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마이크로프로세서응용 마이크로프로세서응용 B i Mi Basic Microprocessor : Architectural Concept 2
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BiMiBasic Microprocessor : 2 Architectural Conceptelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/KonKuk/... · 2013-06-13 · WordLen gth 5 4 bit microprocessor 저가모델에사용

May 04, 2020

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Page 1: BiMiBasic Microprocessor : 2 Architectural Conceptelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/KonKuk/... · 2013-06-13 · WordLen gth 5 4 bit microprocessor 저가모델에사용

마이크로프로세서응용마이크로프로세서응용

B i MiBasic Microprocessor :Architectural Concept

2

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What is the microprocessor architecture ? p 2

건축가 architect 의역할 추위를막고윤택한생활을 할수있는공간을마련해주는것(?)( ) 건축소재를이용해만든다. Architecture design

Microprocessor 의목표 Processing data VLSI 기술을이용하여 microprocessor 를만든다. Architecture design Architecture design

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Architectural Differences 3

Data word 의길이 직접적인 Address range Speed

Th b f i (레지스터의수) The number of registers (레지스터의수) The types of registers (다른종류의레지스터) The types of instructions (명령어) The types of instructions (명령어) The types of addressing mode (주소지정방식) The types of support circuitsyp pp Compatibility with system and application S/W Compatibility with H/W development systems

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Word Length g4

Word length 가늘어나면다른특징들도영향을많이받는다. 성능이향상된고가의 microprocessor 를지향

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Word Length g5

4 bit microprocessor 저가모델에사용

간단한기능의제어장난감, 계산기, 간단한가전제품제어기, 저가컴퓨터주변장치

8 bit microprocessor다소다기능의컨트롤러로활용 다소다기능의컨트롤러로활용

다소복잡한장남감, 비디오게임, 복잡한가전제품제어기, 중가컴퓨터주변장치, 산업용컨트롤러, 기기제어기, ,

보통 64K 의 address range 를갖는다.

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Word Length g6

16 bit microprocessor 고가형제품

1981년출시된 IBM PC 8088 : 내부 16 bit, 외부 8 bit microprocessor

80286 : 16 bit

32 bit i 32 bit microprocessor Intel 80386, 80486, Pentium Windows 98 ME 2000 XP Vista 7등에이용 Windows 98, ME, 2000, XP, Vista, 7 등에이용 고성능에저가격으로월등한성능활용

Motorola : MC680x0

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Big-Endian and Little-Endiang 7

x : word address 각 address 는 byte 까지지칭가능y C 언어로확인가능

HW : C 언어로프로그래밍하여 PC는 Big-Endian 인지 Little-Endian 인지알아보자.

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Embedded System y8

산업용으로운영체제를갖춘독자적인컴퓨터시스템

프로세서관리기능

메모리관리기능

네트워크관리기능

인터넷

PC를사용하기에는불편 PC 를사용하기에는불편 안정성/내구성의보장이없다. 불필요한기능이많다 불필요한기능이많다. 크기가크다.

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32/64 data word 를 갖는 microprocessor 를 갖는 p9

computing speed 가빠르다 큰수치를한번에처리할수있다.

복잡한상업, 산업, 과학, 멀티미디어연산에유리 8 bit data word 로는여러번계산해야한다.

Data handling speed 가빠르다. 한번에메모리로부터 8 bit data word microprocessor보다 4배/8 한번에메모리로부터 8 bit data word microprocessor 보다 4배/8배의양을한번에읽기/쓰기할수있다.

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Addressable Memory y10

디지털알람시계용 microprocessor 소규모 ROM : program 용p g

왜 ? 소규모 RAM : data 용

왜 ? 왜 ? 저가격으로대량생산

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Addressable Memory y11

고성능 microprocessor Multi-Taskingg

한 CPU 에서동시에여러 task 가수행된다. Time sharing

Task scheduling정책이필요하다 Task scheduling 정책이필요하다. context-switching

Multi-user programming 이가능

제목 : 고3이 이러고 논다

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RAM 과 ROM 의 역할 역할12

Boot Program Boot : a type of shoe that covers the whold foot and the lower yp

part of the leg. ROM 에서

Boot Sector ? BIOS ( Basic Input Output System) Memory map

메모리공간을어떻게사용하는지

다이아그램으로나타낸그림

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Speedp13

Speed 측정 Clock Speedp The number of instructions per second

MIPS (Million Instructions per Second)FLOPS FLOPS

Clock주파수의증가보다 data word length의증가가더 Clock 주파수의증가보다 data word length 의증가가더빠른 Speed 를얻을수있다. data word length : 8 bit => 16 bitg 프로그램을 fetch 하는데 2배더빠르게할수있다.

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Speedp14

CMOS Technology Lower powerp Lower cost Wide temperature and voltage NMOS 보다높은 clock 주파수

20 ~ 100 MHz 내부 PLL회로를이용한내부클럭분주 내부 PLL 회로를이용한내부클럭분주

500 MHz 이상

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수고하셨습니다15

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기타 구조적 특징적 특징16

속도를높이기위하여사용되는다른 microprocessor 들의구조적특징 : Parallel processing

Co-processing

Cache memory technique Cache memory technique

Pipeline technique Pipeline technique

Wider buses

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Parallel Processing g17

Processing 부분이두개이상작동 프로그램을두 processor로나누어동시에실행 프로그램을두 processor 로나누어동시에실행

병렬진행부

순차진행부

Parallel programming language 가필요 다양한 topology

Superscalar architecture 단일프로세서에 execution unit (실행단위)가여럿

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Co-processingp g18

Main processor 와함께특수한기능을신속히처리하는processor Floating point co-processor : 80387, 80487, ..

Sin, Cos, Log 값계산을빨리80386 80486과직접연결하여사용 80386, 80486 과직접연결하여사용

Video Display Disk Drive등에사용 Video Display, Disk Drive 등에사용

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Memory Hierarchyy y19

속도빠른메모리를 CPU 근처에 속도가빠르면가격이비싸다

속도느린보조기억장치는멀리에

빠른속도의효과로저속의대용량 HDD 를사용빠른속 의 과 저속의대용량 를사용

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Memory Hierarchyy y20

Locality Spacial localityp y Temporal locality

한 instruction 이실행되면연속된다음 instruction 이실행될확률이높다.

Cache에있는 instruction의 fetch시간이 main memory에있는 Cache 에있는 instruction 의 fetch 시간이 main memory 에있는instruction 의 fetch 시간보다빠르다.

Miss 하면 main memory 에서 cache 로프로그램을옮겨놓아야한다.

Data cache Program cache Program cache

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Pipeliningp g21

대부분의 instruction 처리단계를동일하게일치 Instruction을단순화 (RISC) Instruction 을단순화 (RISC)

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Register (레지스터)g

Mi 구조에서매우중요하고특별한장치

22

Microprocessor 구조에서매우중요하고특별한장치 내부에서잠시데이터를저장하는데사용

General register Data register (데이터레지스터)

CPU 내에연산중인데이터를임시저장하는장소 Address register (어드레스레지스터)

CPU내에데이터가담겨있는메모리주소를임시저장하는장소 CPU 내에데이터가담겨있는메모리주소를임시저장하는장소 Basic register

program counter (PC) instruction register (IR) status register (SR)

여러개의레지스터군집을 register file(레지스터파일)이라고함 여러개의레지스터군집을 register file(레지스터파일)이라고함 Cache 와다른점에유의

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Instructions (명령어) 명령23

register 와더불어명령어의종류와수는 microprocessor 의성능을나타내는중요한요소

Instruction 은프로그래머의입장에서 microprocessor 를작동시킬수있는원시단위 (primitive)다.I t ti 의종류가많으면 i 내에서구현회로는 Instruction 의종류가많으면 microprocessor 내에서구현회로는복잡해진다.

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Instructions24

Instruction 의종류가많으면더좋다 ?

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) AVR 계열 controller – ATMEGA128

ARM계열 CPU 9 11 l 311 ARM 계열 CPU – arm9, arm11, xscale, exynos311x CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

Intel계열 CPU – i3, i5, i7 Intel 계열 CPU i3, i5, i7

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Memory Addressing Architecturey g 25

ex : A = B * C + D Address의수에따라 : Address machine Address 의수에따라 : Address machine

3 Address machine 3 Address machine mult B, C, A add D, A, A

2 Address machine : 결과는 operand 중하나를중복사용 load B A load B, A mult C, A add D, A

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Memory Addressing Architecturey g 26

1 Address machine : Accumulator 라는특수레지스터를사용하여 operand 로사용하고결과도기록가능

l d B load B mult C add D store A

0 Add hi St k hi 0 Address machine : Stack machine

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Memory Addressing Architecturey g 27

Addressing mode : operand 를저장된메모리에서참조하는방식

Implied addressing mode Immediate addressing mode Direct addressing mode Relative addressing mode

Indirect addressing mode Indirect addressing mode Indexed addressing mode

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Microprocessor 지원 회로p 원28

UART ( Universal Asynchronous receiver, Transciever) PIO (Parallel I/O) PIO (Parallel I/O) USB (Universal Serial Bus) DMA controller DMA controller DRAM controller VDC (Video Display Controller) VDC (Video Display Controller)

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Microprocessor 개발 및 유지보수 시스템p 발 및 템29

MDS ( Microprocessor Development System) In-Circuit Emulator (ICE)

마이크로프로세서가회로내에서동작되는상태관찰 마이크로프로세서가회로내에서동작되는상태관찰

Assembly 프로그램의수행과정추적 Assembler

Assembly language program = (Assembler) => Machine program Assembly language

Machine code의각비트를 Mnemonic으로대치 Machine code 의각비트를 Mnemonic 으로대치 Directive 활용

Cross assembler 어느마이크로프로세서의 Assembly 프로그램을다른마이크로프로세서용 Machine 프로그램으로변환

PC 에서 MC68000 용 machine program 생성

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수고하셨습니다30