BELLWORK 1.What is collectivization? How does this relate to the main idea of communism? 2.What is genocide? Besides the Holocaust, can you think of other.

BELLWORK1. What is collectivization? How does this relate to the main

idea of communism?2. What is genocide? Besides the Holocaust, can you think of

other examples of genocide in world history?3. What is the Final Solution? How did Hitler implement this

throughout the Third Reich?4. List three reasons of conflict between the USSR and US.

(Think about Yalta & Potsdam and the goals of each country)5. Make a prediction Why did the USSR and US emerge as

superpowers after WWII?

Genocides Post-HolocaustCambodia & Rwanda

Why do genocides continue to happen? Is there anyway genocide can be prevented?

Cambodia• 1975-1978• Under Khmer Rouge (communist party of

Cambodia) & led by Pol Pot• The Khmer Rouge arrested, tortured, and

executed anyone suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed "enemies:”

• Connections to former or foreign governments

• Professionals & Intellectuals (In practice, this included everyone with an education)

• Artists, musicians, writers• Catholics, Muslims, Buddhists• Ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai

populations• “Economic Saboteurs:” former urban

populations• Death toll is estimated between 1.4M-3.2M• Ended w/ Vietnam’s invasion of Cambodia

Rwanda• April-July 1994• During Rwandan Civil War, between the Hutu-

led government and the Tutsi (refugees who fled to Uganda due to Hutu violence)

• Carried out by Hutu members of government, national police & army

• These forces recruited or pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes, clubs, and other weapons to rape, mutilate and kill their Tutsi neighbors and destroy or steal their property

• Established check points and used Rwandans' national identity cards to verify their ethnicity and kill Tutsi

• 500,000-1M were killed (70% of Tutsis)• Ended when Tutsi guerillas captured the capital

and overthrew the government

What do YOU think?• In both the

Cambodian and Rwandan genocides, the US was criticized for their lack of involvement. Do you think the US should help countries suffering from genocide? Why or why not?

The Cold War

1945-1991

Why did the USSR and US emerge from WWII as superpowers?

• Europe is destroyed.• No longer is Germany, France or Great Britain the seat of

power.• US emerged as economic leader with #1 air force• Stalin emerged as political leader with #1 army• Both felt they were the reason for Allied victory• The first place that the struggle for post-war domination

will begin is Europe.

What is a “cold war”?

• HOT war- actual fighting between two forces.• COLD war- still a conflict but more of ideas than

actual battles. Fighting still occurs but not between the two major enemies.

• In this “Cold War” the ideologies of the United States & the Soviet Union, of Capitalist Democracy versus Communism, square off against each other.

• The Cold War was the struggle between these two Superpowers to gain worldwide influence.

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Six major strategies were used by both sides:

•1. Brinkmanship,•2. Espionage,•3. Foreign aid,•4. Alliances,•5. Propaganda,•6. Proxy wars.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

Cold War Intro Questions• As we learn about the Cold War, you need to

understand the background of US-Soviet tensions.

• As an intro to the Cold War, you will read chapter 21, section 1, pgs. 640-645 and answer the following 10 questions for homework.

• Be ready to discuss!

Questions1. What was the purpose of the UN?2. How is power divided within the UN?3. Which two US presidents tried to work with Stalin after WWII? How did

this turn out?4. How did Stalin break his promise from the Yalta Conference?5. What are satellite nations?6. What was the iron curtain?7. Describe the policy of containment. 8. Describe post-WWII conditions in Greece. How did America help? (Truman

Doctrine!)9. Who was George C. Marshall?10. What was the Marshall Plan?11. How was Germany divided?12. Explain the two Cold War alliances.

What was the purpose of the United Nations?

• Maintain peace by guaranteeing the security of member nations

• Foster good relations among nations

• Encourage cooperation on economic, cultural, and humanitarian problems

How is power divided within the UN?

• Security Council– Decides political/military disputes– 11 members (5 permanent are Britain, China, France, Soviet Union,

U.S.)• General Assembly

– Policy making body– Each member nation has one vote

• Economic and Social Council• International Court of Justice• Trusteeship Council

Which two US presidents tried to work with Stalin after WWII? How did this turn out?

• President Roosevelt• President Truman• U.S. believed the best way to

achieve security was to strengthen democracy in Europe.

• Stalin wanted to establish pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe.

How did Stalin break his promise from the Yalta Conference?

• At Yalta, Stalin promised to allow free elections in Poland if he received control of the country.

• THIS GOES AGAINST COMMUNIST BELIEFS!!!

• Stalin refused to allow free elections

• Stalin ousted any non-Communists from the government

What are satellite nations?• Countries controlled

by the Soviet Union• They had their own

governments, but were still heavily influenced by the Soviet Union.

• What were some examples of Soviet Satellite nations?

What was the iron curtain?

• Soviet-made divider that split Europe into non-Communist Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe.

• Winston Churchill first used it in a speech:

– “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended cross the continent of Europe.”

• THIS IS NOT A REAL BARRIER!

Describe the policy of containment.

• 1947 – George Kennan

• Stop the spread of communism!

Describe post-WWII conditions in Greece. How did America help? (Truman Doctrine!)

• By 1947, local Communists were fighting against pro-Western monarchy.

• Aided by communists in Yugoslavia and Albania.• US feared that if Greece fell to communism, the rest of

Europe would follow.• Truman Doctrine: Loan money to nations who are

threatened by communism.• Congress gave Greece $400 million in aide

Who was George C. Marshall?• Chief of Staff in the

U.S. Army during WWII• Secretary of State

under President Truman

• Proposed an aide program, known as the Marshall Plan.

What was the Marshall Plan?• Aided nations who were destroyed by WWII.• US feared that unstable countries would find

communism more appealing.• If they were given money to rebuild their

government/economy, they would stay democratic.

U.S. Aid

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1

Co

un

try

Money (In Millions)

Other

Iceland

Yugoslavia

Portugal

Sweden

Ireland

Turkey

Norway

Denmark

Greece

Belgium/Lux.

Austria

Holland

West Germany

Italy

France

Great Britain

How was Germany divided?

• U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones in 1948 to create an independent West German state.

• June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector– Cuts road, rail, and canal

links with West Berlin; hoping to starve it into submission.

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NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization• In 1949 the western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate their defense against USSR.• Pledged signers to treat an attack against one, as an attack against all•It originally consisted of:

–America - Holland–Belgium - Italy–Britain - Luxembourg–Canada - Norway–Denmark - Portugal–France

• When West Germany joined in 1955, the Soviets responded…..

NATO flag

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Warsaw Pact• Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. •Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland in response to NATO•Founding members:

–Albania (left in 1961) - Poland–Bulgaria - Romania–Czechoslovakia - USSR (founding member)–Hungary - East Germany (joined in 1956)