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BioFuels forEnergy Generation
Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEESuite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave.
Quezon City, Metro ManilaTel/Fax: +63 2 374 6455
Email: [email protected]
Energy Systems IntegrationGeneration - Distribution - Utilization
AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company
0Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
Email: [email protected]
Page 2
Energy Systems IntegrationGeneration - Distribution - Utilization
AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company
Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
Email: [email protected]
Presentation Outline
The presentation shall: Introduce various BioFuels and common
forms Discuss various BioFuels technologies Applicability of BioFuels to local Industries Case summaries of a bio-fuels in Energy
Generation Projects in the Philippines
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AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company
Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
Email: [email protected]
Contents
1. What is Biomass2. What is Biofuel3. History of Biomass and Biofuels4. Forms of Biofuels5. Energy Content of Biofuels6. Biofuel based technologies7. Application of Biomass fuel in the Philippines8. BioFuel in Energy Generation Projects
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AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company
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What is Biomass? In the energy production industry, refers to living and recently living
biological material or their metabolic byproducts which can be usedas fuel or for industrial production
Produced from plant matter, either domestically or wildly grown
It includes plant or animal matter
Includes biodegradable wastes
It excludes organic material which has been transformed bygeological processes (i.e. hydrocarbon fuels)
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What is Biofuel
Any fuel with an 80% minimum content byvolume of materials derived from livingorganisms harvested within the ten yearspreceding its manufacture
Derived from biomass
Renewable energy source
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A bit of History…
Solid biofuels such as wood or dried waste have beenused since man learned to control fire
Liquid biofuels for industrial applications was used sincethe early days of the car industry
Nikolaus August Otto, invented the combustion engine to run onethanol
Rudolf Diesel, invented the diesel engine using peanut oil Henry Ford, after being prevented to mass produce electric
cars, designed the Model T completely fuelled originally onethanol
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AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company
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A bit of History…
Before WW2, Germany sold biofuel, a blend of gasolinewith alcohol fermented from potatoes (Reichskraftsprit)as alternative to imported oil
In Britain, grain alcohol was blended with petrol by theDistillers Company Limited under the name Discol andmarketed through Esso
After WW2, cheap Middle Eastern oil lessened interestin BioFuels
The oil shocks of ‘73 and ‘79 pushed governments andacademics to pursue BioFuels
The counter-shock of 1986 again reduced oil prices andinterest
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A bit of History…
BioFuels development is now the priority of mostgovernments due to:
Rising oil prices Concerns on GHG emissions (global warming) Middle East instability
USA plans to replace 75% of Middle East oil importswith BioFuels by 2025
Brazil now uses 100% ethanol fired transport systems India mandated 10% mandatory BioFuel blend for
transport system
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A bit of History…
The Philippines passed the Biofuels Act of 2006,mandating:
2 years from effectivity of the law, 5% ethanol fuel must beblended on total annual gasoline volume sold
4 years from effectivity of law, National Biofuels Board willdetermine the feasibility and recommend to DoE of increasingthe blend to 10%
Within 3 months from effectivity of the law, a minimum of 1%biodiesel by volume shall be blended into all diesel fuel sales
Within two years, 2% biodiesel blend is mandated to beblended to all diesel fuel sold
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Forms of Biofuels Liquids
Alcohols - biologically produced by microorganisms (?)
Biodiesel - alkyl esters produced from vegetable oils or animal fats
Biomass - Liquids produced by catalysis from synthetic gas (syngas)
Gas
Methane from anaerobic digesters
Biogas from photosynthetic algae
Synthetic gas from gasification (??)
Solids
Wood, charcoal, rice husk, coco husk, peanut shell
Switchgrass, dried animal waste
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Forms of Biofuels - Alcohols
Ethanol - C2H6O Most commonly produced from sugar and corn Cellulosic ethanol - from a wide variety of plants, subject of
intense R&D today
Methanol - CH3OH Normally produced from natural gas (thus NOT a biofuel) Can NOW be produced from biomass but not yet
economically feasible
Other Forms of Alcohol (but NOT BioFuel) Propanol Butanol
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Bio-Ethanol - C2H6O Renewable because the energy is derived from the sun (?) Produced from the conversion of agricultural feedstock (??) Can be produced from feedstock of:
sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum,switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava,sunflower, fruit, molasses, whey or skim milk, corn, stover, grain, wheat, wood,paper, straw, cotton
Cellulosic waste and harvests
Leading countries with developed bio-ethanol programs Brazil, Colombia, China and USA
Currently best sources of ethanol Sugar Switchgrass Corn
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Bio-Ethanol ProductionTo Produce ethanol, sugar is required (carbohydrates)Basic Processes: microbial fermentation of sugars Distillation Dehydration (required for blending with gasoline) Denaturing (optional)Some crops require previous saccharification - hydrolysis into
carbohydratesCellulose saccharification is called cellulolysis (cellulosic ethanol).Other steps can be necessary for some crops (i.e. corn refining into
starch and liquification)
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Bio-Ethanol Yield of Common Crops
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Methanol - CH3OH It is the simplest alcohol Light, volatile, colorless, flammablePoisonous liquid with a distinctive odor, milder and sweeter than
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) It is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel and as a denaturant for
ethyl alcohol.Produced naturally in anaerobic metabolism of many varieties
of bacteria, resulting into traces of atmospheric methanol Methanol burns (oxidized by oxygen with the help of
sunlight) in air forming carbon dioxide and water:2 CH3OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 4 H2O
A methanol flame is almost colorless
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Methanol - CH3OH
Burns with an almost invisible fire
Frequently used as a denaturant additive for industrialethanol
Often called wood alcohol because it was once producedchiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation ofwood.
It is now produced synthetically by a multi-step process natural gas and steam are endothermically reformed in a furnace
to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases exothermically
synthesized under pressure in the presence of a catalyst
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Forms of Biofuels - Biogas
Basically composed of methane combined with carbondioxides and sulfides
Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic materials 60% - 65% methane content by industrial anaerobic digesters
and mechanical biological treatment systems
40% - 50% methane from landfill gas recovery systems
A solid byproduct from ADGs - digestate or sludge - is also abiofuel or a fertilizer
23 times more potent GHG than CO2
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Forms of Biofuels - Biogas
Oils and gases can be produced from various biologicalwastes: Thermal depolymerization of waste can extract
methane and other oils similar to petroleum Nontoxic photosynthetic algae feeds on
smokestack flue gases to produce biodiesel orbiogas and a dry fuel comparable to coal
Forms of biogas Methane Biogas from photosynthetic algae
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Methane - CH4
Methane's relative abundance and clean burning process makes it avery attractive fuel. Difficult to transport Converting methane to derivatives that are more easily transported, such
as methanol, is an active area of research. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with global warming potential.
When averaged over 100 years each kg of CH4 warms the Earth 23 times asmuch as the same mass of CO2,
There is approximately 220 times as much CO2 in the Earth's atmosphereas methane. The Earth's crust contains huge amounts of methane.
Large amounts of methane are produced anaerobically bymethanogenesis
Other sources include mud volcanoes which are connected with deepgeological faults.
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Methane Properties Major component of a natural gas, about 85% - 97% by volume Colorless and odorless at room temperature and pressure The smell characteristic of natural gas is an artificial safety
measure caused by the addition of an odorant, often methanethiolor ethanethiol.
Methane has a boiling point of -182.6ºC at one atmosphericpressure
It is flammable only over a narrow range of concentrations (5-15%)in air
Liquid methane does not burn unless subjected to high pressure(normally 4-5 bars)
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Methane Potential Health Effects Methane is not toxic It is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air in
an enclosed space Methane is violently reactive with oxidizers, halogens and some
halogen-containing compounds Methane is also an asphyxian and may displace oxygen in an
enclosed space (i.e. septic tanks) The concentrations at which flammable or explosive mixtures form
are much lower than the concentration at which asphyxiation risk issignificant
When structures are built on or near landfills, methane canpenetrate the buildings and expose occupants to significant levelsof methane
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Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
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Forms of Biofuels - Solids
Most common examples Wood and Charcoal and associated derivatives
Agricultural Wastes Rice husk Coco husk and leaves Sugarcane bagasse Undergrowth shrubs and soft woods
Dried Animal Waste
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Energy Contents of BioFuels
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Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
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Biofuel Technologies
Liquid Biofuels Ethanol - for gasoline fired engines
Additives : 5% - 20% Concentration Pure ethanol fired - 100% concentration Engines can either modified or designed to burn ethanol
Methanol fired Direct Fuel Cells BioDiesel - for diesel fired engines
Additives : 1% - 15 % Concentration for transport 100% concentration - heavy fuel fired engines
Engines must be modified or designed to burn biodiesel Most of the HFO Fired engines have modification kits now available
Biodiesel fired Fuel Cells
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Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
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Biofuel TechnologiesMethane Gas
Closed Combustion Systems Internal Combustion Engines
Open Combustion Systems Combustion Gas Turbine Systems
Simply Cycle or Combined Cycle Boiler burner systems
Chemical Process Systems Fuel Cells
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AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company
Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
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Biofuel TechnologiesMethane Gas
Internal Combustion Gas Engine Power Plants Higher thermal efficiencies
40% for power generation systems only
Can be as high as 75% on CHP systems
1kW to 10 MW engine models
Lower investment than normal HFO Power Plants
Medium speed models can operate on base load regime, minimum of8000 hrs annually
Potential to produce CO2 byproduct from biogas scrubbers
Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems Industrial “Zero Waste” Technology Systems
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Biofuel TechnologiesMethane Gas
Open Combustion Systems Combustion Gas Turbine Systems
Micro Turbines for sub-MW applications, both on simple orcombined cycle
Relatively lower thermal efficiencies, (15% on simply cycles to 45%on combined cycles) than ICE technologies
1 kW - 5 MW range Relatively higher investments than ICE High RPM applications (thus may mean higher maintenance cost
than ICE) May require multi-modules to guarantee base load operations Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems
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Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247
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Biofuel TechnologiesMethane Gas
Open Combustion Systems Boiler burner systems
Ideal for 1 MW to 10 MW range per module Relatively lower thermal efficiencies
15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges)
Can be as high as 45% on CHP systems
Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHPapplications with higher heat output than power
Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems
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Biofuel Technologies Solid BioFuels
Rice Husk Fired Thermal Plant Ideally up to 10 MW modules Relatively lower thermal efficiencies
15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges
Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems
High silica of ash is a concern HV of 10 MJ/kg - 12 MJ/kg
Ideally 50 km radius supply range Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP
applications with higher heat output than power
Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities
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Biofuel Technologies Solid BioFuels
Coco Husk Fired Thermal Plant Ideally up to 10 MW modules
Has better fuel/ash characteristic than rice hull Relatively lower thermal efficiencies
15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges
Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems High chlorine on coco husk is a concern
HV of 12 MJ/kg - 18 MJ/kg Ideally 50 km radius supply range
Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHPapplications with higher heat output than power
Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities
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Biofuel Technologies Solid BioFuels
Bagasse Fired Thermal Plant Ideally up to 5 MW modules Relatively lower thermal efficiencies
15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges
Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems
High moisture content of fuel HV of 9 MJ/kg - 10 MJ/kg
Limited supply Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP
applications with higher heat output than power
Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities
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Biofuel Technologies Solid BioFuels
Processed Solid Fuel Thermal Plant Pelletized biomass such as soft woods and other undergrowth
plants and trees
Ideally for > 10 MW modules
Relatively higher thermal efficiencies than other solid fuels Low moisture content and higher heat densities is possible
HV to approximate those for good quality coal, > 20 MJ/kg
Theoretically unlimited supply
Relatively higher initial investment costs due to the fuel processingplant
Ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power
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Phillippine Biomass Application
Statutes Biofuels Law of 2006, RA 9367 Renewable Energy Law - still pending at
Senate Energy Committee
DoE Policy To install about 4800 MW in 10 years
250 MW from Biomass based
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Most Viable Technologies
Liquid Biofuel Ethanol / Methanol Fired Gas Engines
Light transport
Coco Methyl Ester (CME) or biodieselfired engines Heavy transport for light diesel Power generation for modified HFO
engines
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Most Viable Technologies
Biogas / Methane Fuel Biogas Fired Engines
10 kW - 7500 kW
Biogas Fired Industrial Boilers Up to 30 tph steam output, 8 bars, 180 ºC
Biogas Fired Thermal Plants 10 MW, 44-46 bars, 450 - 460ºC, 50 tph
Fuel Cell Technology Solid Oxide Types, up to 100 kW Direct Fuel Cell, up to 10 MW
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Most Viable Technologies Solid Biomass Fuel
Rice Husk Fired Thermal Plants 1 x 10 MW - San Jose City, Nueva Ecija
1 x 10 MW - Cabatuan Isabela
1 x 2.5 MW - Talavera, Nueva Ecija
1 x 6 MW - Calapan, Mindoro Oriental
About 500 MW potential for the Philippines
Coco Husk Fired Thermal Plants 3 x 10 MW Cogen - Quezon
1 x 10 MW Cogen - Camarines Sur
About 500 MW potential for the Philippines
Bagasse Fired Thermal Plants Sugar mills
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Biomass Energy Generation1 x 10 MW CHP - Quezon
Fuel Primary - Coco Husk Secondary - Coco Kayakas; Buli; Ipil-ipil HV - 13 MJ/kg - 15 MJ/kg, 25% MC Rate - 15 tph
Thermal Parameters Pressure - 40 - 45 ata Temperature - 400ºC - 430ºC Flow - 50 tph - 55 tph Plant Efficiency - 15% - 23%
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Biomass Energy Generation1 x 10 MW CHP - Quezon
Power Generation Island Generator Gross Output - 10 MW Net to Grid - 8.8 MW Station Load - 900 kW Generator Bus Voltage - 13.8 kV Grid Bus Voltage - 69 kV
Process Steam Island Mass Flow - 5 tph - 10 tph Heat Input - 2 - 4bars, 150ºC Copra Feedstock Input - 100 tpd Coco Oil Output - 60 - 65 tpd
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Biomass Energy Generation1 x 10 MW CHP - Quezon
Investment Volume EPC - US $ 24 M Soft Costs - US $ 5 M Total Investment - US $ 29 M
Project Returns Electricity - PhP 5.25 /kWH Copra - PhP 30 - 35 /kilo IRR - > 15% RoE - > 25%
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Biofuel TechnologiesMethane Gas
Chemical Process Systems Direct Fuel Cells - Hydrogen is produced inside the cell by
reacting ADG with steam. A proprietary catalyst system createscarbonates from the CO2 of the fuel as electrolytes, creating electricityas a byproduct
ANODECATALYST
CATALYSTCATHODE
ELECTROLYTE
REFORMING4H2 + 4CO3 4H2O + 4CO2 + 8e
CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2
2O2 + 4CO2 + 8e 4CO3
Biogas FuelSteam
Air
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Conventional Power Plants - 15% to 30%
Fuel Cell Power Plants - 40% to 65%
Fuel Direct Fuel Cell Electricity
Fuel Cell vs Conventional Power GenerationDirect Energy Conversion Improves Efficiency
Fuel Combustion Steam Turbine Generator Electricity
Fuel Combustion Turbine Generator Electricity
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Emissions of Fuel Cell Power Plants
Average USfossil fuel plant
Combined cyclegas turbine
Microturbine DFC Fuel cell
24.89
1.2
0.6
0.04
(Pounds of emissions per 1000 kWh NOx,CO, SOx, Hydrocarbon, Particulates)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
24.5
25.0
Source: NETL(http://www.eren.doe.gov/der/pdfs/mid_atlantic_conf_02/williams.pdf)
(18 gm)
(273 gm)
(545 gm)
(11,364 gm)
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Direct FuelCell Tri-generation – Electricity/Heat/Hydrogen
kWs to electric load
Hydrogen
Heat/Cooling tobuildingsthermal load
Fuel Cell Power Plant
Commercial - Industrial Bldg
H2 – Refueling Station
• Distributed tri-generation of electricity, heatand hydrogen is attractive
• Current technology is competitive with smallscale/distributed H2 production
• Future developments have potential tomake fuel cell produced hydrogen thepreferred method of supply
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Fuel Cell Power PlantsFuel Cell power plants are superior distributed generation option
Reliable, 24/7 uninterrupted base load power supply for commercial,industrial & utility customers
More efficient than competing technologies, high 60% range
Complimentary with Solar and Wind Energy Generation Systems
Clean & quiet
On-site, customer - controlled
Uses existing electric grid & fuel infrastructure & multiple fuels
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Thank You….
Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEESuite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave.
Quezon City, Metro ManilaTel/Fax: +63 2 374 6455
Email: [email protected]