Berg Rivier IWMP update - fewlbnexus.uct.ac.za · -i- Y:\Projdata\A165\Berg_Rivier_IWMP_update.doc\jm IWMP Bergrivier : Draft BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

$Page 1: Berg Rivier IWMP update - fewlbnexus.uct.ac.za · -i- Y:\Projdata\A165\Berg_Rivier_IWMP_update.doc\jm IWMP Bergrivier : Draft BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN$
BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY

INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN (2nd Generation)

(Draft Report)

Compiled by:

Specialist Waste Management Consultants P O Box 931

BRACKENFELL, 7561

Tel: (021) 982 6570 Fax: (021) 981 0868

E-pos: [email protected]

JUNE 2011

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Y:\Projdata\A165\Berg_Rivier_IWMP_update.doc\jm IWMP Bergrivier : Draft


INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

INDEX

1. PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2.2 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 HYDROLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 DEMOGRAPHICS ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 INDUSTRY ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 LAND-USE ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 8 1.7 AWARENESS AND EDUCATION .............................................................................................................. 8 1.8 BACKGROUND POLICY AND LEGISLATION .......................................................................................... 8 1.8.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................... 8 1.8.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT .......................................................................... 10 1.8.3 ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION ACT, 1989 (ACT NO. 73 OF 1989) .............................................. 12 1.8.4 THE DWAF’S MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS (1998) .............................................................................. 12 1.8.5 THE WESTERN CAPE HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT, 2007 (ACT 7 OF 2007) ........ 14 1.8.6 NATIONAL WATER ACT (ACT NO. 36 OF 1998) ................................................................................ 15 1.8.7 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT: AIR QUALITY ACT 2004 (ACT NO. 39 OF 2004) ...... 15 1.8.8 MUNICIPAL BY-LAWS .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.8.9 NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ................................................................................ 17 1.8.10 WHITE PAPER ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING (1995) ................................................................... 18 1.8.11 THE MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS ACT (ACT 32 OF 2000) .......................................................................... 18 1.8.12 THE MUNICIPAL STRUCTURES ACT, 1998 (ACT NO. 117 OF 1998) ............................................... 18 1.8.13 WHITE PAPER: POLICY ON POLLUTION PREVENTION, WASTE MINIMISATION, IMPACT

MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIATION (MARCH 2000) ......................................................................... 20 1.8.14 PLANNING DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................................... 21 2. EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY ................................................ 22 2.1 WASTE QUANTITIES AND TYPES ......................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 METHODOLOGY FOR GENERAL WASTE SURVEY .......................................................................... 22 2.1.2 VOLUMES OF GENERAL WASTE GENERATED ................................................................................ 22 2.1.3 METHODOLOGY FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SURVEY .................................................................... 23 2.1.4 VOLUMES OF HAZARDOUS WASTES GENERATED ........................................................................ 28 2.1.5 RECOVERABLE MATERIAL VOLUMES .............................................................................................. 35 2.2 WASTE AVOIDANCE .............................................................................................................................. 40 2.2.1 WASTE AVOIDANCE BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 40 2.2.2 EXISTING WASTE AVOIDANCE IN BERGRIVIER .............................................................................. 41 2.3 COLLECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.3.1 MUNICIPAL WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 41 2.3.2 PUBLIC CLEANSING ............................................................................................................................ 43 2.4 WASTE REDUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 43 2.4.1 RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING ............................................................................................................ 43

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2.4.2 COMPOSTING ...................................................................................................................................... 44 2.5 WASTE DISPOSAL .................................................................................................................................. 46 2.5.1 OPERATING LANDFILLS ..................................................................................................................... 46 2.5.2 CLOSED LANDFILLS ............................................................................................................................ 46 2.5.3 BUILDER’S RUBBLE SITES ................................................................................................................. 49 2.5.4 WASTE TRANSFER STATIONS ........................................................................................................... 49 2.5.5 PUBLIC DROP-OFF FACILITIES .......................................................................................................... 49 2.5.6 DISPOSAL FACILITIES USED OUTSIDE THE BERGRIVIER BOUNDARIES .................................... 49 2.6 COSTS OF EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ..................................................................... 50 2.6.1 FINANCIAL SUMMARY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES OF BERGRIVIER

MUNICIPALITY ...................................................................................................................................... 50 2.6.2 STAFF COMPLIMENT OF EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .......................................... 50 2.7 CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS .................................................................................. 52 2.8 WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ............................................................................. 53 2.8.1 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 53 2.8.2 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 53 2.9 ROLE OF BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY ................................................................................................ 54 3. BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY’S IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS ................................................ 54 3.1 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE AVOIDANCE ......................................................... 54 3.2 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE REDUCTION ......................................................... 56 3.3 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL ............................................................. 57 3.4 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL .............................. 58 4. BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY’S IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...................................................... 59 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 59 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 59 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 60 ANNEXURE A: KEY INDUSTRIAL GROUPS ANNEXURE B: INDUSTRIAL SURVEY ANNEXURE C: HEALTH CARE WASTE SURVEY

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Abbreviations

ACDASA Agricultural Crop Protection Dealers Association of South Africa AVCASA Association of Crop Protection and Animal Health Associations of South Africa COD Chemical Oxygen Demand in mg/ℓ DEA Department of Environment Affairs DWA Department of Water Affairs DEADP Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning EH Environmental Health EHO Environmental Health Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Haz hazardous HCGW Health Care General Waste HCRW Health Care Risk Waste HCW Health Care Waste HDPE High Density Polyethylene kg kilogram kℓ kilolitre ℓ litre m3pa cubic meter per annum NOPT No Pre-treatment PPC Pretoria Portland Cement PT Pre Treatment SOG Soap, Oil and grease in mg/ℓ TFM Telkom’s Telecommunications Facility Management t/a ton per annum VCoCT Vissershok Landfill – City of Cape Town VWMF Vissershok Waste Management Facility WCDM West Coast District Municipality WWT Waste Water Treatment CNC Cape Nature Conservation

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INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

1. PREFACE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This Integrated Waste Management Plan has been formulated on behalf of Bergrivier Municipality, to address the challenge of waste management in Bergrivier, home to some 55 500 people. The Plan is born out of the requirements of the National Waste Management Strategy and forms the first action plan in terms of this strategy. The first IWMP was drafted in June 2006 and this document is an upgrade of the first draft to include the progress made with respect to the implementation thereof as well as to include additional requirements as set out in the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, (Act 59 of 2008). The Plan takes particular note of importance of local authority waste management planning. This document underlines the following principles of the National Waste Management Strategy: The prevention of waste generation; The recovery of waste of which the generation cannot be prevented, and The safe disposal of waste that cannot be recovered The Plan will address all areas of waste management – from waste prevention and minimisation (Waste avoidance), to its collection, treatment, recovery and final disposal. It will not only address the practicalities of waste management, but also the issues of public education and changing concepts, as these are vital to a successful management system. The cost of and data of waste management will also be explored. The Plan is guided by national and provincial legislation and new municipal by-laws will be drafted to enforce the recommendations of the Plan.

1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Bergrivier Municipality is the northern neighbour of both Swartland and Saldanha Bay Municipalities with the Berg River forming the southern boundary of the Bergrivier Municipality. It is an area noted for its wheat farms in the central and eastern portion and its fishing industries in the western area. The Bergrivier area host many industries, but the agriculture and fishing related industries appear to be the main stream. Due to the colourful history of this area and the picturestic views, tourism is a fast growing industry in Bergrivier. The Bergrivier Municipality was established in December 2000 through the amalgamation of the former municipalities and towns of Piketberg, Porterville, Velddrif, Redelinghuys and Aurora. Refer to Figure 1-1 for a Plan of the Study Area.

1.2.1 Topography and Climate The municipal area is relatively flat, except for the area around Piketberg and the eastern edge of the municipality that consists of a mountain range. The southern area slopes towards the Berg River while the northern area drains towards the Olifants River. The western area slopes towards the Atlantic Ocean. The area has a Mediterranean type climate and is known for its hot summer days. Average annual rainfall is approximately 400 mm, with the southern portion receiving more than the northern portion. The evaporation is high, approximately 1600 mm per annum, which is four times the rainfall.

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Figure 1-1: Study Area - Bergrivier Municipal Area

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1.2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology

1.2.2.1 Geology

(Refer to Figure 1-2) The municipality comprises an area of approximately 426 332 ha and is underlain by rocks of two geological formations, which are covered by superficial sandy deposits in the coastal plain area. From oldest to youngest these formations are the Malmesbury Group, Table Mountain Group and Quaternary deposits. They are discussed briefly in chronological order below. The Malmesbury Group comprises very old rocks, >600 million years old, which have been compacted and deformed over this long time period into mostly impermeable rocks. This Group comprises two subgroups in the study area, the Swartland and Boland Subgroups/terranes. These comprise mostly phyllitic and schistose rocks with limestone lenses and sandstone horizons. The rocks have been eroded into a low-lying, rolling topography. In terms of outcrop area, this Group occupies 42.4% of the study area. Resistant quartzitic sandstones of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) form the Piketberg and the bounding mountains to the east, the Olifantsrivierberg. The Group comprises a number of formations of which the most important are; The basal Piekenierskloof Formation, comprising a conglomerate and sandstone, which is up to 390 m thick; The overlying Peninsula Formation, a thick sequence of resistant quartzites and quartzitic sandstones with a maximum thickness of 1 800 m; The Cedarberg Shale Formation, a marker horizon approximately 120 m thick: The Nardouw Sugroup comprising two sandstone formations in the study area and only present in the southern part of the Piketberg. These rocks occupy 22.4% of the study area. The Quaternary deposits comprise sandy and loamy soils in the more inland areas changing to wind- blown sand and calcrete overlying coarser sand and gravel deposits of marine and fluviatile origin in the coastal areas. They reach their thickest development of approximately 70 m on the Farm Melkplaas. They occupy 35.2% of the study area. There are a number of faults and fold structures in the area. The main fault is the De Hoek Fault which runs in a NW-SE direction along the western boundary of the Piketberg. There are also numerous parallel trending faults in the Piketberg and ENE-WSW trending faults on its eastern side. There is a synclinal fold structure running through the southern part of the Piketberg and the Eendekuil Valley represents a broad anticlinal structure.

1.2.2.2 Groundwater (Refer to Figure 1-3) In broad terms, any aquifers developed in the rocks of the Malmesbury and Table Mountain Groups are of the fractured or secondary type (green coloured areas on Figure 1.3). Aquifers developed in the Quaternary unconsolidated sediments are of the intergranular or primary type (mauve coloured areas on Figure 1-3). Groundwater potential and quality in the Malmesbury Group is very variable. Close to the contact with the TMG Aquifer, in fault zones, sandstone horizons and where they are overlain by saturated Quaternary sediments, yields can be relatively high and groundwater quality moderate to good. However, away from such zones and in the lower rainfall areas of the central-northern areas, yields and quality are poor, generally <1 ℓ/s and >2000 mg/ℓ Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), respectively. This aquifer is important for widespread but generally small-scale groundwater use, eg stock watering and local domestic purposes. The TMG aquifer has good groundwater potential but is often inaccessible for direct drilling. Targets are available in the De Hoek Fault zone, parts of the Piketberg, where faults connect the TMG to lower-lying accessible areas in the Malmesbury rocks and to the north-west of the Piketberg, where the rocks are covered by Quaternary deposits. There is fairly widespread borehole development in the accessible parts of the Piketberg and median borehole yields are in the range 2 to 5 l/s. Municipal groundwater use by Piketberg is approximately 540 000 m3/a, of which approximately 158 000 is spring water. Groundwater flow and occurrence are generally deep seated in the TMG Aquifer and the average depth of boreholes is >100 m. Some free-flowing artesian boreholes occur. Groundwater quality is generally good with TDS <150 mg/l.

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Figure 1-2: Geology of Bergrivier Municipal Area

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Figure 1-3: Hydrogeology of Bergrivier Municipal Area

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Reasonable aquifer development is found in the Quaternary sand and gravel deposits of the coastal area in the so-called Adamboerskraal Aquifer. Borehole yields of >5 l/s are achievable in the thicker parts of this aquifer but yields of 0.1 to 0.5 l/s are more common. Groundwater quality is generally poor and within the range 150 to 1 300 mS/m, which limits the exploitation potential of this aquifer. Fairly large-scale groundwater abstraction (~100 000 m3/a) occurs on the farms Februarieskraal and Palieskraal for the irrigation of potatoes. Water levels are relatively shallow in this aquifer at <10 m below ground level.

1.2.3 Hydrology The Berg River forms the southern boundary of the Bergrivier municipal area and the southern area drains towards this river. The north-eastern area drains towards the Olifants River that flows in a northerly direction. Both these rivers are classified as sensitive rivers with regard to water quality, which poses a restriction on land-uses in their catchment areas. The presence of these two water bodies result in virtually the whole of Bergrivier being located in a sensitive catchment area and as such increases the importance of proper waste management within Bergrivier.

1.3 DEMOGRAPHICS

The statistics relating to population were taken from Statistics SA. The total population according to the 2001 Census was 41 456. The figures have been adjusted with the expected growth rate of 1.3% to indicate the current and future population figures. These figures are displayed in Table 1-1. Table 1-1: Population Figures

Town Sub-area 2001 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Aurora - 259 682 691 700 709 718 Bergrivier Rural 16 564 24 866 25 189 25 517 25 848 26 184 Dwarskersbos - 335 681 690 698 708 717 Eendekuil - 817 879 891 902 914 926 Goedverwacht - 1 406 1 328 1 345 1 363 1 380 1 398 Piketberg - 8 464 7 902 8 005 8 109 8 215 8 321 Piketberg Moravia 326 115 116 118 119 121 Porterville - 1 538 1 697 1 719 1 742 1 764 1 787

Porterville Monte Bertha 4 080 3 848 3 898 3 948 4 000 4 052

Redelinghuys - 513 617 625 633 641 650 Velddrif - 1 564 2 405 2 436 2 468 2 500 2 532 Velddrif Laaiplek 1 035 2 399 2 430 2 461 2 493 2 526 Velddrif Noordhoek 4 555 5 275 5 344 5 413 5 484 5 555 Total 41 456 52 693 53 378 54 072 54 775 55 487

The socio-economic profile of the population in 2001, according to annual household income, is displayed in Table 1-2 Due to the fact that Bergrivier Municipality is made up of various towns that are geographically remote, it is important to consider the population distribution across these towns as this is an indication of where the waste will be generated. Approximately 40% of the population reside outside urban areas.

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Table 1-2: Population Profile According to Household Income (2001)

Main Town Sub-area No of

Households Population Persons per Household

Very Low and Low Income

Middle Income

High and Very High

Income R0 -

R38400 R38401 - R76800

R76801 or more

Aurora - 90 259 2.9 74.4% 10.0% 15.6% Bergrivier Rural 4 601 16 564 3.6 79.4% 11.8% 8.7% Dwarskersbos - 157 335 2.1 58.0% 19.1% 22.9% Eendekuil - 197 817 4.1 79.7% 12.2% 8.1% Goedverwacht - 378 1 406 3.7 77.5% 14.6% 7.9% Piketberg - 2 200 8 464 3.8 65.4% 20.8% 13.9% Piketberg Moravia 128 326 2.5 28.1% 21.1% 50.8% Porterville - 637 1 538 2.4 46.6% 22.0% 31.4%

Porterville Monte Bertha 983 4 080 4.2 86.8% 10.4% 2.8%

Redelinghuys - 158 513 3.2 79.1% 12.7% 8.2% Velddrif - 627 1 564 2.5 39.7% 26.3% 34.0% Velddrif Laaiplek 419 1 035 2.5 43.4% 21.2% 35.3% Velddrif Noordhoek 1 132 4 555 4.0 73.5% 19.9% 6.6%

Total 11 707 41 456 3.5 70.7% 16.1% 13.2%

Figure 1-4: Graphical Display of Socio-Economic Distribution (2001) It is thus clear that the majority of waste will be generated in the Velddrif (western area), Piketberg (central area) and Porterville (eastern area) areas of Bergrivier, and any future strategy regarding the waste handling of Bergrivier, should take cognisance of this fact. There is therefore no town or area that has a dominant volume of waste, indicating that transport cost will be significant. Also of interest in terms of waste volumes is the fact that the Velddrif, Laaiplek and Dwarskersbos have a seasonal increase due to being coastal towns. During holidays and some weekends the population and waste increase significantly.

1.4 INDUSTRY The largest employer in the industrial sector is agriculture/fishing/forestry with an employment of 53%, followed by the social/personal at 14% each of the employed population. The majority of industrial activities are focussed in and around Piketberg and Velddrif.

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According to the 2001 census only 8% of the economic active population were unemployed.

1.5 LAND-USE The greatest use made of the land in Bergrivier is by agriculture. The remainder of the area is used either for residential housing or industry.

1.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE The road network of Bergrivier can best be described as rural. The major roads are the north-south N7 and R365, the east-west R399 (Velddrif to Piketberg) and the R44 (Piketberg to Porterville) which effectively link most of the towns within the Bergrivier Municipal boundaries. Aurora and Redelinghuys are the only two towns that are only accessible via rural roads.

1.7 AWARENESS AND EDUCATION

The lack of public awareness of the gravity of the problem of sustainable waste management has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the management of waste. Our poor history of waste management in South Africa means that we pay little attention to our lifestyle insofar as how it affects the environment. However, when an environmental problem is noted and the public are made aware of the need for action, there is no stronger lobby. This was evident in the outcry over CFC containing aerosols in the late eighties. Once the problem was discovered and the people informed, a combination of international action and public pressure resulted in almost an immediate ban of these ozone-depleting substances. Creating awareness of the issue of sustainable waste management may have a similar outcome. The successful implementation of the Bergrivier IWMP will require that all persons within the Municipal boundaries are aware of waste issues as an integral part of the creation of a healthy environment. They should be empowered to play their specific role in the development and implementation of the waste management initiatives. Public participation is closely linked with education and public awareness. The significant difference between awareness programmes and public participation is that public awareness focuses on disseminating information, whereas public participation aims at obtaining participation, comment, input and feedback from the public.

1.8 BACKGROUND POLICY AND LEGISLATION The fragmented and uncoordinated way pollution and waste has been dealt with, as well as insufficient resources to implement and monitor existing legislation, contributes largely to the unacceptably high levels of pollution and waste in South Africa. Through the promulgation and implementation of various pieces of policies, legislation, standards and guidelines as well as the implementation of co-operative governance as envisaged in the Constitution this situation will be improved. The current fragmentation, duplication and lack of co-ordination will be eliminated. Pollution and waste management is not the exclusive preserve of government. The private sector and civil society have crucial roles to play. The fostering of partnerships between government and the private sector is a prerequisite for sustainable and effective pollution and waste management to take place. Similarly, the spirit of partnerships and co-operative governance between organs of state is equally important due to the crosscutting nature of pollution and waste management.

1.8.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa In 1996 the new Constitution created the right to the environment as a fundamental right. This fundamental right to the environment ensures everyone’s right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being. South African law, the environment and all South Africans have a constitutional right to have the environment protected for present and future generations. This means that there must be reasonable legal and other measures to prevent ecological degradation, promote conservation and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

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All legislation has to fall within the stipulations of the Constitution. The following sections are of particular relevance where waste is concerned: Section 24(a) Provides everyone the right to an environment that is not harmful to a person’s health and well-being. Section 24(b) Provides everyone the right to have the environment protected through reasonable legislative and other measures. The implementation of section 21, 22 and 26 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989 is such a legislative measure to protect the environment. Section 25 Provides for property rights. The Constitution makes provision for both property rights and the right to a healthy environment. A situation may arise in extreme cases where there is a conflict due to rejecting an application for a listed activity from taking place. In such cases it will be up to the court to decide whether the interest of the community (right to a healthy environment) weights heavier than the right of the individual. Section 32 Provides the right to access to information. The lack of information is one of the major obstacles in environmental impact management. Provision has been made in the regulations in terms of section 26 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989, that any report submitted becomes a public document. Section 38 Provides locus standii or the ‘right to get involved" to any member of the public. This means that any member of the public has the right to take appropriate action to prevent environmental damage. This may include taking action against the relevant authority for failing to perform its duties in preventing environmental damage or an individual or authority who is in the process of undertaking listed activities in terms of section 21 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989, without the necessary authorisation to undertake such activities. Section 41 Provides principles for co-operative governance and intergovernmental relations. The Constitution allocates legislative authority as well as executive and administrative powers to all three levels of government. Schedules 4 and 5 determine the functional areas of government. The environment is a cross-sectoral matter and it is therefore important that co-operation between government on all levels is necessary. Furthermore, Chapter 7 of the Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) describes the role and responsibilities of Local Government, which include the objectives in Section 152: “The objects of local government are: to promote social and economic development. to promote a safe and healthy environment...”. These principles are further developed in the National Environmental Management Act 1998 (Act 107 of 1998). The Constitution (Act No. 108 of 1996) is relevant to pollution and waste management for two reasons. Firstly, the Bill of Rights (Chapter Two of the Constitution) contains a number of rights relevant to integrated pollution and waste management, to the extent that an Act or particular statutory provision that does not uphold these rights, is unconstitutional. Secondly, the Constitution provides the legal basis for allocating powers to different spheres of government, and is thus relevant to the institutional regulation of integrated pollution and waste management.

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Sovereign The Constitution states that South Africa is a sovereign, democratic State. In terms of environmental management, it is important to recognize that sovereignty includes the ability to limit sovereign powers by entering into international agreements where the need arises. The Bill of Rights The most pertinent fundamental right in the context of integrated pollution and waste Management is the Environmental Right (Section 24), which provides that: “Everyone has the right (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and (b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generation

through reasonable legislative and other measures that –

(i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) promote conservation; and (iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and the use of natural resources while

promoting sustainable economic and social development.” This section of the Bill of Rights specifically imposes a duty on the State to promulgate legislation and take other steps to ensure that the right is upheld and that, among other things, pollution and ecological degradation are prevented.

1.8.2 National Environmental Management Act

The NEMA provides for co-operative environmental governance by establishing principles for decision making on matters affecting the environment, institutions that will promote co-operative governance and procedures for co-ordinating environmental functions exercised by organs of state; and to provide for matters connected therewith. As the principal framework act for environmental issues, it has direct relevance to the implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy, one of the key implications being the designation of the DEAT as lead agent for the environment. Chapter 7 of NEMA has important direct implications for the achievement of the NWMS initiative. The environment as defined in NEMA is the natural environment along with its physical chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties, that influence human health and well-being. NEMA contains the following environmental principles: Environmental management must put people and their needs at the forefront, and must serve their

interest fairly. Development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. This means that

the following things must be considered before there is development: a) Disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity b) Pollution and degradation of the environment c) Disturbance of landscapes and sites where the nation’s cultural heritage is found d) Non-renewable resources must be used responsibly e) The precautionary principle must be applied f) Negative impacts must be anticipated and prevented and if they can’t be prevented they must be minimized or remedied.

Environmental management must be integrated. The best practical environmental option must be pursued.

Environmental justice must be pursued so that there is not unfair discrimination in the way that negative environmental impacts are distributed

There should be equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic human needs. Special measures may be taken to ensure access for persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.

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Responsibility for environmental health and safety of any policy, programme or project must continue throughout the life cycle of a project

Public participation in environmental decision-making must be promoted. The participation of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups must be ensured

Decisions must take into account the interests, needs and values of all interested and affected parties. This includes recognizing all forms of knowledge including traditional and ordinary knowledge

Community well-being and empowerment must be promoted through environmental education The social, economic and environmental impacts of the activities must be assessed The rights of workers to refuse to do work that is harmful to human health or the environment and

to be informed of dangers must be respected Decisions must be taken in an open and transparent manner and access to information provided

in accordance with the law There must be inter government co-ordination and harmonization of policies and laws Actual or potential conflicts of interest between organs of state must be resolved through conflict

resolution procedures Global and international responsibilities relating to the environment must be discharged in the

national interest The environment is held in a public trust for the people and the use of environmental resources

must serve the public interest, and be protected as the people’s common heritage The polluter must pay for the costs of remedying pollution, environmental degradation and adverse

health impacts The vital role of youth and women in environmental management must be recognized and their full

participation promoted Sensitive or stressed ecosystems must receive special attention in planning which might affect

them especially when they are subject to significant resource usage and development pressure. NEMA also stipulates in Section 24 that there must be an environmental impact assessment before any activity or development that needs permission by law and which may significantly affect the environment. Section 28 places a specific duty of care on every person to prevent, or mitigate and remediate, environmental damage and pollution. Any person, who was responsible for, or directly or indirectly contributed to the pollution, can be held liable. This includes the owner of the land at the time the pollution occurred or their successor in title, a person in control of the land at that time, or any person who negligently failed to prevent the situation. The public can use NEMA to exercise their rights when they believe that the right procedures were not followed. Therefore it is extremely important to make sure that when there is a proposed development where the municipality is involved e.g. change of land-use – to make sure that the consultant and/or developers follow the right procedures. The NEMA Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations Sections 24 and 44 of NEMA make provision for the promulgation of regulations that identify activities that may not commence without environmental authorisation or existing activities in respect of which an application for environmental authorisation is required. In this context, EIA Regulations contained in three General Notices in terms of NEMA (GN R385, 386 and 387) (came into force on 3 July 2006.) GN R 385 lays out two alternative authorisation processes. Depending on the type of activity that is proposed, either a Basic Assessment process or a Scoping and EIA. The regulations for both alternative processes stipulate that: Public participation must be undertaken at various stages of the assessment process; The assessment must be conducted by an independent Environmental Assessment Practitioner; The relevant authorities respond to the applications and submissions within stipulated time

frames; and Decisions taken by the authorities can be appealed by the proponent or any other interested and

affected party.

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GN R 385 also makes provision for appeal against any decision issued by the competent authority. In terms of the Regulations, a notice of intention to appeal has to be lodged with the competent authority in writing within ten days of the notification of the issue of the Record of Decision. The appeal must be lodged within 30 days of the submission of the notice of intention to appeal. On 3 July 2009 amendments to the list of activities, which many not commence without environmental authorisation as identified in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998)(NEMA) were published. The following activities were omitted from Government Notice No. R 386:

▪ 1(o), 1(p), 1(s), 23(d), 23(e), 23(f) and 23 (g); and

▪ if the facility for the process or activity is included in the list of waste management activities published in terms of the Waste Act, then 24(c) and 25 are also excluded.

The following activities were omitted from Government Notice No. R 387:

▪ 1(f), 1(g), 1(o), 1(p), 1(q), and 1(r), and

▪ if the process or activity is included in the list of waste management activities published in terms of the Waste Act, then 1(e) is also excluded.

1.8.3 Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act No. 73 of 1989)

On 1 July 2009 the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) (“the Waste Act”) came into effect. The Waste Act repealed Section 20 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act No. 73 of 1989) (“ECA”) and introduces new provisions regarding the licensing of waste management activities. The Environment Conservation Act, 1989 Waste Tyre Regulations (2009) which were published on 13 February 2009 came into effect on 30 June 2009, and makes provision for effective and integrated management of waste tyres in the country. It provides regulations for tyre producers, tyre dealers and waste tyre stockpile owners. The regulations furthermore require the compilation of industry waste tyre management plans and waste tyre stockpile abatement plans and details the requirements for waste tyre storage areas.

1.8.4 The DWAF’s Minimum Requirements (1998)

DWAF has compiled a set of guidelines called “The Minimum Requirements” of which the second edition was published in 1998. These guidelines are implemented through and enforced by the Landfill Site Permit. Once a Minimum Requirement is included in a Landfill Site Permit, it is legally enforceable.

1.8.4.1 Waste Classification Waste types are graded into two classes, General (G) and Hazardous (H). General Waste (G) is a generic term applied to all urban waste that is produced within the domain

of local authorities. It comprises rubble, garden, domestic, commercial and general dry industrial waste. It may also contain small quantities of household hazardous waste substances disposed within it e.g. batteries, insecticides, etc.

General waste may be disposed of on any permitted landfill. However, General Waste sites

located in areas with a positive climatic water balance must have leachate management systems, since General Waste can produce leachate with unacceptably high pollution potential.

Hazardous Waste (H) is waste which has the potential, even at low concentrations, to have a

significant adverse effect on public health and/or the environment. The following types of waste should be regarded as potentially hazardous, namely:

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Hazardous Waste is further classified in terms of Hazard Ratings, based on Acute Mammalian Toxicity, Ecotoxicity, Environmental bioaccumulation in the food chain and Chronic Toxicity. Hazardous Waste is thus classified into:

Hazard Rating 1: Extreme Hazard Hazard Rating 2: High Hazard Hazard Rating 3: Moderate Hazard Hazard Rating 4: Low Hazard

1.8.4.1.1 Definition of Hazardous Waste

A Hazardous Waste is defined as: “an inorganic or organic element or compound that, because of its toxicological, physical, chemical or persistency properties, may exercise detrimental acute of chronic impacts on human health and the environment. It can be generated from a wide range of commercial, industrial, agricultural and domestic activities and may take the form of liquid, sludge or solid. These characteristics contribute not only to degree of hazard, but are also of great importance in the ultimate choice of a safe and environmentally acceptable method of disposal.” Further to this, a Hazardous Waste can be defined as a waste that directly or indirectly represents a threat to human health or the environment by introducing one or more of the following risks: Explosion or fire; Infections, pathogens, parasites or their vectors; Chemical instability, reactions or corrosion; Acute or chronic toxicity; Cancer, mutations or birth defects; Toxicity, or damage to the ecosystems or natural resources; Accumulation in biological food chains, persistence in the environment, or multiple effects to the

extent that it requires special attention and cannot be released into the environment or be added to sewage or be stored in a situation which is either open to air or from which aqueous Leachate could emanate.

The definition of Hazardous Waste is very broad, since wastes can vary substantially in nature, composition, size, volume, appearance and degree of harmfulness. In terms of the Minimum Requirements, therefore, Hazardous Wastes are grouped into four Hazard Ratings This further classification, termed the Hazard Rating, differentiates between a Hazardous Waste that is fairly or moderately hazardous and one that is very or extremely hazardous. The Hazard Rating also indicates the class of Hazardous Waste landfill at which the waste may be disposed. Hazard Rating 1 (extreme risk) Hazard Rating 2 (high risk) = H:H Landfill Hazard Rating 3 (moderate risk) Hazard Rating 4 (low risk) = H:H or H:h Landfill An H:H landfill is more stringently designed, operated and monitored than an H:h landfill.

1.8.4.1.2 Classification of Hazardous Waste There are four steps in the classification of a Hazardous Waste Identification of the waste or waste stream as probably Hazardous. Testing and analysis to determine the hazardous properties, characteristics and components of a

waste. This will confirm whether the waste is Hazardous or not. Classification and treatment in accordance with SANS Code 0228 “The Identification and

Classification of Dangerous Substances and Goods”. Analysis and Hazard Rating of the waste or its residue, in order to determine the Hazard Rating

and the Minimum Requirements for disposal.

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An additional step would be re-examination of an existing classification with the objective of possible delisting and reclassification. This would apply in cases where, because of pre-treatment, low concentration, low mobility or other applicable factors, waste can delist to a lower Hazard Rating.

1.8.4.1.3 Analysis to confirm that a waste is a Hazardous Waste If it is probable that the waste is a Hazardous Waste, it must be tested for its properties and analysed for its substances. These are then compared to the lists of characteristics, properties and substances in SANS Code 0228, the Basal Convention, and the Waste Classification Tables in the Minimum Requirements. If the properties and substances of the waste are not listed in SANS Code 0228, but conform to the Basel Convention or one of the nine classes in the Code, the waste is probably a Hazardous Waste. The Department should then be approached for guidance.

1.8.4.1.4 SANS Code 0228 SANS Code 0228: “The Identification and Classification of Dangerous Goods and Substances” is a system for classifying hazardous substances for transport purposes. In the Code, hazardous substances are given an identification number and divided into nine classes: Class 1 Explosives Class 2 Gases Class 3 Flammable liquids Class 4 Flammable solids Class 5 Oxidising substances and organic peroxides Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances Class 7 Radioactive substances Class 8 Corrosives Class 9 Other miscellaneous substances. The waste must be tested against the nine classes, to see into which class it falls (it may fall into more than one class). The Minimum Requirements for that class must then be complied with. The Hazardous Waste classification table is derived from SANS Code 0228. The typical generators of Hazardous Waste are divided into typical industrial groups. The groups indicate an industry which is expected to generate the largest quantity of Hazardous Waste material.

1.8.5 The Western Cape Health Care Waste Management Act, 2007 (Act 7 of 2007) In the Western Cape, a Health Care Management Bill was submitted to Parliament. The Health Care Management Bill provides for the effective handling, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of health care waste by all persons in the Province of the Western Cape; and provides for matters incidental thereto. The object of this Act is to promote integrated health care waste management and thereby— (a) reduce the risks of health care waste to human health; (b) prevent the degradation of the environment; (c) prevent the illegal dumping of health care waste; (d) promote sustainable development, and (e) ensure responsible management of health care waste within the Province. Under this Act a Municipality must: (a) enforce the relevant provisions of this Act within its area of jurisdiction; (b) perform audits of generators, transporters, treaters or disposers of health care waste within its

area of jurisdiction to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act; (c) report annually to the Provincial Minister on the number of incidents of illegal dumping of health

care risk waste within its area of jurisdiction, the number of incidents of illegal dumping of health care risk waste pursued in a court of law, and the number of incidents of illegal dumping of health care risk waste successfully convicted in a court of law.

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Health Care Waste is produced by hospitals, clinics, physicians, offices, dentists, funeral homes, veterinary clinics and medical- and research laboratories. Currently only 10-15% of medical waste is considered infectious. The enormous volumes of health care waste requiring special handling and disposal for all infectious and pathological waste are responsible for the current re-evaluation of the terminology for health care waste. The modern trend in infection control is dictated by the risk posed by the procedure and not by the diagnoses. Thus health care waste is divided into Health Care General Waste (HCGW) and Health Care Risk Waste (HEALTH CARE RISK WASTE). Health Care Risk Waste generally indicates infectious waste, pathological waste, sharps, chemical and pharmaceutical waste, radioactive and cytotoxic waste.

1.8.6 National Water Act (Act no. 36 of 1998) The purpose of the Act is to ensure that the Municipality’s water resources are protected, used, developed and conserved in ways which take into account the protection of aquatic and associated ecosystems; that addresses basic human needs; that ensures the reduction and prevention of pollution; and that meets international obligations. Section 19 of the NWA deals with landowners and users involved in any activity or process which causes, has caused or is likely to cause pollution of water resources. Such landowners and users are obliged to take all reasonable measures to prevent any such pollution from occurring, continuing or recurring. This includes measures to comply with any prescribed waste standard or management practice. Furthermore, the NWA requires anyone who intends undertaking a water use, as defined, to obtain a licence. The water uses that may be relevant to waste management activities are: • discharging waste or water containing waste into a water resource through a pipe, canal, sewer,

sea outfall or other conduit; and • disposing of waste in a manner which may detrimentally impact on a water resource. The applications for permits, licenses and exemptions made before the promulgation of this Act could still be dealt with in terms of the Water Act 1956 (Act No. 54 of 1956).

1.8.7 National Environment Management: Air Quality Act 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) This Act has been promulgated in order to reform the law regulating air quality in order to protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation and for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development. It also provides for national norms and standards regulating air quality monitoring, management and control by all spheres of government; for specific air quality measures; and for matters incidental thereto.

The object of this Act is: (a) to protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for-

(i) the protection and enhancement of the quality of air in the Republic; (ii) the prevention of air pollution and ecological degradation; and (iii) securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and

social development; and

(b) generally to give effect to section 24(b) of the Constitution in order to enhance the quality of ambient air for the sake of securing an environment that is not harmful to the health and well-being of people.

1.8.8 Municipal By-Laws

In terms of Section 13 of the Local Government Systems Act 2000, (Act 32 of 2000) Bergrivier Municipality made a solid waste by-law dealing with the containment and disposal of solid waste. The by-law was published in the Provincial Gazette 6475 of Monday, 9 November 2009.

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The following is a summary of the by-law and should be read and understood in conjunction with the complete gazetted version. This by-law addresses various issues such as: Section 1: Definitions Section 2: Purpose of by-laws: A description of what the by-law aims to achieve. Section 3: Applicable legislation: A list of the relevant legislation relating to the by-law. Section 4: Duties and powers of municipality: The Municipality as the primary service provider has

a duty to provide affordable, economical and sustainable access to waste management services. This duty is subject to the users of the service to pay for the provision of this service.

Section 5: Compulsory use of service: Only the municipality or persons authorised by the

municipality may remove or dispose any refuse. Owners of premises must make use of the service provided by the municipality. The tariff as fixed by the municipality shall be payable by the owner whether the service is used or not.

Section 6: Establishment and control of disposal site: The municipality may establish and control or

appoint another person or body to control the site according to all applicable legislation and by-laws.

Section 7: Access to disposal site: Only persons having paid the prescribed fees or who have

written approval by the municipality are allowed access to the site. All persons use the site at own risk.

Section 8: Off-loading of waste: Any person who offloads waste at a disposal site do so as per

direction of the attendant and as set aside by the municipality. The municipality reserves the right to prohibit the dumping of hazardous or offensive waste.

Section 9: Ownership of waste: All waste dumped at a disposal site becomes the property of the

municipality. Section 10: Categories of waste: The municipality may categorise waste into different categories. Section 11: Separation of waste for recycling purposes: The municipality may require that waste be

separated into different kinds and nature of waste for the purpose of recycling or for any other purpose in terms of this by-law.

Section 12: Provision of waste bins: The municipality may provide waste bins or plastic bags for the

disposal of waste and bins provided remain the property of the municipality. The municipality may prescribe the use of special waste bins for waste as prescribed by the municipality. Waste bins provided should comply with provisions made in this by-law. Bins will be replaced when necessary and costs will be made by the owner if damage or theft occurs because of negligence of the owner. Waste bin provision to group developments will be subject to conditions as set out by the municipality.

Section 13: Location of waste bins: The owner must provide adequate space on the premises where

waste receptacles will be placed for the purpose of depositing waste and must comply with the conditions as set out in the by-laws. The waste bins must be placed en kept in the space provided for such containers by the owner.

Section 14: Maintenance of waste bins: The occupier of premises must ensure that their waste bins

are in good order and repair, cleansed and emptied when full and protected against damage and unauthorised disturbance.

Section 15: Collection of waste: Waste must be placed where indicated and in the suitable bins and

containers as indicated by the municipality. Collection times, frequency and dates may be determined and changed as needed by the municipality.

Section 16: Access to premises: The owner of premises must ensure unimpeded access to the

waste storage area from the nearest municipal road.

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Section 17: Right of entry: Any duly authorised employee of the municipality is entitled to enter premises to carry out the listed duties rendered by the waste management services. The owner may not prevent access or impede the employee/s from carrying out the listed duties.

Section 18: Dumping and littering: No person may except where permitted by the owner or allowed

by law, dump, accumulate, place, deposit or leave waste on or in the listed places. Section 19: Burning of waste: No person may burn waste without written approval of the

municipality. Section 20: Charges: The municipality may fix the charges payable to it for the removal of waste

from premises or for the dumping of waste at a disposal site under its control. Section 21: Exemptions: A person may apply by written application for the exemption of this by-law

to the municipality. The municipality may grant such exemptions in writing and all conditions to be adhered to are to be stipulated therein. The municipality may alter or cancel such exemptions or refuse to grant exemptions.

Section 22: Liaison forums in community: The municipality may establish one or more liaison forums

in a community fir the reasons and purposes as listed in the by-law. Section 23: Authentication and service of order, notice or other document: Section 24: Appeal: A person whose rights are affected by a decision of the municipality may appeal

against that decision by giving written notice of the appeal and reasons therefor in terms of section 62 of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, Act 32 of 2000 to the municipal manager within 21 days of the date of the notification of the decision.

Section 25: Penalties: A person who has committed an offence in terms of this by-law is liable upon

conviction to a fine or imprisonment or both and both for a continuation of such an offence as found by the court.

Section 26: Conflict with other legislation: In the event of any conflict between any provision of this

by-law and National and Provincial legislation, standards, policies or guidelines, the National and Provincial legislation, standards, policies or guidelines shall prevail.

1.8.9 National Waste Management Strategy

The National Waste Management Strategy (1999) presents Government’s strategy for integrated waste management for South Africa. The National Waste Management Strategy presents a long-term plan (up to the year 2010) for addressing key issues, needs and problems experienced with waste management in South Africa. The strategy gives effect to the Bill of Rights, Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, on the basis of which the people of South Africa have the right to an environment that is not detrimental to their health. Furthermore, the strategy translates into action Government’s policy on waste as set out in the Draft White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa (published in 1998). The objective of integrated pollution and waste management is to move away from fragmented and uncoordinated waste management to integrated waste management. Such a holistic and integrated management approach extends over the entire waste cycle from cradle to grave, and covers the prevention, generation, collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal of waste. Integrated waste management thus represents a paradigm shift in South Africa’s approach to waste management, by moving away from waste management through impact management and remediation and establishing instead a waste management system which focuses on waste prevention and waste minimisation. The strategy aims to reduce both the generation and the environmental impact of waste. It presents a plan for ensuring that the socio-economic development of South Africa, the health of its people and the quality of its environmental resources are no longer adversely affected by uncontrolled and uncoordinated waste management. It establishes a waste management system that concentrates on avoiding, preventing and minimising waste and makes provision for waste management services for

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all by extending an acceptable standard of waste collection, as well as transportation, treatment and disposal services to all communities. While the long-term objective of the strategy is waste prevention and minimisation, a number of remediative actions such as improved waste collection and waste treatment are required in the shorter term due to prevailing inadequate waste management practices.

1.8.10 White Paper on Education and Training (1995) The 1995 White Paper on Education and Training states that “environmental education, involving an interdisciplinary, integrated and active approach to learning, must be a vital element of all levels and programmes of the education and training system, in order to create environmentally literate and active citizens and ensure that all South Africans, present and future, enjoy a decent quality of life through the sustainable use of resources”. The White Paper advocates environmental education and training at all levels. This would include the local government sphere, particularly when it comes to the environmental education & training of government officials and workers. The education of the youth is the responsibility of national and provincial government. However, the Constitution does state that where the capacity exists, functions can be delegated to local government, and that the spheres of government, while distinctive, are interdependent and interrelated. Local government should support the other spheres of government (such as the national Department of Education, DoE) in areas of its own focus, such as environmental management and sustainable development.

1.8.11 The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) This policy outlines the role and responsibilities of local governments as to: Provide democratic and accountable government for local communities; Ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner; Promote social and economic development; Promote a safe and healthy environment; Encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the matters of local

government, and Strive, within its financial and administrative capacity, to achieve the objectives above. These responsibilities indicate a need for an environmentally educated work force (accountable) as well as an environmentally educated public (involvement). The Municipal Systems Act (32 of 2000) requires municipalities to promote public participation and to build the capacity of residents, councillors and municipal officials to engage in participatory processes. As a means of tracking progress in this area, the executive of a municipality is obliged to report annually on the level of public participation in municipal matters. Each Municipality must include in its integrated development plan contemplated in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, an integrated waste management plan that is consistent with the relevant provincial integrated waste management plan. The annual performance report which must be prepared in terms of section 46 of the Municipal Systems Act must contain information on the implementation of the municipal integrated waste management plan.

1.8.12 The Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (Act No. 117 of 1998) This Act makes provision for the establishment of municipalities in accordance with the requirements relating to categories and types of municipality. It establishes criteria for determining the category of municipality to be established in an area and defines the types of municipality that may be established within each category. The Act furthermore provides for an appropriate division of functions and powers between categories of Municipality and regulates the internal systems, structures and office-bearers of the municipalities. It also provides for appropriate electoral systems for matters in connection therewith.

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National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) (“The Waste Act”) On 1 July 2009 the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) (“the Waste Act”) came into effect. The Waste Act repealed Section 20 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act No. 73 of 1989) (“ECA”) and introduces new provisions regarding the licensing of waste management activities. Provision has been made in the form of legislative and regulatory tools to facilitate and ensure implementation of the Act by all spheres of government. The Waste Act was published to reform the law regulating waste management in order to protect the health of the environment by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation and for securing ecologically sustainable development. The purpose of this Act is to protect health, well-being and the environment by providing reasonable measures for – the minimisation of the consumption of natural resources; the avoidance and minimisation of the generation of waste; the recovery, re-use and recycling of waste; the treatment and safe disposal of waste as a last resort; the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation; securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social

development; promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services; remediating land where contamination presents, or may present, a significant risk of harm; achieving integrated waste management reporting and planning; to ensure that people are aware of the impacts of waste on health and the environment; to provide for compliance and generally to give effect to section 24 of the Constitution in order to

secure an environment that is not harmful to the health and well-being of people. The interpretation and application of this Act must be guided by the national environmental management principles set out in section 2 of the National Environmental Management Act. The Waste Act allows for the compilation of a Waste Management Strategy, national, provincial and local standards. Municipalities must in terms of their by-laws: establish service standards and levels of service for the collection of waste; may identify requirements in respect of the separation, compacting and storage of waste; may identify requirements for the management of waste, including requirements in respect of the

avoidance of the generation of waste and the recovery, reuse and recycling of waste; the requirements in respect of the directing of waste to specific treatment and disposal facilities. Each Municipality must include in its integrated development plan contemplated in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, an integrated waste management plan that is consistent with the relevant provincial integrated waste management plan. The annual performance report which must be prepared in terms of section 46 of the Municipal Systems Act must contain information on the implementation of the municipal integrated waste management plan. Municipalities must also in terms of the Act: conduct municipal activities in accordance with the National Waste Management Strategy and any

national or provincial norms and standards; compile an integrated waste management plan; ensure that waste management services are provided within the municipality in a manner which

prioritises the recovery, re-use or recycling of waste and provides for the treatment and safe disposal of waste as a last resort;

designate a waste management officer; ensure that provision is made for the management and collection of litter; secure compliance with the objects of this Act that are in the domain of the municipality; and

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implement any other measures that are necessary for securing the objects of this Act that are within the domain of the municipality.

Duty to provide collection services - Every municipality has an obligation to progressively ensure that efficient, effective and affordable waste collection services are provided in its area. A municipality may, by notice, require any person making use of the municipal collection service to separate specified types of waste from the general waste for the purposes of recovery, re-use or recycling. In terms of Section 19(1) of the Waste Act, the Minister may publish a list of waste management activities that have, or are likely to have, a detrimental effect on the environment. In terms of Section 20 of the Waste Act no person may commence, undertake or conduct a waste management activity except in accordance with the following:

▪ the requirements or standards determined in terms of Section 19(3) of the Waste Act for that activity; or

▪ a waste management license issued in respect of that activity, if a license is required. On 3 July 2009 a list of waste management activities were published. These activities were published in Government Notice 178 in Government Gazette No. 32368 of 3 July 2009. No person may commence with, undertake or conduct these activities unless a waste management license is issued in respect of the activity. A person who wishes to commence, undertake or conduct an activity listed under Category A must conduct a Basic Assessment process whilst activities listed under Category B requires a Scoping and EIA process to be undertaken. In terms of Section 49(2) of the Waste Act a decision to grant a waste management license in respect of a waste disposal facility is subject to the concurrence of the Minister responsible for Water Affairs. The Waste Act further specifies that the issuing of a waste management license for a waste disposal facility is subject of the inclusion in the license of any conditions contained in a Record of Decision issued by the Minister responsible for Water Affairs regarding any measures that the Minister responsible for Water Affairs considers necessary to protect a water resource as defined in the National Water Act, 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998).

1.8.13 White Paper: Policy on Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimisation, Impact Management and Remediation (March 2000) In line with international trends and our national objectives of efficient and effective management of our nation’s resources, priority is given to prevention of waste. Unlike previous policies that focused predominantly on so called “end of pipe” treatment, this White Paper underscores the importance of preventing pollution and waste and avoiding environment degradation. Effective mechanisms to deal with unavoidable waste will remain necessary, but much greater attention must be directed to the introduction of preventative strategies aimed at waste minimisation and pollution prevention. Ever increasing urban and industrial development throughout the world is leading to levels of pollution, which seriously threaten the natural resources upon which humankind depends for its survival. Although South Africa has extensive environment, pollution and waste management legislation, responsibility for its implementation is scattered over a number of departments and institutions. The fragmented and uncoordinated way pollution and waste is currently being dealt with, as well as the insufficient resources to implement and monitor existing legislation, contributes largely to the unacceptably high levels of pollution and waste in South Africa. The White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management will result in a review of the existing legislation and the preparation of a single piece of legislation dealing with waste and pollution matters. Pollution and waste management is not the exclusive preserve of government. The private sector and civil society have crucial roles to play. The fostering of partnerships between government and the private sector is a prerequisite for sustainable and effective pollution and waste management to

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take place. Similarly, the spirit of partnerships and co-operative governance between organs of state is equally important due to the crosscutting nature of pollution and waste management. Monitoring and collection of information on pollution and waste generation are crucial for the implementation of pollution and waste reduction measures. Moreover, the sharing of such information and creating awareness about the issues will enable all stakeholders, including communities, to gain a better understanding of the relation between pollution, waste management and the quality of life. The White Paper proposes a number of tools to implement the objectives of the policy it sets out. The most significant of these is a legislative programme that will culminate in new pollution and waste legislation. This proposed legislation, amongst other things, will address current legislative gaps, and clarify and allocate responsibilities within government for pollution and waste management. The policy presents seven strategic goals, which are as follows: Goal 1: Effective Institutional Framework and Legislation Goal 2: Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimisation, Impact Management and Remediation Goal 3: Holistic and Integrated Planning Goal 4: Participation and Partnerships Governance in Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Goal 5: Empowerment and Education in Integrated Pollution and waste Management Goal 6: Information Management Goal 7: International Cooperation The role of Local Government Municipalities will be responsible for providing waste management services, and managing waste disposal facilities. Specific functions to be carried out by municipalities will include: compiling and implementing general waste management plans, with assistance from provincial

government implementing public awareness campaigns collecting data for the Waste Information System providing general waste collection services and managing waste disposal facilities within their

areas of jurisdiction implementing and enforcing appropriate waste minimisation and recycling initiatives, such as

promoting the development of voluntary partnerships with industry, including the introduction of waste minimisation clubs where possible, regional planning, establishment and management of landfill sites, especially for regionally based general waste landfills.

1.8.14 Planning Documents

The Provincial Spatial Development Framework (November 2005)

The PSDF states that there is a concern that a number of waste landfill sites are not properly managed. In addition to the challenges of managing increasing waste volumes and decreasing land available for waste disposal, the Western Cape, along with other Provinces, has to deal with waste management problems caused by inequitable development and inadequate service delivery. Waste issues are often closely associated with poverty, environmental health and social justice issues. The following Policies have particular reference: RC32 All municipalities shall follow an integrated hierarchical approach to waste management

consisting of the following, avoidance/reduce, reuse, recycle, composting, treatment and final disposal. The Waste Management System shall consist of a collection service from the source, (domestic, office or factory) transfer stations and waste disposal sites. (M)

RC33 Waste separation at source shall be mandatory in all domestic households and institutions

and businesses including high density and multi-storey buildings from a date to be announced. Initially only organic (vegetable and plant matter) and inorganic (usually dry, cardboard, glass, plastics, paper, builders’ rubble) waste shall be separated. (M)

RC34 Material Recovery Facilities shall be established at all Transfer Stations. (M)

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RC35 Engage with the raw material and packaging industries and reach agreement to ensure demand for recycled products. (G)

RC36 Every urban settlement should have a Transfer Station within a maximum of 5kms from the

town centre, inside the Urban Edge. These Transfer Stations shall be properly managed according to best practice so as to minimise nuisance to surrounding neighbours. They should also be open after hours and on the weekends and their locations shall be well publicised so as to ensure that the community uses them. Furthermore, charges should not be levied on loads brought to transfer stations. Micro enterprises wanting to process waste and trade second hand materials on site should be encouraged. (G)

RC37 Every municipality shall have a Waste Disposal facility site located and operated according to

DWAF’s minimum requirements that will service the Transfer stations in the urban settlements in that municipality. These sites may or may not be located within the Urban Edge of urban settlements. The main criteria for their location will be to meet satisfactory environmental and transport requirements. (M)

It is the intention of the Western Cape Government to make relevant policies contained in the WCPSDF mandatory in terms of legislation and to include these policies in appropriate legislation. These policies are indicated with a 'M' next to the applicable policy in Chapter 8 of this report. The balance of the policies is indicated with a 'G' to indicate that they are guiding principles. The distinction should be understood as follows: Mandatory (M) measures refer to policies that are regarded as being of sufficient social, economic or environmental importance as to demand that every effort possible should be made to effectively implement that policy. Guidelines (G) refer to policies that are intended as general developmental goals and whose detailed implementation may vary due to place specific conditions and therefore requiring a certain amount of flexibility in their application.

2. EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY

2.1 WASTE QUANTITIES AND TYPES

2.1.1 Methodology for General Waste Survey For the purpose of determining the waste quantities in Bergrivier, the population statistics from census (refer Paragraph 1.3) were used to calculate the total tonnage of municipal solid waste (MSW), using typical waste generation figures per person of each sector of the community. No accurate data on waste generation in Bergrivier Municipality exists due to the lack of weighbridges or other measuring devices.

2.1.2 Volumes of General Waste generated It follows that domestic waste generation in Bergrivier can be depicted as follows:

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Table 2-1: Waste Volumes calculated for Bergrivier Municipality

Main Town Sub-area Population

(2011) Waste Generated in Tonnes/year (2011)

Average Waste Generation Factor for Area in kg/p/d

Aurora - 718 136 0.52 Bergrivier Rural 26 184 4 465 0.47 Dwarskersbos - 717 162 0.62 Eendekuil - 926 157 0.46 Goedverwacht - 1 398 240 0.47 Piketberg - 8 321 1 661 0.55 Piketberg Moravia 121 38 0.87 Porterville - 1 787 460 0.70 Porterville Monte Bertha 4 052 606 0.41 Redelinghuys - 650 110 0.47 Velddrif - 2 532 688 0.74 Velddrif Laaiplek 2 526 678 0.74 Velddrif Noordhoek 5 555 973 0.48 Total 55 487 10375 0.51

Commercial Waste Due to unavailability of separate data, commercial waste has been included in the above volumes. Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste Due to unavailability of separate data, non-hazardous industrial waste has been included in the above volumes. Builder’s Rubble No data is available on builder’s rubble. Public Cleansing Waste No data is available.

2.1.3 Methodology for Hazardous Waste Survey The Hazardous Waste component in Bergrivier was broken into facets, namely:

Industries producing Hazardous Waste, including occasional business producing hazardous waste. Health Care Waste management.

The following surveys have not been redone because of the fact that Hazardous waste is a Provincial function and does not fall under the general waste plan.

2.1.3.1 Industries and Business Producing Hazardous Waste

The modus operandi was to travel every possible business and or industrial road listed in the road-map supplied by town/area information offices as well as municipal maps with street names and property numbers for the towns in the area. A list was compiled based on the physical survey for each town, called Bergrivier Industrial Survey and is included as Addendum B of this report. The bigger towns surveyed are Piketberg, Porterville and Velddrif. All the possible industries were listed. However, not all businesses were listed as some were regarded as non-Hazardous Waste producers due to their nature of business size, physical structure, etc.

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2.1.3.2 Health Care Waste Management Interviews and telephonic discussions took place with Mr Christo Kotze, Head of Environmental Health stationed at Piketberg as well as Ms Franslien Visser (Porterville EHO) and Ms Emmerentia Nel (Velddrif EHO). Very useful information was obtained from the staff as well as directives on how to obtain further information when required. The hospital staff and District Clinic Sisters were interviewed and have a firm grasp on the HCW. The Health Care survey for Bergrivier Municipality Area consists of the following components, in the various towns: Table 2-2: Health Care survey for Bergrivier Municipal Area

HCRW PRACTITIONER/INSTITUTION

PIKETBERG PORTERVILLE VELDDRIF

General Practitioners 2 3 2 Dentists 1 1 1 Veterinary Surgeons 1 1 1 Old Age Homes 1 1 1 Industrial + Private Occupational Health Clinics

1 - 2

Mortuaries & Funeral Homes 1 - - Private & Provincial Hospitals 1 2 - Chemists with Clinics - 1 1 Berg River Municipal Clinics 1 1 1 Mobile & Satellite West Coast District Clinics

10 2 2

Tattooists - - - There are no Bergrivier Municipal Clinics. All the public clinics fall under the West Coast District Municipality. On 1 July 2005, the clinics all reverted to Bergrivier Municipality. Piketberg currently has 1 clinic, 3 mobiles and 6 Satellites, Porterville has 1 clinic and 1 mobile clinic while Velddrif has 2 clinics in Noordhoek. The sanitary disposal collectors and contractors were not keen to provide quantities for the area. During discussions with one producer of sanitary waste namely Voorberg Prison Services in Porterville, the services of Steiner was confirmed. Evertrade is often referred to for the incineration of HCW by the relevant HCW generators. However, Evertrade was liquidated at the beginning of January 2005 and could thus provide no HCRW treatment. Sanumed was subcontracted in the interim to incinerate Evertrade’s contractual waste at the Dispose-Tech incinerator at Vissershok, which has closed down as well.

2.1.3.2.1 Waste Categories All Health Care Risk Waste is regarded as Hazardous Rating 7, unless delisted. According to SANS Code of Practice, SANS 0248:1993, the Health Care Waste categories are as follows: Human/animal anatomical waste:

This category consists of human anatomical waste fetuses infectious animal anatomical waste and non-infectious animal anatomical waste.

Infectious non-anatomical waste:

This category consists of nappies, sanitary pads, hair, nail clippings, extracted teeth, all swaps, bandages and medical disposables which are generally contained in lined boxes and plastic bags.

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Sharps and similar waste:

This category consists monthly of sharps, blades, needles and steel staples used as stitches. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Waste:

This category contains cytotoxic pharmaceuticals and cytostatic drugs used for example in cancer therapy, film developers, etc.

Radioactive Waste:

This category contains unused liquids from radiotherapy, or laboratory research, contaminated glassware etc.

Pressurized Container Waste:

This category contains gas cylinders, gas cartridges, aerosol cans etc. General Waste:

This category contains office waste, kitchen waste, non-clinical glass waste and non-infection non-anatomical waste.

There is however another possible category which is not listed above, namely:

Heavy Metal Waste:

This waste type contains batteries, broken thermometers, etc.

Although a formal classification exists, the definition used in practice is far more simplified. All the Berg River health care waste is basically referred to the waste types listed below, namely:

Shapes consisting of needles and blades. “Boxes” or disposables consisting of used bandages, swabs, drip tubes, etc. Anatomical waste consisting of body parts, fetuses and placentas. Carcasses consisting of deceased animals such as pets and farm animals. Nappies consisting of soiled throw-away adult nappies.

2.1.3.2.2 Waste Streams per Generator

The Health Care Waste generated varies according to the type of generator. A brief discussion of the types of Health Care Waste per generator is given below: Medical Practitioners in Private Practice:

General practitioners have mainly two types of Health Care Waste namely sharps and medical disposables. Sharps consist mostly of blades and needles. The use of blades is selective and used far less than needles. The estimated weight of a needle is between 5.0 to 8.0 grams.

Medical Disposables consist of cotton swabs, used bandages, gauze, plaster and syringes.

Dentist in Practice:

Dentist use the approximate same weight blades. However, the needles are often lighter and weigh 3.0 to 5.0 gram per needle. Contaminated cotton plugs and other medical disposables arise from the consultancy.

Veterinary Surgeons:

The animal hospitals give rise to three main types of Health Care Waste, namely sharps, medical disposables and carcasses. Sharps consist mostly of blades and needles, with the weight of the needle slightly heavier than that of general practitioners, ca. 8.0 – 10.0 gram per needle. Medical disposables consist of used cotton swabs, bandages, etc.

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Carcasses vary from small dogs weighing less than 5 kg to big breeds such as 40 kg plus dogs. Horses easily weigh 500 – 600 kg per carcass.

Old Age Homes:

Old age homes have sharps and medical disposables. The frail care units also produce soiled nappies.

Mortuaries/funeral homes:

Various Health Care Waste arise from mortuaries and funeral homes such as body bags; sharps which include blades and sewing needles used in the cosmetic preparation of the body; sheets with or without body fluid contamination.

Provincial Hospitals:

The generation of Health Care Waste is similar to general medical practitioners except for the great increase in production. The theatre waste consisting of body parts and fetuses forms a major additional source

Industrial Occupational Health Care Clinics:

There are six major industries in Berg River with their own occupational health care clinics on the premises. The private clinics generate sharps and disposable medical waste. Two of the clinics are operated by Berg River Medical centre on behalf of the industries.

Sanitary Waste:

Sanitary waste is collected in all big businesses and buildings with services contracted to sanitary waste contractors. The used sanitary waste towels arise mainly from the ablution facilities in office buildings and similar sanitary outlets. Only one contractor responded with estimated quantities.

Expired Pharmaceuticals:

Expired and redundant pharmaceuticals are very seldom thrown away. The pharmaceuticals are returned to the suppliers.

Private Individuals producing Health Care Waste as part of the Domestic Waste Stream:

Private persons such as Type 1 Diabetics generate needles during insulin administration. The volume of Health Care Waste from homes generated in domestic waste is minimal. An estimated 1%, or less of the domestic waste stream contains health care waste (re: Mr Eddie Hanekom, Deputy Director: Waste, DEAD&P).

Other types of Health Care Waste such as sanitary towels, the occasional used gauze and plasters form part of the domestic Health Care stream. Home infections such as measles and mumps do not provide a big infection risk from such pathogens since the landfill material is host to a large range of microbiological organisms which break down in the bio reaction. (Waste Management, Paper No 25, Department of Environment, UK, Section 7.1.7, page 45.)

2.1.3.2.3 Standards The agreement on standardized weights was reached in consultation with various doctors, sisters and disposal contractors. The average standard weights and volume-weight conversions used are given in Table 2-3 below:

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Table 2-3: Standard Weights for Health Care Waste

NEEDLES: General Practitioner (GP) needle: approximately 5.0 – 8.0 gram per needle Dental needle: approximately 3.0 – 5.0 gram per needle Veterinary needle: approximately 8.0 – 10.0 gram per needle BLADES: General Medical blade: As for needles NAPPIES: Soiled Nappy: approximately 0.50 – 0.75 gram per adult nappy CARCASSES: Carcasses: dogs: approximately 5.0 – 50.0 kg horses: approximately 500.00 – 600.00 kg CONTAINERS: 1 x “50 kg box” for disposables: approximately 8.0 kg per box when holding medical

disposables. Thus: Medical disposables: 1.0 “kg” volume = 1.0 ℓ and weighs approximately 0.16 kg.

1 x 7.6 ℓ sharps container: approximately 2.5 kg per container. Thus: 1.0 ℓ sharps = approximately 0.33 kg.

Red bags from the hospitals are estimated to weigh 2-3 kg per bag. White bags from dentists and General Practitioners weight approximately 2 kg per bag. Bags described as 20 ℓ box liners weigh approximately 3.2 kg each. Bags described as 100 ℓ box liners weigh approximately 5-8 kg each.

2.1.3.3 Cellars

Telephonic data capturing took place and three (3) cellars, one (1) bottling plant and two (2) sales outlets were interviewed. In most cases the wine maker was the appropriate person to provide process effluent details. The two sales outlets were telephonically contacted as their names contained the word: “cellar”.

2.1.3.4 Agricultural Pesticide Container Waste The list of agricultural remedy suppliers was compiled with assistance of Mr C Kotze of Piketberg. Telephonic conversations with AVCASA (Mr Piet Els), ACDASA (Mr Alf Hamman) and TERAGON (Me Elzette Gilliomee) indicated that a massive drive exists to educate farmers to triple rinse and recycle containers. In telephonic interviews with the five (5) agents, the impression was created that they were not aware of the quantities or disposal practiced. All expressed the fact that the empty containers remain the property of the farmer. However, as most of the export grape, fruit and citrus farmers were EUROGAP members, they had to triple rinse and responsibly dispose off empty containers. Grain farmers were named more irresponsible regarding empty pesticide container disposal. The grain farmers will probably need to register with EUROGAP soon and will then need to manage empty pesticide containers in a more responsible manner.

2.1.3.5 Fish Processing Telephonic interviews took place with the fish processing plants mostly situated in Velddrif and surrounds.

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2.1.4 Volumes of Hazardous Wastes Generated

2.1.4.1 Industry The volumes of hazardous wastes generated by industry are graphically shown in Figure 2-1 and listed in Table 2-4.

A1: AGRICULTURE, FOREST MANAGEMENT AND

FISHERIES19%

A2: ANIMAL, VEGETABLE AND FOOD SECTOR

19%

A4: ANIMAL FEED0%

D4: METAL FINISHING0%

E1: NON-METAL MINERALS4%

F11: ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES

0%

G1: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1%

G2: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

0%

G3: MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS

0%

H1: TEXTILE & CLOTHING0%

H2: HIDE AND LEATHER14%

H3: TIMBER, WOOD AND FURNITURE

34%

J1: WASHBAY AND GREASE TRAPS

9%

Figure 2-1: Distribution of Hazardous Waste Generation by Industry

Table 2-4: Known Hazardous and possible Hazardous waste quantities generated by industry and business (excluding Health Care Waste and Cellar Effluent):

HAZ WASTE STREAM

PIKETBERG

m³ or t/a

PORTERVILLE m³ or t/a

VELDDRIF m³ or t/a

TOTAL PER HAZ WASTE STREAM

Pesticide waste and containers

58.0 - - 58.00

Spent oil 61.06 73.00 6.95 141.01 Oily rags/filters 1560.00 - - 1560.00 Grease traps - 0.36 - 0.36 Paint/solvents 0.24 0.06 - 0.30 Asbestos

lagging 13.00 - - 13.00

Acids 0.025 - - 0.025 Old tyres 18.00 - - 18.00 Rinse Water: - Fruit/sparocide 26.4 - - 26.40 Egg rinse water - - 3.60 3.60 TOTAL 1736.7 73.4 10.6 1817.7

The total known quantity of hazardous waste generated (excl fish industry effluent, cellar effluent and HCW) in the Bergrivier Municipal Area is 1 818 m³ and/or tons per annum.

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Hazardous waste and possible Hazardous Waste (excluding Health Care Waste, Fishing Industry Effluent and Cellar Effluent) in Bergrivier Municipal Area: Total = 1 818 t/a

HCW : Health Care Waste

2.1.4.2 Health Care Waste The Bergrivier HCW generators vary in responsibility regarding the management of HCRW. The two hospitals burn the sharps, certain fetuses, placentas, septic disposable waste, drip tubes, etc in Macro burns.

The survey data and calculated conversion of container weights indicate the following Health Care data for Bergrivier Municipality as set out in Error! Reference source not found. below: Table 2-5: Quantities of Bergrivier Health Care Waste in kilogram per annum (kg/a)

AREA WASTE TYPE QUANTITY IN kg/a 1. Piketberg Sharps

Disposables (Boxes + other) Soiled nappies Carcasses Mortuary Bags/Sheets/Gloves Anatomical Waste Sanitary Waste

5 997.00 1 608.00 1 200.00 3 000.00 0.00 36.00 0.00

SUBTOTAL FOR PIKETBERG 11 841.00 2. Porterville Sharps

Disposables (Boxes + other) Soiled nappies Carcasses Mortuary Bags/Sheets/Gloves Anatomical Waste Sanitary Waste

1 692.00 9 112.00 10 585.00 ? 0.00 360.00 1 716.00

SUBTOTAL FOR PORTERVILLE 23 465.00 3. Velddrif Sharps

Disposables (Boxes + other) Soiled nappies Carcasses Mortuary Bags/Sheets/Gloves Anatomical Waste

1 028.00 360.00 ? 800.00 0.00 0.00

SUBTOTAL FOR VELDDRIF 2 188.00 TOTAL FOR BERGRIVIER MUNICIPAL AREA 37.50 t/a

Piketberg32%

Velddrif6%

Porterville62%

Figure 2-2: Geographical Distribution of Health Care Waste Generation

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A more detailed breakdown of the source generators and waste types in the different Bergrivier areas are given in Addendum C.

In summary, the estimated HCW and HCRW generated in Bergrivier municipality are:

Sharps : 8 717.00 kg/a Disposables : 11 080.00 kg/a Soiled nappies : 11 785.00 kg/a Carcasses : 3 800.00 kg/a Sanitary Waste : 1 716.00 kg/a Mortuary bags, sheets, gloves : 0.00 kg/a Anatomical waste : 396.00 kg/a TOTAL HEALTH CARE WASTE 37 494.00 kg/a

TOTAL HCW FOR BERGRIVIER MUNICIPAL AREA = 37.50 t/a

Disposables30%

Soiled nappies31%

Carcasses10%

Sanitary Waste

5%

Mortuary bags, sheets,

gloves0%

Anatomical waste1%

Sharps23%

Figure 2-3: Composition of Health Care Waste in Bergrivier

2.1.4.3 Cellar Waste

2.1.4.3.1 Introduction

A total of three (3) cellars, one (1) bottling plant and 2 sales outlets were telephonically interviewed in the Bergrivier Area. The two sales outlets were contacted as their name contained the word cellars in the name. The cellar sizes vary from the processing 3 000 t of grapes per season to 16 000 t/a.

2.1.4.3.2 Hazardous Waste There are mainly four types of waste arising namely: Pipes and skins from the pressing Cellar lees from the fermentation, and Effluent: wash water containing cellar spills Effluent: caustic soda from bottle washings

2.1.4.3.3 Quantities Pips and Skins

The exact quantity is unknown.

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Cellar lees

The exact quantity is unknown. Effluent

An average of 1 ton grapes produces 700 ℓ wine. In the production of white wine approximately 6 ℓ effluent is generated per 1 ℓ wine.

The caustic soda bottle wash is weak and the volume of effluent is not measured.

Fact sheet Thus: 1 ton processed grapes in white wine making produces 4 200 ℓ effluent. Less effluent is produced in the production of red wine. The total effluent volume generated is not known. Refer to the summary in Table 2-5 of the individual cellars.

2.1.4.3.4 Disposal

Pips and Skins

DWAF generally requires an impermeable base with draining trenches and a bund wall around the in situ disposal area. Drainage effluent should be incorporated in the effluent treatment procedure of the respective cellar. In Porterville the pips and skins are transported to Bren-o-kem in Wolseley. The two Piketberg cellars process the above to compost with and without the addition of chicken manure. This requirement is stipulated in schedule 22(3) (General Authorization) and 21(e) (Controlled Action) of the National Waste Act (Act 36 of 1998). The statutory regulations into article 39 or the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) refers for General Authorisation and must be read in conjunction with the Regulations into article 26. The regulations for both articles were issued as Regulation 1191 of 18 October 1999. (Government Gazette no 20526). The regulations were reviewed and will be re-published during the end of February 2004.

Wash water

The guidelines and regulations for effluent wash water from the cellars are given in the above regulations (see Pips and Skins). In brief: Disposal of 50 m³ per day of COD < 5 000 ppm by irrigation on grassland is allowed. (DWAF is

not satisfied with this procedure). Disposal of 500 m³ per day of COD < 400 ppm by irrigation. This is typical post oxidation dam

effluent and works well as irrigation water. No accumulation of untreated effluent is allowed. If the effluent is kept untreated in a dam, a

permit will be required. Unlimited size storage is not allowed. None of the three (3) cellars have extensive treatment systems used methodologies such as pH stabilization with lime; aeration and removal of fatty acids by decomposition with bacterial cultures. The Porterville cellars are considering a new effluent treatment system.

Lees

The smaller cellars incorporate the less into the effluent from the cellar while larger cellars sell the less to Brenochem or for further fermentation to produce wine.

Caustic Bottle Washings

The weak caustic soda solution is discharged to sewer in Piketberg.

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Table 2-5 : Cellar Waste Quantities

CELLAR PIPS AND PEELS LEES EFFLUENT/WASH WATER SOLD IN SITU

DISPOSAL SOLD IN SITU

DISPOSAL SEWER DISCHARGE DISPOSAL QUANTITY

PER SEASON IN

kℓ

IN-SITU

TREATMENT

NO TREATMENT IRRIGATION OTHER FINAL DISPOSAL

1. PORTERVILLE AREA

Porterville Cellar

B - - Combine with effluent

With lime - - Unknown

2. PIKETBERG AREA

Skenkfontein Cellar

- FC B - - - Unknown

Moravia Cellar - FC (15 t/a) - B - - B (50 t/a including lees)

Unknown

Winkelhoek Bottelering

NA NA NA NA - - - Unknown volume of

caustic wash water

3. VELDDRIF AREA

No cellars - - - - - - - - - Key: B Bren-o-kem in Wolseley FC Farmers – Compost

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2.1.4.4 Agricultural Waste

2.1.4.4.1 Introduction The Bergrivier Municipality area near Porterville & Piketberg forms part of the winter grain basket of the country. There are seven (7) depots and/or distributors of agricultural pesticides to the farmers. Refer to Addendum B.

2.1.4.4.2 Hazardous Waste The pesticides are sold mostly (90 %) in plastic containers and the balance in metal containers. The

containers remain the property of the farmer. ACDASA and the Empty Containers Working Group are trying to educate the farmers through the

producers about the rinsing and recycling of empty containers.

2.1.4.4.3 Quantities Unknown quantities of containers exist. There are ca. 400-500 kg washed and chopped HDPE container pieces removed from UAP Paarl by

Mr B Dreyer for blow moulding or Super Plus in Bellville South.

2.1.4.4.4 Disposal Stockpiles on farms:

The African Stockpile Programme (ASP) classifies empty pesticide containers in the same category as obsolete stock. South Africa is a Phase 1 country and collection centres will be identified for the gathering of both obsolete pesticides and clean empty containers. A project is underway whereby the cement industry is in the process of obtaining a licence for the use of plastic containers as an alternative fuel to high grade coal needed for the running of the kilns. Containers will need to be “triple rinsed” and perforated prior to being taken to collection centres.

Disposal by conscientious farmers

The plastic containers are triple rinsed, perforated and/or cut in quarters/halves and taken by farmers to the UAP Paarl Depot and the TERASON Paarl Depot. The UAP Paarl Recycling Depot receives 30 – 40 % of the containers sold to the farmers as per the estimation of the Piketberg agent.

Mr B Dreyer is a private contractor collecting the washed and chopped HDPE container pieces. His company transports the container pieces to Super Plus in Bellville South. There is apparently a drum burner/incinerator (Littergon?) used at Velddrif Landfill for the

destruction of certain empty pesticide containers. Use as Water Containers

No private person is suspected to sell the 60 ℓ empty containers as water storage containers. The buses going to the Northern and Eastern Cape do however often have the 60 ℓ empty pesticide containers on the roof-rack for transportation to the rural areas where it is mostly used for water storage. The Container Association and ACDASA are aware of this problem and suspect theft of the empty containers for rural use. There is a strong drive by ACDASA to educate farmers to perforate the cleaned, empty containers to discourage re-use and to supply the HDPE pieces to collection depots for collection to be recycled.

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2.1.4.5 Fish Processing

2.1.4.5.1 Introduction There are at least 10 Fish Processing plants in the Velddrif area and surrounds, Laaiplek and Port Owen. The response from the fish processing industry was often slow, inaccurate or non-committed. Quite a few of the fisheries listed in the 2003/4 Boland/West Coast Directory was not in existence any longer. A possible indication of the negative growth of the industry due to the quota reduction by Sea Fisheries (DEAT).

2.1.4.5.2 Quantities The three largest fish processing plants indicated that 400 kℓ/month, 500 kℓ/month and 500 kℓ/month are discharged to the Berg River. Table 2-6: Quantities of Fishing Industry Effluent Generated in Bergrivier Municipality in m3/a

Piketberg Porterville Velddrif Total

Clean fish wash water - - 200 188 200 188

Process water - fish factory - - 5 009 5 009

Bokkoms – saline drip/rinse - - 16 16

Seawater from flume process and fish processing plant

- - 200 000 200 000

Total 0 0 405 213 405 213

2.1.4.5.3 Disposal Out of the 10 fish processing plants, only 4 fall into the “bigger producer” category. There are also 2 bokkom producers and one mussel processing plant. The balance of the fisheries are merchants (Re Mr J Breunissen). The mussel processing plant releases the wash waters to sewer. The saline washings from the bokkom fish houses are rinsed to the Berg River. (approximately

24 m³/a) The processing of fresh fish into portions releases approximately 5 010 m³/a of slightly (?)

contaminated water to the Berg River. The processing of anchovies and sardines into tinned products releases approximately 200 000 m³ of

supernatant seawater into the Berg River from the screening process and approximately 200 000 m³ of cooling and deodorizing water to the Berg River. The latter plants also source their water from the Berg River.

The lack of continuous qualitative monitoring of water released to the Berg River is a concern. The disposal of fish bones and offal is done by one plant at a rate of 360 x 210 ℓ drum/a – to the Velddrif landfill. Hazardous waste and possible Hazardous Waste (including Health Care Waste, Fishing Industry Effluent and Cellar Effluent) in Bergrivier Municipal Area: Total = approximately 439 069 t/a

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2.1.5 Recoverable Material Volumes The Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (D:EA&DP) commissioned a study in 2007 to determine the characterisation of the disposed waste at various landfills in the West Coast District. From that study, although a relatively small once-off sample was analysed, the anticipated average waste composition of Bergrivier Municipality can be derived to include the following recyclable materials (by mass): Paper and Card board: 23% Plastics: 13% Glass: 9% Metal: 5% From the waste composition as reflected above, it can be calculated that the total volume of recoverable materials that are theoretically available in the waste stream will be as indicated in Table 2-8. Table 2-8: Volumes of Available Recoverable Materials

Main Town Sub-area PAPER/ CARD

(t/a) PLASTICS

(t/a) GLASS

(t/a) METAL

(t/a) Aurora - 28.30 16.38 10.70 5.61 Bergrivier Rural 918.17 531.21 347.22 182.14

Dwarskersbos - 34.19 19.78 12.93 6.78 Eendekuil - 32.15 18.60 12.16 6.38 Goedverwacht - 49.45 28.61 18.70 9.81 Piketberg - 346.75 200.61 131.13 68.79 Piketberg Moravia 8.27 4.78 3.13 1.64 Porterville - 97.88 56.63 37.02 19.42

Porterville Monte Bertha 122.86 71.08 46.46 24.37

Redelinghuys - 22.71 13.14 8.59 4.51 Velddrif - 146.95 85.02 55.57 29.15 Velddrif Laaiplek 144.90 83.83 54.80 28.74 Velddrif Noordhoek 200.73 116.13 75.91 39.82

Total 2153.32 1245.82 814.30 427.16 Due to the methods of collection, i.e. the collection of mixed un-separated household waste, a large amount of deterioration and contamination of potentially recoverable material takes place. Post-collection recovery (as is currently the norm in South Africa) implies that only a fraction of the above tonnages are available for recovery and recycling, due to contamination. For that reason separation at source is considered to be the preferred methodology to increase the volumes AND value of recovered materials. Although experience has shown that participation by the public is largely economy driven, the current trend is that separation at source, which implies that recoverable materials are separated by the home owner and “given” to the municipality (or Service Provider) for free, is mainly supported by the middle and higher income groups, whereas the low and very low income groups support buy-back centres or swop-shops where recoverable materials are bought/traded from the residents. Statistics obtained from the various “separate bag” collections as are currently practised on a private contract base in the City of Cape Town, indicate that separation at source participation rates of up to 85% are readily achievable in the middle and higher income groups. The degree of contamination in the “separate bag” is significantly lower and the average “tailings” percentage achieved is approximately 10%. (Source: WastePlan) With the assumed strategy of source separation and “clean” Material Recovery Facilities where the source separated materials are sorted into its various groups and sub-groups, and assuming that only

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middle and higher income group communities will be participating in source separation, it can be calculated that the current (2011) recovery volumes could be as indicated in Table 2-9. Table 2-9: Calculated Volumes of Recovery of Source Separated Materials

Main Town Sub-area Participating Waste (t/a)

PAPER/ CARD (t/a)

PLASTICS (t/a)

GLASS (t/a)

METAL (t/a)

Aurora - 53 2.52 0.42 2.00 0.24 Bergrivier Rural 1409 67.26 11.12 53.29 6.35 Dwarskersbos - 84 4.01 0.66 3.17 0.38 Eendekuil - 48 2.32 0.38 1.83 0.22 Goedverwacht - 79 3.77 0.62 2.99 0.36 Piketberg - 743 35.50 5.87 28.13 3.35 Piketberg Moravia 26 1.25 0.21 0.99 0.12 Porterville - 271 12.96 2.14 10.27 1.22 Porterville Monte

Bertha 124 5.93 0.98 4.70 0.56 Redelinghuys - 35 1.67 0.28 1.32 0.16 Velddrif - 429 20.48 3.39 16.23 1.93 Velddrif Laaiplek 414 19.75 3.27 15.65 1.87 Velddrif Noordhoek 349 16.64 2.75 13.19 1.57

Total 4063.68 194.06 32.08 153.76 18.33 Assumptions for Source Separation: 80% participation (Based on actual data from WastePlan) 21% recovery of available Paper and Cardboard 6% recovery of available Plastics 44% recovery of available Glass 10% recovery of available Metals The above “realistic” volumes can be increased when additional facilities such as buy-back centres are commissioned in low and very low income group communities. There are unfortunately no available statistics on the success of buy-back centres.

2.1.5.1 Paper and Cardboard Paper and Cardboard form the foundation for any recovery venture, due to the relative stable demand and numerous recycled products made from recovered paper. Waste paper is transformed from one type to another during the recycling process. The supply and demand for waste paper, although stable, is cyclical in nature, and therefore marketing patterns have to be adapted accordingly. Some of the factors that contribute to this cyclical demand for recovered paper are: difficulty for mills to carry large stock periodic mill shut-downs result in fluctuations in demand paper stock is considered perishable and thus hazardous to store space for storage of stock is limited and costly Some materials produced with recycled paper pulp include: newspapers, packaging, bags, tissue and towels, corrugated boxes, shoe boxes and files, egg cartons and fruit packing layers. If paper and cardboard products are clean and separated into different types, significantly higher prices are fetched for the recovered materials.

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2.1.5.2 Glass Glass recovery for recycling has had a very erratic history, due to only one recycler having a monopoly in the market. When the capacity of the kilns is full, the price used to drop dramatically due to an over-supply and no demand. Fortunately this situation has stabilized and a constant market for recovered glass is currently prevailing. The separation of glass is very successful in separation at source activities since it is easy to identify by the home owners. Recent experience in the City of Cape Town has shown that most home owners whom participate in separation at source also wash their glass products before putting it in the recyclables bag.

2.1.5.3 Plastic Several types of plastics are typically recycled, i.e. PET (transparent plastic bottles e.g. 2 litre cool drink bottles), HDPE (milk containers), LDPE and mixed plastics. Recycled PET is used in the manufacture of small moulded products, such as handles, sporting goods and furniture. Recycled HDPE is used for producing flowerpots, dustbins and a variety of other containers. Mixed plastics are normally used for the manufacture of outdoor furniture, pallets, and plastic timber. The recent introduction of a levy on shopping bags has caused the amounts arriving at the landfill to reduce dramatically. Less plastic bags are disposed of, as they are recovered and are now manufactured of better quality and thicker plastic. In order to recycle plastics using current traditional methodology, it has to be sorted into the various categories, and washed if contaminated by the other wastes. Alternative technologies are currently being evaluated (also in South Africa) that could eliminate the need for sorting of plastics.

2.1.5.4 Metal Metals are the single most recoverable item in the waste stream. Very little degradation takes place during collection. It follows that a relatively small amount ends up in the waste stream, as all types of metal are removed for re-sale at various stages of the waste handling process. One of the major components of ferrous wastes is the steel can (95% of all cans in the Metropolitan Areas). Non-ferrous metals such as Aluminium and Copper are very scarce in our waste streams, due to its extremely high salvaging value. These are usually removed at source.

2.1.5.5 Economic Sustainability of Waste Recovery Although the recovery of materials of value from the waste stream for recycling or re-use is one of the basic operations in future integrated waste management, the question regarding its financial and economical sustainability should always be asked and answered. Local experience over the last decade has shown that the South African recycling market, or rather the recycled product market, is very small and very susceptible to unforeseen activities, e.g. if one paper mill burns down, the effect on the waste paper market, and the prices, is significant. The South African “market” is simply too small to absorb these types of set-backs. For this reason it is commendable that DEA&DP had a study conducted into sustaining the local recycling industry. But one must consider the economical sustainability and not only the financial sustainability. Economic sustainability considers the whole life-cycle cost and not only the rands and cents of a specific financial year and taking into consideration the avoided costs of airspace saving and also the cost on the environment for the resultant smaller utilisation of virgin resources. An interesting stipulation in the Waste Act, Section 17 (1) (a), is that one may not recover materials from waste if it costs more environmental resources to recover, than it would to dispose of that material – a good example of the total or life-cycle costing principle.

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Prices for recovered materials vary greatly from city to city and province to province, from baled to unbaled, from dirty to clean and from material type. External factors also play a significant role such as the oil price, e.g. due to a previous low crude oil price of approximately US$43 per barrel had caused new plastic to be cheaper than recycled plastic – cheaper, not necessarily more economical. The result was that recyclers could at that moment (January 2009) not even give their LDPE plastic away where only a month before it was sold for R1500/ton. The above does not imply or insinuate that recovery should not be supported, but that both recovery AND the establishment of a recycled goods market should be supported. Benefits must also be shared. For example, if a municipality saves airspace due to recovery, a portion of that saving (avoided costs) should be passed on to the recovery effort to ensure that it is sustainable. If not, as was proven in SA previously, the recovery effort closes down and the municipality loses its avoided cost saving. The June 2011 prices for recovered materials delivered in Cape Town are displayed in Table 2-10. Table 2-10: June 2011 Prices of Recovered Materials in Waste Stream

MATERIAL PRICE in Rand/Ton for baled

material Card board 750 White Paper 1200 Newsprint 600 Glossy Paper 450 Mixed Paper 500 Metals (Mainly cans) 1600 Glass (All colours, Crushed) 400 Plastic (PET, No 1) 2200 Plastic (HDPE, No 2) 2200 Plastic (LDPE, No 4) 1800 Plastic (Polypropylene, No 5) 2000 Plastic (Polystyrene, No 6) 1300

2.1.5.6 Priority Waste Streams

2.1.5.6.1 Tyres

Most of the tyres are returned to the supplier or landfilled at Piketberg. The farmers use some of the larger tyres for cropping the cut grain lands before the next planting season. There is an indication that some tyres are used for combating erosion on farms. In accordance with the recently published Tyre Regulations the disposal of tyres to landfill in its current format is only allowed up to June 2011, whereafter all tyres that are landfilled, must be quartered. After June 2014 no tyres, quartered or otherwise, may be landfilled. The municipality will have to develop an action plan in accordance with the Tyre Regulations to manage tyres generated within the municipal area.

2.1.5.6.2 Waste Oils

Spent oils are mostly recycled and Oilkol provides the service in collection, transportation and deposition at Fuel Firing Systems in Cape Town, for re-refining. Spent oil is occasionally used in the cement kihs and in spray painting ovens as fuel. Some smaller workshops and transport companies tend to allow run-off in furrows or to soak into the property.

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2.1.5.6.3 Empty pesticide containers The onus of the disposal of empty pesticide containers remain on the person/company who purchased such chemicals in a container. There is a major awareness and education drive by ACDASA and the Empty Container Association for the recycling of used containers. TERASON in Paarl is a supplier of agricultural remedies, including pesticides. This company issues a Guideline for the Handling of Empty Agricultural Remedy Containers” whereby the end user is advised how to triple rinse and perforate containers for possible recycling. Metal containers make up approximately10 % only of the container market white the balance is HDPE. All pesticides in HDPE containers are water soluble and allows the container to be recycled when triple rinsed, label removed and quartered. End users are encouraged to return triple rinsed, perforated and quartered containers to the suppliers. TERASON and UAP Crop Care in Paarl. From the two supply depots, the cut HDPE containers are collected by Mr Ben Dreyer and taken to Super Plus in Bellville. At Super Plus, the container pieces are milled and blow moulded into polywood planks. There are however empty 20 – 60 ℓ HDPE containers stolen from farms for use as water holding containers in rural areas. All the container-related associations report the farmers to be responsible in the handling of such containers. However, not all the empty containers are returned for recycling. Burial on farms still take place.

2.1.5.6.4 Fish Processing Water

There are at least three to four mayor wash water streams with the classification thereof broadly based on salinity and organic content. Clean fish water washing: The water is obtained from the Berg River and returned to the Berg River.

The water is used for the washing of unprocessed fish. Process water from the fish factory: The water is obtained from the Berg River and returned to the

Berg River. The water is used for the washing of processed fish and may contain flesh and other organic particles.

Bokkoms: Saline drippings on the factory floor are rinsed to the Berg River. Sea water used in the flume process and fish processing plant which is returned to the Berg River.

In most instances, the quality of the water released into the river is not monitored. This statement is alarming and allows for abuse of the river if the industry does not practice strict environmental management.

2.1.5.6.5 Cellar Effluent The final treatment of cellar effluent is not optimal. The bunding of pips and skins during composting is also questionable. Refer to section 2.1.4.3.4.

2.1.5.6.6 Electrical and Electronic Equipment No accurate data exists.

2.1.5.6.7 Scrap Motor Vehicles No accurate data exists.

2.1.5.6.8 Batteries No accurate data exists.

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2.2 WASTE AVOIDANCE

2.2.1 Waste Avoidance Background Various waste minimization efforts are being practiced in Bergrivier as referred to elsewhere in this report, but the ideal is to avoid the creation of waste in the first place. The following diagram illustrates a simplified version of the well-known waste hierarchy with Avoidance being the most favourable and Disposal the least favourable: Waste avoidance refers to a pro-active approach by industrial as well as domestic waste producers to minimize the volume of waste, by not creating the waste in the first place.

Figure 2-4: Waste Hierarchy

Waste avoidance is a “beginning of the pipe” action that can only work when people understand the full process depicted above. At the moment waste minimisation through recovery (second tier) is considered a priority in South Africa. Once that can be successfully implemented and the people are educated in the importance of waste reduction, can recovery at source (third tier) be implemented with a reasonable chance of success. It therefore follows that waste avoidance will be the ultimate and final step in this education process. On a governmental / legislative level, the introduction of a levy on plastic shopping bags has spurred the production of alternative types of bags, which are re-useable and therefore avoiding the cheap and nasty waste bag that ends up littering our surroundings. In the home, waste avoidance can be practiced by similar efforts where items are used for different purposes that the original intent, possibly suggesting that one purchases alternative products to the norm. Home composting is also considered waste avoidance, as the waste material is converted into a useful gardening resource whilst avoiding the raw product entering the waste stream. A good example of industrial waste avoidance is the production of the new C-class Mercedes Benz. The materials used are specifically chosen and developed to reduce the required disposal thereof. Some plastics can be re-used up to 6 times in the production of the vehicle.

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Presently the avoidance of waste in industry has a financial detrimental implication in most cases (e.g. alternative raw products), and only firms like Daimler Chrysler are able to take the leading role through their international experience in this field. Regulatory controls will only be effective if fines result in legal compliance being cheaper than non-compliance. In South Africa, resource and disposal costs are low, providing no financial incentive to reduce consumption or waste in industry. It follows that regulatory instruments are required for implementation on a Municipal level to govern the avoidance of industrial waste in Bergrivier. European governments often offer incentives / penalties to force the implementation of waste avoidance, in it is suggested that similar economic instruments be implemented in due course in Bergrivier (“pay-as-you-throw” principle). Regular audits should be conducted by an independent entity on the avoidance practices, to form a basis for applying incentives / penalties. An important tool for monitoring purposes is a proper Waste Information System (WIS). This WIS should be developed for Bergrivier in line with the provincial- and national guidelines in order to feed information directly into these systems. Without a doubt, waste avoidance will become a real and enforced issue in South Africa in the near future, and must be addressed in any Municipal Waste Strategy.

2.2.2 Existing Waste Avoidance in Bergrivier In Bergrivier, the best place to start implementing waste avoidance would be at the well-established industries on a voluntary basis. A joint venture effort between such industries and the Municipality may be mutually beneficial. The industry will receive positive advertising of these “green” initiatives through the media, whilst the Municipality will be taking a leading role in South Africa through pro-actively spawning waste avoidance to the benefit of the community and the environment. Successful waste avoidance will result in further lowering of the demand on the Bergrivier waste management infrastructure and the functions of collection, recovery and disposal will be done more efficiently.

2.3 COLLECTION SYSTEMS

2.3.1 Municipal Waste Collection Systems The current fleet of collection vehicles in Bergrivier consists of the following:

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Table 2-11: Detail of Municipal Collection Fleet Registration Number

CBY 1861 CBY 1509CBY 2961 & CBY 4300

CEX 1592

CFP 1315 CFP 1041 CFP 3140 CBY 3741 & CBY 11514

CT 17471 CT 7914

Driver N. Swarts J. van Neel

D. Monk R.

Daniëls N. Don T. Jonga J. Adams J. Taylor

B. Jantjies

H. Skaarnek

Model Nissan UD

330 Nissan CM 10

- Isuzu

FRR 500 Nissan UD

90 Isuzu F 8000 D

Toyota Dyna 7-094

- - -

Description Compactor Tipper Tractor and

Trailer Tipper Compactor Compactor Tipper

Tractor and Trailer

Tractor and

Trailer

Tractor and

Trailer Year 2010 1996 - 1997 2008 1990 1996 - - - Volume Capacity (m3)

18 6 4 6 10 10 4 4 4 4

Km/week 340 250 80 280 380 - - 30 40 20

Depot Piketberg Piketberg Piketberg Porterville Velddrif Velddrif Velddrif Redelinghuys Eendekuil Aurora

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Collection vehicles should ideally not be operated beyond 7 to 8 years in age since the maintenance costs increase dramatically with age. The average age of Bergrivier’s collection vehicles are 13.25 years, indicating the need for fleet replacement. Currently a waste collection service is provided by the municipality for all residents in urban areas. All formal residential erven are receiving a weekly door-to-door collection service. Residents are required to place their waste in refuse bags on the sidewalk for weekly collection.

2.3.2 Public Cleansing Public Cleansing involves the cleansing of streets (kerbs and gutters), public open spaces (other than parks and storm water ditches) and areas of illegal dumping. Currently street cleansing services are provided in all the towns in the municipal area.

2.4 WASTE REDUCTION The Polokwane Declaration was formulated in 2001 by members of Government, whereby a commitment to waste reduction, re-use and recycling was made towards achieving the following goals: 50% reduction in waste generation and 25% reduction in waste disposal by 2012 A plan for Zero waste by 2022 Waste reduction can be divided into three main categories, i.e. 1) Separation at source 2) Recovery for recycling from post-collected waste, and 3) Composting of post collected garden waste. The efficiency of waste minimisation can only be determined through the implementation of a proper WIS as mentioned in Paragraph 2.2.1 above. This WIS should provide information on an ongoing basis regarding the following: The quantity, type, quality and sources of materials recovered The quantity and quality of compost produced and garden waste processed Industrial waste types and volumes, and possible opportunities for waste exchange Public education initiatives and data on available literature at public facilities (e.g. libraries, waste

minimisation clubs and projects) Household awareness campaigns on recycling opportunities Waste education (schools level) and training programmes available for the general public, waste

workers and officials

2.4.1 Recovery for Recycling The average volumes of recoverable materials available for recycling in the Bergrivier waste stream is shown in Table 2-8 and the realistic volumes that can be recovered from that stream through source separation and a “clean” material recovery facility is shown in Table 2-9. From these two tables it is clear that, given the current state of public awareness and education, only 8.6% of the available recoverable materials can realistically be recovered by source separation for recycling. That represents only 3.8% of the total waste stream. Should public awareness and education be raised to the level where residents 100% identify potentially recoverable material and separate it at source to cause no contamination, then the 3.8% could theoretically be increased to 19.2%. But that is theoretically.

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2.4.1.1 Waste Recovery Facilities in Bergrivier Managing small quantities of waste in remote towns and villages throughout the Bergrivier Municipal area is not favourable for promoting post-collection waste recovery due to the long distances from buyers of recoverable material. Since the Waste Disposal Strategy of the West Coast District Municipality shows that Bergrivier’s waste will in future be disposed at the Vredenburg waste disposal site, an option preferred by both municipal councils at the time, and given the fact that Saldanha Bay Municipality has established a Materials Recovery Facility at the Vredenburg Landfill, waste recovery AFTER collection in Bergrivier makes no economic sense. However, the municipalities of Bergrivier and Swartland have entered into an agreement whereby Bergrivier’s municipal waste is transported from the transfer Stations at Piketberg and Velddrift to Swartland’s municipal landfill near Malmesbury. This landfill, Highlands, is rated as one of the best operated landfills in South Africa and also has a Material Recovery Facility that successfully recovers recyclables from post-collected waste. Currently the waste received from the two Transfer Stations of Bergrivier Municipality is not diverted to the Material Recovery Facility since the waste from middle and high income areas are not loaded in separate containers at these transfer stations as the waste from low income areas, thereby contaminating the total waste stream.

2.4.2 Composting

2.4.2.1 Composting Facilities in Bergrivier Composting of garden waste at a centralised composting facility requires approximately 350 tons of garden waste per month in order to achieve economical sustainability. Bergrivier Municipality has approximately half of its population residing in the eastern portion of the municipal area and the other half in the western portion. The anticipated total volume of garden waste generated per month in the whole of the municipality is less than 350 tons, making a centralised composting facility a less feasible option. However, not having sufficient quantities of garden waste does not imply that the garden waste must be disposed by landfill. Organic material that is disposed by landfill decomposes in the absence of oxygen, that is anaerobically, and produces methane gas and carbon dioxide while decomposing. These gases are greenhouse gases and must be minimised. Methane is 23 times as effective (bad) as carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas and all attempts must be made to prevent its generation. During the composting process the decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) resulting in no methane gas being generated. Even if the volumes of garden waste are small, the garden waste must not be subjected to anaerobic conditions. Even if the garden waste is simply chipped and used as mulch, is preferable above disposal by landfill.

2.4.2.2 Home Composting Home composting in South Africa has traditionally been practiced for the purpose of having an inexpensive and reliable source of compost for the garden. More recently, the realization that composting is a means of conserving resources, saving landfill airspace and the recycling of organic matter, has become the driving force for composting under individuals as well as clubs / associations. It has been shown that home composting can reduce the waste stream by 20% to 30% if carried out properly. This is a prime example of “reduction at source” or waste avoidance. This represents probably the only feasible means of composting kitchen waste, as large-scale post-collection composting has proven ineffective on many occasions in South Africa. Due to a lack of general information conveyed to the private composter in the past, many perceptions of home composting has become that of a stinking pile somewhere in the corner of the garden. This (and a change in lifestyles) has led to compost becoming a shopping list item to be bought at the supermarket.

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Leaflets or other methods of information should be made available to inform the general public of the advantages and “recipe” for making good quality home compost. This should include: Bins / container design Raw products C:N ratio Minimum volume Preparation Moisture content Aeration Monitoring Trouble-shooting Home composting bins can be bought at selected nurseries throughout the Western Cape. These are normally one of two types. The first type is a moulded plastic bin which comes in two sizes as follows: Small – volume approximately 500 litres, price R300 Medium – volume approximately 1000 litres, price R370 The second type is one made from chicken wire around a plastic framework. This one is also of approximately 1000 litre capacity, and sells for around R300. The disadvantage to the chicken wire model is the possibility of leaching, flies and foul odours. However, it does allow for good aeration, whereas the plastic model may tend to result in anaerobic conditions (rotting) if not manually aerated by turning. Vermicomposting Vermicomposting refers to the deliberate introduction of earthworms (typically) during early stages of the composting process. These would appear naturally at an advanced stage of natural composting, which would be after stabilization, where macrofauna use some of the microflora as a substrate. The earthworms have the following beneficial effects on the composting process: Reduction of particle size Removal of old bacteria, stimulating the growth of new bacteria Enriching the compost by excretions high in Nitrogen Promotes penetration of oxygen into the compost Increases pathogen control Produces worm castings, a good soil amendment Vermicomposting lends itself well to household-sized ventures, as it requires very careful control, but produces very high quality compost in a relative short period of time. It is a very clean process which does not attract flies. This type of composting is typically done inside special bins designed for the purpose. Most kitchen-type wastes can be composted in this manner, although onions, citrus & other acidic foods should be avoided as they can be toxic to the worms. The worms are also quite sensitive to extreme temperatures, humidity and rain. Therefore this process does not lend itself to large-scale industrial composting. Also the ratio of worms: substrate is approximately 1:4; therefore very large amounts of worms are required for the process. The worm mass doubles in approximately 12 weeks.

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2.5 WASTE DISPOSAL

2.5.1 Operating Landfills Bergrivier Municipality currently utilises no licensed waste disposal site. All collected municipal waste is off-loaded at either the Piketberg or Velddrif Refuse Transfer Stations for transport and final disposal at the Highlands landfill near Malmesbury as per agreement with Swartland Municipality.

2.5.2 Closed Landfills There are a number of closed waste disposal sites within the Bergrivier Municipal area that have been closed after the commissioning of the two Refuse Transfer Stations. These are near Velddrif, Piketberg, Porterville and Aurora. Unfortunately these sites, although closed, are still being used by the public for garden waste and builder’s rubble. The Velddrif site is currently being applied for a waste license for closure. All of these sites should be properly closed, also for garden waste and builder’s rubble, and applications for waste licenses for closure should be submitted to the licensing authority.

Figure 2-5: Velddrif Landfill

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Figure 2-6: Piketberg Landfill

Figure 2-7: Porterville Landfill

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Figure 2-8: Aurora Landfill

Closure and rehabilitation cost estimates have been calculated for the Piketberg and Porterville sites. The costs are estimated as shown in Table 2-12 below. Table 2-12: Closure cost estimates

Piketberg Porterville Footprint 112 500.00 68 400.00 Rehabilitation Area 125 419.55 77 596.05 Length of storm water 1 400.00 1 120.00

P&G R 1 042 634.62 R 1 237 583.19 Site Preparation R 1 594 454.12 R 1 972 951.41 Storm Water Drainage R 2 694 125.47 R 3 082 894.48 Capping R 2 633 810.57 R 3 259 034.06 Gas Management R 0.00 R 0.00 Other R 525 000.00 R 525 000.00 Contingencies R 849 002.48 R 1 007 746.31 Fees R 1 167 378.41 R 1 385 651.18 Total R 10 506 405.67 R 12 470 860.64

Cost per footprint m2 R 93.39 R 182.32 Cost per rehab m2 R 83.77 R 160.72 Estimated construction 4-6 months 4-6 months

The estimate for Velddrif landfill has not been included here, as the closure is currently under way and the Municipality has entered into an agreement with a private entity which provides the ownership of the property to the private entity and rehabilitation costs shall not be carried by Bergrivier Municipality.

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2.5.3 Builder’s Rubble Sites Bergrivier has no dedicated builder’s rubble sites since all builder’s rubble are disposed at the waste sites.

2.5.4 Waste Transfer Stations Bergrivier has two operating waste transfer stations that are intended to receive all wastes generated in all the towns and villages of Bergrivier Municipality. Waste is transferred into open top containers at these two transfer stations for road haul to the licensed Highlands landfill near Malmesbury. However, road signage towards these two transfer stations does not exist.

2.5.5 Public Drop-off Facilities Public Drop-off facilities have been provided in the towns of Aurora and Porterville.

2.5.6 Disposal Facilities used outside the Bergrivier Boundaries There are a few private disposal and/or treatment facilities used by Bergrivier Industries and Health Care Waste Generators. The facilities are discussed in greater detail below: Hazardous Waste: The Vissershok Waste Management Facility (VWMF), owned by an Enviroserv/Wasteman partnership

and operated by Dispose-Tech, has a H:H operationing permit from DWAF. The site is situated some 800m west of the N7 at Vissershok and is operated and audited in terms of its permit conditions. All hazardous wastes generated in the municipal area of Bergrivier are disposed at this facility.

Oil Disposal/Recycling Used Oil is collected mainly by Oilkol and brought to the Fuel Firing Systems (FFS) oil recovery plant

adjacent to the N7 at Vissershok. The facility is supported by the Rose Foundation and operates as a scheduled process under the Air Pollution Control Act (Act 45 of 1965) and has ISO 14001 accreditation. All waste lubrication oils collected by Oilkol is initially transported to the specialised Rose Foundation depot in Brackenfell. The oil is sold to Fuel Firing System Refiners for reprocessing.

Solvent Recycling Very little solvent recycling was encountered. Silver and photographic heavy metal solution Cape Precious Metals (CPM) is based in Cape Town and recovers silver as well as other precious

heavy metals from photo labs in the printing industry, private photo labs in the area and spent radiology fluids from the Health Care Industry. The recovery of silver is by electrolytic methods for photographic fixers and developers while passive recovery is used for radiology effluents.

Health Care Waste The two most known private incinerators used are the Solid Waste Technologies facility in Milnerton

and the BCL facility at the Medical Research Council in Delft. These two facilities do not operate as H:H permitted facilities under the Environmental Conservation Act but rather as scheduled processes under the Air Pollution Act (Act 45 of 1965).

The number provincial incinerators as well as their operational status are not known.

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2.6 COSTS OF EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2.6.1 Financial Summary of Waste Management Services of Bergrivier Municipality

2.6.1.1 Income

Income for the Municipality is derived from service charges related to collection from domestic and business refuse removal.

2.6.1.2 Expenses Expenses incurred are mainly staff (31%), general expenses (55%) and repairs and maintenance (14%). The table below shows the typical financial analysis of the Solid Waste Services for the Municipality (2011/12 Budget). Table 2-12: Financial Analysis of Solid Waste Services

Description Expenditure

Staff R 4,430,478 General Expenses R 7,912,770

Repairs and Maintenance R 2,030,453 Capital R 2,431,000 Totals R 16,804,701

2.6.2 Staff Compliment of Existing Waste Management System

Waste management is labour intensive with low levels of skill required. The staff compliment is mainly labourers and few vacancies exist. The table and graph indicates the staff compliment and also the vacancies. Table 2-13: Summary of Cleaning Services Personnel

Posts Appointees Vacant Team Leader Truck Driver 5 0 Senior Tractor Driver 4 0 Operator 1 0 Worker 35 0 Totals 45 0

The staff organogram is provided as Table 2-14.

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Table 2-14: Organogram of Bergrivier Municipality Cleaning Services

Engineer (Civil)

Velddrif Aurora Piketberg Redelinghuys Porterville Eendekuil

Deputy Engineer (Civil) Asst Engineer (Civil)

Asst Engineer (Civil)

Senior Superintendant (Works/Storm Water/Cleansing) Senior Supervisor (Works)

Collection (Household

and Business)

Collection: (Garden-, Streets-

and Building Rubble)

Transfer station Velddrif

Disposal: Landfill

site

Collection: (Garden-,

Streets- and Building Rubble)


and Business)


and Business)

Collection: (Garden-, Streets- and

Building Rubble)

Transfer station Velddrif

Collection: all


and Business)

Collection: (Garden-,

Streets- and Building Rubble)

Team Leader Driver

Truck Driver

Worker Operator Tractor Driver Team Leader Driver

Truck Driver

Senior Tractor Driver

Worker Tractor Driver Team Leader Driver

Tractor Driver

Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker

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2.7 CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS

Waste management in the Bergrivier appears to be well managed with respect to General Waste, but the survey of the hazardous and health-care waste streams has indicated some shortcomings in its management. The lack of available data on all waste types contribute towards the shortcomings of the management systems. Achieving a sustainable integrated waste management system has eluded Bergrivier in the past for various reasons. These include: The lack of public awareness of the gravity of the problem of sustainable waste management. Our

poor history of waste management in South Africa means that we pay little attention to our lifestyle insofar as how it affects the environment. However, when an environmental problem is noted and the public are made aware of the need for action, there is no stronger lobby. This was evident in the outcry over CFC containing aerosols in the late eighties. Once the problem was discovered and the people informed, a combination of international action and public pressure resulted in almost an immediate ban of these ozone-depleting substances. Creating awareness of the issue of sustainable waste management may have a similar outcome.

By-laws not addressing hazardous or healthcare wastes. Existing By-laws do not address all

waste types and thereby create a legislative “loophole” for poor waste management practices. Although the municipalities have traditionally not taken responsibility for wastes types other than domestic, the recent legislation has made municipalities responsible for all types of pollution (from any waste type).

Apathy from industrial waste generators. Since all industries aim to operate at a profit, no or little

proper waste management is done if it is not required by legislation. Apathy from health care waste generators. The average health care practitioner show no or little

concern for the negative affect caused by their waste management practices. Apathy from agricultural waste generators. The agricultural sector in general is ignorant of

sustainable waste management. Ignorance of the public. The general public appears to be content to put out their waste and then

it is somebody else’s problem. Concepts such as waste avoidance, waste reduction, etc, are not within the general vocabulary.

Lack of information regarding waste generation types and volumes. Accurate data on waste

generation has been almost non-existent since no proper measuring facilities existed. Collection Fleet – Age, Condition, Aesthetics, Type. Collection vehicles in Bergrivier Municipality,

as is the case in almost all South African municipalities, are kept in service long after the end of their economic lives. Collection vehicles help creating the public’s perception of waste management and need to be aesthetically pleasing.

Unlicensed landfills. With the demarcation of new municipal boundaries, Bergrivier has “inherited”

unlicensed communal-size waste sites near Porterville, Piketberg and Velddrif that need to be closed and rehabilitated.

Lack of monitoring of facilities. None of the existing waste facilities in the Bergrivier are being

monitored, with the result that no measured data exist to indicate whether permit conditions (where applicable) are being met nor whether the receiving environment is being polluted.

Lack of permitting of special waste generators. The municipality has no or little data on the

generators of special wastes within the municipal boundaries nor on the destination or disposal method of these wastes.

Lack of monitoring of industrial waste. The generation of industrial waste is currently not being

monitored with the result that the municipality has no data on the volumes and types generated nor on its destination and treatment/disposal.

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2.8 WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

With the Status Quo of waste management as listed in the previous chapters and the current problems that are experienced by waste management, the way forward is to state the strategic objectives of the Municipality and then to develop action plans or implementation instruments how to achieve the strategic objectives. Bergrivier Municipality is committed to a system of waste management that will see the least possible amount of waste going to modern engineered landfills. This will be achieved through the use of education, law enforcement and material recovery and treatment plants. New and emerging technologies, where applicable and affordable, will also play a part in overall waste management. The Waste Management Strategic Objectives for Bergrivier Municipality on which this Plan is based, commits the municipality to: Create an atmosphere in which the environment and natural resources of the region are

conserved and protected. Develop a communication/information/education strategy to help ensure acceptance of

‘ownership’ of the strategic objectives among members of the public and industry throughout the municipality and to promote co-operative community action.

Provide a framework to address the municipality’s growing problem of waste management in

accordance with best prevailing norms, financial capacity and best environmental practice. Provide solutions for the three main objectives:

o The avoidance of waste generation o The reduction of waste volumes o The safe disposal of waste

2.8.1 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

2.8.1.1 General

To ensure that Waste Management in the Bergrivier Municipal Area complies with South African and International environmental standards so that it is beneficial to industrial and agricultural growth and the public’s right to a clean and healthy environment.

2.8.1.2 Waste Avoidance To promote the minimisation of the generation of waste.

2.8.1.3 Waste Reduction To promote the reduction of all waste so that nothing of value nor anything that can decompose, gets disposed.

2.8.1.4 Waste Disposal To store, dispose or treat all waste that can not be avoided nor reduced at licensed facilities with regular operational and environmental monitoring and in accordance with regulatory requirements.

2.8.2 Definitions WASTE AVOIDANCE is to avoid material entering the waste stream, e.g. when the generator of the material either re-uses it or give the material to somebody else as product or raw material. Composting at home is regarded as waste avoidance. WASTE REDUCTION is to reduce the quantity of waste that has been discarded by its generator, e.g. when recyclable materials are recovered at the sidewalk or at a transfer station, materials recovery facility or landfill. Composting of garden waste at a composting facility is regarded as reduction.

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WASTE DISPOSAL is defined as the storage, treatment or disposal of waste at licensed facilities.

2.9 ROLE OF BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY The role of the local authority in waste management is of vital importance. Bergrivier Municipality needs to provide a safe, robust, and secure system for the management of wastes generated in its administrative area. It is essential that this system can respond to changes in socio-economic situation, to changing waste composition and quantities, and to alterations in the public’s perception of waste management issues. Bergrivier Municipality must adopt, therefore, a combination of options for handling waste, tailored to meet the needs and prevailing circumstances of its particular administrative area. The combinations utilised will undoubtedly vary over time - reflecting the changing needs of local residents and the environment. The plans formulated by Bergrivier Municipality are specific to the area and its resources. They reflect the availability of suitable waste management facilities in the region, as well as local market demand for recovered materials. Special care must be taken to cater for the volatility of markets for recovered materials by ensuring that there are other suitable options to fall back on, if required. It is, therefore, highly desirable to be able to switch between waste management methods - further emphasising the hazards of relying too heavily on a single policy option instead of a combination of policies. Bergrivier Municipality has therefore initiated an Integrated Waste Management Plan to be carried out over the next twenty years. This plan is founded on South Africa’s National Environmental Management Act and the National Waste Management Strategy and takes into account the Municipality’s legal obligations regarding waste avoidance, recovery, disposal and general management. The implementation instruments or action plans defined in the following section are laid out in a manner which reflects the waste management hierarchy, putting the emphasis on waste avoidance and minimisation, with specific waste streams looked at in detail.

3. BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY’S IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS

3.1 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE AVOIDANCE Waste Avoidance is the primary focus of the National Waste Management Strategy and as such must be the priority of any Integrated Waste Management Plan. Waste Avoidance is defined as the action that avoids the entry of material into the waste stream, that is when the generator of the potentially waste material exercises the decision to do something else with that material rather than to put it out for waste collection. The following are typical examples of waste avoidance: Composting of the organic/green waste at home, Self-delivery of glass/cardboard/newspaper/PET to recycling bins or school recycling projects Re-use of empty jars as storage containers at home, Separate collection of source separated materials Separate collection of spent oils, solvents, print cartridges, x-ray and photographic developers by

recovery contractors, Reprocessing of pips, peels and lees to produce tartaric acid and grape seed oil, Reclamation of drum containers Recovery of wet or spilled grain for animal feed, Recovery of fruit and food solid waste component as animal feed, Recovery of chemicals from industries Recovery of electronic equipment Changing raw materials of industrial processes to produce recoverable industrial waste

From the above it is clear that waste avoidance will result not only in less material to be disposed but also in less material to be collected by the waste collection system. The following are Bergrivier Municipality’s plans for the promotion of waste avoidance in its area:

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Action General Why? When?

Public Awareness and Education

Bergrivier Municipality will develop a public awareness and education campaign, putting special emphasis on waste avoidance and reduction at source. The campaign will endeavour to highlight ways in which the public can avoid or prevent waste generation, and to suggest alternatives to high waste producing products/activities. In addition, more proactive measures to reach the public, particularly on a local level, will be explored.

There are three principles listed in NEMA section 2 that are of particular importance when we discuss Integrated Waste Management in conjunction with public awareness and education. These principles are the following: Public participation in environmental decision-making must be promoted. The participation of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups must be ensured. Decisions must be taken in an open and transparent manner and access to information provided in accordance with the law. The polluter must pay for the cost of remedying pollution, environmental degradation and adverse health impacts. NEMA says that pollution can be many different things and to be called pollution it must change the environment now or in the future in a way that will affect your health and well-being, or harm the environment. Activities that could cause significant pollution are the storage, treatment and disposal of waste. The Constitution provides everyone in South Africa the right to information that is held by the government and that is needed by someone to protect their rights. The NEMA tells us in section 31 that amongst other information that you have the right to information about emissions to water, air and soil and also information about how Hazardous Wastes are made, stored and disposed of. The government in turn can get information about the environment, emissions to air, soil and water and the handling of Hazardous Waste from any private person and then one can obtain this information from the government. A person cannot refuse information about emission levels and waste products. Local authorities regulate many different issues and it is often not easy for an official to decide on the best course of action to take when faced with difficult environmental problem. Effective environmental management training will help officials to identify, predict and evaluate environmental, social or economic impacts and then to develop solutions to such environmental threats and integrate and co-ordinate the solutions into a total management plan for their area of jurisdiction. Training will contribute to the reduction of environmental degradation and its resultant negative impacts and greatly improve the quality of life for communities within their boundaries. It will also help to optimize the resources that are at a local authority’s disposal. Chapter 5 of NEMA has provisions for Integrated Environmental Management and if these provisions are not followed correctly, a member of the public could take them to court if they violated the NEMA. The above sections highlights the importance of complying with the various pieces of legislation concerning waste management, since one of our fundamental rights in the Constitution is the right to a clean and healthy environment that is not harmful to health and well-being. However, many of the Municipal employees are either not aware of all the requirements of the relevant legislation or they are simply not aware of the legislation itself. Since the Constitution provides the public with a fundamental right to the environment and NEMA provides them with the right to access to information surrounding waste management and in particular Hazardous Waste it is imperative that Municipalities ensure that they are doing everything right. If a member of public suspect that something is done in the wrong way, it is possible for them to obtain the necessary information to prove that the wrong decisions were taken or the wrong procedures followed. The public is increasingly well informed and takes much interest in environmental issues. In certain cases even better informed than the officials of the Municipalities themselves. This shows the importance of education in Integrated Waste Management at the various Municipalities at all different levels i.e. from the Head of the Waste Management Department to the person involved in collection.

The public awareness campaign for both the generators of waste as well as the service providers should start once the IWMP has been approved by Council. The action however does not have an end date due to the continuous nature thereof.

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Action General Why? When? The Municipal officials should also be made aware of instruments that can be used to enforce waste avoidance, waste reduction and responsible disposal. We need a well-informed public that is willing and able to take collective responsibility for managing our valuable natural resource base. People should not only be provided with information but also be helped to use this information. This includes the ability to identify environmental problems, analyze their causes and contribute to solutions, whether this is local recycling or car-pooling or contributing meaningfully to public participation processes. Since the root of the problem is not waste itself, but the attitude towards the disposal of waste, the emphasis has been on changing the mindset of the population towards one of environmental care and consideration. Information booklets and/or flyers can be distributed at major shopping malls, clinics and hospitals. Industry and the agricultural sector should similarly receive these booklets and should be provided with the opportunity to receive an industry specific training seminar on Integrated Waste Management.

Quantifying Prevention

Bergrivier Municipality will assess the possibility of using statistics and other data collected to quantify the success of prevention measures employed within the municipality. This will be done by populating a GIS system with relevant data. The Council will co-operate with the Waste Minimisation groups in efforts to quantify waste avoidance through the use of performance indicators and by other means.

Compiling information on waste management trends may assist in quantifying waste avoidance. It is important to ascertain whether or not waste avoidance targets are being reached and such information will also help in the setting of realistic targets for the future.

The implementation of this action will depend on and follow the implementation of a waste information system.

3.2 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE REDUCTION

Waste Reduction is the secondary focus of the National Waste Management Strategy in that all waste that cannot be avoided, must be reduced. In terms of definition it represents the actions required to, once the generator of waste has made the decision that a material(s) is waste and entered it into the waste stream, remove that material from the waste stream for re-use, recycling, treatment/conversion, composting, etc. and by such action prevent the material from being disposed. Typical examples of waste reduction are as follows: Kerbside collection of recyclable material by informal salvagers Composting of green wastes at composting facility Recovery of recyclable material at Material Recovery Facility (MRF) Recovery of recyclable material at waste disposal site The following are Bergrivier Municipality’s plans for the reduction of waste within its functional area.

Action General Why? When? Post Collection Recovery

Bergrivier Municipality will ensure that its collected waste is reduced at a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) where recyclable materials are recovered from the collected wastes so that only material of no value be forwarded for landfilling.

Recyclable material such as paper, cardboard, glass, certain types of plastic and metals have value when transformed or re-used as raw material. In maximising the recovery of these materials the usage of virgin raw material is reduced, thus saving natural resources. The sale of these materials also provide employment opportunities (approximately 1 sustainable job at minimum wage per 10 tons of domestic waste per day) for SMME’s. Recovery of the recyclable fraction of the waste stream also reduces the “lighter” fraction of the waste stream resulting in less risk of wind-blown litter at the disposal site. Although the mass of recovered materials is not always significant, the volume of airspace saved is, e.g. a 350 kg bale of PET (2 liter cooldrink bottles) requires 16m3 of bottles. These bottles do not compact in a landfill and huge savings in airspace are achieved through its recovery.

The MRF at Highlands, the destination of Bergrivier’s waste, is already in operation resulting in this action being implemented on an on-going base. To improve recovery rates, a source separation system must be implemented by Bergrivier to minimize the contamination of

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Action General Why? When? recyclables.

Post Collection Composting

Bergrivier Municipality will investigate the economic sustainability of a composting facility where the organic fraction of the collected waste stream is composted. Should the investigation prove to be unsustainable, a plan shall be formulated to prevent green waste from being landfilled.

Organic materials decompose in time and when disposed in a landfill, the decomposition occurs anaerobically (without the presence of oxygen). During anaerobic decomposition greenhouse gasses such as methane and carbon dioxide are formed. These gasses have a detrimental effect on the earth’s ozone layer and internationally the generation of these gasses is being minimised. Methane is twenty one times as effective as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Composting involves the aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) decomposition of organic matter and although carbon dioxide is also produce during this decomposition process, no methane is produced. Composting of organic material is therefore environmentally more beneficial than landfill it, even if the compost is afterwards landfilled. Compost produced from green waste (garden clippings, etc.) is more “acceptable” to the public for usage in residential gardens since it is perceived to be cleaner than compost that has been produced from the total organic waste fraction. On average approximately 35-50% of the total domestic waste stream is made up of organic materials that are compostable. Composting can therefore significantly reduce the volume of waste to be landfilled, however a mass of approximately 350 tons of garden waste is required per month for the financial sustainability of such a facility. The mass of garden waste produced in Bergrivier is unknown at this time, resulting in a request for an investigation.

Bergrivier’s waste volumes indicate that insufficient amounts of garden waste are generated to establish a composting facility. Home composting should be promoted and can be implemented immediately. Bergrivier should further investigate chipping of garden waste and making the chipped garden waste available to the agricultural sector and public.

3.3 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL

The disposal of waste by landfill is considered to be the least desirable option in the Waste Management Hierarchy. The volume of waste to be disposed is a measurement of the success achieved with waste avoidance and waste reduction. Although municipal waste disposal currently takes place at the municipality’s unlicensed waste sites, the current planning is to transport the collected waste to a licensed landfill in a neighbouring municipality. The following are the Municipality’s plans for the disposal of residual wastes within its functional area:

Action General Why? When? Engineered Waste Disposal Facilities

The disposal of non-recoverable waste will only be allowed at properly engineered waste disposal sites that are licensed by the relevant statutory authority and that are operated and audited in terms of the relevant permit conditions. All closed and/or unlicensed waste sites are to be rehabilitated.

Since the whole of Bergrivier is located in a sensitive environment, properly engineered waste disposal facilities that minimise the risk of environmental pollution and the degradation of the surrounding area are a prerequisite for local sustainability. Ground water resources are thus protected. The current storage of waste, Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Waste containers on industrial sites and farms are unacceptable and not in accordance with the Environmental Conservation Act. Properly engineered and operated waste disposal facilities are also beneficial to the exporters of industrial and agricultural produce in obtaining their international accreditation.

The Velddrif site is in the closure and rehabilitation process. All other site closures and rehabilitations should commence as soon as possible.

Monitoring of Waste Disposal

All waste destined for disposal and disposal facilities shall be monitored for compliance with permit conditions, volumes received and for environmental impact.

Currently no monitoring of waste disposal facilities take place, resulting in no available data on the status of environmental pollution that may or may not take place at the waste facilities. Monitoring will also ensure that the Municipality is aware of the final destination of all waste, general, hazardous and health-care, that are generated within its boundaries.

This action is the correct environmental option to follow. Implementation can be immediately.

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3.4 IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL Although the National Waste Management Strategy focuses mainly on waste avoidance, reduction and disposal and as such these three activities form the heart of any Integrated Waste Management Plan, certain other waste management activities need also to be addressed in order to achieve proper waste avoidance, reduction and disposal. The following are the municipality’s plans for waste management in general:

Action General Why? When? Collection Service Review

Bergrivier Municipality will continuously review its waste collection operations, in order to make them as efficient as possible, with due regard to value for money in the area of municipal waste collection. The Municipality will examine the quality of their service, resource management and general working arrangements.

The collection of waste is the most expensive activity of the waste management system. The municipality must ensure that every waste generator within its boundaries receives a waste collection service at an acceptable level of service and at an affordable price. The waste collection system must therefore be optimised, in terms of level of service, type of containers, type of collection vehicle, etc., and must be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the long term goal of source-separated waste.

The implementation of this action requires detail investigations of service delivery and resources from time to time. The last investigation was done in 2002 and should be repeated every 5 years

Data Compilation

Bergrivier Municipality will continue to gather accurate data regarding domestic, commercial and industrial waste generation and collection. The Municipality will endeavour to aggregate the data collected from each town for analysis. These procedures will include: · details of direct and indirect costs; · number of tons collected; · number of bin lifts; · number of properties serviced; and · number of outdoor staff. The following performance indicators will then be produced annually: · average cost per ton collected; · average cost per employee; · average cost per property serviced; · cost per bin lift; · tonnage collected per property; · tonnage collected per employee; and · number of properties serviced per employee.

Compilation of this data will enable analysis of the performance of the waste collection operations on a yearly basis. This in turn allows for improvements to be made in inefficient areas and reveals the more efficient areas of operation.

The receiving Highlands MRF is equipped with a weighbridge and accurate data collection can continue. Bergrivier has the option to install a weighbridge if the need arises to check these quantities.

Cleansing The Bergrivier Municipality will ensure the general cleansing of the municipal area.

Whilst the Cleansing component of waste management is often dwarfed by the other key elements such as avoidance, recovery, collection, transfer transport and disposal, in essence it involves putting the “cherry on top of the cake” in terms of closing the loop on waste management. Without proper cleansing the success of the other key elements would not be apparent as the environment would be dirty, litter strewn and unkempt. The cleansing functions in a municipality may involve all or most of the following: Litter picking – picking up of litter in streets, parks, beaches, sidewalks and public open areas. Street sweeping and cleaning of stormwater catchpits. This may involve the sweeping of all streets either mechanically or manually and removal of debris. Also the cleaning of stormwater catchpits and channels. Street washing / sanitising – washing down and sanitising streets and parking areas which are subjected to pollution, i.e., areas frequented by hawkers or secluded streets where the public urinate or defecate. Cleaning and sanitising of public ablution

This action requires public awareness as well as awareness of the service provider. Implementation has already been done partially with certain towns receiving a street sweeping service.

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Action General Why? When? facilities Weed control in roadways It is evident that failure to carry out the above functions will result in a very negative impact on the public and the environment, due to the high visibility thereof as well as the pollution that will result.

4. BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY’S IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE The implementation of the above actions towards Integrated Waste Management must be scheduled in such a way that it is realistic, achievable, financially feasible and publically acceptable. The attached schedule provides an indication of the proposed implementation of the above actions.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS The Project Team, with the assistance of municipal officials, has undertaken an analysis of the current municipal solid waste management activities within Bergrivier Municipality. The analysis has shown that the Bergrivier Municipality has through the years committed themselves to only the delivery of a collection and disposal service for all its residents, as was their function. The chapters of this Integrated Waste Management Plan report describe the way in which the municipality is currently conducting solid waste management, which is mainly focussed on collection and disposal, and how to strategically move towards a sustainable waste management system whereby the focus will shift to the avoidance and reduction of waste rather than to the disposal thereof. It also lists the strategies of the municipality in terms of Waste avoidance, waste reduction and waste disposal. During the process of the implementation of the municipality’s Integrated Waste Management Plan, and arising from the public consultation process that is forthcoming, further input and/or corrections to the report may come to light that will then be added as a revision to the report. The analysis of the current waste management system has shown the following: o all formal residential erven are receiving a weekly door-to-door waste collection service o all hazardous wastes generated within the municipal area are disposed or treated at facilities

outside the municipal boundaries o most healthcare risk wastes are managed by private contractors o no significant waste recovery is being done o no significant waste avoidance is done o waste delivered at Highlands are not recycled due to contamination. With the current waste management system focussing on getting the waste into the waste stream and disposing of it in an acceptable manner, and with the future integrated waste management system focussing on waste avoidance and waste reduction, the municipality requires at set of strategic objectives on how to transform from the current management system to the future management system. The strategic objectives for integrated waste management in Bergrivier Municipality can be summarised as follows: o To ensure that Waste Management in the Bergrivier Municipal Area complies with South African

and International environmental standards so that it is beneficial to industrial and agricultural growth and the public’s right to a clean and healthy environment.

o To minimise the entrance of material of value into the waste stream. o To reduce all waste so that nothing of value nor anything that can decompose, gets disposed.

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o To store, dispose or treat all waste that cannot be avoided nor reduced at licensed facilities with regular operational and environmental monitoring and in accordance with regulatory requirements.

For these strategic objectives to be met, a series of implementation instruments (action plans) will need to be implemented. These implementation instruments as well as time framework within which it should be addressed are described in this report but need to be fully detailed at a later stage. The instruments are the following:

o Public Awareness and Education o Quantifying Prevention o Post Collection Recovery o Post Collection Composting o Engineered Waste Disposal Facilities o Monitoring of Waste Disposal o Collection Service Review o Data Compilation o Cleansing The above instruments, through implementation via their action plans, will ensure that waste management in Bergrivier focuses on avoidance and reduction rather than collection and disposal, but simultaneously maintaining the practical balance between the various waste management functions.

Since the highest priority for transforming the current management system is undoubtedly depending on public acceptance and ownership, the Public Awareness and Education instrument will receive preference in the implementing framework.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

A comprehensive analysis and assessment of solid waste management in the Bergrivier Municipal area has been done and key strategies have been determined to aim the municipality towards sustainable and integrated waste management. It is therefore recommended that the next stage of the process of implementing the Integrated Waste Management Plan be proceeded with, that entails the consultation process with the public and the development of detail action plans and key performance indicators for future monitoring of the municipality’s successes in waste management service delivery. Public Awareness The first step in educating the public about waste is to make them aware of the new waste management procedures and facilities available to them. Proper signage must be erected to direct the public to the newly constructed transfer stations and drop-offs. If the public remains unaware of these facilities and procedures, illegal dumping will not cease at the closed landfill sites. Another reason to focus on educating the public will cause a greater awareness of waste minimisation. This will reduce waste generation rates which will in turn reduce transport volumes and costs. It is important to also provide feedback to the public of the success of their efforts, for example publishing month to month volumes of waste diverted from being landfilled. To reduce the contamination of recyclables, a source separation strategy can be implemented. The residents of Bergrivier must be provided with additional “clear bags” into which they deposit their recyclables. These clear bags are then collected separately into bins and transported to the Highlands MRF where the recyclables can be sorted, baled and transported. Waste Collection and Transport The current collection service and its composition should be reviewed. Part of the Bergrivier collection fleet is due for replacement and it must be ensured that the appropriate vehicles are acquired. This can be done by reviewing the function and route of each vehicle. It has been shown that where an appropriate vehicle is used, it can replace several inappropriate vehicles used for the same function.

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This possible reduction in fleet size can ultimately reduce labour and transport costs by vast amounts per annum as well as improve efficiency. Waste reduction Insufficient quantities of garden waste are generated in Bergrivier to sustain a composting plant. The option of garden waste chipping should thus be explored. Chipped garden waste can for example be made available to farmers for use. This will ensure that large volumes of garden waste need not be transported or landfilled. Another waste reduction operation is the crushing of builder’s rubble. The crushed material can be used for example in road construction as a G7 material. Waste Disposal It must be ensured that all waste management facilities such as Transfer Stations and public drop-offs are regularly audited as stipulated in each waste permit. Regular audits will ensure that these facilities are operated correctly and efficiently. Ensuring the correct operations will maximise the results of efforts of waste reduction and recovery and therefore the benefits thereof. Closure and rehabilitation All unlicensed and poorly operated landfill sites in the Bergrivier Municipality must receive the appropriate closure permits and rehabilitation procedures. This includes the official closing of each site with proper signage and public awareness to prevent further use of these sites resulting in illegal dumping.

ID Task Name Duration Start Finish

1 Start of Implementation 0 days Mon 03/10/11 Mon 03/10/112 Public Awareness 721 days Mon 31/10/11 Mon 04/08/143 Develop Public Awareness

and Education Programme12 wks Mon 31/10/11 Fri 20/01/12

4 Public Advertisements to promote waste reduction

128 wks Tue 21/02/12 Mon 04/08/14

5 Publish Prevention/Reduction Success

128 wks Tue 21/02/12 Mon 04/08/14

6 Waste Collection and Transport

345 days Mon 09/07/12 Fri 01/11/13

7 Review Collection Service 12 wks Mon 09/07/12 Fri 28/09/128 Implement source

separated collection57 wks Mon 01/10/12 Fri 01/11/13

9 Waste Reduction 240 days Mon 23/01/12 Fri 21/12/1210 Investigate Garden Waste

Chipping12 wks Mon 16/04/12 Fri 06/07/12

11 Investigate Material Recovery

12 wks Mon 23/01/12 Fri 13/04/12

12 Investigate Crushing of Builder's Rubble

12 wks Mon 01/10/12 Fri 21/12/12

13 Waste Disposal 1277 da... Fri 01/10/10 Mon 24/08/1514 Ensure the Auditing and

Monitoring of all Waste Facilities and Services

140 wks Mon 03/10/11 Fri 06/06/14

15 Close and Rehabilitate all existing waste disposal sites

1277days

Fri 01/10/10 Mon 24/08/15

16 Velddrif Landfill 210 days Fri 01/10/10 Thu 21/07/1117 Waste License

Application210 days Fri 01/10/10 Thu 21/07/11

18 Piketberg Landfill 495 days Mon 03/10/11 Fri 23/08/1319 Waste License

Application195 days Mon 03/10/11 Fri 29/06/12

20 Appeal Period 15 days Mon 02/07/12 Fri 20/07/1221 Design and Tender

docs21 days Mon 02/07/12 Mon 30/07/12

22 Tender Period 84 days Tue 31/07/12 Fri 23/11/1223 Construction 195 days Mon 26/11/12 Fri 23/08/1324 Porterville Landfill 755 days Mon 03/10/11 Fri 22/08/1425 Waste License



docs21 days Mon 01/07/13 Mon 29/07/13

28 Tender Period 84 days Tue 30/07/13 Fri 22/11/1329 Construction 195 days Mon 25/11/13 Fri 22/08/1430 Aurora Landfill 1016 da... Mon 03/10/11 Mon 24/08/1531 Waste License



docs21 days Tue 01/07/14 Tue 29/07/14

34 Tender Period 84 days Wed 30/07/14 Mon 24/11/1435 Construction 195 days Tue 25/11/14 Mon 24/08/1536 Cleansing 670 days Mon 06/02/12 Fri 29/08/1437 Continuous Data

Compilation134 wks Mon 06/02/12 Fri 29/08/14

38 Introduce Street Cleansing 128 wks Mon 19/03/12 Fri 29/08/14

03/10S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

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FIGURE 4.1: BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR IWMP

Bergrivier Municipality Page 1 Jan Palm Consulting Engineers

Project: Bergrivier IWMPDate: Wed 10/08/11