Bilal Ahmed Shaik Pascal

7/30/2019 Bilal Ahmed Shaik Pascal

1/165

Vdsadi Ldjudi

Ny

Nkidi Dblem Qbdk`+;4 24=1823;53


2/165

VDQADI

IetsIedrj kj Jew Igg`

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

k


3/165

kkk

DNGU] ]BE ]U]G KDI

Vdsadi LdjudiVdsadi ks d prgaemurdi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe, meskhjem kj 4;32 djm puniksbem kj 4;86 ny Jkìdus Xkrtb djm jdlem kjbgjgr gc tbe Crejab ldtbeldtkakdj djm pbkigsgpber Nidkse Vdsadi.

Vdsadi rujs gj d vdrkety gc pidtcgrls, suab ds Xkjmgws, Lda GQ, djm vdrkgus verskgjs gc UJKR/Ikjux.

]bks Ldjudi wkii hkve ygu hredt ujmerstdjmkjh gj Vdsadi tg prgaeem wktb Meipbk djm gtber reidtem crdlewgr`s

eta.

Dumkejae]bks Ldjudi ks meskhjem cgr Qgctwdre Vrgcesskgjdis wbg dre wkiikjh tg iedrj Vdsadi Vrghrdllkjh Idjhudhe kj sklpie djmedsy steps. ]bks Ldjudi wkii hkve ygu hredt ujmerstdjmkjh gj Vdsadi Vrghrdllkjh agjaepts djm dcter aglpietkjhtbks Ldjudi ygu wkii ne dt kjterlemkdte ievei gc expertkse crgl wbere ygu adj tdè ygurseic dt bkhber ievei gc expertkse.

VrerequksktesNecgre prgaeemkjh wktb tbks Ldjudi ygu sbguim bdve d ndska ujmerstdjmkjh gc sgctwdre ndska agjaepts ikè wbdt ks sgurae

agme, aglpkier, text emktgr djm exeautkgj gc prghrdls eta. Kc ygu diredmy bdve ujmerstdjmkjh gj dj y gtber aglputerprghrdllkjh idjhudhe tbej kt wkii ne dj dmmem dmvdjtdhe tg prgaeem.

Aglpkie/ExeauteVdsadiVrghrdls Kc ygu dre wkiikjh tg iedrj tbe Vdsadi prghrdllkjh gj d Ikjux ldabkje nut ygu mg jgt bdve d setup cgr tbe sdle, tbej mgjgt wgrry. ]be dvdkidnie gj d bkhb ejm memkadtem server hkvkjh ygu redi prghrdllkjh experkejae wktb d aglcgrt gc skjhieaika` aglpkidtkgj djm exeautkgj. [es! kt ks dnsgiuteiy cree djm kts gjikje.

Agpyrkhbt & Mksaidkler Jgtkae

Dii tbe agjtejt djm hrdpbkas gj tbks Ldjudi dre tbe prgperty gc QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM. Djy agjtejtcrgl tbks Ldjudi ldy jgt ne remkstrknutem gr reprgmuaem kj djy wdy, sbdpe, gr cgrl wktbgut tbe wrkttejperlksskgj gc QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM. Cdkiure tg mg sg ks d vkgidtkgj gc agpyrkhbt idws.

]bks Ldjudi ldy agjtdkj kjdaaurdakes gr errgrs djm Q`.Nkidi Dblem prgvkmes jg hudrdjtee rehdrmkjh tbe daaurdaygc tbe Mdtd gr kts agjtejts kjaiumkjh tbks Ldjudi. Kc ygu mksagver tbdt tbe QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM skte gr tbksLdjudi agjtejt agjtdkjs sgle errgrs, piedse agjtdat us dt sbdk`nkididblemFskcy.agl


4/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 4

Vdsadi Gvervkew

ABDV]E^

4]bks abdpter mesarknes tbe ndska meckjktkgj djm agjaepts gc Vdsadi.

Vdsadi ks d hejerdi purpgse bkhb ievei idjhudhe tbdt wds grkhkjdiiy meveigpem ny

Jkaìdus Xkrtb kj tbe edriy 4;86s. Kt wds meveigpem cgr tedabkjh prghrdllkjh ds dsysteldtka mksakpikje djm tg meveigp reikdnie djm ecckakejt prghrdls.

Vdsadi ks Dihgi ndsem idjhudhe djm kjaiumes ldjy agjstruats gc Dihgi. Dihgi-36 ks d sunsetgc Vdsadi. Vdsadi gccers severdi mdtd types djm prghrdllkjh struatures. Kt ks edsy tgujmerstdjm djm ldkjtdkj tbe Vdsadi prghrdls.

Vdsadi bds hrgwj kj pgpuidrkty kj tbe tedabkjh djm dadmelkas drejd cgr vdrkgus redsgjs?

Edsy tg iedrj. Qtruaturem idjhudhe. Kt prgmuaes trdjspdrejt, ecckakejt djm reikdnie prghrdls. Kt adj ne aglpkiem gj d vdrkety gc aglputer pidtcgrls.

Cedtures gc tbe Vdsadi Idjhudhe7

Vdsadi bds tbe cgiigwkjh cedtures?

Vdsadi ks d strgjhiy typem idjhudhe. Kt gccers extejskve errgr abea`kjh. Kt gccers severdi mdtd types ikè drrdys, reagrms, ckies djm sets. Kt gccers d vdrkety gc prghrdllkjh struatures. Kt suppgrts struaturem prghrdllkjh tbrguhb cujatkgjs djm prgaemures. Kt suppgrts gnoeat grkejtem prghrdllkjh.

Cdats dngut Vdsadi

]be Vdsadi idjhudhe wds jdlem cgr Nidkse Vdsadi, Crejab ldtbeldtkakdj djmpkgjeer kj aglputer meveigplejt.

Jkìdus Xkrtb aglpietem meveigplejt gc tbe grkhkjdi Vdsadi prghrdllkjhidjhudhe kj 4;86.


5/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >

Vdsadi ks ndsem gj tbe niga` struaturem styie gc tbe Dihgi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe.

Vdsadi wds meveigpem ds d idjhudhe suktdnie cgr tedabkjh prghrdllkjh ds dsysteldtka mksakpikje wbgse klpielejtdtkgjs aguim ne ngtb reikdnie djm ecckakejt.

]be KQG 8425 Vdsadi Qtdjmdrm wds grkhkjdiiy puniksbem kj 4;21. Vdsadi wds tbe prkldry bkhb-ievei idjhudhe usem cgr meveigplejt kj tbe Dppie

Iksd, djm kj tbe edriy yedrs gc tbe Lda.

Kj 4;23, Dppie Aglputer reiedsem tbe ckrst Gnoeat Vdsadi klpielejtdtkgj djm kj4;;1, tbe Vdsadi Qtdjmdrms A gllkttee puniksbem dj Gnoeat-Grkejtem Extejskgjstg Vdsadi.

Xby tg use Vdsadi7

Vdsadi diigws tbe prghrdllers tg meckje aglpiex struaturem mdtd types djm nukim myjdlkadjm reaurskve mdtd struatures suab ds iksts, trees djm hrdpbs. Vdsadi gccers cedtures ik`ereagrms, ejulerdtkgjs, sunrdjhes, myjdlkadiiy diigadtem vdrkdnies wktb dssgakdtempgkjters, djm sets.

Vdsadi diigws jestem prgaemure meckjktkgjs tg djy ievei gc meptb. ]bks truiy prgvkmes dhredt prghrdllkjh ejvkrgjlejt cgr iedrjkjh prghrdllkjh ds d systeldtka mksakpikjendsem gj cujmdlejtdi tbe agjaepts.

Dlgjh tbe lgst dldzkjh klpielejtdtkgjs gc Vdsadi dre?

Q`ype ]gtdi Aglldjmer ]eR Ldarglemkd Adptkvdte Dppie Iksd Sdrkgus VA Hdles Elnemmem Qystels


6/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 1

Ejvkrgjlejt

ABDV]E^

>]bks seatkgj mesarknes tbe ejvkrgjlejt setup cgr rujjkjh Vdsadi

] bere dre severdi Vdsadi aglpkiers djm kjterpreters dvdkidnie cgr hejerdi use.Dlgjh tbese dre?

]urng Vdsadi? prgvkmes dj KME djm aglpkier cgr rujjkjh Vdsadi prghrdls gj

AV/L, AV/L-23, MGQ, Xkjmgws djm Ldakjtgsb.

Meipbk? prgvkmes aglpkiers cgr rujjkjh Gnoeat Vdsadi djm hejerdtes jdtkve agme

cgr 1>- djm 3=-nkt Xkjmgws gperdtkjh systels, ds weii ds 1>-nkt Lda GQ R djm

kGQ. Elndradmerg ks pidjjkjh tg nukim suppgrt cgr tbe Ikjux djm Djmrgkm gperdtkjh

systel.

Cree Vdsadi? kt ks d cree aglpkier cgr rujjkjh Vdsadi djm Gnoeat Vdsadi prghrdls.

Cree Vdsadi aglpkier ks d 1> djm 3= nkt ]urng Vdsadi djm Meipbk aglpdtknie Vdsadiaglpkier cgr Ikjux, Xkjmgws, GQ/>, CreeNQM, Lda GQ R, MGQ djm severdi gtber

pidtcgrls.

]urng54? kt ks d cree Vdsadi aglpkier cgr tbe 2654 cdlkiy gc lkargagjtrgiiers, wktb

]urng Vdsadi 8 syjtdx.

Gxyheje? kt ks dj Gnoeat Vdsadi aglpkier cgr tbe .JE] djm Lgjg pidtcgrls.

HJU Vdsadi (HVA)? kt ks d Vdsadi aglpkier aglpgsem gc d crgjtejm tg HJU

Aglpkier Agiieatkgj.

Xe wkii ne uskjh Cree Vdsadi kj tbese Ldjudis. [gu adj mgwjigdm Cree Vdsadi cgr ygurgperdtkjh systel crgl tbe ikj`?Mgwjigdm Cree Vdsadi
http://www.freepascal.org/download.varhttp://www.freepascal.org/download.varhttp://www.freepascal.org/download.varhttp://www.freepascal.org/download.var


7/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe =

Kjstdiikjh Cree Vdsadi gj Ikjux

]be ikjux mkstrknutkgj gc Cree Vdsadi agles kj tbree cgrls? d tdr.hz verskgj, disg dvdkidnie ds sepdrdte ckies.

d .rpl (êm Bdt Vda`dhe Ldjdher) verskgj d .men (Menkdj) verskgj.

Kjstdiidtkgj agme cgr tbe .rpl verskgj?

rpl -k cpa-R.[._-J.DÂB.rpl

Xbere R.[._ ks tbe verskgj julner gc tbe .rpl ckie, djm DÂB ks gje gc tbe suppgrtemdrabkteatures (k123, x23W3= eta.).

Kjstdiidtkgj agme cgr tbe Menkdj verskgj(ikè Unujtu)?

mp`h -k cpa-RRR.men

Xbere RRR ks tbe verskgj julner gc tbe .men ckie.

Cgr metdkis redm?Cree Vdsadi Kjstdiidtkgj Hukme

Kjstdiikjh Cree Vdsadi gj Lda

Kc ygu use Lda GQ R, tbe edskest wdy tg use Cree Vdsadi ks tg mgwjigdm tbe Ragmemeveigplejt ejvkrgjlejt crgl Dppie's wen skte djm cgiigw tbe sklpie kjstdiidtkgj

kjstruatkgjs. Gjae ygu bdve Ragme setup, ygu wkii ne dnie tg use tbe Cree Vdsadi aglpkier.

Kjstdiikjh Cree Vdsadi gj Xkjmgws

Cgr Xkjmgws, ygu wkii mgwjigdm tbe Xkjmgws kjstdiier, setup.exe. ]bks ks d usudikjstdiidtkgj prghrdl. [gu jeem tg tdè tbe cgiigwkjh steps cgr kjstdiidtkgj?

Qeieat d mkreatgry.

Qeieat pdrts gc tbe pda`dhe ygu wdjt tg kjstdii.

Gptkgjdiiy abggse tg dssgakdte tbe .pp gr .pds extejskgjs wktb tbe Cree Vdsadi

KME.

Cgr metdkis redm?Cree Vdsadi Kjstdiidtkgj Hukme

]ext Emktgr

]bks wkii ne usem tg type ygur prghrdl. Exdlpies gc cew emktgrs kjaiume Xkjmgws Jgtepdm,GQ Emkt aglldjm, Nrkec, Epskigj, ELDAQ, djm vkl gr vk
http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu5.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu5.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu5.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu3.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu3.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu3.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu3.htmlhttp://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/user/usersu5.html


8/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 5

Jdle djm verskgj gc text emktgr adj vdry gj mkccerejt gperdtkjh systels. Cgr exdlpieJgtepdm wkii ne usem gj Xkjmgws djm vkl gr vk adj ne usem gj wkjmgws ds weii ds Ikjux,gr Ujkx.

]be ckies ygu aredte wktb ygur emktgr dre adiiem sgurae ckies djm agjtdkj prghrdl sguraeagme. ]be sgurae ckies cgr Vdsadi prghrdls dre typkadiiy jdlem wktb tbe extejskgj .pds.

Necgre stdrtkjh ygur prghrdllkjh, ld`e sure ygu bdve gje text emktgr kj pidae djm ygubdve ejguhb experkejae tg wrkte d aglputer prghrdl, sdve kt kj d ckie, aglpkie kt djmckjdiiy exeaute kt.


9/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 3

Vrghrdl Qtruature

ABDV]E^

1]bks seatkgj mesarknes ndska Vdsadi prghrdl struature sg tbdt we adj td e kt ds d recerejaekj upaglkjh abdpters.

D Vdsadi prghrdl ndskadiiy agjsksts gc tbe cgiigwkjh pdrts? Vrghrdl jdle

Uses aglldjm

]ype meaidrdtkgjs

Agjstdjt meaidrdtkgjs

Sdrkdnies meaidrdtkgjs

Cujatkgjs meaidrdtkgjs

Vrgaemures meaidrdtkgjs

Ldkj prghrdl niga`

Qtdtelejts djm Expresskgjs wktbkj edab niga`s

Agllejts

Every Vdsadi prghrdl hejerdiiy bdve d bedmkjh stdtelejt, d meaidrdtkgj djm dj exeautkgjpdrt strkatiy kj tbdt grmer. Cgiigwkjh cgrldt sbgws tbe ndska syjtdx cgr d Vdsadi prghrdl?

prghrdl {jdle gc tbe prghrdl}uses {aglld meiklktem jdles gc iknrdrkes ygu use}agjst {higndi agjstdjt meaidrdtkgj niga`}vdr {higndi vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj niga`}cujatkgj {cujatkgj meaidrdtkgjs, kc djy}

{ igadi vdrkdnies }nehkj...ejm0

prgaemure { prgaemure meaidrdtkgjs, kc djy}{ igadi vdrkdnies }

nehkj...ejm0

nehkj { ldkj prghrdl niga` stdrts}...ejm. { tbe ejm gc ldkj prghrdl niga` }


10/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 8

Vdsadi Beiig Xgrim Exdlpie

Cgiigwkjh ks d sklpie Vdsadi agme tbdt wguim prkjt tbe wgrms "Beiig, Xgrim!"?

prghrdl BeiigXgrim0uses art0

(* Bere tbe ldkj prghrdl niga` stdrts *)nehkj

wrkteij('Beiig, Xgrim!')0

redmèy0

ejm.

Iet us igg` vdrkgus pdrts gc tbe dngve prghrdl?

]be ckrst ikje gc tbe prghrdl prghrdl BeiigXgrim0 kjmkadtes tbe jdle gc tbeprghrdl.

]be seagjm ikje gc tbe prghrdl uses art0 ks d preprgaessgr aglldjm wbkab teiis tbeaglpkier tg kjaiume tbe art ujkt necgre hgkjh tg datudi aglpkidtkgj.

]be jext ikjes ejaigsem wktbkj nehkj djm ejm stdtelejts dre tbe ldkj prghrdl niga`.

Every niga` kj Vdsadi ks ejaigsem wktbkj d nehkj stdtelejt djm dj ejm stdtelejts.Bgwever, tbe ejm stdtelejt kjmkadtkjh tbe ejm gc tbe ldkj prghrdl ks cgiigwem ny dcuii stgp (.) kjstedm gc selkagigj (0).

]be nehkj stdtelejt gc tbe ldkj prghrdl niga` ks wbere tbe prghrdl exeautkgjnehkjs.

]be ikjes wktbkj (*...*) wkii ne khjgrem ny tbe aglpkier djm kt bds neej put tg dmm d

agllejt kj tbe prghrdl.

]be stdtelejt wrkteij('Beiig, Xgrim!')0 uses tbe wrkteij cujatkgj dvdkidnie kj Vdsadiwbkab aduses tbe lessdhe "Beiig, Xgrim!" tg ne mkspidyem gj tbe sareej.

]be stdtelejt redmèy0 diigws tbe mkspidy tg pduse ujtki tbe user presses d èy. Kt kspdrt gc tbe art ujkt. D ujkt ks ikè d iknrdry kj Vdsadi.

]be idst stdtelejt ejm. ejms ygur prghrdl.


11/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 2

Aglpkie djm Exeaute Vdsadi Vrghrdl?

Gpej d text emktgr djm dmm tbe dngve lejtkgjem agme.

Qdve tbe ckie ds beiig.pds

Gpej d aglldjm prglpt djm hg tg tbe mkreatgry wbere ygu sdvem tbe ckie.

]ype cpa beiig.pds dt aglldjm prglpt djm press ejter tg aglpkie ygur agme.

Kc tbere dre jg errgrs kj ygur agme tbe aglldjm prglpt wkii td`e ygu tg tbe jext ikjedjm wguim hejerdte beiig exeautdnie ckie djm beiig.g gnoeat ckie.

Jgw type beiig dt aglldjm prglpt tg exeaute ygur prghrdl.

[gu wkii ne dnie tg see "Beiig Xgrim" prkjtem gj tbe sareej djm prghrdl wdkts tkii ygupress djy ey.

$ cpa beiig.pdsCree Vdsadi Aglpkier verskgj >.3.6 P>644/4>/>1\ cgr x23W3=Agpyrkhbt (a) 4;;1->644 ny Cigrkdj @idelpci djm gtbers]drhet GQ? Ikjux cgr x23-3=

Aglpkikjh beiig.pdsIkj`kjh beiig

2 ikjes aglpkiem, 6.4 sea

$ ./beiig

Beiig, Xgrim!

Ld`e sure tbdt cree Vdsadi aglpkier cpa ks kj ygur pdtb djm tbdt ygu dre rujjkjh kt kj tbemkreatgry agjtdkjkjh sgurae ckie beiig.pds.


12/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe ;

Ndska Qyjtdx

ABDV]E^

=[gu bdve seej d ndska struature gc Vdsadi prghrdl, sg kt wkii ne edsy tg ujmerstdjm gtberndska nukimkjh niga s gc tbe Vdsadi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe.]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe ndska syjtdx gc Vdsadi prghrdl.

Sdrkdnies

D vdrkdnie meckjktkgjs dre pu t kj d niga` nehkjjkjh wktb d vdr èywgrm, cgiigwem nymeckjktkgjs gc tbe vdrkdnies ds cgiigws?

vdrDWSdrkdnie, NWSdrkdnie ... ? SdrkdnieW]ype0

Vdsadi vdrkdnies dre meaidrem gutskme tbe agme-ngmy gc tbe cujatkgj wbkab ledjs tbey dre

jgt meaidrem wktbkj tbe nehkj djm ejm pdkrs, nut tbey dre meaidrem dcter tbe meckjktkgj gctbe prgaemure/cujatkgj djm necgre tbe nehkj èywgrm. Cgr higndi vdrkdnies, tbey dremeckjem dcter tbe prghrdl bedmer.

Cujatkgjs/Vrgaemures

Kj pdsadi d prgaemure ks set gc kjstruatkgjs tg ne exeautem, wktb jg returj vdiue djm dcujatkgj ks d prgaemure wktb d returj vdiue. ]be meckjktkgj gc cujatkgj/prgaemures wkii neds cgiigws?

Cujatkgj CujaWJdle(pdrdls...) ? êturjWSdiue0

Vrgaemure VrgaWJdle(pdrdls...)0

Agllejts


13/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 46

]be luitkikje agllejts dre ejaigsem wktbkj auriy nrdaèts djm dsterks`s ds {* ... *}.Vdsadi diigws skjhie ikje agllejt ejaigsem wktbkj auriy nrdaèts { ... }.

{* ]bks ks d luitk-ikje agllejtsdjm kt w kii spdj luitkpie ikjes. *}

{ ]bks ks d skjhie ikje agllejt kj pdsadi }

Adse Qejsktkvkty

Vdsadi ks d adse jgj-sejsktkve idjhudhe wbkab ledj ygu adj wrkte ygur vdrkdnies,cujatkgjs djm prgaemure kj ektber adse. Ikè vdrkdnies DWSdrkdnie, dWvdrkdnie djmDWSD^KDNIE bdve sdle ledjkjh kj Vdsadi.

Vdsadi QtdtelejtsVdsadi prghrdls dre ldme gc stdtelejts. Edab stdtelejt speakckes d meckjkte ogn gc tbeprghrdl. ]bese ogns aguim ne meaidrdtkgj, dsskhjlejt, redmkjh mdtd, wrktkjh mdtd, td`kjhighkadi meakskgjs, trdjscerrkjh prghrdl cigw agjtrgi, eta.

Cgr exdlpie?

redmij (d, n, a)0s ?< (d + n + a)/>.60

dred ?< sqrt(s * (s - d)*(s-n)*(s-a))0

wrkteij(dred)0

êservem Xgrms kj Vdsadi

]be stdtelejts kj Vdsadi dre meskhjem wktb sgle speakcka Vdsadi wgrms, wbkab dre adiiemtbe reservem wgrms. Cgr exdlpie, tbe wgrms, prghrdl, kjput, gutput, vdr, redi, nehkj,redmikje, wrkteikje djm ejm dre dii reservem wgrms. Cgiigwkjh ks d ikst gc reservem wgrmsdvdkidnie kj Vdsadi.

djm drrdy nehkj adse agjst

mkv mg mgwjtg eise ejm

ckie cgr cujatkgj hgtg kc

kj idnei lgm jki jgtgc gr pdaèm prgaemure prghrdl

reagrm repedt set tbej tg

type ujtki Sdr wbkie wktb

Abdrdater set djm Kmejtkckers kj Vdsadi


14/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 44

]be Vdsadi abdrdater set agjsksts gc?

Dii upper adse ietters (D-_)

Dii igwer adse ietters (d-z)

Dii mkhkts (6-;)

Qpeakdi sylngis - + * / ?< , . 0. () P\ < {} f wbkte spdae

]be ejtktkes kj d Vdsadi prghrdl ik`e vdrkdnies djm agjstdjts, types, cujatkgjs, prgaemuresdjm reagrms eta. bds d jdle gr kmejtkcker. Dj kmejtkcker ks d sequejae gc ietter djm mkhkts,nehkjjkjh wktb d ietter. Qpeakdi sylngis djm nidj`s lust jgt ne usem kj dj kmejtkcker.


15/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 4>

Mdtd ]ypes]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe mdtd types usem kj d Vdsadi prghrdl.

ABDV]E^

5

Mdtd types gc dj ejtkty kjmkadtes tbe ledjkjh, agjstrdkjts, pgssknie vdiues,

gperdtkgjs, cujatkgjs djm lgme gc stgrdhe dssgakdtem wktb kt.

Kjteher, redi, Nggiedj djm abdrdater types dre recerrem ds stdjmdrm mdtd types. Mdtd typesadj ne adtehgrkzem ds sadidr, pgkjter djm struaturem mdtd types. Exdlpies gc sadidr mdtdtypes dre kjteher, redi, Nggiedj, abdrdater, sunrdjhe djm ejulerdtem. Qtruaturem mdtdtypes dre ldme gc tbe sadidr types, cgr exdlpie, drrdys, reagrms, ckies djm sets. Xe wkiimksauss tbe pgkjter mdtd types idter.

Vdsadi Mdtd ]ypes?

Vdsadi mdtd types adj ne sulldrkzem ds neigw tbe cgiigwkjh mkdhrdl?


16/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 41

]ype Meaidrdtkgjs?

]be type meaidrdtkgj ks usem tg meaidre tbe mdtd type gc dj kmejtkcker. Qyjtdx gc type meaidrdtkgjks?

type-kmejtkcker-4, type-kmejtcker-> < type-speakcker0

Cgr exdlpie, tbe cgiigwkjh meaidrdtkgj meckjes tbe vdrkdnies mdys djm dhe ds kjteher type, yesdjm true ds Nggiedj type, jdle djm akty ds strkjh type, cees djm expejses ds redi type.

typemdys, dhe < kjteher0yes, true < nggiedj0jdle, akty < strkjh0

Kjteher ]ypes

Cgiigwkjh tdnie hkves ygu metdki dngut stdjmdrm kjteher types wktb kts stgrdhe skzes djm vdiuerdjhes usem kj Gnoeat Vdsadi?

]ype Lkjklul Ldxklul Cgrldt

Kjteher ->4=8=213=2 >4=8=213=8 skhjem 1>-nkt

Adrmkjdi 6 =>;=;38>;5 ujskhjem 1>-nkt

Qbgrtkjt -4>2 4>8 skhjem 2-nkt

Qldiikjt -1>832 1>838 skhjem 43-nkt

Igjhkjt ->4=8=213=2 >4=8=213=8 skhjem 1>-nkt

Kjt3= ->Z31 >Z31 - 4 skhjem 3=-nkt

Nyte 6 >55 ujskhjem 2-nkt

Xgrm 6 35515 ujskhjem 43-nkt

Igjhwgrm 6 =>;=;38>;5 ujskhjem 1>-nkt


17/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 4=

Agjstdjts

Use gc agjstdjts ldès d prghrdl lgre redmdnie djm beips tg èep speakdi qudjtktkes dtgje pidae kj tbe nehkjjkjh gc tbe prghrdl. Vdsadi diigws julerkadi, ighkadi, strkjh djm

abdrdateragjstdjts. Agjstdjts adj ne meaidrem kj tbe meaidrdtkgj pdrt gc tbe prghrdl nyspeakcykjh tbe agjst meaidrdtkgj.

Qyjtdx gc agjstdjt type meaidrdtkgj ks cgiigws?

agjst

Kmejtkcker < agjtdjtWvdiue0

Cgiigwkjh dre sgle exdlpies gc agjstdjt meaidrdtkgjs?

SEIGAK][WIKHB] < 1.6E0

JDLE < 'Qtudrt Ikttie'0ABGKAE < yes0

GVE^D]G^ < '+'0

Dii agjstdjt meaidrdtkgjs lust ne hkvej necgre tbe vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj.

Ejulerdtem types

Ejulerdtem mdtd types dre user-meckjem mdtd types. ]bey diigw vdiues tg ne speakckem kj dikst. Gjiy dsskhjlejtgperdtgrs djm reidtkgjdigperdtgrs dre perlkttem gj ejulerdtem

mdtd type. Ejulerdtem mdtd types adj ne meaidrem ds cgiigws?

type

ejul-kmejtkcker < (ktel4, ktel>, ktel1, ... )

Cgiigwkjh dre sgle exdlpies gc ejulerdtem type meaidrdtkgjs?

typeQULLE^ < (Dprki, Ldy, Ouje, Ouiy, Qeptelner)0AGIG^Q < (êm, Hreej, Niue, [eiigw, Ldhejtd, Aydj, Nida`, Xbkte)0]^DJQVG^] < (Nus, ]rdkj, Dkrpidje, Qbkp)0

]be grmer kj wbkab tbe ktels dre ikstem kj tbe mgldkj gc dj ejulerdtem type, meckjes tbe

grmer gc tbe ktels. Cgr exdlpie, kj tbe ejulerdtem type QULLE^, Dprki agles necgreLdy0 Ldy agles necgre Ouje, djm sg gj. ]be mgldkj gc ejulerdtem type kmejtkckersadjjgt agjskst gc julerka gr abdrdater agjstdjts.


18/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 45

Qunrdjhe ]ypes

Qunrdjhe types diigw d vdrkdnie tg dssule vdiues tbdt ike wktbkj d aertdkj rdjhe. Cgrexdlpie, kc tbe dhe gc vgters sbguim ike netweej 42 tg 466 yedrs, d vdrkdnie jdlem dhe

aguim ne meaidrem ds?

vdr

dhe? 42 ... 46660

Xe wkii igg` dt vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj kj metdkis kj tbe jext seatkgj. [gu adj disg meckje dsunrdjhe type uskjh tbe type meaidrdtkgj. Qyjtdx cgr meaidrkjh d sunrdjhe type ks dscgiigws?

type

sunrdjhe-kmejtkcker < igwer-iklkt ... upper-iklkt0

Cgiigwkjh dre sgle exdlpies gc sunrdjhe type meaidrdtkgjs?

agjstV < 420T < ;60typeJulner < 4 ... 4660Sdiue < V ... T0

Qunrdjhe types adj ne aredtem crgl d sunset gc dj diredmy meckjem ejulerdtem type,Cgr exdlpie?

typelgjtbs < (Odj, Cen, Ldr, Dpr, Ldy, Ouj, Oui, Duh, Qep, Gat, Jgv, Mea)0Quller < Dpr ... Duh0

Xkjter < Gat ... Mea0


19/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 43

Sdrkdnie ]ypes]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe vdrkdnie types usem kj d Vdsadi prghrdl.

ABDV]E^

3

Dvdrkdnie ks jgtbkjh nut d jdle hkvej tg d stgrdhe dred tbdt gur prghrdls adj

ldjkpuidte. Edab vdrkdnie kj Vdsadi bds d speakcka type, wbkab meterlkjes tbe skze djmidygut gc tbe vdrkdnie's lelgry0 tbe rdjhe gc vdiues tbdt adj ne stgrem wktbkj tbdtlelgry0 djm tbe set gc gperdtkgjs tbdt adj ne dppikem tg tbe vdrkdnie.

]be jdle gc d vdrkdnie adj ne aglpgsem gc ietters, mkhkts, djm tbe ujmersagre abdrdater.Kt lust nehkj wktb ektber d ietter gr dj ujmersagre. Vdsadi ks jgt adse-sejsktkve, sgupperadse djm igweradse ietters ledj sdle bere. Ndsem gj tbe ndska types expidkjem kjprevkgus abdpter, tbere wkii ne cgiigwkjh ndska vdrkdnie types?

Ndska Sdrkdnies kj Vdsadi

]ype Mesarkptkgj

Abdrdater ]ypkadiiy d skjhie gatet (gje nyte). ]bks ks djkjteher type.

Kjteher ]be lgst jdturdi skze gc kjteher cgr tbeldabkje.

^edi D skjhie-preakskgj cigdtkjh pgkjt vdiue.

Nggiedj Qpeakckes true gr cdise ighkadi vdiues. ]bks ksdisg dj kjteher type.

Ejulerdtem Qpeakckes d user-meckjem ikst.

Qunrdjhe ^epresejts vdrkdnies wbgse vdiues ike wktbkjd rdjhe.

Qtrkjh Qtgres dj drrdy gc abdrdaters.


20/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 48

Vdsadi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe disg diigws meckjkjh vdrkgus gtber types gc vdrkdnies wbkabwe wkii agver kj sunsequejt abdpters ikè Vgkjter, Drrdy, êagrms, Qets, djm Ckies eta. Cgrtbks abdpter, iet us stumy gjiy ndska vdrkdnie types.

Sdrkdnie Meaidrdtkgj kj VdsadiDii vdrkdnies lust ne meaidrem necgre we use tbel kj Vdsadi prghrdl. Dii vdrkdniemeaidrdtkgjs dre cgiigwem ny tbe vdr èywgrm. D meaidrdtkgj speakckes d ikst gc vdrkdnies,cgiigwem ny d agigj (?) djm tbe type. Qyjtdx gc vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj ks?

vdrvdrkdnieWikst ? type0

Bere, type lust ne d vdikm Vdsadi mdtd type kjaiumkjh abdrdater, kjteher, redi, nggiedj, grdjy user meckjem mdtd type eta., djm vdrkdnieWikst ldy agjskst gc gje gr lgre kmejtkckerjdles sepdrdtem ny agllds. Qgle vdikm vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgjs dre sbgwj bere?

vdrdhe, wee mdys ? kjteher0tdxrdte, jetWkjagle? redi0abgkae, ksredmy? nggiedj0kjktkdis, hrdme? abdr0jdle, surjdle ? strkjh0

Kj tbe prevkgus Ldjudi, we bdve mksaussem tbdt Vdsadi diigws meaidrkjh d type. D type adjne kmejtkckem ny d jdle gr kmejtkcker. ]bks type adj ne usem tg meckje vdrkdnies gc tbdttype. Cgr exdlpie?

typemdys, dhe < kjteher0yes, true < nggiedj0

cees, expejses < redi0

Jgw, tbe types sg meckjem adj ne usem kj vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgjs?

vdrwee`mdys, bgikmdys ? mdys0abgkae? yes0

stumejtWjdle, elpWjdle ? jdle0adpktdi? akty0

agst? expejses0

Viedse jgte tbe mkccerejae netweej type meaidrdtkgj djm vdr meaidrdtkgj. ]ype meaidrdtkgjkjmkadtes tbe adtehgry gr aidss gc tbe types suab ds kjteher, redi eta., wbereds tbe vdrkdniespeakckadtkgj kjmkadtes tbe type gc vdiues d vdrkdnie ldy tdè. [gu adj aglpdre typemeaidrdtkgj kj Vdsadi wktb typemec kj A. Lgst klpgrtdjtiy, tbe vdrkdnie jdle recers tg tbelelgry igadtkgj wbere tbe vdiue gc tbe vdrkdnie ks hgkjh tg ne stgrem. ]bks ks jgt sg wktbtbe type meaidrdtkgj.


21/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 42

Sdrkdnie Kjktkdikzdtkgj kj Vdsadi

Sdrkdnies dre dsskhjem d vdiue wktb d agigj djm tbe equdi skhj, cgiigwem ny d agjstdjt

expresskgj. ]be hejerdi cgrl gc dsskhjkjh d vdiue ks?

vdrkdnieWjdle ?< vdiue0

Ny mecduit, vdrkdnies kj Vdsadi dre jgt kjktkdikzem wktb zerg. ]bey ldy agjtdkj runnksbvdiues. Qg kt ks d netter prdatkae tg kjktkdikze vdrkdnies kj d prghrdl. Sdrkdnies adj nekjktkdikzem (dsskhjem dj kjktkdi vdiue) kj tbekr meaidrdtkgj. ]be kjktkdikzdtkgj ks cgiigwem nytbe vdr `eywgrm djm tbe syjtdx gc kjktkdikzdtkgj ks ds cgiigws?

vdrvdrkdnieWjdle ? type < vdiue0

Qgle exdlpies dre?

dhe? kjteher < 450tdxrdte? red i < 6.50hrdme? abdr < 'D'0

jdle? strkjh < 'Ogbj Qlktb'0

Iet us igg` dt dj exdlpie wbkab ld`es use gc vdrkgus types gc vdrkdnies mksaussem sg cdr?

prghrdl Hreetkjhs0agjstlessdhe < ' Xeiagle tg tbe wgrim gc Vdsadi '0

typejdle < strkjh0

vdrckrstjdle, surjdle? jdle0nehkj

wrkteij('Viedse ejter ygur ckrst jdle? ')0redmij(ckrstjdle)0

wrkteij('Viedse ejter ygur surjdle? ')0redmij(surjdle)0

wrkteij0

wrkteij(lessdhe, ' ', ckrstjdle, ' ', surjdle)0

ejm.

Xbej tbe dngve agme ks aglpkiem djm exeautem, kt prgmuaes cgiigwkjh resuit?

Viedse ejter ygur ckrst jdle?OgbjViedse ejter ygur surjdle?QlktbXeiagle tg tbe wgrim g c Vdsadi Ogbj Qlktb


22/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe 4;

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl kiiustrdtes tbe agjaept?

Ejulerdtem Sdrkdnies

[gu bdve seej bgw tg use sklpie vdrkdnie types ik`e kjteher, redi djm nggiedj. Jgw iet's seevdrkdnies gc ejulerdtem type wbkab adj ne meckjem ds?

vdr

vdr4, vdr>, ... ? ejul-kmejtkcker0

Xbej ygu bdve meaidrem dj ejulerdtem type, ygu adj meaidre vdrkdnies gc tbdt type. Cgrexdlpie?

typelgjtbs < (Odjudry, Cenrudry, Ldrab, Dprki, Ldy, Ouje, Ouiy, Duhust,Qeptelner, Gatgner, Jgvelner, Meaelner)0

Sdrl? lgjtbs0...

L ?< Odjudry0

]be cgiigwkjh exdlpie kiiustrdtes tbe agjaept?

prghrdl exEjulerdtkgj0type

neverdhe < (agccee, ted, lki`, wdter, ag`e, ikleoukae)0vdrmrkj`?neverdhe0nehkj

wrkteij('Xbkab mrkj` mg ygu wdjt7')0wrkteij('[gu bdve ', skzegc(mrkj`), ' abgkaes')0

ejm.


Xbkab mrkj` mg ygu wdjt7[gu bdve = abgkaes

Qunrdjhe Sdrkdnies

Qunrdjhe vdrkdnies dre meaidrem ds?

vdr

sunrdjhe-jdle ? igwerikl ... uperikl0

Exdlpies gc sunrdjhe vdrkdnies dre?

vdrldr`s? 4 ... 4660hrdme? 'D' ... 'E'0dhe? 4 ... >50


23/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >6

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl kiiustrdtes tbe agjaept?

prghrdl exQunrdjhe0vdrldr`s? 4 .. 4660

hrdme? 'D' .. 'E'0nehkj

wrkteij( 'Ejter ygur ldr`s(4 - 466)? ')0redmij(ldr`s)0wrkteij( 'Ejter ygur hrdme(D - E)? ')0

redmij(hrdme)0wrkteij('Ldr`s? ' , ldr`s, ' Hrdme? ', hrdme)0

ejm.


vdrwee`mdys, bg ikmdys ? mdys0

abgkae? yes0stumejtWjdle, elpWjdle ? jdle0adpktdi? akty0agst? expejses0


24/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >4

Agjstdjts]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe agjstdjts usem kj d Vdsadi prghrdl.

ABDV]E^

8

Dagjstdjt ks dj ejtkty tbdt reldkjs ujabdjhem murkjh prghrdl exeautkgj. Vdsadi

diigws gjiy agjstdjts gc tbe cgiigwkjh types tg ne meaidrem?

Grmkjdi types Qet types Vgkjter types (nut tbe gjiy diigwem vdiue ks Jki). ^edi types Abdr Qtrkjh

Meaidrkjh Agjstdjts

Qyjtdx cgr meaidrkjh agjstdjts ks ds cgiigws?

agjstkmejtkcker < agjstdjtWvdiue0

]be cgiigwkjh tdnie prgvkmes exdlpies gc sgle vdikm agjstdjt meaidrdtkgjs?

Agjstdjt ]ype Exdlpies

Grmkjdi(Kjteher)type agjstdjt vdikmWdhe < >40

Qet type agjstdjt Sgweis < set gc (D,E,K,G,U)0

Vgkjter type agjstdjt V < JKI0

^edi type agjstdjt e.842>2420veigaktyWikhbt < 1.6E+460

Abdrdater type agjstdjt Gperdtgr < '+'0


25/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >>

Qtrkjh type agjstdjt preskmejt < 'Ogbjjy Mepp'0


prghrdl agjstWakraie (kjput,gutput)0agjst

VK < 1.4=45;>35=0vdr

r, m, a ? redi0 {vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj? rdmkus, mkd, akraulcerejae}nehkj

wrkteij('Ejter tbe rdmkus gc tbe akraie')0

redmij(r)0m ?< > * r0

a ?< VK * m0wrkteij(']be akraulcerejae gc tbe akraie ks ',a?8?>)0

ejm.


Ejter tbe rdmkus gc tbe akraie>1

]be akraulcerejae gc tbe akraie ks 4==.54

Gnserve tbe cgrldttkjh kj tbe gutput stdtelejt gc tbe prghrdl. ]be vdrkdnie a ks tg necgrldttem wktb tgtdi julner gc mkhkts 8 djm > mkhkts dcter tbe meakldi skhj. Vdsadi diigwssuab gutput cgrldttkjh wktb tbe julerkadi vdrkdnies.


26/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >1

Gperdtgrs]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe gperdtgrs usem kj d Vdsadi prghrdl.

ABDV]E^

2

Dj gperdtgr ks d sylngi tbdt teiis tbe aglpkier tg percgrl speakcka ldtbeldtkadi

gr ighkadi ldjkpuidtkgjs. Vdsadi diigws tbe cgiigwkjh type gc gperdtgrs?

Drktbletka gperdtgrs ^eidtkgjdi gperdtgrs Nggiedj gperdtgrs Nkt gperdtgrs Qet gperdtgrs Qtrkjh gperdtgrs

Iet us mksauss tbe drktbletka, reidtkgjdi, Nggiedj djm nkt gperdtgrs gje ny gje.

Drktbletka Gperdtgrs

Cgiigwkjh tdnie sbgws dii tbe drktbletka gperdtgrs suppgrtem ny Vdsadi. Dssule vdrkdnie D

bgims 46 djm vdrkdnie N bgims >6 tbej?

Gperdtgr Mesarkptkgj Exdlpie

+ Dmms twg gperdjms D + N wkii hkve 16

- Quntrdats seagjm gperdjm crgl tbe ckrst D - N wkii hkve -46

* Luitkpiy ngtb gperdjms D * N wkii hkve >66

mkv Mkvkme julerdtgr ny me-julerdtgr N mkv D wkii hkve >

lgm Lgmuius Gperdtgr DJM reldkjmer dcter djkjteher mkvkskgj

N lgm D wkii hkve 6


27/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >=

]be cgiigwkjh exdlpie kiiustrdtes tbe drktbletka gperdtgrs?

prghrdl adiauidtgr0vdrd,n,a ? kjteher0

m? redi0nehkjd?40n? )0a ?< d lgm n0

wrkteij('Ikje 5 - Sdiue gc a ks ' , a )0

a ?< d mkv n0wrkteij('Ikje 3 - Sdiue gc a ks ', a )0

ejm.

Viedse jgte tbdt Vdsadi ks very strgjhiy typem prghrdllkjh idjhudhe, sg kt wguim hkve djerrgr kc ygu try tg stgre tbe resuits gc d mkvkskgj kj dj kjteher type vdrkdnie. Xbej tbedngve agme ks aglpkiem djm exeautem, kt prgmuaes cgiigwkjh resuit?

Ikje 4 - Sdiue gc a ks 14Ikje > - Sdiue gc a ks 44Ikje 1 - Sdiue gc a ks >46

Ikje = - Sdiue gc m ks >.46Ikje 5 - Sdiue gc a ks 4

Ikje 3 - Sdiue gc a ks >

^eidtkgjdi Gperdtgrs

Cgiigwkjh tdnie sbgws dii tbe reidtkgjdi gperdtgrs suppgrtem ny Vdsadi. Dssule vdrkdnie D bgims46 djm vdrkdnie N bgims >6 tbej?



28/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;424=1823;53 Vdhe >5

9 Abea`s kc tbe vdiue gc iect gperdjm ks iesstbdj tbe vdiue gc rkhbt gperdjm, kc yes tbejagjmktkgj neagles true.

(D 9 N) ks true.

:60

kc d 9< n tbejwrkteij('Ikje = - d ks ektber iess tbdj gr equdi tg n' )0

kc ( n :< d ) tbej

wrkteij('Ikje 5 - n ks ektber hredter tbdj gr equdi tg ' )0

ejm.


Ikje 4 - d ks jgt equdi tg nIkje > - d ks jgt iess tbdj nIkje 1 - d ks hredter tbdj nIkje = - d ks ektber iess tbdj gr equdi tg nIkje 5 - n ks ektber hredter tbdj gr equdi tg n


29/165

NKIDI DBLEM QBDK@

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe

Nggiedj Gperdtgrs

Cgiigwkjh tdnie sbgws dii tbe Nggiedj gperdtgrs suppgrtem ny Vdsadi idjhudhe. Dii tbesegperdtgrs wgr` gj Nggiedj gperdjms djm prgmuaes Nggiedj resuits. Dssule vdrkdnie D

bgims true djm vdrkdnie N bgims cdise tbej?


djm Adiiem Nggiedj DJM gperdtgr. Kc ngtb tbegperdjms dre true tbej agjmktkgj neaglestrue.

D djm N) ks cdise.

djm tbej Kt ks sklkidr tg tbe DJM gperdtgr, bgwever,kt hudrdjtees tbe grmer kj wbkab tbeaglpkier evdiudtes tbe ighkadi expresskgj.Iect tg rkhbt djm tbe rkhbt gperdjms dreevdiudtem gjiy wbej jeaessdry

(D djm tbej N) ks cdise.

gr Adiiem Nggiedj G^ Gperdtgr. Kc djy gc tbetwg gperdjms ks true tbej agjmktkgjneagles true.

(D gr N) ks true.

gr eise Kt ks sklkidr tg Nggiedj G^, bgwever, kthudrdjtees tbe grmer kj wbkab tbe aglpkierevdiudtes tbe ighkadi expresskgj. Iect tgrkhbt djm tbe rkhbt gperdjms dre evdiudtemgjiy wbej jeaessdry

(D gr eise N) ks true.

9


30/165

NKIDI DBLEM QBDK@

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe


Ikje 4 - Agjmktkgj ks jgt trueIkje > - Agjmktkgj ks true

Ikje 1 - Agjmktkgj ks jgt true

Ikje = - Agjmktkgj ks true

Nkt Gperdtgrs

Nktwkse gperdtgrs wgr` gj nkts djm percgrl nkt ny nkt gperdtkgj. Dii tbese gperdtgrs wgr`gj kjteher gperdjms djm prgmuaes kjteher resuits. ]be trutb tdnies cgr nktwkse djm (&),nktwkse gr (|), djm nktwkse jgt (~) dre ds cgiigws?

p q p & q p ! q ~p ~q

6 6 6 6 4 4

6 4 6 4 4 6

4 6 4 4 6 6

4 4 6 4 6 4

Dssule kc D < 360 djm N < 410 Jgw kj nkjdry cgrldt tbey wkii ne ds cgiigws?

D < 6644 4466

N < 6666 4464

-----------------

D&N < 6666 4466

DZN < 6644 6664

~D < 4466 6644

]be Nktwkse gperdtgrs suppgrtem ny Vdsadi dre ikstem kj tbe cgiigwkjh tdnie. Dssulevdrkdnie D bgims 36 djm vdrkdnie N bgims 41 tbej?


& Nkjdry DJM Gperdtgr agpkes d nkt tg tberesuit kc kt exksts kj ngtb gperdjms.

(D & N) wkii hkve 4> wbkab ks6666 4466

| Nkjdry G^ Gperdtgr agpkes d nkt kc kt exkstskj ektber gperdjm.

(D | N) wkii hkve 34 wbkab ks

6644 4464


31/165

NKIDI DBLEM QBDK@

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe

! Nkjdry G^ Gperdtgr agpkes d nkt kc kt exkstskj ektber gperdjm.

D ! N) wkii hkve 34 wbkab ks

6644 4464

~ Nkjdry Gjes Aglpielejt Gperdtgr ksujdry djm bds tbe ecceat gc 'cikppkjh' nkts.

(~D ) wkii hkve -36 wbkab ks

4466 6644

99 Nkjdry Iect Qbkct Gperdtgr. ]be iectgperdjms vdiue ks lgvem iect ny tbejulner gc nkts speakckem ny tbe rkhbtgperdjm.

D 99 > wkii hkve >=6 wbkab ks4444 6666

:: Nkjdry ^khbt Qbkct Gperdtgr. ]be iectgperdjms vdiue ks lgvem rkhbt ny tbejulner gc nkts speakckem ny tbe rkhbtgperdjm.

D :: > wkii hkve 45 wbkab ks

6666 4444

Viedse jgte tbdt mkccerejt klpielejtdtkgjs gc Vdsadi mkccer kj nktwkse gperdtgrs. Cree

Vdsadi, tbe aglpkier we usem bere, bgwever, suppgrts tbe cgiigwkjh nktwkse gperdtgrs?

Gperdtgrs Gperdtkgjs

jgt Nktwkse JG]

djm Nktwkse DJM

gr Nktwkse G

xgr Nktwkse exaiuskve G^

sbi Nktwkse sbkct iect

sbr Nktwkse sbkct rkhbt

99 Nktwkse sbkct iect

:: Nktwkse sbkct rkhbt


32/165

NKIDI DBLEM QBDK@

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe


prghrdl neNktwkse0vdrd, n, a? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 360 (* 36 < 6644 4466 *)n ?< 410 (* 41 < 6666 4464 *)a ?< 60

a ?< d djm n0 (* 4> < 6666 4466 *)wrkteij('Ikje 4 - Sdiue gc a ks ', a )0

a ?< d gr n0 (* 34 < 6644 4464 *)wrkteij('Ikje > - Sdiue gc a ks ', a )0

a ?< jgt d0 (* -34 < 4466 6644 *)wrkteij('Ikje 1 - Sdiue gc a ks ', a )0

a ?< d 99 >0 (* >=6 < 4444 6666 *)wrkteij('Ikje = - Sdiue gc a ks ', a )0

a ?< d :: >0 (* 45 < 6666 4444 *)wrkteij('Ikje 5 - Sdiue gc a ks ', a )0

ejm.


Ikje 4 - Sdiue gc a ks 4>Ikje > - Sdiue gc a ks 34Ikje 1 - Sdiue gc a ks -34Ikje = - Sdiue gc a ks >=6

Ikje 5 - Sdiue gc a ks 45

Gperdtgrs Vreaemejae kj Vdsadi

Gperdtgr preaemejae meterlkjes tbe hrgupkjh gc terls kj dj expresskgj. ]bks dcceats bgw djexpresskgj ks evdiudtem. Aertdkj gperdtgrs bdve bkhber preaemejae tbdj gtbers0 cgr exdlpie,tbe luitkpikadtkgj gperdtgr bds bkhber preaemejae tbdj tbe dmmktkgj gperdtgr.

Cgr exdlpie x < 8 + 1 * >0 Bere x ks dsskhjem 41, jgt >6 neaduse gperdtgr * bds bkhberpreaemejae tbdj + sg kt ckrst het luitkpikem wktb 1*> djm tbej dmms kjtg 8.

Bere gperdtgrs wktb tbe bkhbest preaemejae dppedr dt tbe tgp gc tbe tdnie, tbgse wktb tbeigwest dppedr dt tbe ngttgl. Xktbkj dj expresskgj, bkhber preaemejae gperdtgrs wkii neevdiudtem ckrst.

Gperdtgrs Vreaemejae

~, jgt, Bkhbest

*, /, mkv, lgm, djm, &

|, !, +, -, gr,


33/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 16


34/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 14

Meakskgj Ld`kjh]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe meakskgj ld`kjh struature cgujm kj Vdsadi?

ABDV]E^

;

Meakskgj ld`kjh struatures requkre tbdt tbe prghrdller speakcy gje gr lgre

agjmktkgjs tg ne evdiudtem gr testem ny tbe prghrdl, digjh wktb d stdtelejt grstdtelejts tg ne exeautem kc tbe agjmktkgj ks meterlkjem tg ne true, djm gptkgjdiiy, gtberstdtelejts tg ne exeautem kc tbe agjmktkgj ks meterlkjem tg ne cdise.

Cgiigwkjh ks tbe hejerdi crgl gc d typkadi meakskgj ld`kjh struature cgujm kj lgst gc tbeprghrdllkjh idjhudhes?

Vdsadi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe prgvkmes cgiigwkjh types gc meakskgj ld`kjh stdtelejts.Aika` tbe cgiigwkjh ikj`s tg abea` tbekr metdki.


35/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 1>

Qtdtelejt Mesarkptkgj

kc - tbej stdtelejt Dj kc - tbej stdtelejt agjsksts gc d nggiedj expresskgjcgiigwem ny gje gr lgre stdtelejts.

Kc-tbej-eise stdtelejt Dj kc - tbej stdtelejt adj ne cgiigwem ny dj gptkgjdieise stdtelejt, wbkab exeautes wbej tbe nggiedjexpresskgj ks cdise.

jestem kc stdtelejts [gu adj use gje kcgr eise kcstdtelejt kjskme djgtber kcgreise kcstdtelejt(s).

adse stdtelejt D adse stdtelejt diigws d vdrkdnie tg ne testem cgrequdikty dhdkjst d ikst gc vdiues.

adse - eise stdtelejt Kt ks sklkidr tg tbe kc-tbej-eise stdtelejt. Bere dj eiseterl cgiigws tbe adse stdtelejt.

jestem adse stdtelejts [gu adj use gje adse stdtelejt kjskme djgtber adse

stdtelejt(s).

kc-tbej Qtdtelejt

]be kc-tbej stdtelejt ks tbe sklpiest cgrl gc agjtrgi stdtelejt, crequejtiy usem kjmeakskgj ld`kjh djm abdjhkjh tbe agjtrgi cigw gc tbe prghrdl exeautkgj.

Qyjtdx

Qyjtdx cgrkc-tbej stdtelejt ks?

kc agjmktkgj tbej Q

Xbere agjmktkgj ks d Nggiedj gr reidtkgjdi agjmktkgj djm Q ks d sklpie gr aglpgujmstdtelejt. Exdlpie gc dj kc-tbej stdtelejt ks?

kc (d 9< >6) tbej

a?< a+40

Kc tbe nggiedj expresskgj agjmktkgj evdiudtes tg true tbej tbe niga` gc agme kjskme tbe kcstdtelejt wkii ne exeautem. Kc nggiedj expresskgj evdiudtes tg cdise tbej tbe ckrst set gcagme dcter tbe ejm gc tbe kc stdtelejt (dcter tbe aigskjh ejm0) wkii ne exeautem.

Vdsadi dssules djy jgj-zerg djm jgj-jkii vdiues ds true djm kc kt ks ektber zerg gr jkii tbejkt ks dssulem ds cdise vdiue.

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


36/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 11

Exdlpie?

Iet us try d aglpiete exdlpie tbdt wguim kiiustrdte tbe agjaept?

prghrdl kcAbea`kjh0vdr

{ igadi vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj }

d?kjteher0nehkj

d?< 460

(* abea` tbe nggiedj agjmktkgj uskjh kc stdtelejt *)

kc( d 9 >6 ) tbej(* kc agjmktkgj ks true tbej prkjt tbe cgiigwkjh *)

wrkteij('d ks iess tbdj >6 ' )0wrkteij('vdiue gc d ks ? ', d)0

ejm.


d ks iess tbdj >6

vdiue gc d ks ? 46


37/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 1=

kc-tbej-eise Qtdtelejt

Dj kc-tbej stdtelejt adj ne cgiigwem ny dj gptkgjdi eise stdtelejt, wbkab exeauteswbej tbe Nggiedj expresskgj ks cdise.

Qyjtdx?

Qyjtdx cgr tbe kc-tbej-eise stdtelejt ks?

kc agjmktkgj tbej Q4 eise Q>0

Xbere, Q4 djm Q> dre mkccerejt stdtelejts. Viedse jgte tbdt tbe stdtelejt Q4 ks jgtcgiigwem ny d selkagigj. Kj tbe kc-tbej-eise stdtelejts, wbej tbe test agjmktkgj ks true,tbe stdtelejt Q4 ks exeautem djm Q> ks s`kppem0 wbej tbe test agjmktkgj ks cdise, tbej Q4ks nypdssem djm stdtelejt Q> ks exeautem.

Cgr exdlpie,

kc agigr < rem tbejwrkteij('[gu bdve abgsej d rem adr')

eise

wrkteij('Viedse abggse d agigr cgr ygur adr')0

Kc tbe nggiedj expresskgj agjmktkgj evdiudtes tg true tbej tbe kc-tbej niga` gc agme wkiine exeautem gtberwkse tbe eise niga` gc agme wkii ne exeautem.

Vdsadi dssules djy jgj-zerg djm jgj-jkii vdiues ds true djm kc kt ks ektber zerg gr jkii tbejkt ks dssulem ds cdise vdiue.

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


38/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 15

Exdlpie?

Iet us try d aglpiete exdlpie tbdt wguim kiiustrdte tbe agjaept?

prghrdl kceiseAbea`kjh0vdr

{ igadi vdrkdnie meckjktkgj }

d ? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 4660

(* abea` tbe nggiedj agjmktkgj *)kc( d 9 >6 ) tbej

(* kc agjmktkgj ks true tbej prkjt tbe cgiigwkjh *)wrkteij('d ks iess tbdj >6' )

eise(* kc agjmktkgj ks cdise tbej prkjt tbe cgiigwkjh *)wrkteij('d ks jgt iess tbdj >6' )0

wrkteij('vdiue gc d ks ? ', d)0

ejm.


d ks jgt iess tbdj >6vdiue gc d ks ? 466

]be kc-tbej-eise kc-tbej-eise Qtdtelejt

Dj kc-tbej stdtelejt adj ne cgiigwem ny dj gptkgjdi eise kc-tbej-eise stdtelejt, wbkab ks very

usecui tg test vdrkgus agjmktkgjs uskjh skjhie kc-tbej-eise kc stdtelejt.

Xbej uskjh kc-tbej , eise kc-tbej , eise stdtelejts tbere dre cew pgkjts tg eep kj lkjm.

Dj kc-tbej stdtelejt adj bdve zerg gr gje eise's djm kt lust agle dcter djy eise kc's.

Dj kc-tbej stdtelejt adj bdve zerg tg ldjy eise kc's djm tbey lust agle necgre tbeeise.

Gjae dj eise kc suaaeems, jgje gc tbe reldkjkjh eise kc's gr eise's wkii ne testem.

Jg selkagigj (0) ks hkvej necgre tbe idst eise `eywgrm, nut dii stdtelejts adj neaglpgujm stdtelejts.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx gc dj kc-tbej-eise kc-tbej-eise stdtelejt kj Vdsadi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe ks?


39/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 13

kc(nggiedjWexpresskgj 4)tbejQ4 (* Exeautes wbej tbe nggiedj expresskgj 4 ks true *)

eise kc( nggiedjWexpresskgj >) tbej

Q> (* Exeautes wbej tbe nggiedj expresskgj > ks true *)

eise kc( nggiedjWexpresskgj 1) tbejQ1 (* Exeautes wbej tbe nggiedj expresskgj 1 ks true *)

eise

Q=0 ( * exeautes wbej tbe jgje gc tbe dngve agjmktkgj ks true *)

Exdlpie?


prghrdl kceiseWkceiseAbea`kjh0vdr

{ igadi vdrkdnie meckjktkgj }d ? kjteher0

nehkj

d ?< 4660

(* abea` tbe nggiedj agjmktkgj *)kc (d < 46) tbej

(* kc agjmktkgj ks true tbej prkjt tbe cgiigwkjh *)wrkteij('Sdiue gc d ks 46' )

eise kc ( d < >6 ) tbej(* kc eise kc agjmktkgj ks true *)

wrkteij('Sdiue gc d ks >6' )eise kc( d < 16 ) tbej

(* kc eise kc agjmktkgj ks true *)

wrkteij('Sdiue gc d ks 16' )

eise(* kc jgje gc tbe agjmktkgjs ks true *)wrkteij('Jgje gc tbe vdiues ks ldtabkjh' )0

wrkteij('Exdat vdiue gc d ks? ', d )0

ejm.


Jgje gc tbe vdiues ks ldtabkjhExdat vdiue gc d ks? 466


40/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 18

Jestem kc-tbej Qtdtelejts

Kt ks diwdys iehdi kj Vdsadi prghrdllkjh tg jest kc-eise stdtelejts, wbkab ledjs ygu adjuse gje kcgr eise kcstdtelejt kjskme djgtber kcgr eise kcstdtelejt(s). Vdsadi diigws

jestkjh tg djy ievei, bgwever, kc mepejms gj Vdsadi klpielejtdtkgj gj d pdrtkauidrsystel.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr d jestem kc stdtelejt ks ds cgiigws?

kc( nggiedjWexpresskgj 4) tbejkc(nggiedjWexpresskgj >)tbej Q4

eiseQ>0

[gu adj jest e ise kc-tbej-eise kj tbe sklkidr wdy ds ygu bdve jestem kc-tbej stdtelejt.Viedse jgte tbdt, tbe jestem kc-tbej-eise agjstruats hkves rkse tg sgle dlnkhukty ds tgwbkab eise stdtelejt pdkrs wktb wbkab kc stdtelejt. ]be ruie ks tbdt tbe eise èywgrmldtabes tbe ckrst kc èywgrm (sedrabkjh nda`wdrms) jgt diredmy ldtabem ny dj eiseèywgrm.

]be dngve syjtdx ks equkvdiejt tg?

kc( nggiedjWexpresskgj 4) tbejnehkj

kc(nggiedjWexpresskgj >)tbejQ4

eise

Q>0ejm0

Kt ks jgt equkvdiejt tg

kc ( nggiedjWexpresskgj 4) tbejnehkj

kc exp> tbejQ4

ejm0

eiseQ>0

]berecgre kc tbe sktudtkgj meldjms tbe idter agjstruat, tbej ygu lust put nehkj djm ejmèywgrms dt tbe rkhbt pidae.

Exdlpie?


41/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 12

prghrdl jestemWkceiseAbea`kjh0vdr

{ igadi vdrkdnie meckjktkgj }d, n ? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 4660

n?< >660(* abea` tbe ngg iedj agjmktkgj *)

kc (d < 466) tbej(* kc agjmktkgj ks true tbej abea` tbe cgiigwkjh *)kc ( n < >66 ) tbej

(* kc jestem kc agjmktkgj ks true tbej prkjt tbe cgiigwkjh *)wrkteij('Sdiue gc d ks 466 djm vdiue gc n ks >66' )0

wrkteij('Exdat vdiue gc d ks? ', d )0wrkteij('Exdat vdiue gc n ks? ', n )0

ejm.


Sdiue gc d ks 466 djm n ks >66Exdat vdiue gc d ks ? 466

Exdat vdiue gc n ks ? >66

Adse Qtdtelejt

[gu bdve gnservem tbdt kc-tbej-eise stdtelejts ejdnie us tg klpielejt luitkpiemeakskgjs kj d prghrdl. ]bks adj disg ne dabkevem uskjh tbe adse stdtelejt kj sklpierwdy.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx gc tbe adse stdtelejt ks?

adse (expresskgj) gcI4 ? Q40I>? Q>0......

Ij? Qj0

ejm0

Xbere, I4, I>... dre adse idneis, gr kjput vdiues wbkab aguim ne kjtehers, abdrdaters,nggiedj gr ejulerdtem mdtd ktels. Q4, Q>, ... dre Vdsadi stdtelejts, edab gc tbesestdtelejts ldy bdve gje gr lgre tbdj gje adse idnei dssgakdtem wktb kt. ]be expresskgjks adiiem tbe adse seieatgr gr tbe adse kjmex. ]be adse kjmex ldy dssule vdiues tbdtagrrespgjm tg tbe adse idneis.

]be adse stdtelejt lust diwdys bdve dj ejm stdtelejt dssgakdtem wktb kt.


42/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 1;

]be cgiigwkjh ruies dppiy tg d adse stdtelejt?

]be expresskgj usem kj d adse stdtelejt lust bdve dj kjtehrdi gr ejulerdtemtype, gr ne gc d aidss type kj wbkab tbe aidss bds d skjhie agjverskgj cujatkgj tgdj kjtehrdi gr ejulerdtem type.

[gu adj bdve djy julner gc adse stdtelejts wktbkj d adse. Edab adse ks cgiigwemny tbe vdiue tg ne aglpdrem tg djm d agigj.

]be adse idnei cgr d adse lust ne tbe sdle mdtd type ds tbe expresskgj kj tbeadse stdtelejt, djm kt lust ne d agjstdjt gr d ikterdi.

]be aglpkier wkii evdiudte tbe adse expresskgj. Kc gje gc tbe adse idnei's vdiueldtabes tbe vdiue gc tbe expresskgj, tbe stdtelejt tbdt cgiigws tbks idnei ksexeautem. Dcter tbdt, tbe prghrdl agjtkjues dcter tbe ckjdi ejm.

Kc jgje gc tbe adse idnei ldtabes tbe expresskgj vdiue, tbe stdtelejt ikst dctertbe eise gr gtberwkse `eywgrm ks exeautem. ]bks adj ne dj elpty stdtelejt ikst. Kc

jg eise pdrt ks presejt, djm jg adse agjstdjt ldtabes tbe expresskgj vdiue,prghrdl cigw agjtkjues dcter tbe ckjdi ejm.

]be adse stdtelejts adj ne aglpgujm stdtelejts (k.e. d Nehkj ... Ejm niga`).

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


43/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =6

Exdlpie?


prghrdl abea Adse0vdr

hrdme? abdr0nehkj

hrdme ?< 'D'0

adse (hrdme) gc'D' ? wrkteij('Exaeiiejt!' )0'N', 'A'? wrkteij('Xeii mgje' )0

'M' ? wrkteij('[gu pdssem' )0'C' ? wrkteij('Netter try dhdkj' )0

ejm0wrkteij('[gur hrdme ks ', hrdme )0

ejm.


Exaeiiejt!

[gur hrdme ks D

Adse Eise Qtdtelejt

]be adse-eise stdtelejt uses dj eise terl dcter tbe adse idneis, oust ik e dj kc-tbej-eise

agjstruat.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr tbe adse-eise stdtelejt ks?

adse (expresskgj) gcI4 ? Q40I> ? Q>0......Ij? Qj0

eiseQl0

ejm0


44/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =4

Cigw Mkdhrdl?

Exdlpie?


prghrdl abea Adse0vdr

hrdme? abdr0nehkj

hrdme ?< 'C'0adse (hrdme) gc

'D' ? wrkteij('Exaeiiejt!' )0

'N', 'A'? wrkteij('Xeii mgje' )0

'M' ? wrkteij('[gu pdssem' )0eisewrkteij('[gu rediiy mkm jgt stumy rkhbt!' )0

ejm0wrkteij('[gur hrdme ks ', hrdme )0

ejm.


[gu rediiy mkm jgt stumy rkhbt!

[gur hrdme ks C


45/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =>

Jestem Adse Qtdtelejts

Kt ks pgssknie tg bdve d adse stdtelejt ds pdrt gc tbe stdtelejt sequejae gc dj guteradse stdtelejt. Evej kc tbe adse agjstdjts gc tbe kjjer djm guter adse agjtdkj

agllgj vdiues, jg agjcikats wkii drkse.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr d jestem adse stdtelejt ks ds cgiigws?

adse (ab4) gc'D'? nehkj

wrkteij(']bks D ks pd rt gc guter adse' )0adse(ab>) gc

'D'? wrkteij(']bks D ks pdrt gc kjjer adse' )0'N'? (* adse agme *)

...

ejm0 {ejm gc kjjer adse}ejm0 (* ejm gc adse 'D' gc guter stdtelejt *)

'N'? (* adse agme *)'A'? (* adse agme *)

...

ejm0 {ejm gc guter adse}

Exdlpie?

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl kiiustrdtes tbe agjaept.

prghrdl abea`jestemAdse0

vdrd, n? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 4660n ?< >660adse (d) gc

466? nehkjwrkteij(']bks ks pdrt gc guter stdtelejt' )0adse (n) gc

>66? wrkteij(']bks ks pdrt gc kjjer stdtelejt' )0ejm0

ejm0ejm0wrkteij('Exdat vdiue gc d ks ? ', d )0wrkteij('Exdat vdiue gc n ks ? ', n )0

ejm.


]bks ks pdrt g c guter swktab]bks ks pdrt gc kjjer swktabExdat vdiue gc d ks? 466Exdat vdiue gc n ks? >66


46/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =1

Iggps]bks seatkgj sbgws iggp stdtelejts usem kj Vdsadi ?

ABDV]E^

46

]bere ldy ne d sktudtkgj wbej ygu jeem tg exeaute d niga` gc agme severdi julner

gc tkles. Kj hejerdi stdtelejts dre exeautem sequejtkdiiy? ]be ckrst stdtelejt kj dcujatkgj ks exeautem ckrst, cgiigwem ny tbe seagjm, djm sg gj.

Vrghrdllkjh idjhudhes prgvkme vdrkgus agjtrgi struatures tbdt diigw cgr lgre aglpikadtemexeautkgj pdtbs.

D iggp stdtelejt diigws us tg exeaute d stdtelejt gr hrgup gc stdtelejts luitkpie tklesdjm cgiigwkjh ks tbe hejerdi crgl gc d iggp stdtelejt kj lgst gc tbe prghrdllkjhidjhudhes?


47/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe ==

Vdsadi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe prgvkmes tbe cgiigwkjh types gc iggp agjstruats tg bdjmieiggpkjh requkrelejts. Aika` tbe cgiigwkjh ikj`s tg abea` tbekr metdki.

Iggp ]ype Mesarkptkgj

wbkie-mg iggp ^epedts d stdtelejt gr hrgup gc stdtelejts ujtki d hkvej agjmktkgj kstrue. Kt tests tbe agjmktkgj necgre exeautkjh tbe iggp ngmy.

cgr-mg iggp Exeaute d sequejae gc stdtelejts luitkpie tkles djm dnnrevkdtes tbeagme tbdt ldjdhes tbe iggp vdrkdnie.

repedt-ujtki iggp Ik`e d wbkie stdtelejt, exaept tbdt kt tests tbe agjmktkgj dt tbe ejm gctbe iggp ngmy.

jestem iggps [gu adj use gje gr lgre iggp kjskme djy djgtber wbkie, cgr gr repedtujtki iggp.

wbkie-mg iggp

D wbkie-mg iggp stdtelejt kj Vdsadi diigws repetktkve aglputdtkgjs tkii sgle testagjmktkgj ks sdtksckem. Kj gtber wgrms kt repedtemiy exeautes d tdrhet stdtelejt ds igjh dsd hkvej agjmktkgj ks true.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx gc d wbkie-mg iggp ks?

wbkie (agjmktkgj) mg Q0

Xbere agjmktkgj ks d Nggiedj gr reidtkgjdi expresskgj wbgse vdiue wguim ne true gr cdisedjm Q ks d sklpie stdtelejt gr hrgup gc stdtelejts wktbkj NEHKJ ... EJM niga`.

Cgr exdlpie,

wbkie julner:6 mgnehkj

sul ?< sul + julner0julner ?< julner - >0

ejm0

Xbej tbe agjmktkgj neagles cdise, prghrdl agjtrgi pdsses tg tbe ikje kllemkdteiycgiigwkjh tbe iggp.


48/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =5

Cigw Mkdhrdl?

Bere `ey pgkjt gc tbe wbkie iggp ks tbdt tbe iggp lkhbt jgt ever ruj. Xbej tbe agjmktkgj kstestem djm tbe resuit ks cdise, tbe iggp ngmy wkii ne s`kppem djm tbe ckrst stdtelejt dcter tbewbkie iggp wkii ne exeautem.

Exdlpie?

prghrdl wbkieIggp0vdr

d? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 460

wbkie d 9 >6 mgnehkj

wrkteij('vdiue gc d? ', d)0d ?< d + 40

ejm0

ejm.


vdiue gc d? 46vdiue gc d? 44vdiue gc d? 4>vdiue gc d? 41vdiue gc d? 4=vdiue gc d? 45vdiue gc d? 43vdiue gc d? 48vdiue gc d? 42vdiue gc d? 4;


49/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =3

Cgr-mg IGGV

D cgr-mg iggp ks d repetktkgj agjtrgi struature tbdt diigws ygu tg ecckakejtiy wrkte d iggptbdt jeems tg exeaute d speakcka julner gc tkles.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr tbe cgr-mg iggp kj Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

cgr 9 vdrkdnie-jdle : ?< 9 kjktkdiWvdiue : tg Pmgwj tg\ 9 ckjdiWvdiue : mg

Q0

Xbere, tbe vdrkdnie-jdle speakckes d vdrkdnie gc grmkjdi type, adiiem agjtrgi vdrkdnie grkjmex vdrkdnie0 kjktkdiWvdiue djm ckjdiWvdiue vdiues dre vdiues tbdt tbe agjtrgi vdrkdnie adjtd`e0 djm Q ks tbe ngmy gc tbe cgr-mg iggp tbdt aguim ne d sklpie stdtelejt gr d hrgup gcstdtelejts.

Cgr exdlpie?

cgr k?< 4 tg 46 mg wrkteij(k)0

Bere ks tbe cigw gc agjtrgi kj d cgr-mg iggp?

]be kjktkdi step ks exeautem ckrst, djm gjiy gjae. ]bks step diigws ygu tg meaidredjm kjktkdikze djy iggp agjtrgi vdrkdnies.

Jext, tbe agjmktkgj ks evdiudtem. Kc kt ks true, tbe ngmy gc tbe iggp ks exeautem. Kc ktks cdise, tbe ngmy gc tbe iggp mges jgt exeaute djm cigw gc agjtrgi oulps tg tbejext stdtelejt oust dcter tbe cgr-mg iggp.

Dcter tbe ngmy gc tbe cgr-mg iggp exeautes, tbe vdiue gc tbe vdrkdnie kj kjaredsemgr mearedsem.

]be agjmktkgj ks jgw evdiudtem dhdkj. Kc kt ks true, tbe iggp exeautes djm tbeprgaess repedts ktseic (ngmy gc iggp, tbej kjarelejt step, djm tbej dhdkjagjmktkgj). Dcter tbe agjmktkgj neagles cdise, tbe cgr-mg iggp terlkjdtes.


50/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =8

Cigw Mkdhrdl

Exdlpie?

prghrdl cgrIggp0vdr

d? kjteher0nehkj

cgr d ?< 46 tg >6 mgnehkj

wrkteij('vdiue gc d? ', d)0ejm0

ejm.


51/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =2


vdiue gc d? 46vdiue gc d? 44vdiue gc d? 4>

vdiue gc d? 41vdiue gc d? 4=vdiue gc d? 45vdiue gc d? 43vdiue gc d? 48vdiue gc d? 42vdiue gc d? 4;vdiue gc d? >6

^epedt-Ujtki Iggp

Ujik`e cgr djm wbkie iggps, wbkab test tbe iggp agjmktkgj dt tbe tgp gc tbe iggp, tbe repedt... ujtki iggp kj Vdsadi abea`s kts agjmktkgj dt tbe ngttgl gc tbe iggp.

D repedt ... ujtki iggp ks sklkidr tg d wbkie iggp, exaept tbdt d repedt ... ujtki iggp kshudrdjteem tg exeaute dt iedst gje tkle.

Qyjtdx?

repedtQ40Q>0......Qj0

ujtki agjmktkgj0

Cgr exdlpie,

repedtsul ?< sul + julner0julner ?< julner - >0

ujtki julner < 60

Jgtkae tbdt tbe agjmktkgjdi expresskgj dppedrs dt tbe ejm gc tbe iggp, sg tbe stdtelejt(s)kj tbe iggp exeaute gjae necgre tbe agjmktkgj ks testem.

Kc tbe agjmktkgj ks true, tbe cigw gc agjtrgi oulps nda` up tg repedt, djm tbe stdtelejt(s)

kj tbe iggp exeaute dhdkj. ]bks prgaess repedts ujtki tbe hkvej agjmktkgj neagles cdise.

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


52/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe =;

Exdlpie?

prghrdl repedtUjtkiIggp0vdr

d? kjteher0

nehkj

d ?< 460(* repedt ujtki iggp exeautkgj *)

repedtwrkteij('vdiue gc d? ', d)0d ?< d + 4

ujtki d < >60ejm.


vdiue gc d? 46vdiue gc d? 44vdiue gc d? 4>vdiue gc d? 41vdiue gc d? 4=vdiue gc d? 45vdiue gc d? 43vdiue gc d? 48vdiue gc d? 42vdiue gc d? 4;

Jestem Iggps


53/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 56

Vdsadi diigws uskjh gje iggp kjskme djgtber iggp. Cgiigwkjh seatkgj sbgws cew exdlpies tgkiiustrdte tbe agjaept.

]be syjtdx cgr d jestem cgr-mg iggp stdtelejt kj Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

cgr vdrkdnie4?? tg Pmgwjtg\ ckjdiWvdiue> mgnehkj

stdtelejt(s)0ejm0

ejm0

]be syjtdx cgr d jestem wbkie-mg iggp stdtelejt kj Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

wbkie(agjmktkgj4)mgnehkj

wbkie(agjmktkgj>) mg

nehkjstdtelejt(s)0ejm0

stdtelejt(s)0ejm0

]be syjtdx cgr d jestem repedt ... ujtki iggp Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

repedtstdtelejt(s)0repedt

stdtelejt(s)0

ujtki(agjmktkgj>)0

ujtki(agjmktkgj4)0

D ckjdi jgte gj iggp jestkjh ks tbdt ygu adj put djy type gc iggp kjskme gc djy gtber type gc iggp.Cgr exdlpie d cgr iggp adj ne kjskme d wbkie iggp gr vkae versd.

Exdlpie?

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl uses d jestem cgr iggp tg ckjm tbe prkle julners crgl > tg 56?


54/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 54

prghrdl jestemVrkle0vdr

k, o?kjteher0

nehkjcgr k ?< > tg 56 mgnehkj

cgr o ?< > tg k mgkc (k lgm o) ks prkle

1 ks prkle5 ks prkle8 ks prkle

44 ks prkle41 ks prkle

48 ks prkle4; ks prkle

>1 ks prkle>; ks prkle

14 ks prkle

18 ks prkle=4 ks prkle=1 ks prkle=8 ks prkle


55/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 5>

Iggp Agjtrgi Qtdtelejts?

Iggp agjtrgi stdtelejts abdjhe exeautkgj crgl kts jgrldi sequejae. Xbej exeautkgjiedves d sagpe, dii dutgldtka gnoeats tbdt were aredtem kj tbdt sagpe dre mestrgyem.

Vdsadi suppgrts tbe cgiigwkjh agjtrgi stdtelejts. A ika` tbe cgiigwkjh ikj`s tg abea` tbekrmetdki.

Agjtrgi Qtdtelejts Mesarkptkgj

nred` stdtelejt ]erlkjdtes tbe iggp gr adse stdtelejt djm trdjscers exeautkgj tgtbe stdtelejt kllemkdteiy cgiigwkjh tbe iggp gr adse stdtelejt.

agjtkjue stdtelejt Aduses tbe iggp tg s`kp tbe reldkjmer gc kts ngmy djm kllemkdteiyretest kts agjmktkgj prkgr tg rekterdtkjh.

hgtg stdtelejt ]rdjscers agjtrgi tg tbe idneiem stdtelejt. ]bguhb kt ks jgt dmvksem

tg use hgtg stdtelejt kj ygur prghrdl.

nred` stdtelejt

]be nred` stdtelejt kj Vdsadi bds tbe cgiigwkjh twg usdhes?

4. Xbej tbe nred` stdtelejt ks ejagujterem kjskme d iggp, tbe iggp ks kllemkdteiyterlkjdtem djm prghrdl agjtrgi resules dt tbe jext stdtelejt cgiigwkjh tbeiggp.

>. Kt adj ne usem tg terlkjdte d adse kj tbe adse stdtelejt (agverem kj tbe jext

abdpter).

Kc ygu dre uskjh jestem iggps ( ke. gje iggp kjskme djgtber iggp), tbe nred` stdtelejt wkiistgp tbe exeautkgj gc tbe kjjerlgst iggp djm stdrt exeautkjh tbe jext ikje gc agme dctertbe niga`.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr d nred` stdtelejt kj Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

nred`0

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


56/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 51

Exdlpie?

prghrdl exNred`0vdr

d? kjteher0nehkj

d ?< 460(* wbkie iggp exeautkgj *)

wbkie d 9 >6 mgnehkj

wrkteij('vdiue gc d? ', d)0d?vdiue gc d? 41vdiue gc d? 4=vdiue gc d? 45


57/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 5=

agjtkjue stdtelejt

]be agjtkjue stdtelejt kj Vdsadi wgr`s sglewbdt ik`e tbe nred` stdtelejt. Kjstedm gccgrakjh terlkjdtkgj, bgwever, agjtkjue cgraes tbe jext kterdtkgj gc tbe iggp tg td`e pidae,

s`kppkjh djy agme kj netweej.

Cgr tbe cgr-mg iggp, agjtkjue stdtelejt aduses tbe agjmktkgjdi test djm kjarelejtpgrtkgjs gc tbe iggp tg exeaute. Cgr tbe wbkie-mg djm repedt...ujtki iggps, agjtkjuestdtelejt aduses tbe prghrdl agjtrgi pdsses tg tbe agjmktkgjdi tests.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr d agjtkjue stdtelejt kj Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

agjtkjue0

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


58/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 55

Exdlpie?

prghrdl exAgjtkjue0vdr

d? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 460(* repedt ujtki iggp exeautkgj *)

repedtkc( d < 45) tbejnehkj

(* s`kp tbe kterdtkgj *)d ?< d + 40

agjtkjue0ejm0wrkteij('vdiue gc d? ', d)0d ?< d+40

ujtki ( d < >6 )0

ejm.


vdiue gc d? 46vdiue gc d? 44vdiue gc d? 4>vdiue gc d? 41vdiue gc d? 4=vdiue gc d? 43vdiue gc d? 48vdiue gc d? 42vdiue gc d? 4;


59/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 53

hgtg stdtelejt

D hgtg stdtelejt kj Vdsadi prgvkmes dj ujagjmktkgjdi oulp crgl tbe hgtg tg d idneiemstdtelejt kj tbe sdle cujatkgj.

JG]E? Use gchgtg stdtelejt ks bkhbiy mksagurdhem kj djy prghrdllkjh idjhudheneaduse kt ld`es mkcckauit tg trdae tbe agjtrgi cigw gc d prghrdl, ld`kjh tbe prghrdl bdrmtg ujmerstdjm djm bdrm tg lgmkcy. Djy prghrdl tbdt uses d hgtg adj ne rewrkttej sg tbdtkt mgesj't jeem tbe hgtg.

Qyjtdx?

]be syjtdx cgr d hgtg stdtelejt kj Vdsadi ks ds cgiigws?

hgtg idnei0......

idnei? stdtelejt0

Bere idnei lust ne dj ujskhjem kjteher idnei wbgse vdiue adj ne crgl 4 tg ;;;;.

Cigw Mkdhrdl?


60/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 58

Exdlpie?

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl kiiustrdtes tbe agjaept.

prghrdl exHgtg0idnei 40vdr

d ? kjteher0

nehkjd ?< 460

(* repedt ujtki iggp exeautkgj *)4? repedt

kc( d < 45) tbejnehkj

(* s`kp tbe kterdtkgj *)d ?< d + 40hgtg 40

ejm0

wrkteij('vdiue gc d? ', d)0

d?< d +40ujtki d < >60

ejm.


vdiue gc d? 46vdiue gc d? 44vdiue gc d? 4>vdiue gc d? 41vdiue gc d? 4=vdiue gc d? 43

vdiue gc d? 48vdiue gc d? 42vdiue gc d? 4;


61/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 52

Cujatkgjs]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe hejerdi crgl gc cujatkgjs usem kj Vdsadi?

ABDV]E^

44Qunprghrdls

D sunprghrdl ks d prghrdl ujkt/lgmuie tbdt percgrls d pdrtkauidr tds`. ]besesunprghrdls dre aglnkjem tg cgrl idrher prghrdls. ]bks ks ndskadiiy adiiem tbe 'Lgmuidrmeskhj'. D sunprghrdl adj ne kjvg`em ny d sunprghrdl/prghrdl, wbkab ks adiiem tbeadiikjh prghrdl.

Vdsadi prgvkmes twg `kjms gc sunprghrdls?

Cujatkgjs? tbese sunprghrdls returj d skjhie vdiue.

Vrgaemures? tbese sunprghrdls mg jgt returj d vdiue mkreatiy.

Cujatkgjs

D cujatkgj ks d hrgup gc stdtelejts tbdt tghetber percgrl d tds`. Every Vdsadi prghrdlbds dt iedst gje cujatkgj wbkab ks tbe prghrdl ktseic, djm dii tbe lgst trkvkdi prghrdls adjmeckje dmmktkgjdi cujatkgjs.

D cujatkgj meaidrdtkgj teiis tbe aglpkier dngut d cujatkgj's jdle, returj type, djmpdrdleters. D cujatkgj meckjktkgj prgvkmes tbe datudi ngmy gc tbe cujatkgj.

Vdsadi stdjmdrm iknrdry prgvkmes julergus nukit-kj cujatkgjs tbdt ygur prghrdl adj adii.Cgr exdlpie, cujatkgj DppejmQtr() dppejms twg strkjhs, cujatkgj Jew() myjdlkadiiydiigadtes lelgry tg vdrkdnies djm ldjy lgre cujatkgjs.


62/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 5;

Meckjkjh d Cujatkgj?

Kj Vdsadi, d cujatkgj ks meckjem uskjh tbe cujatkgj èywgrm. ]be hejerdi cgrl gc dcujatkgj meckjktkgj ks ds cgiigws?

cujatkgj jdle(drhulejt(s)? type40 drhulejt(s)? type>0 ...)? cujatkgjWtype0igadi meaidrdtkgjs0nehkj

...

9 stdtelejts :...

jdle?< expresskgj0

ejm0

D cujatkgj meckjktkgj kj Vdsadi agjsksts gc d cujatkgj bedmer, igadi meaidrdtkgjs djm dcujatkgj ngmy. ]be cujatkgj bedmer agjsksts gc tbe èywgrm cujatkgj djm d jdle hkvej tgtbe cujatkgj. Bere dre dii tbe pdrts gc d cujatkgj?

Drhulejts? ]be drhulejt(s) estdniksb tbe ikj`dhe netweej tbe adiikjh prghrdl

djm tbe cujatkgj kmejtkckers djm disg adiiem tbe cgrldi pdrdleters. D pdrdleter ksikè d pidaebgimer. Xbej d cujatkgj ks kjvgèm, ygu pdss d vdiue tg tbe pdrdleter.]bks vdiue ks recerrem tg ds datudi pdrdleter gr drhulejt. ]be pdrdleter ikstrecers tg tbe type, grmer, djm julner gc tbe pdrdleters gc d cujatkgj. Use gc suabcgrldi pdrdleters ks gptkgjdi. ]bese pdrdleters ldy bdve stdjmdrm mdtd type,user-meckjem mdtdtype gr sunrdjhe mdtd type.]be cgrldi pdrdleters ikst dppedrkjh kj tbe cujatkgj stdtelejt aguim ne sklpie grsunsarkptem vdrkdnies, drrdys gr struaturem vdrkdnies, gr sunprghrdls.

êturj-]ype? Dii cujatkgjs lust returj d vdiue, sg dii cujatkgjs lust nedsskhjem d type. ]be cujatkgj-type ks tbe mdtd type gc tbe vdiue tbe cujatkgjreturjs. Kt ldy ne stdjmdrm, user-meckjem sadidr gr sunrdjhe type nut kt adjjgt nestruaturem type.

Igadi meaidrdtkgjs? igadi meaidrdtkgjs recer tg tbe meaidrdtkgjs cgr idneis,

agjstdjts, vdrkdnies, cujatkgjs djm prgaemures, wbkab dre dppikadtkgj tg tbe ngmygc cujatkgj gjiy.

Cujatkgj Ngmy? ]be cujatkgj ngmy agjtdkjs d agiieatkgj gc stdtelejts tbdt meckjewbdt tbe cujatkgj mges. Kt sbguim diwdys ne ejaigsem netweej tbe reservem wgrmsnehkj djm ejm. Kt ks tbe pdrt gc d cujatkgj wbere dii aglputdtkgjs dre mgje. ]berelust ne dj dsskhjlejt stdtelejt gc tbe type - jdle ?< expresskgj0 kj tbecujatkgj ngmy tbdt dsskhjs d vdiue tg tbe cujatkgj jdle. ]bks vdiue ks returjem ds

djm wbej tbe cujatkgj ks exeautem. ]be idst stdtelejt kj tbe ngmy lust ne djejm stdtelejt.

Cgiigwkjh ks dj exdlpie sbgwkjh bgw tg meckje d cujatkgj kj pdsadi?

(* cujatkgj returjkjh tbe ldx netweej twg julners *)cujatkgj ldx(jul4, jul>? kjteher)? kjteher0

vdr(* igadi vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj *)

resuit? kjteher0nehkj

kc (jul4 : jul>) tbejresuit ?< jul4

eiseresuit ?< jul>0

ldx ?< resuit0

ejm0


63/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 36

Cujatkgj Meaidrdtkgjs?

D cujatkgj meaidrdtkgj teiis tbe aglpkier dngut d cujatkgj jdle djm bgw tg adii tbecujatkgj. ]be datudi ngmy gc tbe cujatkgj adj ne meckjem sepdrdteiy.

D cujatkgj meaidrdtkgj bds tbe cgiigwkjh pdrts?

cujatkgj jdle(drhulejt(s)? type40 drhulejt(s)? type>0 ...)? cujatkgjWtype0

Cgr tbe dngve meckjem cujatkgj ldx(), cgiigwkjh ks tbe cujatkgj meaidrdtkgj?

cujatkgj ldx(jul4, jul>? kjteher)? kjteher0

Cujatkgj meaidrdtkgj ks requkrem wbej ygu meckje d cujatkgj kj gje sgurae ckie djm ygu adiitbdt cujatkgj kj djgtber ckie. Kj suab adse ygu sbguim meaidre tbe cujatkgj dt tbe tgp gc tbeckie adiikjh tbe cujatkgj.

Adiikjh d Cujatkgj?

Xbkie aredtkjh d cujatkgj, ygu hkve d meckjktkgj gc wbdt tbe cujatkgj bds tg mg. ]g use dcujatkgj, ygu wkii bdve tg adii tbdt cujatkgj tg percgrl tbe meckjem tds`. Xbej d prghrdladiis d cujatkgj, prghrdl agjtrgi ks trdjscerrem tg tbe adiiem cujatkgj. D adiiem cujatkgjpercgrls meckjem tds` djm wbej kts returj stdtelejt ks exeautem gr wbej kt idst ejmstdtelejt ks redabem, kt returjs prghrdl agjtrgi nda` tg tbe ldkj prghrdl.

]g adii d cujatkgj ygu sklpiy jeem tg pdss tbe requkrem pdrdleters digjh wktb cujatkgjjdle djm kc cujatkgj returjs d vdiue tbej ygu adj stgre returjem vdiue. Cgiigwkjh ks dsklpie exdlpie tg sbgw tbe usdhe?

prghrdl exCujatkgj0vdr

d, n, ret ? kjteher0

(*cujatkgj meckjktkgj *)cujatkgj ldx(jul4, jul>? kjteher)? kjteher0vdr

(* igadi vdrkdnie meaidrdtkgj *)resuit? kjteher0

nehkjkc (jul4 : jul>) tbej

resuit ?< jul4

eiseresuit ?< jul>0

ldx ?< resuit0ejm0

nehkjd ?< 4660

n ?< >660(* adiikjh d cujatkgj tg het ldx vdiue *)

ret ?< ldx(d, n)0wrkteij( 'Ldx vdiue ks ? ', ret )0

ejm.


64/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 34


Ldx vdiue ks ? >66


65/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 3>

Vrgaemure]bks seatkgj expidkj prgaemure agjaepts usem kj Vdsadi?

ABDV]E^

4>

Vrgaemures dre sunprghrdls tbdt, kjstedm gc returjkjh d skjhie vdiue, diigw tg

gntdkj d hrgup gc resuits.

Meckjkjh d Vrgaemure?

Kj Vdsadi, d prgaemure ks meckjem uskjh tbe prgaemure èywgrm. ]be hejerdi cgrl gc dprgaemure meckjktkgj ks ds cgiigws?

prgaemure jdle(drhulejt(s)? type4, drhulejt(s)? type >, ... )09 igadi meaidrdtkgjs :

nehkj

9 prgaemure ngmy :ejm0

D prgaemure meckjktkgj kj Vdsadi agjsksts gc d bedmer , igadi meaidrdtkgjs djm d ngmy gctbe prgaemure. ]be prgaemure bedmer agjsksts gc tbe èywgrm prgaemure djm d jdlehkvej tg tbe prgaemure. Bere dre dii tbe pdrts gc d prgaemure?

Drhulejts? ]be drhulejt(s) estdniksb tbe ikj`dhe netweej tbe adiikjh prghrdldjm tbe prgaemure kmejtkckers djm disg adiiem tbe cgrldi pdrdleters. ûies cgrdrhulejts kj prgaemures dre sdle ds tbdt cgr tbe cujatkgjs.

Igadi meaidrdtkgjs? igadi meaidrdtkgjs recer tg tbe meaidrdtkgjs cgr idneis,

agjstdjts, vdrkdnies, cujatkgjs djm prgaemures, wbkab dre dppikadtkgj tg tbe ngmy

gc tbe prgaemure gjiy. Vrgaemure Ngmy? ]be prgaemure ngmy agjtdkjs d agiieatkgj gc stdtelejts tbdt

meckje wbdt tbe prgaemure mges. Kt sbguim diwdys ne ejaigsem netweej tbereservem wgrms nehkj djm ejm. Kt ks tbe pdrt gc d prgaemure wbere diiaglputdtkgjs dre mgje.

Cgiigwkjh ks tbe sgurae agme cgr d prgaemure adiiem ckjmLkj(). ]bks prgaemure tdès =pdrdleters x, y, z djm l djm stgres tbe lkjklul dlgjh tbe ckrst tbree vdrkdnies kj tbe


66/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 31

vdrkdnie jdlem l. ]be vdrkdnie l ks pdssem ny recerejae (we wkii mksauss pdsskjhdrhulejts ny recerejae d ikttie idter)?

prgaemure ckjmLkj(x, y, z? kjteher0 vdr l? kjteher)0(* Ckjms tbe lkjklul gc tbe 1 vdiues *)

nehkjkc x 9 y tbej

l ?< x

eisel ?< y0

kc z 9l tbejl ?< z0

ejm0 { ejm gc prgaemure ckjmLkj }

Vrgaemure Meaidrdtkgjs?

D prgaemure meaidrdtkgj teiis tbe aglpkier dngut d prgaemure jdle djm bgw tg adii tbeprgaemure. ]be datudi ngmy gc tbe prgaemure adj ne meckjem sepdrdteiy.

D prgaemure meaidrdtkgj bds tbe cgiigwkjh syjtdx?

prgaemure jdle(drhulejt(s)? type4, drhulejt(s)? type >, ... )0

Viedse jgte tbdt tbe jdle gc tbe prgaemure ks jgt dssgakdtem wktb djy type. Cgr tbedngve meckjem prgaemure ckjmLkj(), cgiigwkjh ks tbe meaidrdtkgj?

prgaemure ckjmLkj(x, y, z? kjteher0 vdr l? kjteher)0

Adiikjh d Vrgaemure?

Xbkie aredtkjh d prgaemure, ygu hkve d meckjktkgj gc wbdt tbe prgaemure bds tg mg. ]g usetbe prgaemure, ygu wkii bdve tg adii tbdt prgaemure tg percgrl tbe meckjem tds`. Xbej d

prghrdl adiis d prgaemure, prghrdl agjtrgi ks trdjscerrem tg tbe adiiem prgaemure. D adiiemprgaemure percgrls tbe meckjem tds` djm wbej kts idst ejm stdtelejt ks redabem, kt returjstbe agjtrgi nda` tg tbe adiikjh prghrdl.

]g adii d prgaemure ygu sklpiy jeem tg pdss tbe requkrem pdrdleters digjh wktb tbeprgaemure jdle ds sbgwj neigw?


67/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 3=

prghrdl exVrgaemure0vdr

d, n, a, lkj? kjteher0prgaemure ckjmLkj(x, y, z? kjteher0 vdr l? kjteher)0(* Ckjms tbe lkjklul gc tbe 1 vdiues *)

nehkj

kc x 9 y tbejl?< x

eisel?< y0

kc z 9 l tbejl?< z0

ejm0 { ejm gc prgaemure ckjmLkj }nehkj

wrkteij(' Ejter tbree julners? ')0

redmij( d, n, a)0ckjmLkj(d, n, a, lkj)0 (* Vrgaemure adii *)wrkteij(' Lkjklul? ', lkj)0

ejm.


Ejter tbree julners?2; =5 38

Lkjklul? =5

^eaurskve Qunprghrdls

Xe bdve seej tbdt d prghrdl gr sunprghrdl ldy adii djgtber sunprghrdl. Xbej dsunprghrdl adiis ktseic, kt ks recerrem tg ds d reaurskve adii djm tbe prgaess ks `jgwj dsreaurskgj.

]g kiiustrdte tbe agjaept, iet us adiauidte tbe cdatgrkdi gc d julner. Cdatgrkdi gc d julner jks meckjem ds?

j! < j*(j-4)!

< j*(j-4)*(j->)!...

< j*(j-4)*(j->)*(j-1)... 4

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl adiauidtes tbe cdatgrkdi gc d hkvej julner ny adiikjh ktseicreaurskveiy.


68/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 35

prghrdl ex^eaurskgj0vdr

jul, c? kjteher0

cujatkgj cdat(x? kjteher)? kjteher0 (* adiauidtes cdatgrkdi gc x - x! *)nehkj

kc x6

Cgiigwkjh ks djgtber exdlpie wbkab hejerdtes tbe Ckngjdaak Qerkes cgr d hkvej julner uskjhd reaurskve cujatkgj?

prghrdl reaurskveCkngjdaak0

vdrk? kjteher0cujatkgj ckngjdaak(j? kjteher)? kjteher0nehkj

kc j)0

ejm0

nehkjcgr k?< 4 tg 46 mgwrkte(ckngjdaak (k), ' ')0

ejm.


6 4 4 > 1 5 2 41 >4 1=


69/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 33

Drhulejts gc d Qunprghrdl?

Kc d sunprghrdl (cujatkgj gr prgaemure) ks tg use drhulejts, kt lust meaidre vdrkdniestbdt daaept tbe vdiues gc tbe drhulejts. ]bese vdrkdnies dre adiiem tbe cgrldipdrdleters gc tbe sunprghrdl.

]be cgrldi pdrdleters nebdve ik`e gtber igadi vdrkdnies kjskme tbe sunprghrdl djm drearedtem upgj ejtry kjtg tbe sunprghrdl djm mestrgyem upgj exkt.

Xbkie adiikjh d sunprghrdl, tbere dre twg wdys tbdt drhulejts adj ne pdssem tg tbesunprghrdl?

Adii ]ype Mesarkptkgj

Adii ny vdiue ]bks letbgm agpkes tbe datudi vdiue gc dj drhulejt kjtg tbe cgrldipdrdleter gc tbe sunprghrdl. Kj tbks adse, abdjhes ldme tg tbe

pdrdleter kjskme tbe sunprghrdl bdve jg ecceat gj tbe drhulejt.

Adii ny recerejae ]bks letbgm agpkes tbe dmmress gc dj drhulejt kjtg tbe cgrldipdrdleter. Kjskme tbe sunprghrdl, tbe dmmress ks usem tg daaess tbedatudi drhulejt usem kj tbe adii. ]bks ledjs tbdt abdjhes ldme tgtbe pdrdleter dcceat tbe drhulejt.

Ny mecduit, Vdsadi uses adii ny vdiue tg pdss drhulejts. Kj hejerdi, tbks ledjs tbdt agmewktbkj d sunprghrdl adjjgt diter tbe drhulejts usem tg adii tbe sunprghrdl. ]beexdlpie prghrdl we usem kj tbe abdpter 'Vdsadi - Cujatkgjs' adiiem tbe cujatkgj jdlemldx() uskjh adii ny vdiue.

Xbereds, tbe exdlpie prghrdl prgvkmem bere (exVrgaemure) adiis tbe prgaemure ckjmLkj()

uskjh adii ny recerejae.

Adii ny Sdiue

]be adii ny vdiue letbgm gc pdsskjh drhulejts tg d sunprghrdl agpkes tbe datudi vdiuegc dj drhulejt kjtg tbe cgrldi pdrdleter gc tbe sunprghrdl. Kj tbks adse, abdjhes ldmetg tbe pdrdleter kjskme tbe cujatkgj bdve jg ecceat gj tbe drhulejt.

Ny mecduit, Vdsadi uses adii ny vdiue letbgm tg pdss drhulejts. Kj hejerdi, tbks ledjstbdt agme wktbkj d sunprghrdl adjjgt diter tbe drhulejts usem tg adii tbe sunprghrdl.Agjskmer tbe prgaemure swdp() meckjktkgj ds cgiigws.


70/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 38

prgaemure swdp(x, y? kjteher)0

vdr

telp? kjteher0

nehkj

telp ?< x0x?< y0

y ?< telp0

ejm0

Jgw iet us adii tbe prgaemure swdp() ny pdsskjh datudi vdiues ds kj tbe cgiigwkjh exdlpie?

prghrdl exAdiinySdiue0

vdr

d, n ? kjteher0

(*prgaemure meckjktkgj *)

prgaemure swdp(x, y? kjteher)0

vdr

telp? kjteher0

nehkj

telp ?< x0

x?< y0

y ?< telp0

ejm0

nehkj

d ?< 4660

n ?< >660

wrkteij('Necgre swdp, vdiue gc d ? ', d )0

wrkteij('Necgre swdp, vdiue gc n ? ', n )0

(* adiikjh tbe prgaemure swdp ny vdiue *)

swdp(d, n)0

wrkteij('Dcter swdp, vdiue gc d ? ', d )0wrkteij('Dcter swdp, vdiue gc n ? ', n )0

ejm.


Necgre swdp, vdiue gc d ?466

Necgre swdp, vdiue gc n ?>66

Dcter swdp, vdiue gc d ?466Dcter swdp, vdiue gc n ?>66

]be prghrdl sbgws tbdt tbere ks jg abdjhe kj tbe vdiues tbguhb tbey bdm neejabdjhem kjskme tbe sunprghrdl.


71/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 32

Adii ny êcerejae

]be adii ny recerejae letbgm gc pdsskjh drhulejts tg d sunprghrdl agpkes tbe dmmressgc dj drhulejt kjtg tbe cgrldi pdrdleter. Kjskme tbe sunprghrdl, tbe dmmress ks usem tg

daaess tbe datudi drhulejt usem kj tbe adii. ]bks ledjs tbdt abdjhes ldme tg tbepdrdleter dcceat tbe pdssem drhulejt.

Kj grmer tg pdss tbe drhulejts ny recerejae, Vdsadi diigws tg meckje vdrkdniepdrdleters. ]bks ks mgje ny preaemkjh tbe cgrldi pdrdleters ny tbe èywgrm vdr. iet ustdè tbe exdlpie gc tbe prgaemure swdp() tbdt swdps tbe vdiues kj twg vdrkdnies djm

recieat tbe abdjhe kj tbe adiikjh sunprghrdl.

prgaemure swdp(vdr x, y? kjteher)0

vdr

telp? kjteher0

nehkj

telp ?< x0

x?< y0

y ?< telp0

ejm0

Jext, iet us adii tbe prgaemure swdp() ny pdsskjh vdiues ny recerejae ds kj tbe cgiigwkjhexdlpie?

prghrdl exAdiinyêc0

vdr

d, n ? kjteher0

(*prgaemure meckjktkgj *)

prgaemure swdp(vdr x, y? kjteher)0

vdr

telp? kjteher0

nehkjtelp ?< x0

x?< y0

y ?< telp0

ejm0

nehkj

d ?< 4660

n ?< >660

wrkteij('Necgre swdp, vdiue gc d ? ', d )0

wrkteij('Necgre swdp, vdiue gc n ? ', n )0

(* adiikjh tbe prgaemure swdp ny vdiue *)

swdp(d, n)0

wrkteij('Dcter swdp, vdiue gc d ? ', d )0wrkteij('Dcter swdp, vdiue gc n ? ', n )0

ejm.


72/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 3;


Necgre swdp, vdiue gc d ? 466

Necgre swdp, vdiue gc n ? >66Dcter swdp, vdiue gc d ? >66Dcter swdp, vdiue gc n ? 466

Xbkab sbgws tbdt jgw tbe prgaemure swdp() bds abdjhem tbe vdiues kj tbe adiikjhprghrdl.


73/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 86

Sdrkdnie Qagpe

ABDV]E^

41]bks seatkgj expidkjs tbe sagpe gc vdrkdnies kj Vdsadi prghrdllkjh?

Dsagpe kj djy prghrdllkjh ks d rehkgj gc tbe prghrdl wbere d meckjem vdrkdnie

adj bdve kts exkstejae djm neygjm tbdt vdrkdnie adjjgt ne daaessem. ]bere dre tbreepidaes wbere vdrkdnies adj ne meaidrem kj Vdsadi prghrdllkjh idjhudhe?

Kjskme d sunprghrdl gr d niga` wbkab ks adiiem igadi vdrkdnies

Gutskme gc dii sunprghrdls wbkab ks adiiem higndi vdrkdnies

Kj tbe meckjktkgj gc sunprghrdl pdrdleters wbkab ks adiiem cgrldi pdrdleters

Iet us expidkj wbdt dre igadi djm higndi vdrkdnies djm cgrldi pdrdleters.

Igadi SdrkdniesSdrkdnies tbdt dre meaidrem kjskme d sunprghrdl gr niga` dre adiiem igadi vdrkdnies. ]beyadj ne usem gjiy ny stdtelejts tbdt dre kjskme tbdt sunprghrdl gr niga` gc agme. Igadivdrkdnies dre jgt `jgwj tg sunprghrdls gutskme tbekr gwj. Cgiigwkjh ks tbe exdlpie uskjhigadi vdrkdnies. Bere dii tbe vdrkdnies d, n djm a dre igadi tg prghrdl jdlem exIgadi.

prghrdl exIgadi0vdr

d, n, a? kjteher0nehkj

(* datudi kjktkdikzdtkgj *)d ?< 460

n ?< >60a ?< d + n0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0

ejm.


vdiue gc d < 46 n < >6 a < 16


74/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 84

Jgw, iet us extejm tbe prghrdl ikttie lgre, iet us aredte d prgaemure jdlem mkspidy wbkab wkiibdve kts gwj set gc vdrkdnies d, n djm a djm mkspidy tbekr vdiues, rkhbt crgl tbe prghrdlexIgadi.

prghrdl exIgadi0

vdrd, n, a? kjteher0

prgaemure mkspidy0vdr

d, n, a? kjteher0nehkj

(* igadi vdrkdnies *)d ?< 460

n ?< >60a ?< d + n0

wrkteij('Xkjtbkj tbe prgaemure mkspidy')0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0

ejm0nehkj

d?< 4660n?< >660a?< d + n0wrkteij('Xkjtbkj tbe prghrdl exigadi')0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0mkspidy()0

ejm.


Xktbkj tbe prghrdl exigadi

vdiue gc d < 466 n < >66 a < 166

Xktbkj tbe prgaemure mkspidyvdiue gc d < 46 n < >6 a < 16

Higndi Sdrkdnies

Higndi vdrkdnies dre meckjem gutskme gc d cujatkgj, usudiiy gj tgp gc tbe prghrdl. ]behigndi vdrkdnies wkii bgim tbekr vdiue tbrguhbgut tbe ikcetkle gc ygur prghrdl djm tbey adjne daaessem kjskme djy gc tbe cujatkgjs meckjem cgr tbe prghrdl.

D higndi vdrkdnie adj ne daaessem ny djy cujatkgj. ]bdt ks, d higndi vdrkdnie ks dvdkidnie

cgr use tbrguhbgut ygur ejtkre prghrdl dcter kts meaidrdtkgj. Cgiigwkjh ks dj exdlpie uskjhhigndi djm igadi vdrkdnies?


75/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 8>

prghrdl exHigndi0vdr

d, n, a? kjteher0

prgaemure mkspidy0

vdrx, y, z? kjteher0

nehkj(* igadi vdrkdnies *)

x ?< 460y ?< >60z ?< x + y0

(*higndi vdrkdnies *)d ?< 160

n?< =60a?< d + n0

wrkteij('Xkjtbkj tbe prgaemure mksp idy')0wrkteij(' Mkspidykjh tbe higndi vdrkdnies d, n, djm a')0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0

wrkteij('Mkspidykjh tbe igadi vdrkdnies x, y, djm z')0wrkteij('vdiue gc x < ', x , ' y < ', y, ' djm z < ', z)0

ejm0nehkj

d?< 4660n?< >660a?< 1660

wrkteij('Xkjtbkj tbe prghrdl exigadi')0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0

mkspidy()0

ejm.


Xktbkj tbe prghrdl exigadivdiue gc d < 466 n < >66 a < 166

Xktbkj tbe prgaemure mkspidyMkspidykjh tbe higndi vdrkdnies d, n, djm avdiue gc d < 16 n < =6 a < 86Mkspidykjh tbe igadi vdrkdnies x, y, djm zvdiue gc x < 46 y < >6 z < 16

Viedse jgte tbdt tbe prgaemure mkspidy bds daaess tg tbe vdrkdnies d, n djm a, wbkab drehigndi vdrkdnies wktb respeat tg mkspidy ds weii ds kts gwj igadi vdrkdnies. D prghrdl adjbdve sdle jdle cgr igadi djm higndi vdrkdnies nut vdiue gc igadi vdrkdnie kjskme d cujatkgjwkii td`e precerejae.


76/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53 Vdhe 81

Iet us abdjhe tbe prevkgus exdlpie d ikttie, jgw tbe igadi vdrkdnies cgr tbe prgaemuremkspidy bds sdle jdles ds d, n, a?

prghrdl exHigndi0

vdrd, n, a? kjteher0

prgaemure mkspidy0vdr

d, n, a? kjteher0

nehkj(* igadi vdrkdnies *)

d ?< 460

n ?< >60a ?< d + n0wrkteij('Xkjtbkj tbe prgaemure mkspidy')0wrkteij(' Mkspidykjh tbe higndi vdrkdnies d, n, djm a')0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0wrkteij('Mkspidykjh tbe igadi vdrkdnies d, n, djm a')0

wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0ejm0nehkj

d?< 4660n?< >660a?< 1660

wrkteij('Xkjtbkj tbe prghrdl exigadi')0wrkteij('vdiue gc d < ', d , ' n < ', n, ' djm a < ', a)0mkspidy()0

ejm.


Xktbkj tbe prghrdl exigadivdiue gc d < 466 n < >66 a < 166Xktbkj tbe prgaemure mkspidyMkspidykjh tbe higndi vdrkdnies d, n, djm avdiue gc d < 46 n < >6 a < 16Mkspidykjh tbe igadi vdrkdnies d, n, djm avdiue gc d < 46 n < >6 a < 16


77/165

QBDK@ NKIDI DBLEM

+;4 24=1823;53Vdhe 8=

Qtrkjhs]bks seatkgj sbgws tbe agjaept gc Qtrkjhs?

ABDV]E^

4=

]be strkjh kj Vdsadi ks datudiiy d sequejae gc abdrdaters wktb dj gptkgjdi skze

speakckadtkgj. ]be abdrdaters aguim ne julerka, ietters, nidj`, speakdi abdrdaters gr daglnkjdtkgj gc d ii. Extejmem Vdsadi prgvkmes julergus types gc strkjh gnoeats mepejmkjhupgj tbe systel djm klpielejtdtkgj. Xe wkii mksauss lgre agllgjiy types gc strkjhsusem kj prghrdls.

[gu adj meckje d strkjh kj ldjy wdys?

Abdrdater drrdys? ]bks ks d abdrdater strkjh (gr strkjh cgr sbgrt) ks d sequejae gczerg gr lgre nyte-skzem abdrdaters ejaigsem kj skjhie qugtes.

Qtrkjh vdrkdnies? ]be vdrkdnie gc Qtrkjh type, ds meckjem kj ]urng Vdsadi. Qbgrt strkjhs? ]be vdrkdnie gc Qtrkjh type wktb skze speakckadtkgj.

Juii terlkjdtem strkjhs? ]be vdrkdnie gc pabdr type. DjskQtrkjhs? DjskQtrkjhs dre strkjhs tbdt bdve jg iejhtb iklkt.

Vdsadi prgvkmes gjiy gje strkjh gperdtgr . strkjh agjadtejdtkgj gperdtgr (+).

Exdlpies

]be cgiigwkjh prghrdl prkjts ckrst cgur `kjms gc strkjhs. Xe wkii use DjskQtrkjhs kj tbe jextexdlpie.

prghrdl exQtrkjh0vdr

hreetkjhs? strkjh0

jdle? pda`em drrdy P4..46\ gc abdr0grhdjksdtkgj? strkjhP46\0lessdhe? pabdr0

nehkj

7/30/2019 Bilal

Bilal Ahmed Shaik Pascal

Documents