Big Bio Project

GROUP MEMBERS1.VIVIANA VELENTHIA MICHEAL

(D20101037453)2. ROS SALIMA BINTI M.ROS

(D20101037483)3. NIK IKHWAN BIN NIK LEE

(D20101037491) 4. NIK SYARIHAH NIK MUHAMAD ZIN

(D20101037454) 4. CLAUDIA MUSIH

(D20101037447)

BIOLOGYSBU 3023

OBJECTIVES

To do a literature survey about the three phylum.

Hierarchical system of taxonomy

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

KINGDOM

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

• Heterotrophs must ingest others for nutrients

• Multicellular complex bodies

• No cell walls allows active movement

• Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte

DIVERSITY OF BODY PLANS

• 5 BASIC FEATURE TO COMPARE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF ANIMALS :

1. Body symmetry

2. Cephalization

3. Type of gut

4. Body cavity

5. segmentation

1. BODY SYMMETRY :

Animals

Invertebrates

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Mollusca

Porifera

Annelida

Vertebrates

Mammals

Fish

Reptiles

AmphibiansBirds

Arthropoda

Echinodermata

PHYLUM

• Reasoning???• Easy to identify the characteristic of animalia.

Coelentrata/CnidariaCoelentrata/Cnidaria

Animalia

Cubozoa Scyphozoa

Cnidaria

Hydrozoa Anthozoa

Hydra sp. Obelia sp.

Cnidaria

• The name Cnidaria refers to the specialized cells called cnidocytes (Greek knide = nettle) which are unique to this phylum.

• Includes a diverse group of about 10,000 living species. 

Cnidaria

• Most are marine

• Has specialized cells called cnidocytes that contain stinging cells to catch prey.

• Solitary or colonies.

• Body: Radially symetrical, hollow sac with mouth and surrounding tentacles.

• Mouth leads to gastrovascular cavity.[gastro = stomach; vascul = a little vessel]

Unique Characteristics

Two Body Shapes

Polyps : • Polyp form represented by Hydra • Cylindrical form.• Dorsal mouth surrounded by tentacles

Medusae : • Mouth located in the lower surface.• The tentacles of medusa dangle from the oral

surface which points downwards

Two Body Shapes

Two Body Shapes

Polyps (many footed) :

-Cylindrical body.

-Top opening surrounded

by tentacles.

-Sessile (attached to

something).

eg. Hydra &sea anemone

b) Medusa b) Medusa

(jellyfish) :(jellyfish) :

-An umbrella-shaped

body.

-Bottom opening

surrounded by

tentacles.

- Float freely in water.

eg. Jelly fish.

Hydrozoa : Hydra sp- Polyp type“Stinging capsule” Containing Cnidocyte.

“Stinging cell” Release coiled thread to inject toxin when stimulated.

• Reproductive polyp lack tentacles and produce tiny medusa by asexual budding.

• Life cycle showing alternation of sexual and asexual stages.

• Asexual stage : A polyp colony composed of 2 types of polyp

a) reproductive polyp b) feeding polyp• Feeding polyp are equipped with

tentacles Sexual stage : ~ A male medusa produce sperm ~ A female medusa produce egg

• Reproductive polyp lack tentacles and produce tiny medusa by asexual budding.

• Life cycle showing alternation of sexual and asexual stages.

• Asexual stage : A polyp colony composed of 2 types of polyp

a) reproductive polyp b) feeding polyp• Feeding polyp are equipped with

tentacles Sexual stage : ~ A male medusa produce sperm ~ A female medusa produce egg

Hydrozoa : Obelia sp. - Polyp & medusa type

Obelia sp.: Life Cycle & Reproduction (Asexual & Sexual)

Life cycle of Obelia sp.

• Reproductive polyp lack tentacles and produce tiny medusa by asexual budding.

• Feeding polyp are equipped with tentacles.

Life cycle of Obelia sp.

• The medusa swim off and male medusa produces sperm.

• Female medusa produces eggs.Fertilization is external.

• The zygote develops into a solid cilliated larva known as planula.

• The planula eventually settles and develop into a new polyp.

• The polyp stage is asexual.

Welcome to Porifera World

SPONGE

• Mostly marine, but include some freshwater inhabitant

• Usually found attached to the substratum in shallow or deep water.

• Obtain their food by filter feeding

• Multicellular

• Body with pores (ostia)

• No organs or true tissues.

• No nervous system

• Skeleton of calcareous spicules, siliceous spicules, spongin or a combination.

ANATOMY OF SPONGE

PARTS OF SPONGE DESCRIPTION

MesophyllThe wall of this sponge consist of two layer of separated by gelatinous matrix.

Epidermis The outer layer consist of tightly packed epidermal cell.

Pores Water enter the epidermis through pores formed by doughnut shaped cell that span the body wall.

Spongocoel Water passing through pores enter a cavity called the spongocoel

Choanocytes The spongocoel is lined with flagellated cell called choanocytes

The movement of choanocytes flagellum also draws water through its collar of fingerlike projection. Food particles are trapped in the mucus coating the projection , engulfed by phagocytosis, either digest or transferred to amoebocytes

Amoebocytes These cell can transport nutrient to other part of the sponge.

REPRODUCTION IN SPONGE

• Mostly sperm are hermaphrodites

• Almost all sponge exhibits sequential hermaphroditism, functioning first as one sex and then as the other.

• Sponge gametes arises from choanocytes or amoebocytes.

• Egg reside in the mesophyl but sperm are carried out of the sponge by water current.

• Cross-fertilization result from some of the sperm being drawn into neighboring individual.

• Fertilization occur in the mesophyl

Uses of Sponge

• Produce a variety of antibiotic and other defensive compounds.

• Researchers are now isolating these compound, which hold promise for fighting human diseases.

• Other sponge derived compound are being tested as possible anticancer agent

Sponge Taxonomy

Class Calcarea (Calcispongidae)

• Only sponges that possess spicules composed of calcium carbonate. • Spicules are straight or have 3-4 rays, and do not have hollow axial canals. • Today, their diversity is greatest in the tropics, predominantly in shallow waters

Taxonomy cont.

Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae)

• Glass sponges; characterized by siliceous spicules consisting of six rays intersecting at right angles• Widely viewed as an early branch within the Porifera

Taxonomy cont.

Class Demospongiae

• Greater than 90 percent of the 5,000 known living sponge species are demosponges.• Demosponge skeletons are composed of spongin fibers and/or siliceous spicules• Siliceous spicules with one to four rays not at right angles, All members express the leuconoid body form

Yellow sponge growing on a wall on a Caribbean reef.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Body flattened

• Bilateral symmetrical

• Acoelomate

• Body have 3 layers of tissue with organs and organelles (tripoblastic)

• Unsegmented

• free living or parasitic

• Predatory if free living and absorptive if parasitic

• Have mouth and no anus

• Have osmoregulatory system

• Have simple nervous system with concentration of ganglia in anterior region

• Movement in some is controlled by longitudinal, circular and oblique layers of muscle

and others move along slime trails by the beating of epidermal cilia

• Live on land, both fresh and marine waters as well as inside other animals

• Reproduction mostly sexual as hermaphrodites and asexual by means of binary fission

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Cestoda

Class Turbellaria

Free living Aquatic animals mainly marine Delicate, soft bodyOuter surface cover with cilia for locomotionHas one opening which function both as mouth and anus Sense organs available in adults Typically carnivorous Example : Planaria sp.

Class trematoda

Endoparasitic or ectoparasitic – may require intermediate host Leaf-like shapeUsually ventral sucker in addition to sucker on head for attachment to host Thick cuticle with spines for protectionNo cilia in adult as locomotion is not needed because not parasitic Has one opening both as mouth and anus Sense organs only in free living larval stages

Example : Fasciola sp.

Class cestoda

EndoparasiticElongated body divided into proglottids which are able to break off as eggs produced within proglottidsSuckers and hook on head for attachment to host Thick cuticle for protectionNo digestion required as they absorb nutrients from host Sense organ only in free living larval stages Example : Tania saginata

Phylum Porifera Cnidaria platyhelminthes

Body Cavity(Coleom)

Acoelomate Acoelomate Acoelomate

Body symetry Asymetry Radial Bilateral

Body plan (derm layer)

No diploblastic Tripboblastic

Segmentation No No No

Unique characteristic

Choanocytes Cnidocyte, gastrovascular cavity (incomplete digestive tract with a mout but no anus)

Dorsoventrally flattened, gastrovascular cavity