BIOLOGY FORM 5 NOTES CHAPTER 1 : TRANSPORT CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORT 1.1 THE IMPORT ANCE OF HAVING A TRANSPOR T SYSTEM IN SOME MUL TICELLULAR ORGANISMS 1. The distri!ti"# "$ $""d %#d "&'(e# thr "!(h"!t the "d' "$ %)) )i*i#( "r(%#is+s %#d the re+"*%) "$ ,%ste -r"d!ts s!h %s %r"# di"&ide is -er$"r+ed ' % tr%#s-"rt s'ste+. /. The r%te "$ e&h%#(e "$ s!st%#es i# %# "r(%#is+ de-e#ds "#: 0%The t"t%) %re% t " *")!+e 0TSA2V r%ti" 3 The )%r(er the TSA2V r%ti"4 the $%ster the di!si"# "$ s!st%#es 0The dist%#e et,ee# the s"!re "$ s!st%#es %#d th e "d' e))s 3 The s+%))er the dist%#e et,ee# the s"!re "$ s!st%#es %#d the "d' e))s4 the $%ster the di!si"# "$ s!st%#es 0The "#e#tr%ti"# (r%die#t et,ee# the s"!re %#d the "d' e))s 3 The hi(her the "#e#tr%ti"# (r%die#t et,ee# the s"!re %#d the "d' e))s4 the $%ster the di!si"# "$ s!st%#es 6. I# !#ie))!)%r "r(%#is+s ,ith )%r(e TSA2V r%ti"4 "&'(e# %# di!se thr"!(h the e)) s!r$%e %#d re%h the e#ter "$ the e)) e%si)'. Si+i)%r)'4 ,%ste -r"d!ts %# e r%-id)' re+"*ed $r"+ the e)) ' si+-)e di!si"#. 7. 8h' the )%r(e +!)tie))!)%r "r(%#is+s %##"t de-e#d "# si+-)e di!si"# thr"!(h the "d' s!r$%e %)"#e t" s!--)' the "&'(e# %#d #!trie#ts #eeded ' the e))s9
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3 The +"*e+e#t "$ )""d %)"#( the *ei#s is %ssisted ' the % ti"# "$ thes=e)et%) +!s )es "# the *ei#s. M!s !)%r e&er ise i# re%ses the -ress!re e&erted "#the *ei#s %#d +"*es the )""d %)"#( +"re <!i =)'.
1. The di ere# es et,ee# %rteries4 *ei#s %#d %-i))%ries
3 Fr"+ %"rt%4 )""d is distri !ted t" %)) -%rts "$ the "d' 0e&-e t )!#(s .
6. The +!s !)%r ,%)) "$ the )e$t *e#tri )e is thi =er th%# the ,%)) "$ the ri(ht*e#tri )e
3 e %!se )e$t *e#tri )e #eeds t" -!+- )""d t" %)) -%rts "$ the "d'. The ri(ht*e#tri )e "#)' #eeds t" -!+- )""d t" the )!#(s.
7. The he%rt h%s *%)*es th%t %))", )""d t" >", i# "#)' "#e dire ti"#.3 The *%)*e et,ee# the ri(ht %tri!+ %#d ri(ht *e#tri )e is %))ed tri !s-id*%)*e the *%)*e et,ee# the )e$t %tri!+ %#d )e$t *e#tri )e is %))ed i !s-id *%)*e.
These *%)*es -re*e#t )""d $r"+ >",i#( % = i#t" the %tri%.
3 The se+i3)!#%r *%)*es %re )" %ted %t the -"i#t ,here the -!)+"#%r' %rter'%#d %"rt% )e%*e the he%rt. These *%)*es -re*e#t )""d $r"+ >",i#( % = i#t" the*e#tri )es ,he# the *e#tri )es re)%&.
5. The )""d i# the -!)+"#%r' %rteries is %t % )",er -ress!re th%# the )""d i# the%"rt%.
3 This (i*es s! ie#t ti+e $"r (%se"!s e& h%#(e t" " !r i# the )!#(s.
K. The ri(ht side "$ the he%rt is "+-)ete)' se-%r%ted $r"+ the )e$t side "$ thehe%rt ' % +!s !)%r ,%)) %))ed +edi%# se-t!+ ,hi h r!#s d",# the +idd)e "$ thehe%rt.
3 I# this ,%'4 de"&'(e#%ted )""d i# the ri(ht side is !#% )e t" +i& ,ith the"&'(e#%ted )""d i# the )e$t side "$ the he%rt.
. M"de "$ % ti"# "$ the he%rt
3 The t," %tri% "$ the he%rt ,"r= si+!)t%#e"!s)'. The' re)%& %t the s%+e ti+et" re ei*e the )""d $r"+ the *ei#s. The ri(ht %tri!+ re ei*es )""d $r"+ the t,"*e#% %*%e ,hi)e the )e$t %tri!+ re ei*es )""d $r"+ the -!)+"#%r' *ei#s.
3 The t," %tri% the "#tr% t %t the s%+e ti+e4 $"r i#( the )""d i#t" there)%&ed *e#tri )es.
3 A$ter % s)i(ht -%!se4 the t," *e#tri )es "#tr% t si+!)t%#e"!s)'4 $"r i#( the)""d $r"+ the )e$t %#d ri(ht *e#tri )es i#t" %"rt% %#d -!)+"#%r' %rteries
3 The %*er%(e #"r+%) he%rt e%t "$ %# %d!)t is % "!t / ti+es -er +i#!te.
3 N"ti e th%t the %tri% %#d the *e#tri )es ,"r= %)ter#%te)'. 8he# the %tri%"#tr% t4 the *e#tri )es re)%& %#d *i e *ers%.
1.1.1 The Cir !)%ti"# O$ B)""d I# H!+%#
The -!+-i#( "$ the he%rt
1. The he%rt is +%de !- "$ str"#( +!s )e4 %))ed %rdi% +!s )e.
3 The %rdi% +!s )e e))s %re i#ter "##e ted. This %))",s e)e tri %) si(#%)s t"e "#d! ted r%-id)' thr"!(h the he%rt4 %#d the s%+e ti+e sti+!)%te the %rdi%
+!s )e e))s t" "#tr% t i# % ""rdi#%ted ,%'.
3 C%rdi% +!s )e is +'"(e#i ; it "#tr% ts %#d re)%&es ,ith"!t the #eed t"re ei*e i+-!)ses $r"+ the #er*"!s s'ste+.
/. The "#tr% ti"# "$ the he%rt is i#iti%ted %#d ""rdi#%ted ' % -% e+%=er.
3 The -% e+%=er is % )!ster "$ s-e i%)iDed he%rt +!s )e e))s th%t sets ther%te %t ,hi h the he%rt "#tr% ts.
3 The -% e+%=er is )" %ted i# the ,%)) "$ the ri(ht %tri!+.
3 It (e#er%tes e)e tri %) i+-!)ses ,hi h s-re%d r%-id)' "*er ,%))s "$ "th %tri%%si#( the %tri% t" "#tr% t i# % rh'th+i %) -%tter#.
3 The he%rtQs -ri+%r' -% e+%=er is %))ed the si#"%tri%) 0SA #"de.
6. Fr"+ the SA #"de4 the i+-!)ses re% h the %tri"*e#tri !)%r 0AV #"de.
3 The AV #"de is )" %ted %t the >""r "$ the ri(ht %tri!+.
7. Fr"+ the AV #"de4 s-e i%)iDed +!s )e ? res %))ed !#d)e "$ His ? res4 !#d)er%# hes %#d P!r=i# e ? res "#d! t the si(#%)s t" the %-e& "$ the he%rt %#d
thr"!(h"!t the ,%)) "$ the *e#tri )es4 %!si#( the *e#tri %)s t" "#tr% ts %#d -!sh)""d "!t t" the )!#(s %#d "d'.
5. The -% e+%=er is re(!)%ted '
0% -%r%s'+-%theti #er*e ; s)",s d",# the -% e+%=er
0 s'+-%theti #er*e ; s-eeds !- the -% e+%=er
K. The -% e+%=er %)s" "#tr"))ed ' h"r+"#e %dre#%)i#e ; i# re%ses he%rt e%tr%te d!ri#( +"+e#t "$ $e%r "r thre%t.
1.1.1 H", B)""d Press!re Is Re(!)%ted
1. B)""d -ress!re is the $"r e "$ the )""d e&erted "# the ,%))s "$ the )""d*esse)s
/. At rest4 % he%)th' %d!)t ,i)) h%*e % )""d -ress!re "$ 1/ 2 ++ H(. The !--er?(!re4 1/ re$ers t" the s'st")i 0*e#tri !)%r "#tr% ti"# -ress!re ,hi)e the )",er?(!re4 re$ers t" the di%st")i 0*e#tri !)%r re)%&%ti"# -ress!re.
6. B)""d -ress!re *%ries i# di ere#t -%rts "$ the "d'4 ei#( hi(hest #e%r the%"rt% %#d e "+i#( ,e%=er the $!rther %,%' the %rteries %re $r"+ the he%rt. It is)", i# *ei#s %#d it re% hes %)+"st ++ H( i# the *e#% %*%e4 !st e$"re the *e#%
%*%e "-e# i#t" the ri(ht %tri!+ "$ the he%rt.
7. A -ers"#Qs )""d -ress!re %# e +e%s!red ' s-h'(+"+%#"+eter.
5. B)""d -ress!re is re(!)%ted ' % #e(%ti*e $eed % = +e h%#is+. B%r"re e-t"rs)" %ted i# the %r h "$ %"rt% %#d %r"tid %rteries 0 %rteries i# the #e = th%t s!--)')""d t" the r%i# 4 dete t )""d -ress!re >",i#( thr"!(h the+. The' se#d
i+-!)ses "#ti#!"!s)' t" the %rdi"*%s !)%r e#ter i# the +ed!))% " )"#(%t% i# ther%i# t" he)- re(!)%te )""d -ress!re.
1.1.1 The Cir !)%t"r' S'ste+ I# H!+%#4 Fish A#d A+-hi i%#s
1. The ir !)%t"r' s'ste+ "$ )%r(e +!)ti e))!)%r "r(%#is+s %# e di*ided i#t" t,"t'-es:
3 The *e#tri )e the# -!+-s )""d thr"!(h the -!)+" !t%#e"!s ir !)%ti"# %#dthe s'ste+i ir !)%ti"#.
3 The -!)+" !t%#e"!s ir !)%ti"# )e%ds t" the )!#(s %#d s=i# ,here the(%se"!s e& h%#(e " !rs. O&'(e#%ted )""d ret!r#s the )e$t %tri!+ "$ the he%rt.
3 The s'ste+i ir !)%ti"# %rries "&'(e#%ted )""d t" "d' tiss!es %#d the#ret!r#s de"&'(e#%ted )""d t" the ri(ht %tri!+.
3 B)""ds i# the i# $r"(s %#d %+-hi i%# >",s i# t," se-%r%te ir !)%ti"#s: the-!)+" !t%#e"!s ir !)%ti"# %#d the s'ste+i ir !)%ti"#4 it is %))ed % d"! )eir !)%t"r' s'ste+.
@ t" e#s!re e ie#t %#d r%-id +"*e+e#t "$ the hi(h)' "&'(e#%ted )""d t" the"r(%#s "$ the "d'.
3 I# the -!)+"#%r' ir !)%ti"#4 the de"&'(e#%ted )""d is -!+-ed $r"+ theri(ht *e#tri )e thr"!(h the -!)+"#%r' %rteries t" the )!#(s ,here it -%sses thr"!(hthe )""d %-i))%ries. C%r "# di"&ide is re)e%sed %#d the "&'(e# is t%=e# i# $r"+ the%ir. The#4 the "&'(e#%ted )""d is %rried % = t" the he%rt thr"!(h -!)+"#%r' *ei#t" the )e$t %tri!+
3 I# the s'ste+i ir !)%ti"#4 The "&'(e#%ted )""d is -!+-ed t" the "d'tiss!es thr"!(h )e$t *e#tri )e t" %"rt% %#d %rteries. I# %-i))%ries4 he+i %) %#d(%se"!s e& h%#(e " !r et,ee# the )""d %#d the "d' tiss!es. The#de"&'(e#%ted )""d is %rried % = t" the he%rt thr"!(h *ei#s %#d *e#% %*%e t"the ri(ht %tri!+.
3 B)""d i# h!+%#s >",s i# t," se-%r%te ir !)%ti"#s: the -!)+"#%r' ir !)%ti"#%#d the s'ste+i ir !)%ti"#4 it is %))ed % d"! )e ir !)%t"r' s'ste+
. The %d*%#t%(es "$ % d"! )e ir !)%ti"#:
0% B)""d e#teri#( the )!#(s is %t % )", -ress!re. This e#s!res th%t the )""d is ,e))
"&'(e#%ted e$"re it ret!r#s t" the he%rt.0 B)""d )e%*i#( the he%rt $"r the s'ste+i ir !)%ti"# is %t hi(h -ress!re. Thise#s!res th%t "&'(e#%ted )""d is distri !ted t" the "d' tiss!es %t % $%ster r%te.0This he)- t" +%i#t%i# the hi(h +et% ")i r%te i# +%++%)s .
3 B)""d d"es #"t #"r+%))' )"t i# i#t% t )""d *esse)s. This is e %!se "$ the% ti"# "$ % #!+ er "$ %#ti "%(!)%#ts s! h %s he-%ri# ir !)%ti#( i# the )""dstre%+.
3 B!t s"+eti+es4 )""d )"ts +%' $"r+ ,ithi# the )""d *esse)s d!e t" *%ri"!s$% t"rs s! h %s:
3 The )"t is %))ed thr"+ !s. S"+eti+es4 the thr"+ !s +%' e "+edis)"d(ed %#d tr%*e) i# the )""dstre%+.
3 A )""d )"t th%t r%*e)s i# the )""dstre%+ is %))ed %# e+ ")!s. Thee+ ")!s is s,e-t %)"#( !#ti) it e "+es )"d(ed i# %rter' ,hi h is t"" s+%)) t" -%ss.8he# this h%--e#s4 )""d >", i# the )""d *esse) is st"--ed.
3 I$ the )"t " !rs i# % "r"#%r' %rter'4 %# %re% "$ he%rt +!s )e +%' die "r e-er+%#e#t)' d%+%(ed e %!se "$ %# i#%de<!%te s!--)' "$ "&'(e# t" th%t %re%. This
%# )e%d t" % he%rt %tt% =.
3 I$ the )"t )" =s )""d >", t" the r%i#4 it %# res!)t i# % str"=e.
1. B)""d th%t e#ters the %rteri%) e#d "$ % %-i))%r' is !#der hi(h -ress!re ,hi h%!se >!id t" )e%= "#ti#!"!s)' $r"+ the )""d i#t" the s-% es et,ee# the e))s.
This >!id is =#",# %s i#terstiti%) >!id.
/. I#terstiti%) >!id is i+-"rt%#t t" e))s e %!se it is thr"!(h this >!id th%t thee& h%#(e "$ +%teri%)s et,ee# )""d %-i))%ries %#d e))s " !rs. N!trie#ts %#d"&'(e# di !se $r"+ the )""d thr"!(h the i#terstiti%) >!id i#t" "d' e))s. 8%ste-r"d! ts %#d %r "# di"&ide di !se $r"+ the "d' e))s thr"!(h the i#terstiti%) >!idi#t" the )""d.
The -)%s+% -r"tei#s: %) !+i#4 ()" !)i# %#d ? ri#"(e#
The er'thr" 'tes
P)%te)ets
@ e %!se the' %re t"" )%r(e t" -%ss thr"!(h the %-i))%ries.
5. It "#t%i#s )e! " 'tes ,hi h %# ""De thr"!(h the "-e#i#(s et,ee# the%-i))%ries.
1. The )""d -ress!re %t the %rteri%) e#d "$ the %-i))%ries is hi(h4 s" )""d -)%s+%0,ith"!t -)%s+% -r"tei#4 er'thr" 'tes %#d -)%te)ets is $"r ed "!t thr"!(h the
%-i))%ries ,%))s i#t" the s-% es et,ee# the e))s 0i#ter e))!)%r s-% es .
/. The >!id is %))ed i#terstiti%) >!id.
6. I$ the )""d -)%s+% "#ti#!"!s)' +"*ed "!t "$ the )""d %-i))%ries4 the )""d,"!)d )"se $%r t"" +! h )i<!id. T" -re*e#t this4 s"+e "$ the i#terstiti%) >!id is% s"r ed i#t" the )""d %-i))%ries %t the *e#"!s e#d "$ %-i))%ries.
7. B)""d -)%s+% %t the *e#"!s e#d "$ %-i))%ries is h'-ert"#i "+-%red t" thes!rr"!#di#( i#terstiti%) >!id. B)""d -ress!re is %)s" +! h )",er %t the *e#"!s e#d "$
Is")%ted #"d!)es "$ )'+-h%ti -%t hes i# the i#testi#%) ,%))
S-e i%)iDed )'+-h%ti "r(%#s s! h %s the "#e +%rr",4 th'+!s4 %#d s-)ee#
3 The s-)ee# ser*es %s % reser*"ir $"r )""d4 %#d ?)ters "r -!ri?es the )""d%#d )'+-h >!id th%t >",s thr"!(h it. I$ the s-)ee# is d%+%(ed "r re+"*ed4 thei#di*id!%) is +"re s!s e-ti )e t" i#$e ti"#s.
3 The th'+!s se retes % h"r+"#e4 th'+"si#4 th%t %!ses -re3T3 e))s t" +%t!re0i# the th'+!s i#t" T3 e))s.
5. The i#terstiti%) >!id ,hi h is #"t % s"r ed i#t" the )""dstre%+ dr%i#s i#t" the)'+-h %-i))%ries. It is =#",# %s )'+-h. L'+-h is % tr%#s-%re#t 'e))",ish >!id ,ithi#the )'+-h%ti s'ste+ th%t is "+-"sed -ri+%ri)' "$ i#terstiti%) >!id %#d)'+-h" 'tes.
K. The )'+-h %-i))%ries !#ite t" $"r+ )%r(er )'+-h%ti *esse)s. 8ithi# the)'+-h%ti *esse)s4 there %re "#e3,%' *%)*es th%t
e#s!re the "#ti#!"!s >", "$ the )'+-h %,%' $r"+ the tiss!es.
-re*e#t the % = >", "$ the )'+-h
. The )'+-h #"des )" %ted %t i#ter*%)s %)"#( the )'+-h%ti *esse)s. The$!# ti"#s "$ )'+-h #"des %re:
0% e$e#se $!# ti"#s33?)tr%ti"# %#d -h%(" 't"sis
3 The str! t!re "$ the si#!s h%##e)s ,ithi# the )'+-h #"des s)",s the )'+-h>", thr"!(h the+.
3 This (i*es the reti !)"e#d"the)i%) e))s th%t )i#e the h%##e)s ti+e t" re+"*e+i r""r(%#is+s %#d "ther i# !ri"!s -%rti )es 0s""t $r"+ the )'+-h %#d-h%(" 't"se the+.
3 S"+eti+es s! h )%r(e #!+ ers "$ +i r""r(%#is+s e#ter the #"de th%t the-h%(" 'tes %##"t destr"' e#"!(h "$ the+ t" -re*e#t their i# !ri#( the #"de. A#i#$e ti"# "$ the #"de4 %de#itis4 the# res!)ts.
0 -r"d! e %#d st"re )'+-h" 'tes th%t he)- t" de$e#d the "d' %(%i#st i#$e ti"#.
3 re ei*es )'+-h $r"+ the )e$t he%d4 #e = %#d hest4 the )e$t !--er )i+ %#dthe e#tire "d' e)", the ri s.
The ri(ht )'+-h%ti d! t
3 re ei*es )'+-h $r"+ the ri(ht %r+4 sh"!)der %re%4 %#d the ri(ht side "$ thehe%d %#d #e =.
. The th"r% i d! t e+-ties its )'+-h i#t" the )e$t s! )%*i%# *ei# %#d the ri(ht)'+-h%ti d! t e+-ties its )'+-h i#t" the ri(ht s! )%*i%# *ei#. He# e4 )'+-hdr%i#s % = i#t" the )""d.
1 . L'+-h +"*es t",%rd the s! )%*i%# *ei# ,ith the he)- "$:
The h!+%# i++!#"de? ie# ' *ir!s 0HIV is % *ir!s th%t %tt% =s the i++!#es'ste+.
I#$e ti"# ' the HIV Vir!s res!)ts i# % <!ired i++!#"de? ie# ' s'#dr"+e 0AI S .
The *ir!s re-r"d! es i#side the )'+-h" 'tes %#d =i)) the+ i# -r" ess. Si# e thei++!#e s'ste+ "$ % -ers"# is ,e%=e#ed4 the "d' is -r"#e t" i#$e ti"#s.E*e#t!%))'4 the i++!#e s'ste+ "))%-se %#d the *i ti+ dies "$ %# i#$e ti"#.