Biology Chapter 2 Part 1

862019 Biology Chapter 2 Part 1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbiology-chapter-2-part-1 189

Molecules of Life

Chapter 2

Part 1



21 ImpactsIssues

Fear of Frying

All living things consist of the same kinds of

molecules but small differences in the waysthey are put together have big effects on health

Artificial trans fats found in manufactured and

fast foods raise cholesterol and increase risk of

atherosclerosis heart attack and diabetes



Video Fear of frying



Fear of Frying

Trans fats are made by adding hydrogen atomsto liquid vegetable oils



Fig 2-1 p 20

trans fatty acid



22 Start With Atoms

All substances consist of atoms

Atom

bull Fundamental building-block particle of matter

Lifersquos unique characteristics start with the

properties of different atoms



Subatomic Particles and Their Charge

Atoms consist of electrons moving around anucleus of protons and neutrons

Electron (e-

) bull Negatively charged subatomic particle that

occupies orbitals around the atomic nucleus

Charge

bull Electrical property of some subatomic particles

bull Opposite charges attract like charges repel



Subatomic Particles in the Nucleus

Nucleusbull Core of an atom occupied by protons and

neutrons

Proton (p+)bull Positively charged subatomic particle found in the

nucleus of all atoms

Neutronbull Uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic

nucleus



An Atom


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbiology-chapter-2-part-1 1089Fig 2-2a p 21

an atom



Elements Different Types of Atoms

Atoms differ in numbers of subatomic particles

Elementbull A pure substance that consists only of atoms with

the same number of protons

Atomic number

bull Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

bull Determines the element



Elements in Living Things

The proportions of different elements differ

between living and nonliving things

Some atoms such as carbon are found in

greater proportions in molecules made only by

living things ndash the molecules of life



Same Elements Different Forms

Isotopes

bull Forms of an element that differ in the number of

neutrons their atoms carry

bull Changes the mass number but not the charge

Mass number

bull Total number of protons and neutrons in thenucleus of an elementrsquos atoms



Radioactive Isotopes

Radioisotope

bull Isotope with an unstable nucleus such as

carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay

bull Process by which atoms of a radioisotope

spontaneously emit energy and subatomicparticles when their nucleus disintegrates



Carbon 14 A Radioisotope

Most carbon atoms have 6 protons and 6

neutrons (12C)

Carbon 14 (14C) is a radioisotope with six protons

and eight neutrons

When 14C decays one neutron splits into a

proton and an electron and the atom becomes a

different element ndash nitrogen 14 (14N)



Radioactive Tracers

Researchers introduce radioisotope tracers into

living organisms to study the way they move

through a system

Tracers

bull Molecules with a detectable substance attached

often a radioisotope

bull Used in research and clinical testing



Why Electrons Matter

Electrons travel around the nucleus in different

orbitals (shells) ndash atoms with vacancies in their

outer shells tend to interact with other atoms

bull Atoms get rid of vacancies by gaining or losing

electrons or sharing electrons with other atoms

Shell modelbull Model of electron distribution in an atom



Shell Models


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbiology-chapter-2-part-1 1989Fig 2-3 (top) p 22


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbiology-chapter-2-part-1 2089Fig 2-3 (a-c) p 22


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbiology-chapter-2-part-1 2189Fig 2-3 (a-c) p

1 proton 1 2

1 electronfirst shell hydrogen (H) helium (He)

6 8 10

second shell carbon (C) oxygen (O) neon (Ne)

11 17 18

third shell sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) argon (Ar)



Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron

first shell hydrogen (H) helium (He)

A) The first shell corresponds to

the first energy level and it can

hold up to 2 electrons Hydrogen

has one proton so it has one

vacancy A helium atom has 2

protons and no vacancies The

number of protons in each shellmodel is shown

6 8 10


B) The second shell corresponds

to the second energy level and it

can hold up to 8 electrons Carbon

has 6 protons so its first shell is

full Its second shell has 4

electrons and four vacancies

Oxygen has 8 protons and two

vacancies Neon has 10 protons

and no vacancies

11 17 18


C) The third shell which

corresponds to the third energylevel can hold up to 8 electrons

for a total of 18 A sodium atom

has 11 protons so its first two

shells are full the third shell has

one electron Thus sodium has

seven vacancies Chlorine has 17

protons and one vacancy Argon

has 18 protons and no vacancies

A i ti Sh ll d l f



Animation Shell models of common

elements



Ions

The negative charge of an electron balances the

positive charge of a proton in the nucleus

Changing the number of electrons may fill its

outer shell but changes the charge of the atom

Ion

bull Atom that carries a charge because it has an

unequal number of protons and electrons



Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Animation How atoms bond



Animation PET scan

Animation The shell model of electron




distribution



Animation Subatomic particles

Animation Atomic number mass




number

Animation Electron arrangements in




atoms



Animation Isotopes of hydrogen



Video ABC News Nuclear Energy



Animation Electron distribution



23 From Atoms to Molecules

Atoms can also fill their vacancies by sharing

electrons with other atoms

A chemical bond forms when the electrons of

two atoms interact

Chemical bond

bull An attractive force that arises between two atoms

when their electrons interact



From Atoms to Molecules

Molecule

bull

Group of two or more atoms joined by chemicalbonds

Compound

bull Type of molecule that has atoms of more than

one element



Referring to a Molecule



Same Materials Different Results



Animation Building blocks of life



Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds

Depending on the atoms a chemical bond may

be ionic or covalent

Ionic bond

bull A strong mutual attraction formed between ions of

opposite charge

Covalent bond

bull Two atoms sharing a pair of electrons



An Ionic Bond Sodium Chloride



p 24

ionic bond

11 17

sodium ion (Na+) chloride ion (Cl ndash)



Covalent Bonds

Molecular hydrogen (HmdashH) and molecular oxygen (O=O)



p 24

1 1

molecular hydrogen (H2)

8 8

molecular oxygen (O2)



Polarity

A covalent bond is nonpolar if electrons are

shared equally and polar if the sharing is unequal

Polarity

bull Any separation of charge into distinct positive and

negative regions



Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar

bull Having an even distribution of charge

bull When atoms in a covalent bond share electrons

equally the bond is nonpolar

Polar

bull Having an uneven distribution of chargebull When the atoms share electrons unequally the

bond is polar



Importance of Polar Molecules

A water molecule (H-O-H) has two polar

covalent bonds ndash the oxygen is slightly negative

and the hydrogens are slightly positive ndash which

allows water to form hydrogen bonds



p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond

bull Attraction that forms between a covalently

bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking

part in a separate covalent bond



p 25

hydrogen bond



Importance of Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds form and break more easily

than covalent or ionic bonds ndash they do not form

molecules

Hydrogen bonds impart unique properties to

substances such as water and hold moleculessuch as DNA in their characteristic shapes



Animation Ionic bonding



Animation Examples of hydrogen bonds



Video ABC News Fuel Cell Vehicles



Animation Sucrose synthesis



Animation Covalent bonds



24 Water

All living organisms are mostly water and all

chemical reactions of life are carried out in water

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give

water unique properties that make life possible

bull Capacity to dissolve many substances

bull Cohesion (surface tension)

bull Temperature stability

Polarity and the



Unique Properties of Water





Fig 2-7a p 26

slight negative charge

slight positive charge slight positive charge



Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26



Animation Structure of water



Water and Solutions

Polar water molecules hydrogen-bond to other

polar (hydrophilic) substances and repel

nonpolar (hydrophobic) substances

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

bull A substance that dissolves easily in water

Hydrophobic (water-dreading)

bull A substance that resists dissolving in water



Water and Solutions

Water is an excellent solvent

Solventbull Liquid that can dissolve other substances

Solute

bull A dissolved substance



Water and Solutions

Salts sugars and many polar molecules

dissolve easily in water

Salt

bull Compound that dissolves easily in water and

releases ions other than H+ and OH-

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)



Water and Solutions

Water molecules surround the atoms of an ionicsolid and pull them apart dissolving it







Cohesion

Cohesion helps sustain multicelled bodies and

resists evaporation

Cohesion

bull Tendency of water molecules to stick together

Evaporation

bull Transition of liquid to gas

bull Absorbs heat energy (cooling effect)

2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases

Water molecules separate into hydrogen ions(H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

pH

bull A measure of the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in

a solution

bull The more hydrogen ions the lower the pH

Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)

bull Number of H+ ions = OH- ions

A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid

bull Substance that releases hydrogen ions in water

bull pH less than 7

Base

bull Substance that releases hydroxide ions (accepts

hydrogen ions) in water

bull pH greater than 7

A H S l



A pH Scale

mdash 0 battery acid

mdash 1 gastric fluid



Fig 2-9 p 27

g

lemon juicemdash 2acid rain

cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer

mdash 5 black coffeebread

urine tea typical rain

butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water

mdash 8 seawater egg whiteblood tears

mdash 9 detergentsbaking soda

Tums

mdash 10hand soaptoothpaste

milk of magnesia

household ammoniamdash 11

morebas

ic

mdash 12 hair remover

bleachmdash 13

mdash 14 drain cleaner

oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l



Animation The pH scale

A id R i



Acid Rain

Sulfur dioxide and other airborne pollutantsdissolve in water vapor to form acid rain

B ff S t



Buffer Systems

Most molecules of life work only within a narrowrange of pH ndash essential for homeostasis

Buffers keep solutions in cells and tissues withina consistent range of pH

Buffer bull Set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a

solution stable by alternately donating andaccepting ions that contribute to pH

CO and the Bicarbonate Buffer System



CO2 and the Bicarbonate Buffer System

CO2forms carbonic acid in water

bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)

Bicarbonate buffer system

bull Excess H+ combines with bicarbonate

bull H+ + HCO3

- (bicarbonate) harr H2CO

3

Vid ABC N B ttl B kl h



Video ABC News Bottle Backlash

Video ABC News Water Use




Video ABC News Water Wars




3D Animation Dissolution






21 ImpactsIssues

Fear of Frying

All living things consist of the same kinds of

molecules but small differences in the waysthey are put together have big effects on health

Artificial trans fats found in manufactured and

fast foods raise cholesterol and increase risk of

atherosclerosis heart attack and diabetes






Fear of Frying




Fig 2-1 p 20

trans fatty acid



22 Start With Atoms


Atom








Electron (e-



Charge







neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















Fear of Frying




Fig 2-1 p 20

trans fatty acid



22 Start With Atoms


Atom








Electron (e-



Charge







neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fear of Frying




Fig 2-1 p 20

trans fatty acid



22 Start With Atoms


Atom








Electron (e-



Charge







neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-1 p 20

trans fatty acid



22 Start With Atoms


Atom








Electron (e-



Charge







neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















22 Start With Atoms


Atom








Electron (e-



Charge







neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















Electron (e-



Charge







neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















neutrons




nucleus



An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















An Atom



an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















an atom







Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3























Atomic number














Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




























Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















Isotopes




Mass number





Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















Radioisotope


carbon 14 (

14

C)

Radioactive decay







neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















neutrons (12C)


and eight neutrons






Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Radioactive Tracers



through a system

Tracers















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




























Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Shell Models







1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3























1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















1 proton 1 2


6 8 10


11 17 18




Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Stepped Art

1 proton 1 2

1 electron









6 8 10










and no vacancies

11 17 18











A i ti Sh ll d l f




elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















elements



Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Ions





Ion





Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Ion Formation

electron Chl i



Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-4 p 23

electron

loss

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

electron

gainChlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-4a p 23



Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-4a p 23

electron

gain Chlorine

atom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

Chloride

ion

18e ndash1717p+

charge ndash1



Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-4b p 23



Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-4b p 23

electron

loss Sodium

atom

11 11p+

11e ndash

charge 0

Sodium

ion

11p+11

charge +1

10e ndash

Chlorineelectron



Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-4 p 23

Sodiumatom

1111p+

11e ndash

charge 0

electron

loss

Sodiumion

11p+11

charge +110e

ndash

Stepped Art

Chlorineatom

17 17p+

17e ndash

charge 0

electron

gain

Chlorideion

18e ndash

17 17p+

charge ndash1






Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Animation PET scan





distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















distribution








number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3
























number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















number





atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















atoms
















two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3
































two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





























two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3


























two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3























two atoms interact

Chemical bond






Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















Molecule

bull


Compound


one element















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3































Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




























Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3

























Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















Ionic bond


opposite charge

Covalent bond







p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















p 24

ionic bond

11 17




Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Covalent Bonds




p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















p 24

1 1


8 8




Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Polarity



Polarity


negative regions




Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















Nonpolar




Polar


bond is polar










p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3


























p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















p 25



p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















p 25

1 8 1

water (H2O)



Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bond






p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















p 25

hydrogen bond






molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















molecules




















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3


































24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3































24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




























24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3

























24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















24 Water








Polarity and the








Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3
























Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-7a p 26





Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-7b p 26



Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-7c p 26






Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3






















Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Water and Solutions










Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Water and Solutions



Solute




Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Water and Solutions



Salt






Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Water and Solutions








Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3























Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Cohesion


resists evaporation

Cohesion


Evaporation



2 A id d B



25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















25 Acids and Bases


pH


a solution




A id d B



Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Acids and Bases

Acid


bull pH less than 7

Base




A H S l



A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















A pH Scale





Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Fig 2-9 p 27

g


cola

mdash 3vinegar

more

acid

ic

tomatoeswine

orange juice

mdash 4 bananas

beer



butter mdash 6 corn

milk

mdash 7pure water



Tums


milk of magnesia


morebas

ic


bleachmdash 13


oven cleaner

A i ti Th H l




A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3




















A id R i



Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Acid Rain


B ff S t



Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3



















Buffer Systems










bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















bull CO2+ H

2O rarr H

2CO

3(carbonic acid)



bull H+ + HCO3


3





















































Biology Chapter 2 Part 1

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