Biologie člověka - úvod Orgány, orgánové soustavy.

Biologie člověka - úvod

Orgány, orgánové soustavy

Hierarchické uspořádání živočišného těla

Cardiovascularsystem

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.

Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

12

3

4

56

Figure 1.1

MoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.1

Figure 1.1, step 1

Atomy

Molekuly

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Smooth muscle cell

12

Figure 1.1, step 2

Buněčné organely

Buňky

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

12

3

Figure 1.1, step 3

Tkáně

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

12

3

4

Figure 1.1, step 4

Orgány

Cardiovascularsystem

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

12

3

4

5

Figure 1.1, step 5

Orgánové soustavy

Cardiovascularsystem

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.

Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

12

3

4

56

Figure 1.1, step 6Organismus

Orgánové soustavy

Figure 1.3a

NailsSkin

Hair

(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Soustava tělního pokryvu

Figure 1.3b

Bones

Joint

(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Kosterní soustava

Figure 1.3c

Skeletalmuscles

(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.

Svalová soustava

Figure 1.3d

Brain

NervesSpinalcord

(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Nervová soustava

Figure 1.3e

Pineal gland

PituitaryglandThyroid

glandThymus

AdrenalglandPancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Soustava žláz s vnitřní sekrecí

Figure 1.3f

(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Heart

Bloodvessels

Oběhová soustava

Figure 1.3g

Lymphaticvessels

Red bonemarrow

Thoracicduct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Imunitní systém

Figure 1.3h

Nasalcavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung

(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Dýchací soustava

Figure 1.3i

Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Largeintestine

StomachSmallintestine

RectumAnus

(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Trávicí soustava

Figure 1.3j

Kidney

Ureter

UrinarybladderUrethra

(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Vylučovací soustava

Figure 1.3k-l

Prostategland

Ductusdeferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Uterinetube

Mammaryglands (inbreasts)

Uterus

Vagina

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System

Pohlavní (rozmnožovací) soustava

Figure 1.2

Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Food O2 CO2

Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

Interstitial fluid

Nutrients

Urinary systemEliminates nitrogenouswastes andexcess ions

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid

Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment

Blood

Heart

Feces Urine

CO2

O2

Homeostáza

= stálost vnitřního prostředí (fyziologická stabilita organismu)

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Receptordetectschange.

Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.

Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.

Receptor Effector

ControlCenter

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

1

2

34

5

Figure 1.4

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

BALANCE

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

1

Figure 1.4, step 1

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Receptordetectschange.

Receptor

BALANCE

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

1

2

Figure 1.4, step 2

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Receptordetectschange.

Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Receptor

ControlCenter

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

1

2

3

Figure 1.4, step 3

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Receptordetectschange.

Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.

Receptor Effector

ControlCenter

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

1

2

34

Figure 1.4, step 4

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Receptordetectschange.

Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.

Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.

Receptor Effector

ControlCenter

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

1

2

34

5

Figure 1.4, step 5

Figure 1.5

Sweat glands activated

Shiveringbegins

StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE

Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter

Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter

Afferentpathway

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

Efferentpathway

Information sentalong the efferentpathway toeffectors

Information sentalong the efferentpathway to effectors

StimulusBody temperature falls

ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain

ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain

EffectorsSweat glands

EffectorsSkeletal muscles

Control Center(thermoregulatory

center in brain)

Control Center(thermoregulatory

center in brain)

ResponseEvaporation of sweatBody temperature falls;stimulus ends

ResponseBody temperature rises;stimulus ends