BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN BIOLOGYdload.oktatas.educatio.hu/erettsegi/feladatok2007tavasz/emelt/e... · BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN BIOLOGY ... Each correct answer is awarded 1 point. 1.

Biológia angol nyelven emelt szint — írásbeli vizsga 0711

Azonosító jel:

BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN

BIOLOGY 2007. május 17. 8:00

EMELT SZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA ADVANCED LEVEL

WRITTEN EXAM

Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 240 perc The exam is 240 minutes long

OKTATÁSI ÉS KULTURÁLIS

MINISZTÉRIUM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

AND CULTURE

Pótlapok száma/Number of extra sheets Tisztázati/Final version Piszkozati/Drafts

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Biológia angol nyelven — emelt szint

írásbeli vizsga 0711 2 / 20 2007. május 17.

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Important information

Read this information sheet before you start working.

You have 240 minutes to complete the higher level paper.

The Higher Level Exam consists of two sections. You can achieve 80 points by answering correctly the assignments common for all candidates (I-X.). The last assignment (XI.) has two versions (version A and B). ONLY ONE OF THESE VERSIONS SHOULD BE ANSWERED. The 20 points for the last assignment CAN ONLY BE GIVEN FOR ONE OF THE TWO OPTIONAL VERSIONS, so no more points will be achieved, if you have started answering both. Supposing you did so, YOU ARE ASKED TO CROSS OUT THE UNWANTED VERSION WITH PEN before submitting the exam. Otherwise examiners will automatically mark version „A”. When answering multiple choice questions one or more CAPITAL LETTERS should be written into the empty boxes. (Not numbers.) These are the codes for the right answer(s). Make sure that your letters are unambiguous, because uncertain answers will not be accepted. In case of correction you are asked TO CROSS OUT the wrong letter clearly and TO WRITE THE CODE FOR THE RIGHT ONE BESIDE IT. When answering open-ended questions technical terms, short answers of 1-or-2 words, a sentence or several sentences should be created. Take care of GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS. Grammatically ambiguous or unintelligible answers (e.g. uncertain subject in a sentence) will not be accepted even if the right answer is included. Use black or blue ink.

DON’T WRITE INTO THE GREY- -COLOURED BOXES.

We wish you a good work

A D A D C B D Correct Acceptable Wrong



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I. Effects of oil pollution 8 points

A colony of Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) on an underwater rock

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) frequently cover underwater rocks on seashores in great number. A research group used smaller populations of the species to reveal their sensitivity to different pollutants. On Area 1 scientists used crude oil to contaminate the water surrounding the mussels. On Area 2 they applied a dispersant* (a material reducing surface tension) used for breaking up oil

spills. On a third area, oil and dispersant were applied simultaneously. The size of mussel-covered areas has been observed at all three of the rocks for months. Results are shown in the chart below. *dispersant = dispersing agent Proportion of mussel-covered areas in the three study areas (expressed in %) (for the same unit of area)

Area Months after ”treatment” 1. (oil + water) 2.(dispersant + water) 3. (oil + dispersant +

water) 0 68 81 70 6 65 83 3 10 52 33 8 14 46 35 12 23 49 43 17 1. Plot the results of this experiment in the following coordinate system. State what you represent on axes X and Y and the units of measurement, too. Make your notations unambiguous about the different groups. (3 points)



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2. What conclusions can you draw from these observations? State two correct conclusions that are supported by the experiments. Conclusions may refer to the effects of pollutions, interactions between the pollutants, the duration of effects or their possible biological causes. (2 points) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. With full knowledge of the experimental results, formulate a useful practical advice to the authorities responsible for eliminating oil catastrophes. (1 point) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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4. Blue mussels served as indicator species in these experiments. What does this term mean in general and in this particular case? (2 points)

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1. 2. 3. 4. total



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II. The work of our kidneys 11 points The illustration shows a sketch of the functional unit of the human kidney. Its sections are labelled by letters and the directions of fluid movements (flows) by numbers. Study the figure and answer the questions. 1. What is the name of the functional unit of the

kidney? ……………………….. (1 point)

2. In which part of the kidney is the structure

indicated with letterY located?

………………… (1 point)

3. Name the process indicated with number 1.

………………………… (1 point)

4. The osmotic pressure of plasma proteins in blood vessel (section) W is higher than in blood vessel (section) X. Explain the difference. (2 points) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Compare the composition of fluids flowing through sections X, Y and Z. Put the letter of the correct answer in the box. X) Typical of the fluid in section X Y) Typical of the fluid in section Y Z) Typical of the fluid in section Z Q) Typical of all three of fluids R) Typical of none 5. It does not contain glucose in a healthy person.

6. It contains fibrinogen.

7. It contains urea / (carbamide).

8. It contains steroid sex hormones.

9. Which hormone regulates the process labelled with arrow 4? How? (2 points)

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. total



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III. Mitochondria 7 points „Mammals (and so do humans) have a mitochondrial DNA composed of 16569 pairs of nucleotides that form a circular molecule. It contains only 37 genes packed closely to one another. If mitochondrial DNA carries inherited information (like chromosomal DNA does), we could assume that the same general laws of genetics apply to it. This is only partially true. Inheritance of mitochondria shows differences compared to the inheritance of nucleus. There is no recombination in mitochondrial DNA. Mutations occurring in two different DNA molecules can not get into a single molecule due to crossover.”

Pál Venetiáner

1. Name the type of cell division in which recombination may occur. ………………………………………………………………………….. (1 point) „An average cell contains several hundreds of mitochondria, each of them containing 5-10 DNA molecules; altogether there are thousands of them in a single cell. As a result of this, any mutation during mitochondrial DNA replication is without any direct effect, because beside this one mutant molecule there will be many thousand „normal” ones in the cell. In long term however, there is a chance for the accumulation of the mutant versions, because during cell divisions, random assortment can change the ratio of mutant and normal DNA molecules.” The majority of the mitochondrial genes control the activity of the mitochondrion. 2. Mitochondria are the sites for biochemical processes such as … Put the letters of the correct answers in the boxes. (1 point)

A) synthesis of carbohydrates B) glycolysis C) citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) D) terminal oxidation/ electron transport chain E) synthesis of fatty acids

„If the harmful effect of (mitochondrial) mutation appears in the phenotype, it is usually a disfunction of the oxidation processes or energy production.”

3. Which of the following processes can be destroyed by a mitochondrial mutation? In other words, which processes require energy? Put the letters of the correct answers in the boxes. (1 points)

A) diffusion B) muscle activity C) reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys D) water-reabsorption from the filtrate E) protein synthesis



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„Chromosomal DNA molecules are linear molecules, while the mitochondrial DNAs are circular molecules”. 4. Which group of living organisms possesses only circular DNA molecules? (1 point) …………………………………………………………………………. 5. What is the name of the theory that explains the origin of mitochondria? (1 point) . ………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Outline the basic ideas of this theory. (2 points)

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IV. Tissues 10 points Microscopic slides have been found in the school’s preparation room. Unfortunately, labels and titles became blurred on them. Investigating the preparations under the microscope, we could observe the tissues shown on the diagrams A, B and C. Identify the tissues and put the appropriate letters in the empty cells of the table (statements 1-10).

1. Human or animal tissue.

2. There is no intercellular substance in it.

3. Its intercellular substance is solid.

4. Its cells lacking nucleus transport oxygen.

5. Massive and flexible component of the human skeleton.

6. It contains calcium carbonate.

7. A typical tissue of the integument (skin) of terrestrial Vertebrates.

8. There could be neurons in it.

9. Its upper layer contains dead cells.

10. There are stomata in it.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. total

A B

Put the appropriate letters in the empty cells of the table. Each correct answer: 1 point.

A) Typical of the uppermost tissue of preparation A

B) Typical of tissue B C) Typical of tissue C D) Typical of all three of them E) Typical of none

C



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V. Secrets of deep-diving penguins 8 points Read the text carefully and answer the following questions. „Emperor penguins are the tallest and heaviest of penguins. During their harsh life cycle they dwell on ice and march up to 100-150 kilometres (many days’ journey for them) between their breeding places and the seawater they dive in for food. Pairs of penguins take turns at taking care of their eggs and young without food for weeks, while their partner is far away at the sea. Using small devices (detectors) attached to the penguins, researchers found that the birds could dive down to 500 metres, five times as deep as the human record. Researchers are not sure yet how emperors can descend so deep without developing decompression sickness, or the bends. (…)

Another mystery is how emperor penguins can stay under water for such a long time on a single breath of air. On a physiological basis, this can be explained by the fact that penguins (and also seals) have a higher proportion of blood volume and the amount of oxygen-binding haemoglobin is higher, too. They also have more myoglobin*, which can be found in their muscles. It has also been observed that emperor penguins decrease their heart rate when they dive, so they use up their stores of oxygen slower and more economically.

Élet és Tudomány, 2006/50. on the grounds of Live Science. myoglobin* = a protein that stores oxygen in muscles On the basis of the written text and your knowledge decide whether the following statements are true or false. Indicate a true statement with letter „T” and a false statement with letter „F” in the empty boxes. Each correct answer is awarded 1 point. 1. The proportion of blood volume is higher in seals than in penguins.

2. The deep-diving record of humans is 120 metres.

3. In emperor penguins males also do their shares in parental care.

4.

The surface-to-volume (or body surface to body mass) ratio of emperor penguins is smaller then those of their relatives living in warmer climatic conditions.

5. What is one of the explanations of emperors being able to stay under water for such a long

period of time on a single breath of air? Put the letter of the correct answer in the box.

A) They can survive starvation for weeks. B) The respiratory surface of their lungs is composed of air capillaries. C) Their body is the largest among penguins. D) Their heart rate slows down as they descend. E) They live among environmental conditions similar to those of seals.



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6. Outline briefly the decompression sickness („the bends”) of divers. Mention the environmental conditions, causes and consequences of this sickness. (3 points)

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. total VI. Innate (inborn) and learned behaviour 5 points Decide whether learning plays any role in the following types of behaviours. If it does, choose what sort of learned behaviour it is. Match the following cases indicated with numbers and the letters of terms. Put the letter of the correct answer into the box.

A) Innate (inborn) behaviour (closed genetic program) B) Imprinting C) Associative learning (classical conditioning) D) Operant learning (operant conditioning)

1. Some songbirds, like chaffinch and white-crowned sparrow, learn the species- specific songs during a given critical period. These birds can sing these songs for years even if they have lost their hearing abilities. 2. In case of hens and collared doves, the full range of their repertoires can be heard even if they grow up isolated from other members of the same species. Even more, animals that have been surgically deafened before (and not able to hear themselves) can sing perfect songs. 3. There is a lever (pedal) in a modern Skinner box and a rat sits in there. The rat can obtain food only by pressing the lever. 4. Observations in zoos demonstrated that tame individuals of some species, accustomed to humans, feel sexual drive towards their caretakers rather than towards the members of the same species. This situation creates many difficulties in the breeding of those species. The reproduction of the first several captive specimen of the well-known giant panda was not successful, because males considered their caretakers exclusively as their mating partner. 5. A newborn baby makes sucking movements if the nipple of the mother’s breast touches his/her mouth. Later even only the sight of the breast will trigger his/her sucking movements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. total



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VII. Hormones 10 points The following table shows some of the hormones and their effects of an adult, non-pregnant woman. Complete the table’s empty cells indicated by numbers. Each correct answer: 1 point. Name of hormone

Site of production Its effect

Thyroxin

Thyroid gland It …1.…………. the oxidation of glucose and heat production. It …2.………… glycogen formation

in the liver.

3. ………………..

Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis (anterior lobe)

It ………4.…………. the oxidation of carbohydrates and stimulates the storage of glycogen in muscles and in the liver.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

5. …………………………..

One of the triggering factors of ovulation.

Progesterone

6. ………………………………

It …7…………….. the production of luteinizing hormone. It…8………….…. the thickening of endometrium/ innermost layer of the uterus.

9. ………………….

Adrenal cortex

It increases the reabsorption of…10…. ions from the nephrons to the bloodstream.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. total



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VIII. Changing DNA content 7 points The attached graph shows the sections of a cell’s life cycle that is located in a human sex organ (gonad). On axis Y the cell’s (cells’) DNA-content is shown, while time is represented on axis X. (The duration of stages is not always proportional to time.) After studying the figure, answer the following questions. Each correct answer: 1 point. 1. What kind of cell division happened from the beginning of stage D to the end of stage F? ……………………………………………. 2. What happens to the DNA content during stage B? …………………………………. What characterises each of the stages? Put appropriate letters of the figure in the empty cells. 3. Members of homologous chromosome pairs separate in this stage.

4. Crossing over happens in this stage.

5. Chromatids separate from each other during this stage.

6. The mature sperm cell is in this stage.

7. Intensive protein synthesis is typical of this stage in the life-cycle of a diploid cell.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. total

DNA content

time

n

A

B D C

E F

G



Azonosító jel:

IX. The Rh factor 6 points The frequency of Rh (Rhesus factor) antigen differs from population to population. Among Europeans, 85 percent are Rhesus positive, in Asia the proportion of Rh positives is even higher. An investigation in North-India showed that 16 of 506 people were Rh negative. The proportion of Rhesus negatives was 36% in a closed population of Basqueland (Northern Spain). Scientists have found similarly high proportions of Rh negatives in several isolated Swiss and Welsh villages as well as among the island-dweller people of the North Sea. 1. Calculate the frequencies of the dominant „R” and recessive „r” blood antigens in the Indian and Basque populations. Show your calculations. (3 points) 2. How can the high frequencies of allele „r” in the above-mentioned regions be explained, supposing that none of the versions provided advantage or drawback for those people? Give a possible explanation on the basis of the text. (1 point) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. Differences in Rhesus factor can lead to problems, if the blood groups of a pregnant woman and her foetus is repeatedly different. Nowadays this problem can be solved by giving appropriate medical help. Describe when and why Rh incompatibility causes problems. (2 points) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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1. 2. 3. total



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X. Translocation of a rock grassland 8 points Due to the pressure of investors, nature conservation authorities use more and more translocations to save the protected values. The diagrams below represent the results of investigations performed on a translocated grassland. Surveys were carried out in 2003 directly after the translocation and three years later, in 2006. Study the diagrams and answer the questions.

E = dominant species of the community K = companion species K(V) = companion species protected by law These categories show how natural the vegetation is. TZ = natural disturbance-tolerant species GY= weed plants These two categories show how disturbed (degraded) the vegetation is.

A fajok megoszlása módosított Simon-féle értékkategóriák szerint = Distribution of species according to the modified nature conservational value categories (Simon) természetvédelmi érték-kategóriák = nature conservational value categories 1. Proportion of species of which value category decreased to the greatest extent between the two surveys? How much is this decrease? (1 points) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2. What was the ratio of degradation-indicator and naturalness-indicator species in 2003

and in 2006? Write the numbers (of the ratio) into the empty spaces. (2 points)

2003. degradation-indicator species : naturalness-indicator species = …: …. 2006. degradation-indicator species : naturalness-indicator species = …: ….

3. One of the goals of translocation was to save the protected species. Has this goal been achieved by translocation? Answer the question and give reasons. (1 point) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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A fajok megoszlása módosított Simon-féle

természetvédelmi érték-kategóriák szerint

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20032006



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This chart shows the values of the species according to their temperature demands in the original habitat and in the new environment. T = temperature demand T5 = temperature demand required by a deciduous forest of the temperate belt T6 = temperature demand required by a submediterranean deciduous forest 4. On the basis of the diagram, what is the temperature condition of the

new habitat compared to the original one? (1 point)

A növényfajok T-érték szzerinti megoszlása = Distribution of plant species according to their T-values (T-értékek = T values) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

= Distribution of plant species according to their W-values W = water demand W0 = extremely arid W1 = very arid W2 = arid W3 = moderately arid W4 = relatively fresh W5 = fresh W6 = moderately wet W7 = wet W8 = moderately aquatic habitat demand (W-értékek = W values)

5. After translocation, what changes can you observe in the proportion of plant species preferring extremely arid environment? ……………………………………………………… (1 point) 6. Decide whether the original habitat or the new one is better supplied with water. (1 point) …………………………………………………..

7. On the grounds of the experienced changes, was the new site for translocation correctly chosen? Answer the question and give reasons. (1 point) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. total

A növények megoszlása W-értékek szerint

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11W-értékek

%

20032006

A növényfajok T-érték szerinti megoszlása

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7T-értékek

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20032006



Azonosító jel:

A

B

C

C

Optional questions XI. A. Motor functions 20 points Muscle activity (9 points) The picture represents the electron micrograph of muscle filaments in a Vertebrate muscle.

1. Name the type of muscle tissue shown by this photograph. (1 point) ……………………………………. 2. We can draw a conclusion about the arrangement of the two main proteins of the muscle from the picture. Put the appropriate

letters of the figure in the empty boxes. (1 point)

3. During the contraction of muscle filaments, the pattern represented by this photo changes. What happens to each of the bands during (moderate) contraction? Write the appropriate term into the table out of the following ones: widens, narrows, does not change. (2 points) Compare the characteristics of actin and myosin.

A) Valid for myosin B) Valid for actin C) Valid for both D) Valid for none

4. It is an ATP-splitting enzyme.

5. It is composed of amino acids.

6. It is also the energy providing molecule of the tissue.

7. It shortens during muscle contraction.

Actin

Myosin

Actin + myosin

Band „A”

Band „B”

Band „C”



Azonosító jel:

In the case of a sudden effort, the ATP and oxygen reserves of the muscle run out rapidly and the circulation is not always able to supply the required quantities of these materials. 8. How can the skeletal muscle still obtain ATP and oxygen even if the circulation is not able to provide them? (1 point) ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Systems of locomotion (Essay) (11 points) Write an approximately one page long essay (composition) on the operation of the systems of locomotion by using the example of writing. Use the following guidelines in your answer: - Let’s suppose you are writing this assignment with your right hand. Describe from which part of the nervous system does the impulse originate and what pathway this nerve impulse follows to make hand muscles move. - How would your handwriting change if you were under the influence of alcohol? Write your essay on the pages 18. and 19.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Essay total

Optional questions

XI. B Water 20 points The role of water in plant life (10 points) Complete the sentences below by filling the numbered gaps with the appropriate terms. Each correct answer is awarded 1 point. The main organ for the uptake of water is the (1)……………………. in Angiosperms. The

absorptive abilities of this organ are helped by (2)………………..….. as surface-increasing

structures. The mechanism of absorption is mainly (3)………………..….. transport, that is

partially generated by the osmotic suction force due to the (4)…………………….. of the

leaves. The absorbed water travels in the (5) ………………….… part of the vascular bundles.

When water molecules are split in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis,

(6)……………..…..is formed from its oxygen atoms, while its hydrogen atoms are

transported to the light-independent (dark) stage by (7)………..………………. .



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8. Explain why annual rings are formed in trees having annual rings. (3 points) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Sewage and drinking water (10 points) Write a one page long essay (composition) on the environmental issues related to water. Use the following guidelines in your answer: - Outline the two main methods (stages) of sewage treatment and give brief descriptions of both. - Although sometimes untreated sewage gets into a river, it can not be detected any more in a given distance from the source of pollution. How is this possible? - Outline two different methods people use to obtain drinking water in Hungary. - Describe two real dangers threatening our drinking water reserves in Hungary. - Suggest an idea how households can reduce the environmentally harmful effects of the sewage they produce. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Essay total Essay …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Azonosító jel:

Maximum

score Student’s score

I. Effects of oil pollution 8 II. The work of our kidneys 11 III. Mitochondria 7 IV. Tissues 10 V. Secrets of deep-diving penguins 8 VI. Innate (inborn) and learned behaviour 5 VII. Hormones 10 VIII. Changing DNA content 7 IX. The Rh factor 6 X. Translocation of a grass rockland 8

Total for tasks: 80 XI. Optional essay or problem-solving assignment 20 Total 100 Marking teacher

Date: ………………………………….. ________________________________________________________________________________________

student’s score elért

pontszám

score written in

the program programba

beírt pontszám

Tasks/ Feladatsor

Optional essay or problem-solving assignment / Választható esszé vagy problémafeladat

Examiner/ javító tanár

Registrar of the Boards of Examiners/ jegyző

Date/ Dátum: ………………………………Date/ Dátum: …………………………………..

BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN BIOLOGYdload.oktatas.educatio.hu/erettsegi/feladatok2007tavasz/emelt/e... · BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN BIOLOGY ... Each correct answer is awarded 1 point. 1.

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