A MID-TERM SEMINAR REPORT ON BIOCHIP SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN (COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) BY ISHA .D. SHENDE LAXMI KEWAT UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. NARENDRA GAWAI USHA MITTAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY S.N.D.T. WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY MUMBAI-40049 2008-2009
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A MID-TERM SEMINAR REPORT ON
BIOCHIP
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
(COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)
BY
ISHA .D. SHENDE
LAXMI KEWAT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. NARENDRA GAWAI
USHA MITTAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
S.N.D.T. WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY
MUMBAI-40049
2008-2009
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms.Isha D Shende & Ms.Laxmi kewat has succesfully completed midterm
seminar worj on “BIOCHIP” in partial fulfilment for the bachelor's degree in Computer Science
& Technology during the year 2009-2010 as prescribed by SNDT Women's University.
GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
(Mr. Narendra Gawai) (Mr.Sumedh Pundkar)
PRINCIPAL
(Mrs.Kumud Wasnik)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.No. Chapter Name Page No.
1. Introduction
1.1 What is a “Biochip”
1.2 Generations
2. What does Biochip do
3 Biochip Architecture
3.1 Size
3.2 Components
3.3 Cost
4. Applications of Biochip
4.1Genomics
4.2Proteomics
4.3Cellomics
4.4Biodiagnostics and (Nano) Biosensors
4.5Protein Chips for Diagnosis and Analysis of Diseases
5. Human interface of Biochip
6. Advantages & Disadvantages
7. Developments & projects
8. Conclusion
9. References
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO
1.1 Biochip 01
3.1 Actual size of chip 04
3.2 Components of Biochip 05
5.1 Human interfacing of Biochip 09
5.2 Syringe to implant Biochip 10
ABSTRACT
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that
permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput and
speed.Like a computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations in one second, a
biochip can perform thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few
seconds.Biochips helped to dramatically accelerate the identification of the estimated 80,000 genes
in human DNA, an ongoing world-wide research collaboration known as the Human genome
project.Developing a biochip plat-form incorporates electronics for addressing, reading out,
sensing and controlling temperature and, in addition, a handheld analyzer capable of multiparameter
identification. The biochip platform can be plugged in a peripheric standard bus of the analyzer
device or communicate through a wireless channel. Biochip technology has emerged from the
fusion of biotechnology and micro/nanofabrication technology. Biochips enable us to realize
revolutionary new bioanalysis systems that can directly manipulate and analyze the micro/nano-
scale world of biomolecules, organelles and cells.
CHAPTER 1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is a biochip?
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate
that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher
throughput and speed. Typically, a biochip's surface area is no larger than a fingernail. Like a
computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations in one second, a biochip
can perform thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few
seconds.Biochip is a broad term indicating the use of microchip technology in molecular
biology and can be defined as arrays of selected biomolecules immobilized on a surface.
Biochip will also be used in animal and plant breeding, and in the monitoring of foods
andthe environment.Biochip is a small-scale device, analogous to an integrated circuit,
constructed of or used to analyze organic molecules associated with living organisms. One
type of theoretical biochip is a small device constructed of large organic molecules, such as
proteins, and capable of performing the functions (data storage, processing) of an electronic
computer. The other type of biochip is a small device capable of performing rapid, small-
scale biochemical reactions for the purpose of identifying gene sequences, environmental
pollutants, airborne toxins, or other biochemical constituents.
Fig 1.1Biochip
Biochip/Introduction 1
1.2Generation/History
The development of biochips has a long history, starting with early work on the underlying sensor
technology.Biochip was originally developed in in 1983 for monitoring fisheries,the rapid
technological advances of the biochemistry and semiconductor fields in the 1980s led to the large
scale development of biochips in the 1990s. At this time, it became clear that biochips were largely
a "platform" technology which consisted of several separate, yet integrated components. Today, a
large variety of biochip technologies are either in development or being commercialized. Numerous
advancements continue to be made in sensing research that enable new platforms to be developed
for new applications. Biochip was invented in 4G generation & the development is still continued,
due its various applications. Biochips are also continuing to evolve as a collection of assays that
provide a technology platform. One interesting development in this regard is the recent effort to
couple so-called representational difference analysis (RDA) with high-throughput DNA array
analysis. The RDA technology allows the comparison of cDNA from two separate tissue samples
simultaneously.It is important to realize that a biochip is not a single product, but rather a family of
products that form a technology platform. Many developments over the past two decades have
contributed to its evolution.In a sense, the very concept of a biochip was made possible by the work
of Fred Sanger and Walter Gilbert, who were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1980 for their pioneering
DNA sequencing approach that is widely used today. DNA sequencing chemistry in combination
with electric current, as well as micropore agarose gels, laid the foundation for considering
miniaturizing molecular assays. Another Nobel-prize winning discovery, Kary Mullis's polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), first described in 1983, continued down this road by allowing researchers to
amplify minute amounts of DNA to quantities where it could be detected by standard laboratory
methods. A further refinement was provided by Leroy Hood's 1986 method for fluorescence-based
DNA sequencing, which facilitated the automation of reading DNA sequence.
Further developments, such as sequencing by hybridization, gene marker identification, and
expressed sequence tags, provided the critical technological mass to prompt corporate efforts to
develop miniaturized and automated versions of DNA sequencing and analysis to increase
throughput and decrease costs. In the early and mid-1990s, companies such as Hyseq and
Affymetrix were formed to develop DNA array technologies.