BICSI Power Distribution

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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012

Bill Campbell

Power Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power

Harry Handlin

Power Sub Work Group Member, Technical Committee

Vice-Chair, GE Energy Systems

Mark Murrill

Power Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power

AC & DC Power Distribution for

Data CentersConfiguration Availability Level Comparison


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Copyright © 2012, The Green Grid

Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012

Agenda

• Introduction

• Review Industry Standards for data center availability levels

• BICSI Standard as the AC Reference

• Examine AC Single & Multi Module UPS Systems and

analogous DC systems

• BICSI Availability Class Comparisons AC to DC

• Alternate DC solutions

• Summary

• Q&A


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Introduction• Tier I-IV availability terminology (1st introduced by The Uptime

Institute) is the defacto shorthand method to convey basic AC power

distribution / availability architecture for a data center

• Tier I-IV concepts have been adopted by other industry organizations

(eg: TIA; BICSI), sometimes applying alternate but similar

terminologies

• Growing interest in the possible performance features of DC power

for data centers has led potential users to makeperformance inquiriesof industry AC power system suppliers regarding DC power

distribution solutions in terms of generic availability levels

• Purpose: Suggest a data center power distribution AC – DC

availability comparison approach and encourage industry discussion• The Uptime Institute, founded 1993 ; representing data center owners’ interests http://www.uptimeinstitute.com

• BICSI-002: Building Industry Consulting Service International, Inc., founded 1977 https://www.bicsi.org

• TIA-942: Telecommunications Industry Association founded 1988 - merger http://www.tiaonline.org

The Uptime Institute, similar to The Green Grid, recommends best-practices. BICSI & TIA are standards writing

organizations.


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Method

• Compares basic AC v DC topology & qualitative

availability levels

• References are AC topologies• Framework: ANSI/BICSI Standard-002-2011

• Assumptions:

Basic AC system: 480 VAC, 3Ф

, 3 or 4 W, + Gnd Basic DC system: 380 VDC, 2W + Gnd

• 380 V DC solutions are offered as suggestions

Not yet a standard

• Not covered: comparisons of efficiency, costs orrelative merits

Leaving these for future comparative and quantitative analysis


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BICSI-002 Introduction

• ANSI/BICSI 002-2011, Data Center Design and

Implementation Best Practices

BICSI-002

Rev 1, 2010

BICSI-002

Rev 2, 2011

BICSI-002

Rev 3, 2014

Expected


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BICSI Data Center Design Classes

Topology Class Key Power path FeatureClass F0 Single Power Path w/o UPS or Alternate AC source

Class F1 Single Power Path with UPS,

Non-redundant components

Class F2 Single Power Path with UPS,Some redundant components

Class F3 Multiple Independent Power Paths, some with UPS,

Concurrently maintainable & operable

Class F4 Multiple Independent Power paths with UPS,Fault Tolerant

BICSI-002-2011, 9.1.6.1


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BICSI-002-2011, Table B1


Determining BICSI Design Classes


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BICSI-002-2011, Table B3

Determining BICSI Design Classes


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PerformanceFeature

Class F0 Class F1 Class F2 Class F3 Class F4

Industry Description

Module Redundancy

System Redundancy

Power Paths to

Critical Load

UPS sources to

Critical Load

Full Maintenance

under load

Alternate long Term

Energy (Genset)

Alternate Short Term

Energy (Battery)

Fault tolerance

BICSI Class Definitions & Feature Checklist Review


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Class F0 Data Center – Single Path, No UPS

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 14


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Class FI Basic Data Center

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 15


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Class F2 Redundant Components

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 16

12


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Class F3 Concurrently Maintainable

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 17b


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BICSI-002-2011, Fig 17b


Class F4 Fault Tolerant

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18


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AC Static Switch

Static Switch applications in multiple

power path topologies

AC Load

A Bus B Bus

AC Load

A Bus B Bus

Single Input

IT Load

Dual Input IT Load


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BICSI Definitions & Feature

Checklist ReviewPerformanceFeature

Class F0 Class F1 Class F2 Class F3 Class F4

Industry Description Single

Path

Single

Path

Single Path +

Redundant

Components

Dual Path,

Concurrently

Maintainable

Dual Path,

Fault

Tolerant

Module Redundancy None “N” None “N” N+1 N+1 2(N+1)

System Redundancy None “N” None “N” Limited N+1 Limited N+1 2(N+1)

Power Paths to

Critical Load

One One One Two Two

UPS sources to

Critical Load

None One One One Two

Full Maintenance

under load

No No Limited Yes Yes

Alternate long Term

Energy (Genset)

No Option Yes Yes Yes


Energy (Battery)

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Fault tolerance No No Limited Limited Yes


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DC Solutions

• Next: Suggested AC – DC Comparative Power Topologies

• BICSI-002 DC Power Systems


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BICSI Basic UPS Module

Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21

• AC UPS “N” System(Single Module System)


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Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21


N

• DC UPS

“Main”

Output Distribution

To Critical LoadFully, Partial or

non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

Rectifier

Cabinet

Plug-in Modules Illustrated

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic


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Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21

• DC UPS

(AC SMS N System Equivalent)


N N+1“Main” “Bypass”

Output Distribution


non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

Rectifier

Cabinet

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic



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Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21

“ Main” “ Bypass” “ Maint Byp”


• DC UPS

(AC SMS N System Equivalent)

Output Distribution


non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

N N+1 N+m optional

Rectifier

Cabinet

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic



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Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22

• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)


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Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22

• DC UPS• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)

N

Output Distribution


non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

Rectifier Cabinet

N

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic



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Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22

• DC UPS

(AC MMS N+1 System Equivalent)


N

N+1

Output Distribution


non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

Rectifier Cabinet

N N+1

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic



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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient IT

The Green Grid Forum 2012


Configurations

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22

N N+1 “ Bypass” “ Maint Byp”

N

N+1 N+m

optional


• DC UPS


Output Distribution


non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

Rectifier

Cabinet

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic



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BICSI Topology Diagrams

• Comparative AC & DC Topology Diagrams Sequence: AC Diagram; Changes Needed; DC Diagram

Only suggestions for DC; no accepted conventions as yet

• Symbols – indicate where differences appear

Remove this AC component for DC applications

AC-to-DC component changes

AC / DC Rectifier - configurations:

• Modular or Monolithic; 5 kW to > 1 MW rectifier units

• Plug-in (may be hot-swappable) or hard-wired I/O• Input to Output isolated or non-isolated

o Isolation Xfmr: power line frequency or high frequency


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Class F0 Basic Data Center

AC

Class F0 – Single Path; No UPS

PerformanceFeature

Class F0

Industry Description Single Path

Module Redundancy None “N”

System Redundancy None “N”

Power Paths to

Critical Load

One

UPS sources to

Critical Load

None

Full Maintenance

under load

No

Alternate long TermEnergy (Genset)

No


Energy (Battery)

No

Fault tolerance No


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AC



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AC DC


No Batt

“N” Rect


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AC

Class F1 – Single Path with UPS

PerformanceFeature

Class F1

Industry Description Single Path

Module Redundancy None “N”

System Redundancy None “N”

Power Paths to Critical

Load

One

UPS sources to Critical

Load

One

Full Maintenance

under load

No

Alternate long Term

Energy (Genset)

Option


Energy (Battery)

Yes

Fault tolerance No


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AC



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AC


DC

Fully, Partial or non-

redundant battery

N+1 Rectifiers;

Modular

or

Monolithic


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AC

Class F2 – Single Path UPS with Redundant Components

PerformanceFeature

Class F2

Industry Description Single Path +Redundant

Components

Module Redundancy N+1

System Redundancy Limited N+1

Power Paths to CriticalLoad

One

UPS sources to Critical

Load

One

Full Maintenance under

load

Limited

Alternate long Term

Energy (Genset)

Yes


Energy (Battery)

Yes

Fault tolerance Limited


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AC




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AC


DC

Fully, Partial or non-

redundant battery

N+m

Rectifiers;

Modular or Monolithic



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AC

Class F3 – Dual Path; Concurrently Maintainable

PerformanceFeature

Class F3

Industry Description Dual Path,Concurrently

Maintainable

Module Redundancy N+1

System Redundancy Limited

N+1

Power Paths to

Critical Load

Two

UPS sources to

Critical Load

One

Full Maintenance

under load

Yes

Alternate long Term

Energy (Genset)

Yes


Energy (Battery)

Yes

Fault tolerance Limited

x2

x2

x2

Dual or single

Cord IT Loads


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AC


x2

x2

x2x2

x2

x2

Dual or single

Cord IT Loads

Dual or single

Cord IT Loads


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AC


DC

Fully, Partial or

non-redundant

battery

N+m

Rectifiers;Modular or

Monolithic

N RectMod or

Mono

x2

x2

x2

x2

x2

x2

Dual or single

Cord IT Loads Dual or single

Cord IT Loads


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AC

Class F4 – Dual Path; Fault TolerantPerformanceFeature

Class F4

Industry Description Dual Path,

Fault

Tolerant

Module Redundancy 2(N+1)

System Redundancy 2(N+1)

Power Paths to

Critical Load

Two

UPS sources to

Critical Load

Two

Full Maintenance

under load

Yes

Alternate long Term

Energy (Genset)

Yes


Energy (Battery)

Yes

Fault tolerance Yes

AC Input-to-PDU bypass is also

available with AC

x2

x2

x2

Dual or single

Cord IT Loads


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Class F4 – Dual Path; Fault tolerant

x2

x2

x2

Dual or singleCord IT Loads


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Class F4 – Dual Path; Fault tolerant

DC

N+m

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic

N+m

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic

Fully, Partial or

non-redundant

battery

Fully, Partial or

non-redundant

battery

x2

x2

x2

Dual or single

Cord IT Loads

BICSI 002 Introduction


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AC Static Switch

Static Switch applications in multiple

power path topologies

AC Load

A Bus B Bus

AC Load

A Bus B Bus

Single Input

IT Load

Dual Input IT Load


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Static Switch Applications

• Static Switch applications in multiple power path topologies

o Single-corded IT loads

DC Load

AC Load

A Bus B Bus A Bus B Bus


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Static Switch Applications

• Static Switch applications in

multiple power path topologieso Dual-corded IT loads

DC Load

AC Load

A Bus B Bus

A Bus B Bus


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Alternate DC Solutions

• There are also other alternate DC topologies in use that do

not fit directly into the Class F0 – F4 structure.

• Two basic alternative topologies are reviewed, both of which

have several variations.

DC S l i R i


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DC Solutions - Review

BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22

N N+1 “ Bypass” “ Maint Byp”

N

N+1 N+m

optional


• DC UPS


Output Distribution


non-redundant

battery

Battery

Input Distribution

Rectifier

Cabinet

Rectifiers;

Modular or

Monolithic


Alt t DC S l ti


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DC PSU DC PSU

IT load

Rectifier Cabinet(s)

N+M Modules

Output

Distribution

A

Output

Distribution

B

Battery

Internal

or

External,

Redundant

or

Non-Redundant

AC Power Source A

380VDC Distribution

or

48VDC Distribution

Alternate AC Power Source B

Rectifier modulesmay be dedicated to

either A or B source,

or switchable

between the two

Alt t DC S l ti


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DC PSU AC PSU

IT load

DC Output

Distribution

A

AC Output

Distribution

B

Battery

Internal

or

External,

Redundant

or

Non-Redundant

AC Power Source A

380VDC Distribution

or

48VDC Distribution

Alternate AC Power Source B

Rectifier Cabinet(s)

N+M Modules

Rectifier modulesmay be dedicated to

either A or B source,

or switchable

between the two

S


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Summary

• Driven by AC user inquiries, suggested DC Class F0 – F4 Availability

Level power distribution topologies have been qualitatively reviewed in

terms of accepted AC topologies.

Practical DC equivalents are available, as well as other alternatives

All DC solutions require rectifiers in the primary and alternate power paths

Distribution static transfer switch functions are simpler to implement in DC

Existing AC-based standards may not be the best method to present and

compare DC solutions. The DC power industry is encouraged to propose

alternatives.

• Because of the many variations possible in both AC and DC topologies,

quantitative presentations of key performance parameters such as

availability, reliability, efficiency and costs, are beyond the scope of this

introduction.

• The Green Grid, as it is focused on improving the performance of data

centers in these key areas, encourages further quantitative analysis for

the benefit of its industry members.

AC – DC Availability Level


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AC DC Availability Level

Comparisons• Questions?

• Be sure to attend the AC – DC Roundtable

discussion by industry leaders following thispresentation.

• BICSI-002 material used with permission

Contributors


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Contributors

Thanks to the following for their support:

• The Green Grid Power Sub-Working Group Participants

Pam Lembke - IBM Jim Spitaels - Schneider Electric Lynn Simmons - Dell Dusty Becker - Emerson

Brad Thrash - GE George Navarro – Eaton

Shaun Harris - Microsoft Keith Klesner - TUI

John Collins – Eaton Steve McCluer – Schneider

Electric

• BJ Sonnenberg - Emerson


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Thank you for attending


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