1 1. (a) A right atrium ; [accept right auricle] B (pulmonary) semilunar valve ; C mitral / biscupid / (left) av, valve ; 3 (b) 1 Reference to, pacemaker / SA node / SAN ; 2 (Wave of) excitation / eq, in (walls) of atria ; 3 Causes contraction of (muscle in) atria (walls) ; 4 Delay 5 Conducted to at, AV node / AVN ; ventricles [7] via, bundles of His / Purkyne fibres ; max 4 2. (a) narrowing of the arteries ; thrombosis / blood clot ; 2 (b) (i) age and gender ; 1 (ii) both increased with age ; figures similar 0-34 / over 65 ; deaths in males greater between 25-74 / converse for females / valid comparison for any age group in this range ; males levels off 45 onwards, females rises throughout ; 3 [6] 3. (a) A is, an artery / named artery, and B is, a vein / named vein ; 1 (b) (Lining / wall) one cell thick ; Thin cells / simple epithelium / squamous epithelium ; Alternative to first two marking points – Thin walls ; Pores ; Selectively / partially permeable ; 2 (c) For transport / eq of, solutes / named solute / nutrients / molecules, to / from, cells / tissues ; OR Movement of waste products / named waste product from cells ; 1 (d) Increased blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure / hypertension / increased capillary permeability / decrease in plasma protein / colloidal osmotic pressure / protein / amino acid deficient diet / blocked lymphatic vessels / faulty valves in lymphatic vessels ; 1 [5]
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1
1. (a) A right atrium ; [accept right auricle]
B (pulmonary) semilunar valve ;
C mitral / biscupid / (left) av, valve ; 3
(b) 1 Reference to, pacemaker / SA node / SAN ;
2 (Wave of) excitation / eq, in (walls) of atria ;
3 Causes contraction of (muscle in) atria (walls) ;
4 Delay
5 Conducted to
at, AV node / AVN ;
ventricles[7]
via, bundles of His / Purkyne fibres ; max 4
2. (a) narrowing of the arteries ; thrombosis / blood clot ; 2
(b) (i) age and gender ; 1
(ii) both increased with age ; figures similar 0-34 / over 65 ; deaths in males greater between 25-74 / converse for females / valid comparison for any age group in this range ; males levels off 45 onwards, females rises throughout ; 3
[6]
3. (a) A is, an artery / named artery, and B is, a vein / named vein ; 1
(b) (Lining / wall) one cell thick ; Thin cells / simple epithelium / squamous epithelium ; Alternative to first two
4. (a) Arrow drawn between point where ventricular pressure curve starts to rise and where curve cuts 5 kPa line ; 1
(b) 60 ÷ 1.0 ; [accept equivalent calculations] = 60 beats per minute ; [accept range 60 to 64] 2
(c) Reference to closure of semilunar valve ; Elasticity / eq of aorta wall ; Recoil (in aorta) maintains pressure ; Reference to refilling / relaxation of ventricle ; 3
(d) Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs ; Left ventricle pumps blood all around the body ; Correct reference to relative
[9]
thickness of ventricular walls ; Correct reference to pressure in relation to lungs / body / e.g. more pressure needed to pump blood round body / converse OR less resistance to blood flow in lungs / converse ; 3
5. (a) 1. Rhythmic / sequence (of events) in each heart beat ;
2. {Initiated / controlled} by {pacemaker / SAN (sinoatrial node)} ;
3. Reference to atrial {systole / contraction} ;
4. Reference to ventricular {systole / contraction} ;
5. (complete) diastole / relaxation (of heart) ;
[points 3 to 5 must be in sequence] 3
(b) Coronary artery ;
From aorta ;
Supplies {blood / oxygen / glucose / nutrients / named nutrient} to heart {muscle / tissue / myocardium} / correct reference to removal of {waste products / named waste product} by coronary circulation ;
Returns to right atrium / coronary sinus / cardiac veins ; 3 [6]
6. (a) Right
B
atrium;
Left
ventricle; 2
(b) Lung; [however qualified] 1
(c) 1. Reference to {narrow / extremely long} capillaries;
3
2. Reference to blood in the lungs / reference to oxygenation of blood;
3. Results in {low pressure / loss of pressure} of blood (when it emerges from the lungs);
4. Not enough pressure to get through rest of {capillary network / the body};
5. Pumping the blood again {raises / restores} lost pressure OR provides extra boost of pressure / reference to
second pump;
6. Higher pressure in systemic circulation / lower
pressure in pulmonary circulation; 3
(d) (i) Dartery AND E vein; 1
(ii) Thick (muscular) {wall / layer} OR Rounded {shape / lumen} OR Smaller lumen; 1
[8]
7. (a) Cell membrane structure OR (steroid) hormone production OR Bile salt production OR Vitamin D production in the skin; 1
(b) 1. High (LDL) cholesterol in blood circulation;
2. Increases the likelihood of {deposits / plaques / atheroma} on arterial wall;
(c) (i) Reduce intake of saturated fat / eat food with more plant sterols; 1
4
(ii) (Most) cholesterol produced by liver; Healthier margarine can only {affect dietary intake / reduce absorption from gut}; 2
[8]
8. (a) 3
Structural feature
Blood vessel Valves present Wall has pores Wall a single layer of cells
Capillary Vein
(b) (Elastic recoil) maintains pressure (in artery) (flexibility) to allow for {blood pressure / pulse}; 1
[4]
9. (a) [Points must be comparative] max 3
Arteries Veins
More (smooth) muscle / eq Less (smooth) muscle
More elastic {fibres / tissue} / elastin Less elastic {fibres / tissue}
No valves (except aorta and pulmonary artery) Valves present
Narrow lumen / eq Wider lumen
Thick layer of collagen (fibres) / eq Thin layer of collagen fibres
Thick wall Thin wall
(b) Higher (blood) pressure / more chance of damage to endothelium; 1
(c) High {hydrostatic / blood} pressure;
Which is higher than {solute potential gradient / eq} / correct osmotic effect described;
(Plasma forced out) through {pores / gaps} in capillary wall;
The fluid is forced out of the capillary into the intercellular space; 2
5
(d) (i) Blocked lymph vessels / high blood pressure / {low solute potential / high water potential} in blood / loss of plasma proteins / damage to tissue / histamine / eq; 1
(ii) Oedema; 1 [8]
10. [Only allow points if linked to aspect of diet]
1. High intake of {saturated fat / animal fat / example of fat / cholesterol};
2. Atherosclerosis / description of deposition inside arteries;
3. (Which leads to) reduced {blood flow / oxygen / eq) to heart muscle / increased blood pressure (in coronary circulation) / reference to thrombosis;
4. High {salt / Na+} intake;
5. High blood pressure / hypertension;
6. (Which leads to increased) {risk / eq} of {heart attack / heart failure / myocardial infarction}; 3
[3]
11. (a) Flatworm has a large surface area : volume ratio / converse; Diffusion {sufficient / effective} for flatworm’s {needs / eq} / converse; Mammal {has higher metabolic rate / is warm blooded / eq} / converse; 2
13. (a) 1. Higher death (rate) among men than women in all countries;
2. Highest (rates) of death in Russia / lowest (rates) of death in France;
3. Any valid comparison between countries;
4. Supporting data quoted to back up any valid point;
5. Correct reference to different ratio of men / women death rates between countries; max 3
(b) There is no {difference / correlation} in the death rates between people who eat lots of fruit and vegetables and those who {don’t eat / eat less} fruit and vegetables / eq; 1
(c) [Paired points - marks for reasons must be linked to a potential difference] 4
Potential difference
1.
Reason
Different levels of health care; Better treatment / diagnosis / drug availability / eq;
2. Smoking; Smoking can cause atherosclerosis / carbon monoxide reduces oxygen transport / nicotine increase blood pressure / eq;
}; less oxygen; anaerobic respiration; build up of {lactic acid / lactate} (causes pain); 3
15
(b) (i) 1873, 1614, 1790 kJ; [all three required for (1) mark] 1
(ii) A; 1
(iii) A less saturated
[8]
fatty acids / FA; less {cholesterol/LDLs} (made by liver); less / no cholesterol in diet; less chance of atherosclerosis/eq / {atheroma / fats} building up / depositing / being laid down on arteries; 3
28. (i) arrows moving from direction of veins through the atria towards ventricles on both sides; 1
(ii) sinoatrial node / SAN / pacemaker; 1 [2]
29. (a)
Statement about Daphnia Tick or cross
(i) The movement of fluid through the heart is an example of mass transport ;
(ii) Daphnia uses diffusion to transport oxygen into muscle cells ;
(iii) Daphnia tends to lose water from its body to the freshwater by osmosis ;
(iv) Daphnia can use active transport to move ions from the freshwater into its body ;
4
(b) (i) A = 50, B = 75 & C = 100; 1
(ii) 200; 1
16
(iii) 1. only three Daphnia used / not enough {samples / repeats} to be representative / only one Daphnia used per concentration;
2. different Daphnia used (for each caffeine concentration) / different Daphnia used for 35 au;
3. range not large enough to make prediction / eq;
4. Daphnia may respond differently at higher concentrations / eq OR they may die;
5. taking readings for 10 seconds not sufficient;
6. describe one environmental variable to be controlled / allow time for Daphnia to acclimatise;
7. need for a control; max 3 [9]
30. (a) (i) X = aorta/ aortic arch;
Y = (left) ventricle / cardiac
Z =
muscle;
coronary
artery /eq; 3
(ii) second box down on the left; 1
(iii) SAN / sino atrial node / pacemaker / eq; 1
(b) (i) 1. sequence of events from one beat to the next beat / eq;
2. reference to {contraction / systole} and {relaxation / diastole};
3. correct detail of sequence e.g. atrial systole → ventricular systole → diastole / approx 30% of time spent in systole and 70% in diastole;
4. correct detail of electrical regulation of cardiac cycle/eq; max 2
(ii) 1. left ventricle has {more / thicker} muscle / eq;
2. blood from (left ventricle) has to divide between more capillaries / eq;
3. left ventricle has to pump blood further / eq; max 2
17
(iii) 1. pressure increases as blood forced into ventricle during atrial systole;
2. pressure increases during (initial) ventricular systole/eq;
3. (due to) reducing volume of ventricle (causing pressure increase);
4. pressure starts to decrease due to blood into artery / loss of blood from ventricle;
5. decreases during diastole / eq;
6. (due to) increasing volume (of chamber); max 2
(c) 1. gender
2. smoking
3. genes / inheritance / eq
4. stress
5. high LDL level / LDL to HDL ratio / high blood cholesterol
6. reference to inappropriate diet such as high {salt / fat / cholesterol / calorie} intake / eq
7. high alcohol intake
8. obesity
9. lack of exercise / eq
Notes: two correct answers needed for one mark max 1
[12]
31. (a) 1. capillaries {have thin walls / made of flattened epithelium / thin cells / eq};
2. reference to presence of pores;
3. reference to basement membrane;
4. reference to permeability of capillary wall /eq; max 3
(b) 1. proteins are large (molecules);
2. cannot pass through capillary wall / eq; 2
(c) 1. idea of reduced concentration of plasma proteins / eq;