-celled protists different from bacteria?

aa.. They have DNA.

bb.. They have a nucleus.

cc.. They have cell walls.

dd.. They have flagella.

1122.. What do paramecia use to move?

aa.. flagella

bb.. pseudopods

cc.. cilia

dd.. fingers

1133.. What is a community of slime molds called?

aa.. colony

bb.. plasmodium

cc.. sporangia

dd.. algae

1144.. What is the basic structure in a fungus called?

aa.. hypha

bb.. mycelium

cc.. spore

dd.. yeast

1155.. What type of growth is actually an association between a fungus and algae?

aa.. ameba

bb.. lichen

cc.. mycelium

dd.. mushroom

13

NAME: DATE:

© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack

1166.. How do fungi reproduce?

aa.. through seeds

bb.. through budding off

cc.. through spores

dd.. through eggs

1177.. What is one important role fungi play in the ecosystem?

aa.. decomposers

bb.. producers

cc.. first-order consumers

dd.. scavengers

1188.. What do fungi release into the organism they feed on in order to digest it?

aa.. an acid

bb.. an alkaline

cc.. an enzyme

dd.. a nutrient

1199.. Which of the following human conditions is caused by a fungus?

aa.. polio

bb.. athlete’s foot

cc.. malaria

dd.. strep throat

2200.. Which of the following organisms is a fungus?

aa.. ameba

bb.. bacterium

cc.. mushroom

dd.. alga


11.. What are enzymes?

aa.. sugars and starches

bb.. the molecules that make up fats and oils

cc.. proteins that are involved in chemical reactions in organisms

dd.. the basic units of proteins

22.. Which of the following is true about the nucleus?

aa.. It starts and controls cell division.

bb.. It is surrounded by the nucleolus.

cc.. It processes glucose.

dd.. It is the site of protein synthesis.

33.. What is the term for a region of DNA that codes for a single protein or group of proteins?

aa.. a gene

bb.. a nitrogen base

cc.. a nucleotide

dd.. RNA

44.. What is the term for traits that are governed by more than one gene?

aa.. codominant traits

bb.. dominant traits

cc.. polygenic traits

dd.. recessive traits

55.. Which of the following situations will likely lead to speciation?

aa.. Individuals from one population breed with individuals from a second population.

bb.. Two populations occupy the same habitat type.

cc.. Two populations are physically separated from each other.

dd.. Members of the same population develop different color patterns.

BIOLOGY • POSTTESTNAME: DATE:

Posttest • Biology Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing

30

Biology - Walch · These single-celled organisms lack ... Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotes have a(n) ____. 3. ... Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology 100

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