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679

Index

A32P experiment, 398Abiotic DOC mineralization, 366Aboriginal tribes, 631Accretion

carbon, 344nitrogen, 344phosphorus, 344

Accumulation ratesBSi, 344Ca, 333, 344Cd, 141Cu, 140Hg, 144, 145Na, 333P, 50, 144, 150, 330Pb, 140, 144

Achnanthes minutissima var. scoticai, 329, 337as indicator of flow patterns, 348

Adams-Onis Treaty, 322Adaptive management, 2, 10, 44, 47, 65,

633, 635Adaptive management plan, 47, 633Aerobic incubations, 446Agricultural runoff, 33, 592

nutrients, 51Agriculture, 3, 9, 16, 28, 80, 161

algal response, 348land area, 195water storage reservoirs, 45

Airboatdisturbance, 543

Aleutian Islands, 601Algae

fresh biomass, 266lifeforms, 266natural and artificial substrates, 469number of species, 463photosynthetic activity, 500

sampling methods, 262taxonomic groups, 266

Algal assemblages, 461Algal indicators

Aphanothece variabilis, 466Chroococcus minutus, 466Lyngba, 466Mougeotia, 466Oedogonium, 466Scytonema, 466

Algal mats, 81cover growth, 540interstitial water, 436

Algal responses, 261Algivores, 303Alismataceae, 26Alligator mississippiensis, 543, 601Alligator weed. See Alternanthera

philoxeroidesAllochthonous, 278Alternanthera philoxeroides, 90, 507Aluminum-bound organic phosphorus, 513Ambrosia artemisiifolia, 26, 91American alligator. See Alligator

mississippiensisAmmodramus maritimus mirabilis, 45Ammonia, 106, 423, 506

volatilization, 506Ammonium, 366, 506Ammonium chloride, 510Ammonium-nitrogen

concentrations, 400Amphipoda, 485Amphora coffeaeformis, 463, 465Amphora lineolata, 329, 334, 337Amphora veneta, 329Anaerobic mineralization, 445Anaerobic respiration, 631Anastasia Formation, 15, 170

680 Index

Annona glabra, 192communities, 624

restoration, 628Anoxic benthic environment, 435Anthropogenic disturbance, 4, 15, 23, 44,

70, 141, 172, 225, 343, 348, 361, 551, 587

paleoecological evidence, 24, 348Anthropogenic impacts, 622Anthropogenic influence, 588APA activity, 408, 410, 417, 572, 576Aphanothece, 465Aquifer storage

ASR wells, 44Arrowhead. See SagittariaArtificial substrates

algae, 478Assemblage composition

determinantsmacroinvertebrates, 314

Assimilative capacityphosphorus, 569

Atlantic Coastal Ridge, 168Attributes

assemblage-level, 483Australian melaleuca tree. See MelaleucaAustralian pine. See CasuarinaAutochthonous, 278

BBacillariophyceae, 270, 463Bacopa caroliniana, 507Balance of nature, 611Bayesian changepoint detection method,

568, 606, 608Bayesian Hierarchical Changepoint

Model, 605, 610Bayesian kriging, 583Bayhead/swamp forests, 80Beach-elder. See Iva imbricateBeardius truncatus, 311, 314Bedrock

CaCO3, 124, 160, 347

configuration, 16depressions, 171hydraulic conductivity, 176limestone, 170map, 16permeability, 15

Below detection limit (BDL)water quality data, 108

Belowground biomassmacrophytes, 157

Best Management Practices, 617P reduction program, 54

Big Cypress National Preserve, 627Bioassessment, 278, 638

multimetric approach, 316multivariate approach, 316

Biogenic silica, 322Biological attributes, 599

algae-diatomrelative abundance, 603

blue-green algae biovolume, 603Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, 603calcareous mat cover, 603diatom biovolume, 603diatom density, 603Gastropoda

percent, 603macroinvertebrates

abundance, 603biomass, 603taxa, 603

Oligochaetanumber, 603

predatorspercent, 603

sensitive speciespercent, 603

trophic level, 603Utricularia purpurea

stem densities, 603Biological metrics, 596

ecological change, 599Biological monitoring, 596Biomass, 437

responsecumulative P additions, 522

Biomonitoring, 596Biovolume evaluation

algae, 265Bladderwort. See UtriculariaBlue-green algae, 461Bluefin killifish. See Lucania goodeiBMP. See Best Management PracticesBoard of Drainage Commisioners, 323Bog, 31Bootstrap simulation, 225, 252, 286, 328,

607, 614Bottom-up control, 316Br/SRP ratios, 394Brachysira vitrea, 329, 334, 337Braun-Blanquet

scale, 462, 534Braun-Blanquet cover classes, 282–283, 536Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, 286, 288, 603

Index 681

Brazilian pepper. See Schinus terebinthifoliusBromide, 107

sodium bromide, 387, 394Bulbochaete, 466Bulk density, 135, 587

as function of peat depth, 64Bulrush. See ScirpusButtonbush. See Cephalanthus occidentalis

CC:N ratio, 443, 501C:N:P ratios, 397C:P ratios, 397, 443C3 photosynthetic pathway

Cattail and sawgrass, 549Cadmium, 140, 141Caecidotea, 303Calcite

Mud, 20Calcium carbonate, 20, 22, 161, 169, 346,

388, 417, 515, 638Calcium-bound inorganic phosphorus, 514Calcium-to-magnesium ratios, 399Caloosahatchee Canal, 39Canal L-38, 580Canal systems, 197Canal-and-levee effects, 256Canals

P gradient, 315water Quality, 28

Canonical Correspondence Analysisperiphyton composition, 463

Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow. See Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis

Carbonbudgets, 352cycling, 351litter loss, 446microbial biomass, 359

Carbon dating. See Radiometric datingCarbon dioxide, 82, 521

gaseous, 358Carbon mineralization, 445, 451Carbon-14, 66Carbonate alkalinity, 398Carboxylic acids, 368Carnivores, 601CART models. See Classification and

regression tree modelsCasuarina litorea, 28, 329Cattail control

mechanical disturbance, 631Cattail invasion potential, 625

Cattail removal, 630Cattail. See Typha domingensisCellulose, 442Central and South Florida Project for Flood

Control and Other Purposes, 40,195, 196

Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District, 323

Centroids, 223Cephalanthus occidentalis, 26CERP. See Comprehensive Everglades

Restoration PlanCesium-137, 66

activity, 326from thermonuclear weapons tests, 580

Changepoints, 569, 599, 612cumulative probability distributions, 614

Channel flow, 389Channels

designationP dosing, 376

Chara, 130, 230, 236, 385, 411, 535P treatments

fertilizer study, 420, 481, 505, 521, 542optimum growth cover

PO4-P concentration, 432

percent coverage, 535populations, 430

Chemical control of Typha, 630Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, 329Chenopodium, 26, 238Chilled seeds, 552, 558Chironomidae, 285, 301, 485Chloride

molar ratios, 400pore water, 175

Chloride gradient, 122, 124, 236Chlorophyceae

biomass, 269Chlorophyta, 463, 466

growth, 540Chroococcales, 266Chroococcus, 465Chroococcus deltoids, 466Chrysobalanus icaco, 192CI. See Credible intervalCladium jamaicense, 78, 154, 329, 535

aboveground biomass, 154, 526biomass, 518carbon fixation rate, 550establishment, 547fire management, 631frequency, 231

relationship with soil TP, 238

682 Index

Cladium jamaicense (cont.)germination curves, 556germination experiments, 551germination rate, 554lifespan, 549litter

C:N ratio, 455C:P ratio, 455Cu concentrations, 455decay, 446N:P ratio, 455P accumulation, 450P concentrations, 455

litter bags, 444N:P ratios, 229, 455, 518, 572nitrogen concentrations, 517P effects, 217photosynthesis, 511, 455physiology, 538reestablishment, 538regeneration, 630Relative Growth Rate, 562seed production, 551, 553seedling growth, 547species description, 548tissue nutrient concentrations, 515

Cladium mariscus, 7, 89, 549Cladocera, 481, 485Cladophora glomerata, 418Cladotanytarsus, 311Class III waterbody

Everglades classification, 481Classification and Regression Tree Models,

423, 605Clean Water Act

Section 101a, 278Climate, 36, 171, 215

phosphorus inputs, 49, 51precipitation, 37

Climate change, 627Climbing fern, 632Clone

sawgrass, 550Cluster analysis

pollen assemblages, 338Cocoplum. See Chrysobalanus

icacoColeoptera, 303Community level

restoration guidelines, 636Community metabolism, 415Community structure, 559Competitive exclusion, 558

Compositionvegetation

fire, 257Compositional patterns

fine-scale, 256Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan,

1, 9, 39, 621, 641goals, 2, 57, 194, 633website, 44

Concept of limiting factors, 597Conjugatophyceae, 466

biomass, 269Cosmarium, 269Mougeotia, 269Pleurotaenium, 269Spirogyra, 269Staurastrum, 269

Connell’s intermediate disturbance hypothesis, 598

Constant Rate of Supply Model, 326, 329Constructed wetlands, 569Control

reference sites, 535, 602Controlled burns, 629

cattail removalsuccession, 634

Copepoda, 481, 485Copper, 140, 141, 450

as limiting nutrient, 457Co-precipitation

P and CaCO3, 388

Cosmarium, 465Credible interval, 569, 609CRS Model. See Constant Rate of Supply

ModelCyanobacteria, 461Cyanophyta

nitrogen fixation, 438Cyanoprokaryota, 266, 270, 461

Oscillatoriales, 270Chroococcales, 270Nostocales, 271total biomass, 271

Cyclopoid copepods, 501Cyclotella meneghiniana, 334Cymatopleura solea, 466Cymbella, 327, 334, 466Cymbella cymbiformis, 466Cyperaceae, 548

pollen, 341Cypress, 80Cypridopsis okeechobei, 501Cytheridella alosa, 501

Index 683

DDahoon holly. See Ilex cassineDark germination, 552, 560Dark inhibition, 560Database

ACCESS, 5Davis, J.H.

The Natural Features of Southern Florida, 3

Decapoda, 301Decomposition, 156, 332, 352, 358

effect of aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions, 442effects of exogenous inorganic nutrients,

367, 442litter and peat, 441, 445, 455

Deep water, 84Delta Marsh, 496Denitrification, 446, 506Depth calculations

soft-bottom, 222Detrended Correspondence Analysis

algal analysis, 328, 467periphyton mat composition, 463

Diatoms, 28, 334, 463analysis, 321as indicators of high soil P, 329as indicators of low soil P, 329assemblages, 347

cluster analysis, 334Cymatopleura solea, 466Cymbella, 466Cymbella cymbiformis, 466decline in diversity, 347Detrended Correspondence Analyses, 328Diploneis elliptica, 466identification, 264indicator species, 328indicator taxa, 327methods, 326native taxa, 348Navicula lanceolata, 466Navicula rhynchocephala, 466Nedium, 466Nitzschia linearis, 466Nitzschia recta, 466oligotrophic (low-nutrient) sites, 272species abundance, 337

Diel oxygen, 389, 413, 600Diel pattern, 404

NH4-N and NO

3-N uptake, 400

Diel variationPO

4-P, 408

Dike systems, 197, 198

Diploneis elliptica, 466Diptera, 485Dissolved Organic Carbon, 352, 361, 369,

446, 607biodegradation, 367humic fractions, 367hydrophilic acid fraction, 367methods, 107, 352pore water, 362

Dissolved Organic Matter, 351, 355controlling processes, 369

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, 357, 454budgets, 357, 362

Dissolved Organic Phosphorusdosing channels, 396

Dissolved Oxygen, 411community effects, 129dosing, 404 frequency, 411sediment-water interface, 435State of Florida criteria, 129

Disturbance, 639germination, 563seedling growth, 563

Disturbance experimentdeep-water treatments, 537experimental design, 533fertilized treatments, 537plot establishment, 532plot location, 532randomized complete block design, 536site monitoring, 533tilled treatments, 537vegetation removed plots, 537water chemistry, 541water depth, 534

Diversity (Shannon’s H’), 336DO. See Dissolved OxygenDOC. See Dissolved Organic CarbonDog-fennel. See EupatoriumDOM. See Dissolved Organic MatterDON. See Dissolved Organic NitrogenDormancy, 559Dose

response curves, 604Dosing, 385–418

Ca, 399Cl, 399Mg, 399Na, 399operations, 387TP loadings, 391sampling, 388

684 Index

Dosing channelsENP, 420, 477oxygen, 406SRP concentrations, 394TP concentrations, 394

Dosing experimentP threshold, 602

Dosing flumes, 391, 406algal assemblages

sampling, 461applied PO

4 concentrations, 391

background water quality, 391control channel TP values, 391diel oxygen pattern, 404DOP, 106, 362, 394ecosystem response, 411fish data analysis, 484fish sampling, 482litter decomposition, 455macroinvertebrate data analysis, 483macroinvertebrate sampling, 480P/R, 413phosphatase activity, 408PP, 394productivity, 413respiration, 413SRP, 394vegetation, 478

Chara, 478Eleocharis cellulosa, 478Eleocharis elongata, 478Nymphaea, 478Panicum hemitomon, 478Utricularia foliosa, 478Utricularia purpurea, 478

water depth, 478water level changes, 393

Dosing mesocosms. See Dosing flumesDouglas, Marjory Stoneman, 1, 13Drainage

blocked, 14effects, 16, 23, 34, 170, 347, 442

canals, 195, 262carbon, 359indicators of changed hydroperiod,

23, 227nutrients, 63, 70

Drouet classificationalgae, 272

Drought, 23, 37, 46, 226, 245, 391Dry downs, 544Dry levee, 87Duck-potato. See Sagittaria

lancifolia

EEAA. See Everglades Agricultureal AreaEcological imbalance, 599, 610, 616Ecological thresholds

multiple trophic levels, 617Ecosystem function, 32, 164, 200, 599Ecosystem level

restoration guidelines, 635Ecosystem services, 641Eichhornia crassipes, 84, 90, 633Eleocharis, 230

N:P mass ratio, 518P-limitation, 518tissue P concentrations, 517water depth

controls, 437Eleocharis cellulosa, 418, 422, 425, 507, 522

biomass per plot, 422density, 425mortality, 433

Eleocharis elongata, 418, 425density, 425stem density, 430survival, 432

Enallagma civile, 311Environmental factors

plant communitites, 246Environmental Regulatory Commission, 601Epiphytes

effects of dense communities on macrophytes, 418

Epiphytic habitats, 87Epiphytic periphyton, 422, 437

growth measurements, 422Epiphyton

vegetatively attached periphyton, 283Equipotential surface, 179, 183ERC. See Environmental Regulatory

CommissionEuclidean distances, 225Eudocimus albus, 209Eunotia, 28, 334

acidophilous species, 347Eunotia arcus, 347Eunotia camelus, 347Eupatorium, 26Eutrophic lakes, 432Eutrophic sites, 272Eutrophication, 26, 32, 69, 322, 417

gradient, 134, 572mercury, 147periphyton community, 261, 417, 465

Evaporation rates, 172Evapotranspiration, 38, 171, 174, 364

Index 685

Evergladesarea, 59as P-limited ecosystem, 595classification, 29classification as Class III waterbody, 481comparison with other North American

peatlands, 70fen restoration, 621–642formation, 15geologic settings, 167historic formation, 15historical background, 322hydrology gradients, 167maps, 6, 17, 99, 169, 198, 282plant communities, 74

Everglades Agricultural Area, 16, 195carbon budget, 352DON budgets, 364phosphorus loadings, 54

Everglades National Park, 6, 17, 67, 117, 32314C, 66cattail invasion potential, 626N:P ratios, 54soil C, N, P, 64spatial patterns of STP, 586

Everglades peatland complexformation, 14

Everglades Protection Area, 55rainfall P inputs, 49

Everglades snail kite. See Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus

Exchangeable inorganic phosphorus, 514Experimental drawdowns, 630Experimental sites

location, 7, 279, 602Exposure dose

P, 604

FFeeding groups

macroinvertebrates, 575Fen, 1, 31, 56, 72, 398

classification, 29, 83definition, 13

Ferns, 26Fertilizer application

N and P, 510Fertilizer study, 505–527

aboveground biomass (Live + standing litter), 518

biomass analysis, 511cattail

response to P, 520

hydroperiod, 507leaf area index, 511phosphorus and nitrogen pools, 524photosynthesis, 511randomized complete block design, 507soil analysis, 511water analysis, 510

Fire, 4, 7, 18, 33, 35, 67, 159, 216, 229, 234, 244, 257, 627, 628, 629

Fire management, 165, 632, 634, 637succession, 627

Fire suppression, 277, 631Fish

abundanceand Eleocharis stem densities, 495, 498

biomass, 305subsidy-stress relationships, 305

data analysis, 484density, 314, 316

subsidy-stress relationships, 305hypotheses

P-enrichment, 478mercury concentrations, 142response to P additions, 477, 494sampling, 286, 482

Flats, 78, 85biomass, 84

Floating mats, 469biomass, 474removal, 435

Florida Project Comprehensive Review Study, 43

problems, 43Flow gates

S-10A, C, D, E, 173S-144, 173, 521

Flumes, 376, 385construction, 378design and materials, 379

battery platform, 379channels, 380mixing tanks, 379pump platform, 379solar array, 380

location, 377physical layout of design, 377systems operation, 380

electrical, 382plumbing, 380

Formation of the Evergladeshistoric Everglades, 15

Fort Thompson Formation, 15, 66, 170Fossils

indicators, 328

686 Index

Fragilaria, 329, 334, 337Fragilaria ulna, 465Fragrant waterlily. See Nymphaea

odorataFreeze, 245Frustulia rhomboides, 334Functional redundancy, 601, 605Future

water demand, 641

GGambusia holbrooki, 316, 482, 495Gastropoda, 285, 485, 499Geologic history, 168Geologic history of Everglades peatland.

See PeatlandGermination, 551, 554

curves, 555inhibitors, 559

Germination experimentsCladium jamaicense, 551methods

chilled seeds, 552dark germination, 552seedling growth, 552

Typha domingensis, 551Germination studies, 639Gleason, P.J., 16Gloeothece interspersa, 465, 466Gomphonema olivaceum, 466Gomphonema parvulum, 329, 334, 337GPP. See Gross Primary ProductivityGradient studies, 97–101

enrichment gradientsmethods, 104sampling locations, 104site establishment, 104

Gradient studiesGPS locations, 98–101objectives, 98

Gradientscourse-scale, 249DOC concentrations, 363fine-scale, 249hydrology, 220, 595nutrient, 116, 121, 262, 595soil analysis, 220

Graham, Bob, 323Great Blue Heron, 209Great Egret, 209Green algae. See ChlorophytaGross Primary Productivity

sloughs, 411, 413, 414

Groundwater flow, 39, 43, 622WCA-2A, 175

HHardwood swamps

TP, 628Hardwood upland hammocks, 76, 80, 218Heavy metal, 104, 112, 140Hemiptera, 303Herbert Hoover Dike, 41, 622, 629Hester-Dendy artificial substrates, 481Heterandria Formosa, 316Hierarchical changepoint analysis, 610Hierarchy theory, 280–281Hillsboro Canal, 117, 195, 343, 580Hirudinea, 303Historic Everglades

original area, 215surface sheet flow, 194

Histosols, 19, 442, 457Human population, 59, 195, 197, 323, 622Humic acids

copper, 457Hurricanes, 38, 53Hydraulic conductivity, 176Hydraulic gradient, 171, 183Hydraulic loading rate, 568Hydrocotyle umbellata, 507Hydrogeology

water sources, 630Hydrologic budget

WCA-2A, 172Hydrologic equivalence, 32Hydrologic pattern, 637Hydrology

future plans, 43shifts on the landscape, 39

Hydropattern, 33, 177, 215Hydroperiod, 7, 20, 26, 56, 67, 187, 227, 243,

627, 628definition, 33macroinvertebrate response, 243, 342, 507,

540model, 627restoration, 629–633vegetation response, 243, 255, 342, 507,

540Hypothesis

assemblage responsescattail invasions 218macroinvertebrates and fish, 311, 478,

496, 501mercury methylation, 147

Index 687

periphyton change, 237, 312restoration, 35vegetation patterns, 255Utricularia, 539Utriculatia decline, 406, 429

hydrology, 255intermediate disturbance, 598microbial activity

PO4, 456

P assimilative capacity, 567P threshold, 599subsidy-stress, 279Utricularia inhibition, 429

IIBI. See Index of Biological IntegrityIce age

Wisconsin, 170Ilex cassine, 192Imbalance

definition, 599, 610flora and fauna, 375, 597, 609indicator. 611

Impact zone, 578Impacted zone indicators, 311

taxa, 311Anopheles, 311Caecidotea, 311Scirtes, 311Uranotaenia sapphirina, 311

Inceptisols, 19, 20Index of Biological Integrity, 316, 613Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 547Indicator species, 242, 328, 607Indicator Species Analysis, 288,

298, 311Indicator taxa

Cladotanytarsus, 315Cypretta brevisaepta, 315Parakiefferiella, 315Paraponyx, 315Tanytarsus, 315

Indicesecosystem response, 572metrics, 277–278trophic level response, 595

Initial germination, 556INSPAN. See Indicator Species

AnalysisInterim Operation Plan, 45Intermediate disturbance hypothesis, 598Inundation, 197Invasive species, 90, 232, 632

Invasive vegetation, 310Mikania, 310Sarcostemma, 310Typha, 310

Invertebratesbenthic, 575taxa list, 288

Iraq, 641Island Biogeographic Theory, 410Iva imbricata, 26

JJordanella floridae, 495

KKernel smoothers, 581Keystone species, 410, 427, 601Kissimmee Basin, 41Komvophoron, 465Kriging, 583Kriging model, 583

LLabile phosphorus, 134Lake Okeechobee, 39, 41, 624

P concentration, 52water level, 41water supply/environmental schedule, 41

Land development, 622Landscape

P gradient, 52Landscape evolution of Everglades peatland.

See PeatlandLandscape fragmentation, 636Landscape level

restoration guidelines, 635Largemouth bass. See Micropterus salmoidesLaw

water Resources Development Act, 45

Lead, 140, 163Lead-210, 51, 66Leaf area index, 511Least killifish. See Heterandria FormosaLemna, 257Lepomis punctatus, 495 Leptolyngbya, 263Liebig, Justis von

concept of limiting factors, 597Lignin, 442Liguus, 209

688 Index

Limits of tolerance, 279, 499, 597Limnogenous, 31, 47, 622, 629Litter, 156, 158, 367, 443, 524

biomass, 156, 520copper accumulation, 457decomposition, 358, 455, 639microbial immobilization, 446

Livingstone piston coring device, 325Location of research sites, 6Lower East Coast, 41Loxahatchee Channel, 171Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge.

See Water Conservation Area 1Lucania goodei, 495Lycopodium

spike, 327Lygodium, 632Lyngbya, 263

MMacroinvertebrate assemblages

biomass, 301, 485density, 485

Macroinvertebratesassemblage-environment relationships, 299bioassessment, 278biomass estimation, 285biomass response to P, 287, 311composition-environment relationships,

491, 493data analysis, 286, 483density, 286diversity, 287, 572, 575dose-response relationships, 485gradient, 283hypotheses

P-enrichment, 478indicator species, 311metrics, 612predators, 489response to P additions, 477sampling, 283, 480sampling design, 281sensitive taxa, 613species accumulation curves, 301species diversity, 312species list, 289–298species richness, 287, 499study area, 284subsamples, 300

fixed counts, 300fixed-area, 300

successional vectors, 500

taxon density, 485taxon richness, 485, 498taxonomic dissimilarity, 499taxonomic resolution, 284tolerant taxa, 613

Macronutrientslitter immobilization

copper, 456Macrophyte survey

oxygen study, 129Macrophytes, 418

biomass, 518declines, 417direct effects on macroinvertebrates,

500–501gradient responses, 277N:P ratios, 397phosphorus effects, 426plant species listing, 88–93responses

season, 424temperature, 424TP level, 424water depth, 424

species distribution, 248in WCA-2A, 230

species increase with P enrichment, 240

Magnesium, 262Magnolia virginiana, 192Maidencane. See Panicum

hemitomonManaged water flow, 31, 47, 623Managenous. See PeatlandManagenous water flow. See Managed

water flowMantel test, 252Marl, 15, 78, 81, 170, 218

calcium carbonate, 20, 515Marsh, 83, 85

definition, 14Mass spectrometry

C-14, 18Mastogloia smithii, 329, 334, 337,

463, 465Mat cover

biomass, 437metric, 610pH, 399temperature, 399

Matric water potential, 446Maximum germination, 556

time, 557Mean total N, 120

Index 689

Melaleuca quinquernervianonnative taxa, 28, 33, 216, 632

Meotrophic, 32Mercury, 112, 142

demethylation, 147deposition, 146methylation, 147

Mesocosm, 385construction, 378experiment, 376flow rate, 381P treatment levels, 376phosphorus experiments, 375systems operation, 380

electrical, 382plumbing, 380

Mesopotamian marshes, 641Metal accumulation rates

soil, 141Metaphyton

cover, 305floating periphyton mats, 283

Methaneemission, 360loss, 358production, 352

Method detection limits (MDL), 106Metric multidimensional scaling, 224

Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, 224, 286, 298, 484, 603

partial Mantel tests, 224Metrics, 316, 596, 599

definition, 596density, 596feeding ecology, 316guild classes, 596number of taxa, 596richness of species, 596taxonomic richness, 316taxonomic structure, 316tolerance/intolerance, 316trophic level response, 595

Miami Canal, 45, 140, 195, 212Miami Formation, 15Miami limestone, 66, 170Miccosukee Tribe, 44Microalga

Chara, 527Microbial C biomass, 359Microbial decomposition, 442Microbial methylation, 147Microbial P biomass, 360, 457,

514, 515soil, 457

Microbial phosphorus, 514, 515Microbial respiration, 443, 458Microcosm studies

P uptakeperiphyton, 395

Microcrustacea, 485Micropterus salmoides, 495Mikania scandens, 85, 88, 230, 310

biomass, 156Mineralization potential

enrichment gradient, 445Minerotrophic system, 31, 622Minerogenous system, 31, 622Minimum detection limit (MDL), 108Mire

definition, 13water, 31

ModelBayesian model, 605changepoint, 605Classification and Regression Tree,

423, 605Constant Rate of Supply, 326, 329Hierarchical model, 605Integrated hierarchical model

P threshold, 602Interaction of hydroperiod and

fire, 627Kriging, 583Natural System, 41, 171, 174Phosphorus Accretion Rate, 582piecewise linear model, 569subsidy-stress model, 279–280,

478, 597three dimensional control

Everglades, 628Modified water delivery plan, 45Monitoring wells

fertilizer study, 508Monocalcium phosphate, 510Monte Carlo simulation, 463, 590Mosquitoes, 316

Coquillettidia perturbans, 316larvae, 316Mansonia titillans, 316Uranotaenia sapphirina, 316

Mosquitofish. See Gambusia holbrooki

Mougeotiadiatom, 466

MSL. See Sea levelMultidimensional scaling, 288Mycteria Americana, 45, 209Myrica cerifera, 28, 192, 329

690 Index

NN:P ratio, 54, 397, 455, 571, 572

P limitations, 14, 518Native seed bank, 33, 215, 324, 533, 560, 632Natural System Model, 41, 174Navicula confervacea, 329, 337Navicula lanceolata, 466Navicula rhynchocephala, 466NAWDB. See North American Wetlands for

Water Quality Treatment DatabasenCPA. See Nonparametric Changepoint

AnalysisNedium, 466Net Primary Productivity, 351, 412, 442

belowground, 358WCA-2A, 357

Never Glades, 13Niche width, 410, 598Nitrate reductase, 400Nitrogen, 450, 506

accumulation, 67, 69and phosphorus fertilization

experimental design, 507nitrogen concentrations, 62, 121, 256,

262, 515, 517study location, 507

as function of peat depth, 64budgets, 524elevated, 257soils, 14, 62, 138standing stock, 156, 158

Nitrogen fixation, 4, 438Nitzschia, 334Nitzschia amphibia, 329, 332Nitzschia linearis, 466Nitzschia palea, 329, 337Nitzschia recta, 466nMDS. See Nonmetric multidimensional

scalingNonmetric multidimensional scaling, 483Nonmetric multidimensional scaling

ordination, 252Nonparametric Changepoint Analysis

(nCPA), 606Nonparametric regression, 581North American Wetlands for Water Quality

Treatment Database, 568North New River Canal, 195Nostoc, 465NPP. See Net Primary ProductivityNuphar lutea, 7, 79, 93, 349Nutrient gradient, 228Nutrient limitation, 351, 518, 537

criteria, 576

Nutrient storage, 154, 158Nutrient storage capacity, 4, 567Nutrient-IBI, 612Nutrients, 355

anthropogenic inputs, 53, 343deprivation, 563runoff, 51

Nymphaea, 7, 230Nymphaea odorata, 7, 329, 418,

422, 507pollen, 342populations, 430rhizomes, 524shading, 437

Nymphaeaceaepollen, 339

OOdonata, 303, 485Oecetis, 311Oedogonium, 266, 269, 466Old litter, 156, 524Oligocaeta, 485Oligotrophy, 32, 129, 402Ombrotrophy, 31, 622Opportunistic species, 563Ordination, 288, 314

invertebrate species composition, 307landscape-scale dimension, 314local-scale dimension, 314

Organic anionsionic balance contribution, 368

Organic carbonaccumulation, 67, 441as function of peat depth, 64

Organic phosphorus, 514Organic pollution

Chironomus stigmaterusindicators, 311

Goeldichironomus holoprasinusindicators, 311

Orthophosphate (SRP), 50, 105, 262, 385

doses, 386dosing

biological driven responses, 404interstitial water, 436residual, 386

Oscillatoria, 263, 466Oscillatoriales, 266Osmunda regalis, 507Ostracoda, 481, 485, 501Oxyethira, 311

Index 691

Oxygenconcentrations, 129, 133, 391, 404, 435methods, 389plant germination, 555

PP criterion, 617P efflux rates, 152P enrichment

shift in species dominance, 347P fractions

soilgradient, 445

P gradientedge effect, 577

P limitationbiochemical indices, 572

P loadingfertilizer study, 522gradient study, 571rainfall, 49

P threshold model, 606P threshold load, 567P/R ratio, 411PAC. See Phosphorus Assimilative CapacityPa-hay-okee

grassy lake, 13Palaemonetes paludosus, 301, 311Paleoecology

analysis, 321anthropogenic disturbance, 24calibration, 324core analysis, 638core collection, 325study site

WCA-2A, 323timeline, 29

Pamlico Terrace, 170Pan evaporation, 171, 364Panicum hemitomon, 420, 478, 507, 522

N:P mass ratio, 518P-limitation, 518tissue P concentrations, 517

Pappuscattail, 553

PAR. See Phosphorus Accretion RateParakiefferiella, 311Paratanytarsus, 311Partial Mantel’s test, 492P-assimilative capacity. See Phosphorus

Assimilative CapacityPath diagram

relationships, 492

Pattern and process, 197Peat, 60–62

accretion, 65, 352, 580increased water effects, 70nutrient loading, 70

accretion rates, 329carbon, 451classification, 62core sites, 19core stratigraphies, 21, 22Everglades peat, 60formation 5000 YBP, 18Gandy peat, 60, 192geochemistry, 330Loxahatchee peat, 60mineralization, 458nitrogen, 451nutrient accumulation, 70Okeechobee muck, 60radiocarbon dating, 16, 18soil depths, 18, 20, 21thickness, 65types, 60

Peat batteries, 85Peat mineralization

anaerobic conditions, 451Peatland

definition, 13formation, 14geologic history, 15, 168limnogenous peatland, 31, 622managenous, 31, 623minerotrophic peatland, 31ombrogenous peatland, 31ombrotrophic peatland, 31restoration concepts, 633soligenous peatland, 31, 623topogenous peatland, 31, 622

Peat-litterP and N pool, 524

Peltandra virginica, 75, 85, 89, 236Pennywort. See Hydrocotyle umbellataP-enrichment gradient

WCA-2A, 116, 228WCA-3A, 120

Percent coveralgal mat, 422

Periphyton, 81, 261AFDM, 82, 492ash content, 471biomass, 82, 415biomass analysis, 471biomass N and P concentrations, 471C:N ratio, 303, 492

692 Index

Periphyton (cont.)calcareous periphyton, 82, 346, 638composition

Effect of TP, 464diversity, 467food quality for primary consumers, 502mat cover, 418N:P ratios, 399noncalcareous, 433removal, 417removal experiment, 422, 434seasonal dynamics, 468

Periphyton matsash content, 398N and K, 256

Persea borbonia, 80, 86, 92, 192pH

calcium carbonate, 346depletion of free CO

2, 429, 607

in water column, 398, 406, 434pore water, 402

Phormidium, 465Phosphatase

limitation threshold, 410production, 410unit chlorophyll (APA-c), 408

Phosphatase activity, 363, 408, 572Phosphate

coprecipitation, 398diel pattern, 406uptake, 396

rates, 397response

inhibition, 439optimum response, 439stimulation, 439

Phosphorus, 115accretion rates, 579, 582, 588

percentage of area, 589accumulation in soil, 67, 69adsorption, 458affected area, 592as function of peat depth, 64budgets, 524content in live leaf and root tissue, 43criterion, 53dilution, 389doses, 478dosing facilities, 376dosing mesocosms, 638dosing operations, 387fractionation methods, 109hot spots, 36, 625imbalance, 599

impacted zones, 281litter immobilization, 451, 456loads, 478methods, 113microbial immobilization, 458plant succession, 531rainfall, 48reference zones, 281sodium phosphate, 387soil efflux, 113, 150spatial distribution, 579, 588, 591speciation, 105, 106, 386standing stock, 156, 158threshold, 595–617

determination by technology-based criteria, 595

transition zones, 281uptake

channels, 389Phosphorus Accretion Rate, 579

background level, 592modeling

nonparametric regression model, 582piecewise linear model, 582

Phosphorus Assimilative Capacity, 567–578, 595, 637

Phosphorus concentrationgeometric mean, 108, 595median, 595

Phosphorus dosing. See also Dosing flumesecosystem responses, 385experimental setup, 376macrophyte community response, 417orthophosphorus, 385particulate phosphorus, 396, 398plant analysis methods, 420soil chemistry, 385Soluble Reactive Phosphorus, 385, 396total phosphorus, 384water quality, 384

Phosphorus loadings, 54, 571, 579WCAs, 228, 570

Phosphorus threshold, 595gradient study, 612zone, 615, 616

Phosphorus threshold concentration zone, 599Photochemistry

mineralization experiment, 366Photosynthesis, 511, 525

foliar N concentration, 526foliar P concentration, 526measurements, 524

Photosynthetic C3 pathwaycattail and sawgrass, 549

Index 693

Photosynthetic light compensation, 418Photosynthetically available radiation

(PAR), 418light reduction, 436measurement, 423readings, 436

Physical control of Typha, 630Physiography, 168Phytosociological relevés, 462Pickerel-weed. See Pontederia cordataPiecewise linear model, 569Piezometer, 177Pigweed. See ChenopodiumPine. See PinusPinnularia gibba, 466Pinus, 26

pollen, 338Pisaster, 601Pistia stratiotes, 232, 633pK dissociation relationships

CO2, 607

CO3=, 607

HCO3-, 607

Planorbella duryi, 499Planorbella scalaris, 499Plant biomass, 84, 154

compartments, 353–355, 363, 524P gradient, 154

Plant communities, 17, 74, 246, 419, 507, 627controlling factors, 33, 237response to N and P fertilization, 232, 505response to disturbance, 531structure, 215, 572

Plant density responses to P additions, 426Plant frequency gradient, 231Plant gradient

survey methods, 219Plant litter

organic nutrients, 355Plant species composition along nutrient

gradients in WCA-2A, 230Plant species composition in WCA-3A, 234Plant succession, 627

disturbance, 531, 639phosphorus, 531water level, 531

Plantsspecies diversity

method, 512Plexiglas

algae, 273, 462, 469mat comparisons, 470

Plexiglas slides, 262, 480, 501, 637periphyton, 491

P-limitationecosystem, 595Eleocharis, 518

PO4. See Phosphorus; speciation

Pollenabsolute diagram, 339analysis, 322as P indicator, 329assemblages, 348diversity, 349diversity changes, 340indicator taxa, 327influx, 339methods, 327profiles, 23, 25, 27spore taxa, 337

Polygonum, 84, 93, 160, 237, 329Pond apple. See Annona glabraPond apple forests, 80Ponds, 79Pontederia cordata, 75, 80, 90,

232, 236Pore water, 237, 423

Ca, 402, 541Na, 541NH

4-N, 402, 541

NO3-N, 541

pH, 401, 541PO

4, 402

Potassium, 256, 262, 400, 457, 522Precipitation

rainfall, 37, 171, 225, 226, 398atmosphic P deposition, 50nutrients, 47, 48orthophosphate, 50total P concentration, 50

Prescribed burning, 259, 630, 631, 637Primary consumers, 489Procambarus fallax, 301, 311Production

macrophytes, 157, 363, 437, 520, 524, 525

ProductivityEverglades sloughs, 413plant gradient, 572, 574subsidy-stress model, 418

Project overviewcentral questions, 4research program, 4

Pseudanabaena, 263, 466

QQuality Assurance Plan (QAP), 105

694 Index

Rr adapted species, 417Radiocarbon dating, 18Radiometric dating

Pb-210, C-14, Cs-137, 18, 21, 22, 580Ragweed. See AmbrosiaRainfall. See PrecipitationRaised-bog, 622Recalcitrant phosphorus, 514Recovery wells, 44Red bay. See Persea borboniaRedox

soil, 257, 332, 358, 360, 459, 542Reference area, 105, 223, 595Reference system, 595Reference zone, 246, 248, 253, 282, 311Refugia, 625Relative Growth Rate (RGR), 561Research program, 5Reservoirs

water area, 212Residence times

WCA-2A, 175, 188, 387Resource limitation, 495, 496Restoration, 621–642

community restoration target areas, 623

ecological approach, 621–642lessons

algal responses, 274–275carbon cycling, 368–370decomposition of litter and peat, 459Dissolved Organic Matter export,

368–370ecosystem responses to P dosing,

415–418effects of disturbance, P, and water

level on plant succession, 542–544

enrichment gradients, 151–165environmental and human factors,

56–58establishment and seedling growth of

Typha domingensis and Cladium jamaicense, 563–564

historical changes, 350–351hydrology gradients, 187macroinvertebrate responses, 317–319macroinvertebrate and fish response

to P, 502macrophyte community response,

258–260macrophyte slough community

response to experimental P, 438

management decisions for tree islands, 212

P dosing and soil chemistry, 415–418P dosing and water quality, 415–418P effects on algal assemblages, 472P threshold, 616–617phosphorus accretion rates, 592–593phosphorus Assimilative Capacity,

577–578plant community response to N and P

fertilization, 526–527soil characteristics, 72–73spatial distribution of TP, 592–593vegetation and algae, 87

plans, 633pond apple communities, 628sloughs, 629successional dynamics, 626tree islands, 630wet prairie, 629

Restoration guidelines, 634–640Restoration model, 628Restudy. See Florida Project Comprehensive

Review StudyRGR. See Relative Growth RateRisk

uncertainty analysis, 606River of Grass, 1, 13, 188, 636Root:shoot mass ratio, 562Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus, 45, 209Royal fern. See Osmunda regalis,Ruderal-competitor, 563

SSagittaria, 75, 78, 89, 160

P response, 422pollen, 340

Sagittaria lancifolia, 26, 230, 232. 236, 237, 329, 420, 507

Salix, 76, 80, 85, 93, 232, 237TP, 232, 628

Salix caroliniana, 236, 257Saltwater, 627Salvinia minima, 89, 232, 257Sampling

centroidsvegetation, 223

Sangamon interglacial stage, 170Sapric peat, 351Sarcostemma, 231Saturation index

Ca, 398Save Our Everglades, 323

Index 695

Sawgrass. See Cladium jamaicenseSchinus terebinthifolius

nonnative taxa, 28, 33, 216, 632Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, 90, 232Scirpus, 232Scytonema, 465Sea level, 14, 59, 168, 170Sea level rise, 627Sea otter, 601Secondary production, 500Sediment

P chemistry, 403TP, 303, 492, 500

Sediment APA-c, 410Seed bank, 631Seed germination rate, 538Seed mass, 552

number, 552Seed production, 552Seed viability, 554Seedling growth, 552, 560Seedling mass, 561Seedling relative growth rate, 561Sentinel wetland, 641Seral stage, 627SFWMD. See South Florida Water

Management DistrictShannon-Weaver diversity, 596

algae, 463, 468diatoms, 327pollen, 327

Shark River Bedrock Slough, 19, 45, 79, 171, 420Shelford’s Law of Tolerance, 279, 499, 497Shrub swamps

TP, 628Silica, 128, 238, 332Silver Bluff Terrace, 170Slough surface

orthophosphate, 129, 394, 436Sloughs, 78, 84

dosing experiment, 385fertilizer experiment, 507plant communities, 7, 26, 75, 217, 230,

249, 385, 419restoration, 629

Small, J.K.From Eden to Sahara, 24

Smoothing splines, 581Sodium, 124

accumulation, 333gradient, 122, 262molar ratios, 400porewater, 237vegetation, 257

Soilaccumulation rates, 329, 342

BSi, C, Ca, N, Na, P, 330bulk density, 62, 135, 137, 153, 353,

581, 587natural gradient, 586

characteristics, 59chloroform released P, 451dating methods, 326disturbance, 532exchangeable P, 451methods, 60microbial biomass P, 451nitrogen concentrations, 62, 515organic carbon, 62phosphorus, 62, 628phosphorus concentrations, 62, 512respiration, 352total phosphorus

pore water gradient, 229spatial distribution, 579threshold, 242volume-based STP, 584weight-based STP, 584

Soil gradientsurvey methods, 219

Soil phosphorusfractionation, 109, 133, 517historical concentrations, 134Kriged mapping results, 137spatial distribution model, 583

Soil physical properties, 110bulk density, 110spatial extent, 110

Soil subsidence rate, 442Soil Total Phosphorus (STP). See Soil; total

phosphorusSoligenous. See PeatlandSoluble Reactive Phosphorus, 53, 105, 116, 118,

385, 396, 613loadings, 396

South Florida, 168South Florida Water Management District, vii

website, 3, 41Spatial distribution patterns

volume-based STP, 586weight-based STP, 586

Species compositionpoint intercept method, 220

Species turnover, 410Spirogyra, 266, 269, 273, 461Spirulina subsalsa, 270, 466S-Plus, 607Spotted sunfish. See Lepomis punctatis

696 Index

SRP. See Soluble reactive phosphorusSt. Lucie Canal, 39, 40, 42Standing litter, 524Starfish. See PisasterSTAs. See Stormwater Treatment AreasStaurastrum, 466Stigonema, 263, 465, 472Stomatal conductance

cattail and sawgrass, 550Stormwater Treatment Areas, 55, 567, 630

design criteria, 578P discharges, 56, 617P loadings, 56, 578reductions, 56seed source

Typha domingensis, 564STP. See Soil; total phosphorusStress response, 279, 301Stress-tolerant species, 563Subsampling effects

macroinvertebrates, 299Subsidy effect, 598Subsidy responses, 301Subsidy-stress gradient, 279Subsidy-stress model, 279–280, 478, 597Substrata, natural

algae, 273Subsurface soil

N mineralization, 451Subtropical fen, 72, 641Succession, 627

controlling factors, 33, 35, 57, 216, 225, 273model, 627restoration, 531, 537, 626vectors, 453, 495

Sugarcane fieldsDOC, 365production, 195

Sugarcane production, 195Sulfate

dosing concentrations, 400gradients, 125–127

Sulfur bacteria, 636Superphosphate, 510Surface soil

N mineralization, 451Surface water

Dissolved Oxygen, 109irradiation reduction

PAR, 436Mg, 541NH

4-N, 541

Surface water flow, 185resistance, 185

Surface water qualityWater Conservation Area 2A, 115Water Conservation Area 3A, 115

Swamp bay. See Magnolia virginianaSwamplands Act of 1850, 195Sweep net, 497

TTamiami Basin, 171Taxonomic groups, 87Temperature

daily, 36mat, 399

Thelypteris, 26, 236Three dimensional control

modelEverglades, 628

Thresholdprobability, 609

Throw traps, 497Tillers

cattail and sawgrass, 550Tolypothrix, 263Top-down control, 316, 496Top-down regulation, 312Topogenous. See PeatlandTotal P

loadsEPA, 55Hillsboro Canal, 118

TP thresholdnonexceedance value, 617

TP/PO4-P ratio, 605

Trace metals analysis, 112, 142Transition zone indicators

Macroinvertebrates, 311Transitional levee

Habitat, 86Transplant experiments

Dosing, 432Transplant study

Dosing, 421Utricularia purpurea, 421

Tree islands, 80, 86, 191–214, 625Classes, 202Comparison between WCA-1 and

WCA-2, 211Edge-to-edge ratio, 208Habitat edge, 206Imagery analysis, 201Landscape pattern, 203Loss, 204Nearest neighbor, 206

Index 697

Patch density, 206Perimeter reduction, 211Restoration, 630Total numbers, 204Total perimeter, 206TP, 628

Tree snails. See LiguusTrichoptera, 303Trophic levels, 495Type 1 error, 607Typha domingensis, 154, 549, 607

Aboveground biomass, 154Carbohydrate reserves, 630Carbon fixation rate, 550Control

Mechanical disturbance, 631Establishment, 547Frequency, 230, 575

Relationship with soil TP, 238Germination, 540, 554Germination experiments, 551Germination rate, 554Invasion potential, 625Invasions, 539Leaf area, 524Lifespan, 549Litter

C:N ratio, 455C:P ratio, 455Cu concentrations, 455decay, 446N accumulation, 450N:P ratio, 455P concentrations, 455

litter bags, 444N:P ratios, 229, 518P effects, 217photosynthesis, 511, 525pollen, 337Relative Growth Rate, 562seed production, 551removal, 626, 630

chemical control, 630physical control, 630prescribed burning, 630

restoration of community types, 626

seed bank, 639seed germination rate, 630seedling growth, 547species descriptions, 548tissue nutrient concentrations, 515transpiration rate, 548

Typhaceae, 90, 549

UUncertainty

risk, 606analysis, 611, 615

US Army Corps of Engineers, 1, 39, 197, 579Central and Southern Florida Project

for Flood Control and Other Purposes, 195, 323

Comprehensive Plan (1948), 39website, 39, 45

US Environmental Protection Agency, 42, 6175 X rule nondetects, 108P criterion, 617

Utricularia, 75, 85, 92, 230decline, 420, 535disappearance, 506, 518, 521, 538inhibition, 429

hypothesis, 429N:P mass ratio, 518populations

water levels, 425, 538successional pattern, 538

Utricularia foliosa, 501Utricularia purpurea, 93, 242, 418, 501

as keystone species, 427decline, 349, 406, 420density, 425, 429growth rate, 438indicator species, 242, 607P threshold, 433shading effects, 438stem lengths, 438survival, 432

Utricularia spp.keystone species, 612

Utricularia-periphyton complex, 517nitrogen content, 517phosphorus concentrations, 517

UV radiationabiotic mineralization of DOC, 366

VVegetation, 257

communities, 73loss of wetland types, 73historic map, 17

Historical changes, 321Pattern, 318Responses to hydrologic indicators, 242

Vegetation compositioncoarse-scale ordination, 251

Vegetation gradientpartial Mantel tests, 251

698 Index

Vegetation studies, 217Vegetation-environment linkages, 223, 249

allogenic, 253autogenic, 253

Vegetative reproduction, 549, 550

WWater Conservation Area 1, 9, 192, 580

peat accretion, 67, 580, 582, 622cattail invasion potential, 626DON budgets, 364Total Soil Phosphorus, 584

Water Conservation Area 2A, 83, 120, 125, 154, 197

area, 217cattail invasion potential, 626DON budgets, 364enriched carbon budget, 352high water levels, 227plant communities, 83

biomass, 83soil P, C, and N gradients, 138sulfate, 126Total Soil Phosphorus, 584unenriched carbon budget, 352water control structures, 172

Water Conservation Area 2Bfertilizer study, 532

Water Conservation Area 3A, 83, 118, 120, 124, 125, 158, 236, 580

area, 218cattail invasion potential, 626DON budgets, 364nutrient storage, 158plant biomass, 158plant communities, 83

biomass, 83soil P, C, and N gradients, 138Total Soil Phosphorus, 584

Water Conservation Areas, 579inflow P concentrations, 52interior P concentrations, 52N:P ratios, 54nitrogen gradient, 54outflow P concentrations, 52spatial P distributions, 579

Water demand, 622, 641agriculture, 641Everglades, 641urban, 641

Water depth, 236, 243, 534, 607recurrence interval calculations, 223recurrence intervals, 180–182

Water flow, 39, 170, 636direction, 183historic conditions, 41

Water hyacinth. See Eichhornia crassipes

Water hyssop. See Bacopa carolinianaWater impoundment, 636Water irradiation reduction, 436Water lettuce. See Pistia stratiotesWater level

dosing, 393effects, 242, 259, 346, 347, 425,

479, 535Lake Okeechobee, 41sloughs, 79WCA-2A, 199, 227WCA-2B, 509, 535WCA-3A, 236

Water qualityhistoric, 348pH. 347statistical analysis of data, 108surface, 104, 262

Water Resources Development Act (2000), 45

Water samplingDissolved Organic Phosphorus, 106Methods, 105Particulate P, 106

Water velocity profiles, 185Wax myrtle. See Myrica ceriferaWCAs. See Water Conservation

AreasWest Palm Beach Canal, 195Wet prairies, 75, 78

restoration, 629vegetation, 538

Wetland bioassessment, 278Wetland loss

typesEverglades, 73, 74

White ibis. See Eudocimus albusWilloughby, H.L., 39Willow. See SalixWood stork. See Mycteria

Americana

ZZinc, 140, 141

β-diversityχ2 test, 607

Ecological Studies

Current List of Titles in Ecological Studies Series:

Volume 185Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak ForestsM. Kappelle

Volume 186Biological Invasions in New ZealandR.B. Allen

Volume 187Managed Ecosystems and CO2: Case Studies, Processes, and Perspectives J. Nosberger

Volume 188Boreal Peatland Ecosystems R.K. Wieder

Volume 189Ecology of Harmful AlgaeE. Graneil

Volume 190Wetlands and Natural Resource Management J.T.A. Verhoeven

Volume 191Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity Conservation, and Restoration R. Bobbink

Volume 192Geological Approaches to Coral Reef EcologyR.B. Aronson

Volume 193Biological InvasionsW. Nentwig

Volume 194Clusia: A Woody Neotropical Genus of Remarkable Plasticity and Diversity U.E. Luttge

Volume 195The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing I.J. Gordon

Volume 196Western North American Juniperus Communities: A Dynamic Vegetation TypeO. Van Auken

Volume 197Ecology of Baltic Coastal Waters U. Schiewer

Volume 198Gradients in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of Ecuador E. Beck

Volume 199Hydrological and Biological Responses to Forest Practices: The Alsea Watershed StudyJ. Stednick

Volume 200Arid Dune Ecosystems: The Nizzana Sands in the Negev DesertS. Breckle

Volume 201The Everglades Experiments: Lessons for Ecosystem RestorationC.J. Richardson