Bioenergy in Germany: Facts and Figures (January 2014)mediathek.fnr.de/media/downloadable/files/samples/...bioenergie.fnr.de. 4 5 Heat supply from renewables Bioenergy share 91 %,

international.fnr.de

Bioenergy in germany:Facts and FiguresJanuary 2014

Solid fuelSBiofuelSBiogaS

by decision of theGerman Bundestag

With support from

by decision of theGerman Bundestag

With support from

32

growth of renewable energies in relation to final energy consumption

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat, BAFA (March 2013) © FNR 2013

GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN RELATION TO FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION(Strom, Wärme und Kra�sto�e)

Heat supplyElectricity generation Fuel consumption

20112004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4

2

0

2009

16

18

14

20

22

12

10

8

6

2010 2012

20.5

17.1

10.410.3

5.5

22.9

10.4

5.75.8

16.4

8.9

5.4

15.1

7.6

6.0

14.3

7.4

10.1

6.0

3.7

11.6

6.2

in %

9.2

5.5

1.8

6.37.4

energy supply from renewables 2012Bioenergy share approx. 66 %, equivalent to 8.2 % of final energy consumption

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (March 2013) © FNR 2013

ENERGY SUPPLY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES 2012

Total313.9 TWh

approx. 66 % from bioenergy

Biofuels 10.7 %

Biomass 13.0 %(electricity)

Biomass 41.8 %(heat)

2.2 % Geothermal

8.9 % Photovoltaic

1.9 % Solar thermal

14.7 % Wind energy

6.8 % Hydropower

Electricity and heat from biomass include sewage gas, landll gas and biogenic fraction of waste

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

renewaBle energies (Bioenergy)

Structure of primary energy consumption 2012

Source: AGEB (March 2013) © FNR 2013

STRUCTURE OF PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2012

Total 13,645 PJ

Renewables 11.6 %

Natural gas 21.6 %

Nuclear energy 8.0 %

Coal 12.2 %

12.1 % Lignite

33.1 % Petroleum

1.4 % Other, incl. electricityforeign trade balance

renewables share of final energy consumption 2012

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013

RENEWABLES SHARE OF FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2012

Renewables 12.6 %

1.8 %

8.2 %

1.6 %

0.8 %

Fossil fuels 87.4 %and nuclear energy

Total2,496 TWh

Hydropower

Other

Biomass

Di�erences in sum by rounding

Wind energy

bioenergie.fnr.de

54

Heat supply from renewablesBioenergy share 91 %, equivalent to approx. 10.4 % of total heat supply

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013)

CHP: Combined heat and power

© FNR 2013

HEAT SUPPLY FROM RENEWABLESIN GERMANY 2012

Total144.3 TWh

Biogenic solid fuels 18.4 %(industry)

Biogenic solid fuels 51.2 %(private households)

5.8 % Biogenicfraction of waste

4.2 % Solar thermal

0.9 % Sewage andland�ll gas

4.9 % Geothermal

1.9 % Biogenicliquid fuels

7.8 % Biogenicgaseous fuels

4.9 % Biogenic solid fuels (CHP- and heating plants)

Incl. vegetable oil

growth in heat supply from renewablesIncrease to 144.3 TWh in 2012, of which 91 % or 131.2 TWh from biomass

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012

Source: AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013

Solar thermal GeothermalBiogenic fraction of waste

Biogenic solid fuelsBiogenic gaseous fuels

Biogenic liquid fuels

20042003

Sewage and land�ll gas

2011

GROWTH IN HEAT SUPPLY FROM RENEWABLES

Biomass share91 %

0

30,000

60,000

90,000

120,000

in GWh

gross electricity generation 2012Gross electricity generation 2012: 628.7 TWh – Renewables: 22.6 %Gross electricity consumption 2012: 605.6 TWh – Renewables: 23.5 %(Difference: 23.1 TWh net electricity exports 2012)

Source: FNR, according to AGEB (August 2013) © FNR 2013

GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION 2012

Renewables 22.6 %142.4 TWh

3.5 %

7.0 %

8.1 %

4.2 %

Nuclear energy 15.8 %

Natural gas 12.0 %

Lignite 25.7 %

Coal 18.5 %

5.4 % Heating oil, pumped-storage and other

Total 628.7 TWh

Photovoltaic

Wind energy

Biomass(incl. biogenic waste)

Hydropower

Di�erences in sum by rounding

electricity generation from renewables 2012Bioenergy share 30 %, equivalent to 6.8 % of total electricity consumption

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013)

Electricity generation from geothermal energy not shown due to minor quantities generated.

© FNR 2013

ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLES 2012

Total 136 TWh

Wind energy 33.8 %

Hydropower 15.6 %

30.0 % Bioenerg y

20.6 % Photovoltaic

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

76

gHg avoidance from use of renewables 2012GHG avoidance total: 146m t; from bioenergy 70.8m t or approx. 49 %

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013

GHG AVOIDANCE FROM USE OF RENEWABLES 2012

0 2010 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Hydro BiomassWind Photovoltaic Geothermal Solar thermal

Heat 40.0

Fuel 4.7

Electricity 100.8

70.8m t or 49 % from biomass

Total: 146m t GHG reduction (m t CO2 equiv.)

GHG: Greenhouse gas

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) in CO2 equivalent include CO2, CH4 and N2O

gHg avoidance from bioenergy 2012

GHG avoidance in 1,000 t CO2equiv.

Electricity Heat Fuel Total

Solid biofuels* 13,883 35,074 n/a 48,957

Liquid biofuels 677 747 4,667 6,091

Biogas** 13,463 2,303 n/a 15,766

Total 28,023 38,124 4,667 70,814

Source: FNR, according to AGEE-Stat (February 2013) * Incl. biogenic fraction of waste; ** Incl. sewage gas and landfill gas

Total sales of renewable energy operations 2012

Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013

TOTAL SALES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY OPERATIONS 2012

Total14.4bn €

Biomass 47.1 %(electricity and heat)6,770m €

Biomass 24.5 %(fuel)3,530m €

2.7 % Hydropower 380m €

8.5 % Photovoltaic 1,220m €

1.8 % Solar thermal 250m €

10.0 % Wind energy 1,430m €

5.4 % Geothermal780m €

economic factor bioenergy

Total 378,000

Of which bioenergy 129,000

Source: FNR, after BMU study, “Short and long-term impacts of the expansion of renewable energy on the German labour market” (March 2013)

Economic impact of bioenergy

Jobs in renewable energies sector (gross employment effect)

Wood

Biogas

Energy crops

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

98

Biomass installations for electricity production 2012In accordance with Renewable Energy Sources Act

Source: DBFZ “Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse” (June 2013) * Of these about 300 wood gasification plants; ** Incl. vegetable oil CHP units

Source: FNR, according to BEE Prognosis, BMU (February 2013) © FNR 2013

ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLES TO 2020

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

in TWh

2014* 2016* 2018* 2020*

Geothermal Hydropower (renewable) BioenergyPhotovoltaic

0

50

100

150

200

250

Wind energy

2012:136 TWh

2020:278 TWh

2000:39 TWh

* Industry forecast

313

139

54

52

electricity generation from renewables up to 2020

InstallationsInstalled capacity [MWel]

Electricity generation

[TWh]

Biomass heating plants* 540 1,560 8.4

Biogas plants 7,500 3,200 23.1

Biomethane plants 120 200 1.4

Vegetable oil CHP plants** 1,000 200 0.2

Total 9,160 5,160 33.1

domestic bioenergy: potential 2050

Cultivation of renewable resources in germany

Source: FNR © FNR 2011

-

Rounded figures

Biomass will make a vital contribution to Germany's future energy supply. Biomass will be able to meet up to 23 % of German demand for heat, elec-tricity and fuel in 2050. Wood, energy crops, straw and organic residues offer the potential for a major share of energy in Germany to be sustain-able generated.

Source: FNR © FNR 2013

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

1110

growth in number of installed pellet boilers

Number

150,000

120,000

90,000

210,000

180,000

60,000

30,000

0

Source: DEPI (Deutsches Pelletinstitut/Pellet Fuel Institut of Germany), according to ZIV, HKI (January 2013) © FNR 2013

TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY OF PELLET BOILERS IN GERMANY

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

125,000

44,000

70,000

155,000

223,000

* Outlook

193,000

83,000

105,000

140,000

27,000

Wood pellets: production and consumption

in 1,000 t

1,000

2,500

3,000

2,000

1,500

500

0

Source: DEPI (Deutsches Pelletinstitut/Pellet Fuel Institut of Germany), FNR (2013) © FNR 2013

WOOD PELLETS – PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN GERMANY

2008 2010 2011 2012 2013*2007

* Outlook

1,10

02,

000

600

2009

ProductionProduction capacity Consumption

2,40

01,

480

900

2,50

01,

600

1,10

0

2,60

01,

750

2,70

0

1,20

0

1,88

01,

400

3,10

02,

200

1,70

0

3,30

02,

300

2,00

0

energy generation from wood 2010Total 68.4m solid m3, equivalent to 50.5 % of wood production

Source: Mantau/“Holzrohsto�bilanz Deutschland 2012”

CHP: Combined heat and power

© FNR 2012

ENERGY GENERATION FROM WOOD 2010

Total68.4m

solid m3

4.7m solid m3

Other

33.9m solid m3

Private households

7.2m solid m3

CHP- andheating plants < 1 MW

22.6m solid m3

CHP- and heating plants > 1 MW

Biomass combined heat and power plants: number of plants and installed electrical capacity

Source: FNR, according to DBFZ “Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse” (June2013) © FNR 2013

BIOMASS COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PLANTS: NUMBER OF PLANTS AND INSTALLED ELECTRICAL CAPACITY

Installed electrical capacity (MWel )Number of plants

2010 2011 2012 2013*2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

100

300

400

600

0

Installations 0.5 ≥ 5 MWel Installations 0.15 ≥ 0.5 MWelInstallations > 5 MWel

Installations ≤ 0.15 MWel Installed electrical capacity (MWel)

900

600

300

1,200

1,500

1,800

0

* Prognosis; without CHP units < 10 kWel and biomass co�reing in power plants

200

500

solid Fuels

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

1312

energy consumed for fuel production

Source: DEPI, H. Schellinger, J. Bergmair (TU Graz) © FNR 2011

Energy consumption relative to energy value

9 % 12 % 15 %0 % 3 % 6 %

Drying of sawdust pellets

TMP of chip pellets

Pellets from forest waste timber

Pellets from raw timber

Natural gas

Liqui�ed petroleum gas (LPG)

Heating oil

2.7 %

4 %

5.5 %

5.5 %

10 %

14.5 %

12 %

ENERGY CONSUMED FOR FUEL PRODUCTION

TMP: Thermo-mechanical pulping

Standards for solid biofuelsFor non-industrial use: Fuel specifications and classes

Fuel Standard

General requirements DIN EN 14961-1

Wood pellets DIN EN 14961-2

Wood briquettes DIN EN 14961-3

Wood chips DIN EN 14961-4

Firewood for non-industrial use DIN EN 14961-5

Non-woody pellets* DIN EN 14961-6

Source: Beuth Verlag * Stalk-type biomass; fruit biomass; biomass blends and mixtures

Heating oil€/Liter

Wood pellets w < 10 %

€/t

Beech logsw = 15 %

€/stacked m3

Spruce chips w = 30 %

€/loose m3

0.5 250 95 37

0.6 300 114 45

0.7 350 133 52

0.8 400 152 60

0.9 450 172 76

1.0 500 191 75

1.1 550 210 82

1.2 600 229 89

1.3 650 248 97

1.4 700 267 104

1.5 750 286 112

Wood fuel equivalent prices by energy value

Changes in energy pricesCHANGES IN ENERGY PRICES

20

40

30

10

60

80

70

50

0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012

(Euro cents/l Hel ) Hel : heating oil equivalent, incl. VAT

Source: FNR, according to TFZ (January 2013) © FNR 2013

Wood logsHeating oil GrainWood pellets

2004

90

€ 0.88/l

€ 89/stacked m3

€ 260/t

€ 94/t

JAN 2013

Wood chips

2011

€ 231/t

2013

Source: FNR (2012) Fuel prices are compared in regards to lower calorific value.

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

1514

Calculation of water content and wood moisture content

Calculation of heating value of moist total mass

Heating value of wood relative to water content

water content w [%] =

wood moisture u [%] =

weight of water [kg]weight of moist wood [kg]

weight of water [kg]weight of dry wood [kg]

• 100

• 100

Hi (w) =Hi (anhyd) • (100 – w) – 2.44 • w

100

Hi (w): Energy value (MJ/kg) of wood at water content wHi (anhyd): Energy value (MJ/kg) of wood dry mass in anhydrous state2.44: Heat of vaporisation (MJ/kg) of water at 25 °Cw: Water content (%)

0 10

Heating value Hi (kWh/kg)

Softwood Hardwood

5

4

3

2

1

0

20 30 40 50 60

Water content (%)

Source: Bayerisches Landesinstitut für Forstwirtschaft (Merkblatt 12) © FNR 2013

HEATING VALUE OF WOOD RELATIVE TO WATER CONTENT

Water content w [%] 10 15 20 25 30 40 50

Wood moisture u [%] 11 18 25 33 43 67 100

NoteUnlabelled edge length: 1 m

Abbreviationsabs dry: Absolutely dry (0 % water content)Solid m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry

for one cubic metre of solid wood.Stacked m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry for

one cubic metre of stacked wood including air spaces.Loose m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry

for one cubic metre of loose pieces of wood (e. g. wood chips, bulk material).

Source: “Handbuch Bioenergie Kleinanlagen”, FNR (2007) and own calculations

general conversion factors for wood quantities (rules of thumb)

tabs dry Solid m3 Stacked m3 Loose m3

1 tabs dry 1.0 1.3–2.5 2.9 4.9

1 solid m3 0.4–0.7 1.0 1.4 2.5

1 stacked m3 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.8

1 loose m3 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

1716

Fuel DensityEnergy content Oil equivalent

kWh/kg kWh/l l/loe kg/kgoe

Heating oil 0.85 kg/l 11.83 10.06 1.00 0.98

Rapeseed oil 0.92 kg/l 10.44 9.61 1.04 1.14

Coal (w = 5.1 %) 860 kg/m3 8.25 7.10 1.40 1.21

Ethanol 0.79 kg/l 7.41 5.85 1.70 1.35

Wood pellets (w = 10 %) 664 kg/m3 5.00 3.32 3.00 1.99

Straw pellets (w = 10 %) 603 kg/m3 4.90 2.95 3.37 2.03

Beech logs 33 cm (w = 15 %)

445 kg/stacked m3 4.15 1.85 5.40 2.40

Spruce logs 33 cm (w = 15 %)

304 kg/stacked m3 4.33 1.32 7.56 2.30

Pine chips (w = 15 %) 203 kg/m3 4.33 0.88 11.33 2.30

Spruce sawdust(w = 15 %) 160 kg/m3 4.33 0.69 14.37 2.30

Whole grain plants(w = 15 %) 150 kg/m3 3.92 0.59 16.96 2.54

Grain straw, large bale(w = 15 %)

140 kg/m3 3.96 0.55 17.98 2.52

Miscanthus chips(w = 15 %) 130 kg/m3 4.07 0.53 18.85 2.45

Biofuels in comparison with heating oilEnergy values and density of selected fuels in comparison

Source: FNR w: water content; l: litre; oe: oil equivalent

Source: “Leitfaden Bioenergie”, FNR (2007) and own calculations

Typical mass and energy yields in agriculture and forestry

Mass yield(w = 15 %)t/(ha • a)

Average heating value Hi

(w = 15 %)MJ/kg

Gross annual fuel yield

MWh/(ha • a)

Heating oil equivalent

l/(ha • a)

Residues

Residual forest wood 1.0 15.6 4 434

Grain straw 6.0 14.3 24 2,390

Rapeseed straw 4.5 14.2 18 1,771

Hay from landscape conservation

4.5 14.4 18 1,803

Energy crops

Short-rotation plantations (e. g. poplar, willow)

12.0 15.4 51 5,120

Whole grain plants 13.0 14.1 51 5,086

Grain 7.0 14.0 27 2,772

Fodder grasses (e. g. tall fescue) 8.0 13.6 30 3,016

Miscanthus (3 years after cultivation)

15.0 14.6 61 6,081

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

1918

Source: FNR (2007 – modified and supplemented after “Leitfaden Bioenergie 2005”, Table 3.1.12)

Combustion data for solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels

Water content[%]

Mass[kg]

Heating value[MJ/kg]

Energy content Heating oil equivalent[l][MJ] [kWh]

Wood logs (per stacked m3)

• Hardwood (beech)

- air dried 18 476 14.7 6,997 1,944 194

- naturally dried 35 600 11.1 6,660 1,850 185

• Softwood (spruce)

- air dried 18 309 15.0 4,635 1,288 129

- naturally dried 35 389 11.4 4,435 1,232 123

Wood Chips (per m3)

• Hardwood (beech)

- air dried 18 280 14.7 4,116 1,143 114

- fresh cut 50 460 8.0 3,680 1,022 102

• Softwood (spruce)

- air dried 18 182 15.0 2,730 758 76

- fresh cut 50 298 8.2 2,444 679 68

General weight data (per t)

• Hardwood (beech)

- air dried 18 1,000 14.7 14,700 4,083 408

- naturally dried 35 1,000 11.1 11,100 3,083 308

• Softwood (spruce)

- air dried 18 1,000 15.0 15,000 4,167 417

- naturally dried 35 1,000 11.4 11,400 3,167 317

• Stalk material (straw, grain stems, etc.) 15 1,000 14.5 14,500 4,028 403

Biofuels (per m3)

• Rapeseed oil < 0.1 920 37.6 34,590 9,609 961

• Biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester) < 0.03 880 37.1 32,650 9,093 909

Biogas (per m3) < 1 1.2 18.2 21.6 6 0.6

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

2120

fuel consumption up to 2025

Biofuels in comparisonDistance attained by a passenger car on fuel from 1 ha of cultivated land.

Source: BAFA, MWV, FNR © FNR 2011

ENTWICKLUNG KRAFTSTOFFVERBRAUCH DEUTSCHLAND BIS 2025

in m t

2005 2007 2009 2015*2011 2013* 2025*

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Petrol * OutlookDiesel

Passenger car fuel consumption: petrol 7.4 l/100 km; diesel 5.1 l/100 km

Source: FNR © FNR 2011

BioFuels

Approximately 53 million tonnes of fuel were consumed in Germany in 2012. Alongside diesel with 59.4 % and petrol with a little more than 33 %, biofuels accounted for 5.7 % or 3.8 million tonnes.

fuel consumption in transport sector 2012 Biofuel share: 5.7 % (by energy)

development of biofuels

Source: BAFA, BMF, FNR (August 2013) © FNR 2013

CONSUMPTION OF BIOFUELS IN GERMANY

* Outlook; ** As percentage of total fuel consumption, by energy

2004 2005 2006 2007

Vegetable oil Biodiesel Hydrogenated vegetable oil Ethanol Biomethane

in 1,000 t

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*

Biofuel share**

1,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

01.8 %

3.7 %

6.3 %

7.4 %

6.0 %5.6 %

5.8 %5.6 % 5.7 %

1.1m t

2.2m t

4.0m t

4.6m t

3.4m t3.8m t3.7m t3.8m t3.7m t

© FNR 2013

FUEL CONSUMPTION IN GERMANY 2012

Biodiesel 3.4 %2,057,000 t

Vegetable oil < 0.1 %25,000 t

Biofuel 5.7 %

Source: BAFA, erdgas mobil, DVFG, BMF, FNR (2013)

Bioethanol 1.5 %1,249,000 t

Hydrogenated vegetableoil (HVO) 0.8 %420,000 t

Biomethane < 0.1%25,000 t

33.3 % Petrol 17,255,000 t

Diesel 59.4 %31,330,000 t

Total53m t

Natural gas 0.5 %216,000 t

1.0 % Lique�ed petroleum gas (LPG)514,000 t

biokraftstoffe.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

2322

Bioethanol (raw materials used in production)

Raw material Biomass yield (FM) [t/ha]

Bioethanol yield [l/ha]

Biomass required per litre of fuel [kg/l]

Grain maize 9.0 3,740 2.4Wheat 7.2 2,760 2.6Rye 4.9 2,030 2.4Triticale 5.6 2,230 2.5Sugar beet 70.0 7,540 9.3Sugar cane 73.0 6,380 11.4Straw 7.0 2,310 3.0

Bioethanol sales by volume

Sales (1,000 tonnes) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Ethanol in petrol (E 85*) 5 (6) 7 (8) 7 (9) 15 (18) 16 (19) 17 (21)Ethanol admixture 88 251 687 1,028 1,054 1,090ETBE** 366 367 198 122 162 142Total sales 460 625 892 1,165 1,233 1,249

Source: BAFA, FNR * E 85: Bioethanol share 70–90 %; ** Admixture 47 % ethanol and 53 % isobutene

Bioethanol trends

Source: BAFA, BDBe (2013) © FNR 2013

BIOETHANOL TRENDS IN GERMANY

20112006 2007 2008

200

0

2009

800

1,000

in 1,000 t

1,200

600

400

2010 2012

1,2331,165

577

1,249

613583

892

591625

460460

310

512

340

Production capacity 2013: 1m t

Production Sales by volume

Source: Meo, FNR FM: Fresh matter

Biodiesel (raw materials used in production)

Raw material Biomass yield (FM) [t/ha]

Biodiesel yield [l/ha]

Biomass required per litre of fuel [kg/l]

Rapeseed oil 3.5 1,590 2.2

Palm oil 20.0 4,440 4.5

Soya oil 2.9 640 4.6

Jatropha 2.5 610 4.1

Source: Meo, FNR FM: Fresh matter

Biodiesel sales by volume

Sales (1,000 tonnes) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Admixture 1,423 1,613 2,191 2,236 2,129 1,928

Pure fuel 1,895 1,082 241 293 97 131

Total sales 3,318 2,695 2,431 2,529 2,226 2,059

Biodiesel trends

Source: BAFA, FNR

Source: Ufop, VDB, BAFA, BMF, FNR (August 2013) © FNR 2013

BIODIESEL TRENDS IN GERMANY

Production capacitySales by volumeProduction

20112004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1,000

500

0

2009

4,000

4,500

3,500

5,000

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

2010

2

,890

3

,264

4

,390

2,4

00

2,5

00

3

,550

1,4

50

1,5

00

1,

980

980

1

,000

1,2

40

2,82

0

2,6

95

5

,010

2

,500

2

,517

4

,910

2012

2,80

0

2,

582

4

,960

2,80

0

2

,226

4,96

0

2,

600

2

,059

4,3

50

in 1,000 t

biokraftstoffe.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

2524

development of decentralised oil millsDecentralised oil mill capacity utilisation: 45 % in 2012

Source: TFZ surveys a March 2004; b Aug. 2007; c Aug. 2009; d Of which 44 installations exclusively for edible oil

2004a 2006 2007b 2008 2009c 2010 2012

Number of oil mills 219 550 585 601 434 290 245d

Rapeseed processed (1,000 t) 380 889 983 593 n/a 348 266

use of vegetable oil from decentralised oil mills (%)

Source: TFZ surveys * Mobile and stationary

Rapeseed oil fuel* Biodiesel Feed oil Edible oil Technical oils

2007 58 38 3.4 0.3 0.7

2010 35 30 22 7 6

2012 19 17 20 30 14

Vegetable oils (fuel characteristics)

Vegetable oilDensity(15 °C)[kg/l ]

Heating value[MJ/kg ]

Kinetic viscosity(40 °C)[mm2/s]

Pour point (°C) Flash point (°C) Iodine value

DIN 51605 requirements 0.910– 0.925 min 36 max 36 – min 101 max 125

Rapeseed oil 0.92 37.6 35 –2 to –10 > 220 94 to 113

Sunflower oil 0.92 37.1 32 –16 to –18 > 220 118 to 144

Soya oil 0.92 37.1 32 –8 to –18 > 220 114 to 138

Olive oil 0.92 37.8 38 –5 to –9 > 220 76 to 90

Jatropha oil 0.92 36.8 34 2 to –3 > 220 102

Coconut oil 0.92 35.3 28 14 to 25 > 220 7 to 10

Palm oil 0.92 37.0 42 27 to 43 > 220 34 to 61

Camelina sativa oil 0.92 37.0 31 –11 to –18 > 220 149 to 155

Palm kernel oil 0.93 35.5 24 20 to 24 > 220 14 to 22

Comparison of centralised and decentralised vegetable oil production

Oil extraction from 1 t rapeseed* Decentralised Centralised

Proportion of oil extracted [%] 80 99

Oil yield [kg/t oilseed] 336 416

Rapeseed cake yield [kg/t oilseed] 660 –

Extraction meal yield [kg/t oilseed] – 580

Oil yield [l/t oilseed] 365 452

Oil yield [l/ha] 1,387 1,718

Source: TFZ, ASG, FNR (modified 2011)

Source: TFZ, FNR * Oil content of seed 42 %

biokraftstoffe.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

2726

Btl fuels

BtL (biomass to liquid) fuels, like GtL (gas to liquid) and CtL (coal to liquid) fuels, are synthetic fuels whose ingredients are precisely tailored to the needs of modern engines.

raw materials for production of Btl fuels

Raw materials Yield (FM)[t/ha]

Fuel yield[l/ha]

Required biomass per litre fuel [kg/l ]

Energy crops 15–20 4,030 3.7

Straw 7 1,320 5.3

Source: Meo, FNR (2009 – Biokraftstoffe – eine vergleichende Analyse) FM: Fresh matter

Fuel Density[kg/l ]

Heating value

[MJ/kg ]

Heating value[MJ/l ]

Viscosity at 20 °C[mm2/s]

Cetane number

Octane number [RON]

Flash point [°C ]

Fuel equivalenceh

[ l ]

Diesel 0.83 43.1 35.87 5.0 50 – 80 1

Rapeseed oil 0.92 37.6 34.59 74.0 40 – 317 0.96

Biodiesel 0.88 37.1 32.65 7.5 56 – 120 0.91

Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO)f 0.78 44.1 34.30 > 3.5 g > 70 – 60 –

Biomass to liquid (BtL)a 0.76 43.9 33.45 4.0 > 70 – 88 0.97

Petrol 0.74 43.9 32.48 0.6 – 92 < 21 1

Bioethanol 0.79 26.7 21.06 1.5 8 > 100 < 21 0.65

Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) 0.74 36.4 26.93 1.5 – 102 < 22 0.83

Biomethanol 0.79 19.7 15.56 – 3 > 110 – 0.48

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 0.74 35.0 25.90 0.7 – 102 –28 0.80

Dimethyl ether (DME) 0.67 b 28.4 19.03 – 60 – – 0.59

Biomethane 0.72 e 50.0 36.00 c – – 130 – 1.5 d

Biohydrogen (GH2) 0.09 e 120.0 10.80 c – – < 88 – 3.6 d

aFigures based on FT fuels; bat 20 °C; c[MJ/m3]; d[kg]; e[kg/m3]; f Source: VTT; gat 40 °C; hIllustrative example: 1 l biodiesel corresponds to 0.9 l diesel; 1 kg biohydrogen to 3.6 l petrol (used in fuel cell: 7 l)

Biomethane

Biogas has to be upgraded to natural gas quality (biomethane) before it can be used as a fuel. There are over 90,000 natural gas powered vehicles on the road in Germany. Biomethane is available at approx. 900 natural gas filling stations.

yields of raw material for production of biomethane

Raw material yield (FM)[t/ha]

Biogas yield

[Nm3/t]

Methane content

[%]

Methane yield

[Nm3/ha] [kg/ha]

approx. 50* approx. 200* 53 4,664 3,358

Source: FNR, according to KTBL (2012) * Based on silage maize; 12 % storage loss; Density of biomethane: 0.72 kg/m3

fuel Comparison: properties of Biofuels

Source: FNR

biokraftstoffe.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

2928

STANDARD-THG EMISSIONEN FÜR BIOKRAFTSTOFFE

Source: FNR, according to UFOP (2011 – EU Directive 2009/28/EC) © FNR 2011

100 %

Fossil fuel

Biomethane from slurry

BtL (FT diesel) from farmed wood³

Ethanol from wheat straw³

Ethanol from sugar cane

Ethanol from sugar beet

Ethanol from wheat2

Ethanol from wheat

Biodiesel from palm oil1

Biodiesel from palm oil

Biodiesel from soya

Biodiesel from waste

Biodiesel from sunflowers

Biodiesel from rapeseed oil

Hydrated rapeseed oil

Rapeseed oil

90 % 70 %80 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 %

0 10 3020 40 50 60 70 805 15 3525 45 65 75

EU requirements/GHG savings (%)

GHG emission in g CO2equiv./MJ

0

Cultivation Transport Processing, in g CO2equiv./MJ ≤ 54.5 g from 2010/13≤ 41.9 g from 2017≤ 33.5 g from 2018

1 With methane capture; 2 Natural gas CHP; 3 Future biofuel options – basis: estimated standard �gures from 2009/28/EC

30 1

1

13

5

5

9

2

2

5

13

22

1 22

26

49

45

18

19

26

7

11

1

30

29

18

1

19

14

14

23

23

12

14

3

4

5

1

13

2

2

2

83.8

55

≥ 50 % from 2017 ≥ 35 % from 2011/13≥ 60 % from 2018

22

eu 2020 target:

germany’s 2020 target:

All member states face a binding target of ensuring that renewable en-ergy sources account for at least 10 % of final energy consumption in the transport sector in 2020.

7 % cut in GHG emissions by biofuels placed on the market in 2020, based on reference figures for petrol and diesel; a 7 % cut in emissions corresponds to a biofuel share of about 10–12 % in total fuel consump-tion (Federal Immission Control Act section 37a [3a]).a Directive 2009/28/EC of 28 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources; GHG: Greenhouse gas

framework for Biofuels

The Europrean directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Directive 2009/28/EC)a defines binding targets for biofuels and regulates their sustainability.

Standard gHg emissions for biofuels

Sustainability of Biofuels

Requirements on the sustainability of biofuels and electricity from liquid biomass apply since January 2011. The criteria are laid down in the Sus-tainability Ordinance for Biofuels and Biomasselectricity (Biokraftstoff- und Biostrom-Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung). Since 2011 biofuels must save at least 35 % in greenhouse gas emissions besides other sustainability criteria.

biokraftstoffe.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

3130

Source: FNR (2011)

The use of biofuels in agriculture is tax-free. Biomethane used pure as a fuel is tax-free till 2015.

Biofuels selected for special support• Ethanol with an ethanol content of at least 70 % (V/V), e. g. E 85

(lower tax rate on ethanol content)• BtL fuel and ethanol from cellulose (tax-free to 2015)

fuel standardisation

Fuel composition and quality labelling are laid down in the 10th Ordi-nance implementing the Federal Immission Control Act (10. BImSchV).

Fuel Standard Notes

Diesel (B 7)

DIN EN 590

Diesel fuel with up to 7 % V/V biodiesel (as of 05/2010)

Biodiesel (B 100)

DIN EN 14214

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) for diesel engines (as of 04/2010)

Rapeseed oil DIN 51605

Fuels for vegetable oil compatible combus-tion engines – Fuel from rapeseed oil (as of 09/2010)

Petrol (E 5)

DIN EN 228

Unleaded petrol with up to 5 % (V/V) ethanol or 15 % (V/V) ETBE (as of 09/2009)

Ethanol DIN 15376

Ethanol as blend component in petrol (as of 04/2009)

Petrol E 10

DIN 51626-1

Petrol E 10 with up to 10 % (V/V) ethanol (as of 04/2009)

Ethanol E 85

DIN 51625

– ≥ 75% and ≤ 86 % (V/V) ethanol – class A (summer)

– ≥ 70% and ≤ 80 % (V/V) ethanol – class B (winter) (as of 08/2008)

Natural gas and biomethane

DIN 51624

Biomethane must meet the standard for compressed natural gas (CNG) as a fuel; biomethane and natural gas can be admixed in any proportion (as of 04/2009)

V/V: Percentage by volume

federal immission Control act (BimSchg)

Year Diesel quota Petrol quota Total quota

2007

4.4 %

1.2 % –

2008 2.0 % –

2009

2.8 %

5.25 %

2010

6.25 %2011

2012

2013

2014

2015 Decarbonisation 3.0 %

2017 Decarbonisation 4.5 %

2020 Decarbonisation 7.0 %

Tax rates on pure biofuels under the energy Tax act (energieStg)

Year Biodiesel [euro cents/l] Vegetable oil [euro cents/l]

2006 (August) 9.00 0.00

2007 9.00 2.15

2008 14.88 9.85

2009 14.29 18.15

2010–2012 18.60 18.46

2013–2014 45.03 45.03

Source: FNR, according to BImSchG

Source: FNR, according to EnergieStG

The tax relief is not granted for admixed biofuels or for biofuels al-located to the quota; it is only granted for biofuels selected for special support.• Energy tax on diesel: 47.04 euro cents/l• Energy tax on petrol: 65.45 euro cents/l

biokraftstoffe.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

3332

average composition of biogas

Component Percentage

Methane (CH4) 50–75 %

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 25–45 %

Water vapour (H2O) 2–7 %

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 20–20,000 ppm

Oxygen (O2) < 2 %

Nitrogen (N2) < 2 %

Ammonia (NH3) < 1 %

Hydrogen (H2) < 1 %

Trace gases < 2 %

Biogas

development of biogas plants

Number of plants

5,000

4,000

3,000

7,000

6,000

2,000

1,000

Source: FNR, according to FvB (2013) © FNR 2013

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS PLANTS IN GERMANY

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Installed electrical capacity (MW)

1st Amendment of EGG(Aug. 2004)

2,050

3,500

7,175

0 0

3,000

2,500

3,500

4,000

5,000

2,000

1,500

1,000

5001,10

0

1,27

1

1,37

7

1,89

3

190 39

0

650

2,29

1

3,09

7

1,750

3,711

5,905

Number of plants Prognosis number of plants Installed electrical capacity

8,000

9,000

7,515 7,772

3,35

2

3,53

0

* Outlook

3,891

4,984

2,680

2nd Amendment of EGG(Jan. 2009)

3rd Amendment of EGG(Jan. 2012)

EEG = Renewable Energy Sources Act

biogas.fnr.de

Technical primary energy potential for biogas

Source: IE, DBFZ (2009) © FNR 2011

TECHNICAL PRIMARY ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR BIOGAS

Technical primary energy potential (PJ/a)

Year

2007

2020

0 100 200 300 400 500

102

252

86

86

114

1051347

108

Max. harvest of energy crops (1.15m ha 2007 and 1.6m ha 2020/growth in yield: 2 %/a)

Min. harvest of energy crops(0.55m ha 2007)

Harvest residues and livestock excrementsMunicipal biowaste

Proportion of potential used

Industrial bioresidues

greenhouse gas emissions of biogas plants compared to the overall german electricity mix

Source: KTBL (2011) © FNR 2012

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF BIOGAS PLANTS COMPARED TO THE OVERALL GERMAN ELECTRICITY MIX

500 kW 1 MW

in kg CO2 equiv./kWhel

150 kW75 kW

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

–0.1

–0.2

–0.3

–0.4

71.071.0 0.16

–0.04

Electricity mix 2011 (renewable energies' share 20.0 %)

Balance: total net emissions

Credit granted – substitution of fossil-based heating Credit granted – use of slurry

Biomass conversionBiomass production and transportPlant construction

For further information visit “Grafiken Biogas” at http://mediathek.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

3534

Schematic diagram of the anaerobic digestion process

Biogas

i. a. methane (CH4 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 )

short-chain organic acids (e. g. propionic acid), alcohols

Substrates

Fats, proteins, carbohydrates (long-chain polymers)

1st phase: liquefaction (Hydrolysis)

2nd phase: acidification

3rd phase: acetic acid formation

4th phase: methane formation

i. a. acetic acid (CH3COOH), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), hydrogen (H2)

Fatty acids, amino acids, sugar (short-chain monomers and dimers)

Key process factors in biogas production

required digester volume [m3]= daily substrate input [m3/d] • average hydraulic retention time [d]

Hydraulic retention time [d]digester volume [m3]

daily substrate input [m3/d ]Hrt =

organic loading rate [kg odm/m3 • d]

substrate input concentration of organic matter per time unit [kg/d] (volatile solids) [% odm]

digester volume [m3] • 100olr =

•

dry matter [kg ]dm = Fresh matter [kg ] – water amount [kg ]

organic dry matter [kg ]odm = dry matter [kg ] – raw ash [kg ]

Biogas yield [m3]= Fresh matter substrat [t ] • dm [%] • odm [%] • yield [m3/t odm]

What is the energy content of biogas?

The energy value correlates with the methane content of biogas. This can range from 50–75 % depending on input substrate and process characteristic. One cubic metre of methane has an energy value of about 10 kilowatt-hours (9.97 kWh), so biogas with a content of 55 % methane has an energy content of about 5.5 kWh per cubic metre.

Heating value: 5–7.5 kwh/m3 (depending on methane content) average: 6 kwh/m3 or 21.6 mJ/m3

Heating oil equivalent: 1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to about 0.6 l of heating oil

biogas.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

3736

Biogas yields of selected substratesSubstrate

Source: KTBL (2010) © FNR 2013

BIOGAS YIELDS

Biogas yields (in Nm³/t FM)

Maize silage

Grain silage (whole plant)

Grass silage

Sugar beet silageSorghum silage (whole plant)

Clover/alfalfa grass

Forage rye silage (whole plant)

Biowaste*

Sunflower silage

Landscape conservationmaterial*

Food leftovers

Cattle manure

Fodder beet silage

Grain vinasse

Cattle slurry

Pig slurryPotatoe pulp

Methane content %

0 50 100 200150

60 %

54 %

55 %

55 %

52 %

55 %

60 %

50 %

57 %

60 %

53 %

55 %

52 %

52 %

55 %

53 %

53 %

52 %

Poultry manure*

* Varies, depending on dry matter content and composition

Cultivation of various energy crops and their theoretical electricity potential [per-hectare figures]

Energy cropHarvest

yield [t FM ]

Methane yield [Nm3 ]

Electricity yield

[kWh ]

Supply for number of

homes

Maize silage 50 4,664 17,257 4.8

Sugar beet 55 3,960 14,652 4.1

Whole plant grain silage 40 3,696 13,675 3.8

Sudan grass 55 3,388 12,536 3.5

Grass silage 36 3,105 11,487 3.2

Source: FNR, according to KTBL (2012) Assumptions: 12 % storage loss (except sugar beet); CHP plant efficiency 37 %; electricity consumption 3,600 kWh/a per home

Substrate input in biogas plants 2012 (mass related)

Substrate input of energy crops in biogas plants 2012 (mass related)

41 % Livestock excrements

1 % Industrial and harvest residues

Source: DBFZ (2013) © FNR 2013

SUBSTRATE INPUT IN BIOGAS PLANTS 2012 (mass referred)

Energy crops 54 % 4 % Biowaste

Source: DBFZ operators survey (2013) © FNR 2013

SUBSTRATE INPUTOF ENERGY CROPS IN BIOGAS PLANTS 2012 (mass referred)

Maize silage 73 %

7 % Whole plantgrain silage

11 % Grass silage

3 % Sugar beet1 % Catch crops

1 % Other3 % Landscape conservation

material

1 % Cereal grain

biogas.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

3938

development of cultivation area for maizein 1,000 ha

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Source: Stat. Bundesamt, DMK, ZMP, AFC, FNR

GROWTH OF CULTIVATION AREA FOR MAIZE IN GERMANY

Grain maize** Maize silage (biogas)Maize silage (feed)

* Outlook;** approx. 85 % feed, 6 % industry (starch), 5 % energy (ethanol), 3 % losses, 1 % seed

© FNR 2013

20072006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

legal framework

Approval of an agricultural biogas plant

Rated thermal input of the CHP unit > 1 MW (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 1.4)

Production capacity ≥ 1.2 m Nm³ raw gas per year (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 1.15 a)Processing capacity ≥ 1.2 m Nm³ raw gas per year (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 1.15 b)

Construction of the biogas plant in connection to a livestock operation with an approval requirement, e. g. facilities for ≥ 2,000 pig or ≥ 600 cattle places (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 7.1)

Facilities for the biological treatment of the following (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 8.6)– hazardous waste material according to the Waste Management and

Product Recycling Act (KrWG) with a throughput capacity ≥ 1 t/day– non-hazardous waste products (excluding slurry) according

to the KrWG with a throughput capacity ≥ 10 t/day– slurry (solely for biogas production) with a throughput capacity

≤ 100 t/day as far as production capacity ≥ 1.2 m Nm³ of raw gas per year

Temporary storage of the following (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 8.12)– hazardous waste material according to the KrWG > 30 t/day– non-hazardous waste material according to the KrWG > 100 t/day– slurry or digestate storage capacity ≥ 6,500 m³ (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 8.13)

Planning approvalApproval procedure according to the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG)

Source: FNR 2013 Without any claim to completeness; * 4th Amendment to the Federal Immission Control Act

Storage capacity for slurry/digestate ≥ 6,500 m³ (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 9.36.)

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

no

no

no

requirements for the handling of digestate

Digestate from Distribution on the farm's own land

Distribution on other farm's lands

Farm fertiliser DüV, KrWG, where applicable BioAbfV

DüV, KrWG, where applicable BioAbfV, WDüngV

Renewable resources DüV DüV, DüMV

Plant-based waste from the operators enterprise DüV DüV, DüMV

Organic waste as defined by BioAbfV and DüMV BioAbfV, DüV BioAbfV, DüV, DüMV

Food waste and other sub-stances as defined by Regula-tion (EC) No 1069/2009

BioAbfV, TierNebG, DüV, Regulation (EU) 142/2011

DüV, DüMV, TierNebG, Regulation (EU) 142/2011

Sewage sludge and farm fertiliser or municipal organic waste according to the Ordinance on Biowastes (BioAbfV), Annex 1

AbfKlärV, DüV AbfKlärV, DüV, DüMV

Source: aid infodienst e. V. Without any claim to completeness

biogas.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

4140

upgrading to natural gas quality(Odorising, conditioning, pressure adjustment)

Biogas upgrading process steps

organic material

raw biogas

gas cleaning and upgrading(Desulphurisation, drying, carbon dioxide separation,

oxygen removal, removal of further trace gases)

Biomethane

Pure biogas

Biogas production

Characteristic figures of various biogas upgrading technologies

Pressure swing adsorption

PSA

Pressurised water scrubbing

PWS

Physical absorp-tion with organic

solvents

Chemical absorp-tion with organic

solvents

Membrane processes

Cryogenic separation

Electricity requirement (kWh/Nm3 BG) 0.20–0.25 0.20–0.30 0.23–0.33 0.06–0.15 0.18–0.25 0.18–0.33

Heat requirement (kWh/Nm3 BG) 0 0 ~ 0.3 0.5–0.8 0 0

Temperature process heat (°C) – – 55–80 110–160 – –

Process pressure (bar) 4–7 5–10 4–7 0.1–4 5–10

Methane loss (%) 1–5 0.5–2 1–4 0.1 2–8

After-treatment of exhaust gas necessary? (legislation: EEG & GasNZV) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Fine desulphurisation of the raw gas necessary? Yes No No Yes Recom-

mended Yes

Water requirement No Yes No Yes No No

Chemicals requirement No No Yes Yes No No

Source: Fraunhofer-IWES, according to DWA (2011) BG: biogas

Biogas plants for biomethane production

Source: FNR, according to dena (2013) © FNR 2013

BIOGAS PLANTS FOR BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION IN GERMANY

0

15,000

30,000

45,000

60,000

75,000

90,000

105,000

120,000

135,000

0

20

40

60

80

100

140

120

180

160

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Number of plants Upgrading capacity Biomethane (Nm3/h)

2012 2013/14*

Upgrading capacity Number of plants * OutlookForecast number of plants

2006

117

85

50

178

109,

810

73,1

70

54,0

55

35,1

45

biogas.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

4342

BGP 1 MWel approx. 3,500 €/kWel

Biogas upgrading plant 500 Nm3/h approx. 7,500 €/(Nm3/h)

ORC installation 75 kWel approx. 4,000 €/kWhel

Micro gas turbine 65 kWel approx. 2,000 €/kWhel

Costs biomethane production 500 Nm3/h 7.8–8.4 ct/kWh

Costs biomethane production 2,000 Nm3/h 6.4–7.0 ct/kWh

Biogas yields in agriculture

Dairy cow: 20 m3 slurry/a 500 Nm3 biogas

Pig: 1.5–6 m3 slurry/a 42–168 Nm3 biogas

Cattle: 3–11 t solid manure/a 240–880 Nm3 biogas

Horse: 8 t solid manure/a 504 Nm3 biogas

100 chicken: 1.8 m3 dry excrement/a 252 Nm3 biogas

Maize silage: 40–60 t FM/ha* 7,040–10,560 Nm3 biogas

Sugar beet: 40–70 t FM/ha 5,200–9,100 Nm3 biogas

Grain whole plant silage: 30–50 t FM/ha* 5,016–8,360 Nm3 biogas

Grass: 26–43 t FM/ha* 4,118–6,811 Nm3 biogas

Example – annual substrate requirement biogas plant 350 kWel

5,500 t maize silage (125 ha)

3,000 t cattle slurry (150 dairy cows)

1,000 t grain whole plant silage (28.5 ha)

Source: FNR, according to KTBL, Guide to Biogas, Fraunhofer-IWES, DBFZ * 12 % silo losses taken into account

useful figures

1 m3 Biogas 5.0–7.5 kWhtotal

1 m3 Biogas 50–75 % methane content

1 m3 Biogas 1.9–3.2 kWhel

1 m3 Biogas approx. 0.6 l heating oil equivalent

1 m3 Methane 9.97 kWhtotal

1 m3 Methane 3.3–4.3 kWhel

1 m3 Methane 1 l heating oil equivalent

CHP unit: efficiencyel 33–45 %

CHP unit: efficiencyth 35–56 %

CHP unit: efficiencytotal circa 85 %

CHP unit: operating time 7,900–8,200 operating hours/year

Micro gas turbine – efficiencyel 26–33 %

Fuel cell – efficiencyel 40–55 %

Electricity requirement biogas plant 5–20 %

Heat requirement biogas plant 5–25 %

Work requirement biogas plant 4–10 Akh/kWel • a

Optimum VOA/TAC area < 0.8

Foil permeability 1–1.5 parts per thousand of biogas/day

Interruptions of operation per year (BGP) 1.2 for each 10 kWel

Specific investment costs

BGP 75 kWel approx. 9,000 €/kWel

BGP 150 kWel approx. 6,500 €/kWel

BGP 250 kWel approx. 6,000 €/kWel

BGP up to 500 kWel approx. 4,500 €/kWel

biogas.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

44 45

1 Including obligation to make use of the generated heat, i. e. at least 60 % of the electricity generated in the installation must be generated by com-bined heat and power process and the heat must be used accordingly to the requirements of Annex 2 of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) – Exceptions: Installations using ≥ 60 % slurry (by mass) or participation in direct marketing

2 Small slurry plants, using ≥ 80 % (by mass) slurry/manure (without poultry manure/dried poultry manure)

3 Basic tariff and input substrate tariff only if ≤ 60 % (by mass) maize and cereal grain are used

4 Bark and forest waste wood5 For slurry/manure 6 euro cents/kWh for installations > 500 kW to 5 MW6 700 Nm3/h (approx. 2.8 MWel ), 1,000 Nm3/h (approx. 4.0 MWel ),

1,400 Nm3/h (approx. 5.5 MWel )7 ≥ 90% biowaste (by mass) as defined in the Biowaste Ordinance (BioAbfV)8 From 2014 for new installations > 750: remuneration only by direct market-

ing (market premium model)9 Annual degression of 2 % on basic tariff and bonuses (not on input sub-

strate tariffs)

Bioenergy http://mediathek.fnr.de

Biodiesel www.ufop.de

Oilseeds and vegetable oils www.oilworld.biz

Chips and pellets www.carmen-ev.de

Wood logs www.tfz.bayern.de

Wood pellets www.depi.de

Agriculture www.ami-informiert.de

German Federal Statistical Office www.destatis.de

Heating oil/crude oil www.tecson.de/oelweltmarkt.html

Market reports and prices for fuels and biomass

remuneration rates for biomass/biogas plants according to renewable energy Sources act (eeg) 2012

Remuneration ct/kWh

20139 20149

Basic tariff 1, 3

up to 150 kWel 14.01 13.73

> 150 kWel to 500 kWel 12.05 11.81

> 500 kWel to 5 MWel8 10.78 10.56

> 750 kWel to 5 MWel 10.78 10.568

> 5 MWel to 20 MWel8 5.88 5.768

Special tariff2

up to 75 kWel 24.50 24.01

Input substrate tariff 3

Input substrate category class I

up to 500 kWel 6/64 6/64

> 500 kWel to 750 kWel 5/2.54 5/2.54

> 750 kWel to 5 MWel 4/2.54 4/2.54

Input substrate category class II

up to 500 kWel 8 8

> 500 kWel to 5 MWel 8/65 8/65

Gas upgrading bonus6

up to 700 Nm3/h 2.94 2.88

up to 1,000 Nm3/h 1.96 1.92

up to 1,400 Nm3/h 0.98 0.96

Biowaste fermentation bonus7

up to 500 kWel 15.68 15.37

> 500 kWel to 20 MWel 13.72 13.45

Source: EEG 2012 Information given is not of legally-binding nature

aPPendiX

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

46 47

MJ kWh m3 natural gas

1 MJ 1 0.278 0.032

1 kWh 3.6 1 0.113

1 kg hard coal unit 29.31 8.14 0.924

1 kg crude oil equiv. 41.87 11.63 1.319

1 m3 natural gas 31.74 8.82 1

energy unit conversion factors

m3 l barrel gallon

1 m3 1 1,000 6.3 264

1 l 0.001 1 0.0063 0.26

1 barrel 0.159 159 1 42

1 gallon 0.0038 3.79 0.0238 1

prefixes for energy units

Prefix Abbreviation Factor Quantity

Deca da 10 Ten

Hecto h 102 Hundred

Kilo k 103 Thousand

Mega M 106 Million

Giga G 109 Billion

Tera T 1012 Trillion

Peta P 1015 Quadrillion

Exa E 1018 Quintillion

Bioenergy http://bioenergie.fnr.de

fnr-internationalhttp://international.fnr.de

facts and figures on bioenergyhttp://mediathek.fnr.de/grafiken.html

Bioenergy villageswww.wege-zum-bioenergiedorf.de

Bioenergy regionswww.bioenergie-regionen.de

further information

imPrint

Published byFachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR)Agency for Renewable Resourceswww.fnr.de

With support from the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany

PicturesDr. H. Hansen, FNR

Design/Implementationwww.tangram.de, Rostock

Printed bywww.druckerei-weidner.de, Rostock

Printed on 100 % recycling paper using vegetable oil-based colours

Order no. 484FNR 2014

bioenergie.fnr.de

Bio

ener

gy

Soli

d f

uel

SBi

ofu

elS

Bio

gaS

appe

nd

ix

fachagentur nachwachsende rohstoffe e. V. (fnr)agency for renewable resources oT gülzow, Hofplatz 1 18276 gülzow-prüzen, germanyTel: +49 3843/6930-0 fax: +49 3843/[email protected]

printed on 100 % recycling paper using vegetable oil-based colours

order no. 484fnr 2014