Behavioralism Psychological perspective that emphasizing the role of learning and experience in determining behavior. A strict behavioralist believes that.

BehavioralismBehavioralism

Psychological perspective that emphasizing Psychological perspective that emphasizing the role of the role of learninglearning and and experienceexperience in in

determining behavior. A strict behavioralist determining behavior. A strict behavioralist believes that babies are believes that babies are tabula rasa tabula rasa and the and the study of psychology should focus purely on study of psychology should focus purely on observable behaviors and not unobservable observable behaviors and not unobservable

thoughts.thoughts.

LearningLearning1)1)BehavioristsBehaviorists:relatively permanent :relatively permanent

change in behavior that results change in behavior that results from experience from experience

2) 2) Cognitive:Cognitive:learning is made learning is made evident by behavioral change, but evident by behavioral change, but learning is defined as an internal learning is defined as an internal and not directly observable and not directly observable process.process.

Associative learning – learning that Associative learning – learning that certain events occur togethercertain events occur together

Classical conditioning – An Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it what PRECEDES it

Operant conditioning – rewards and Operant conditioning – rewards and punishment; A VOLUNTARY behavior is punishment; A VOLUNTARY behavior is determined by the anticipation of determined by the anticipation of something that FOLLOWS it.something that FOLLOWS it.

Which is which?Which is which?

1. A child is attacked by 1. A child is attacked by a dog. The child a dog. The child now fears all dogs.now fears all dogs.

2. You do your 2. You do your homework every homework every night to get good night to get good grades and avoid grades and avoid punishment.punishment.

Classical – involuntary, stimulus precedes behavior

Operant – voluntary, stimulus follows behavior

Ivan Pavlov’s ExperimentsIvan Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov paired a Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus (a neutral stimulus (a bell) with a meat bell) with a meat powder (which powder (which made the dog made the dog salivate). salivate). Eventually, dog Eventually, dog salivates to bell salivates to bell alonealone

Identifying PartsIdentifying Parts

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Meat powderMeat powder

Unconditioned Response (UCR)Unconditioned Response (UCR)SalivationSalivation

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Conditioned Stimulus (CS)BellBell

Conditioned Response (CR)Conditioned Response (CR)SalivationSalivation

* Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make * Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make it more intuitive.it more intuitive.

Little AlbertLittle Albert

John Watson – famous John Watson – famous behavioralistbehavioralistLittle Albert – 11 month old Little Albert – 11 month old orphanorphanShowed him a white rat. No Showed him a white rat. No fear.fear.Made a loud noise. Albert Made a loud noise. Albert cried.cried.Showed him a white rat Showed him a white rat andand made a loud noise. Albert made a loud noise. Albert cried. Repeated several times.cried. Repeated several times.Eventually Albert cried at white Eventually Albert cried at white rat alone.rat alone.

Identify the partsIdentify the partsUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Loud noise

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Fear/crying

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

White rat

Conditioned Response (CR)

Fear/crying

DefinitionsDefinitions

Acquisition – initial learning of the stimulus-response Acquisition – initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship (learning that bell means meat powder)relationship (learning that bell means meat powder)Extinction – diminished response to the conditioned Extinction – diminished response to the conditioned stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS. (stop stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS. (stop giving meat powder with bell and dog will stop salivating giving meat powder with bell and dog will stop salivating to bell)to bell)Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of an Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest. extinguished CR after a rest. Generalization – the tendency to respond to any stimuli Generalization – the tendency to respond to any stimuli similar to the CS (Dog salivates to other noises)similar to the CS (Dog salivates to other noises)Discrimination – the ability to distinguish between the CS Discrimination – the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli (Dog only salivates to specific tone)and similar stimuli (Dog only salivates to specific tone)

Application to Little AlbertApplication to Little Albert

If Little Albert generalized, what would we expect to happen?If Little Albert generalized, what would we expect to happen? – He might cry at the sight of similar objects (he did – rabbit, dog, sealskin He might cry at the sight of similar objects (he did – rabbit, dog, sealskin

coat, some rumors – Santa’s beard)coat, some rumors – Santa’s beard)How could we teach Little Albert to discriminate?How could we teach Little Albert to discriminate? – Continually expose him to stimuli similar to the rat, but only make the Continually expose him to stimuli similar to the rat, but only make the

loud noise when exposing him to the ratloud noise when exposing him to the ratHow could Little Albert’s conditioning be extinguished?How could Little Albert’s conditioning be extinguished? – Continually expose him to a white rat without making the loud noise Continually expose him to a white rat without making the loud noise

(unfortunately, this was never done because Little Albert was adopted (unfortunately, this was never done because Little Albert was adopted soon after the original experiments (he would be 83 now if he is still soon after the original experiments (he would be 83 now if he is still alive – probably scared of rats!)alive – probably scared of rats!)

If Little Albert is still alive, his fear of white rats is likely to have If Little Albert is still alive, his fear of white rats is likely to have been extinguished (no loud noise when he sees a rat). been extinguished (no loud noise when he sees a rat). However, occasionally, when he sees a rat, he may find that his However, occasionally, when he sees a rat, he may find that his heart races for a second or two. What is this called? heart races for a second or two. What is this called? – Spontaneous recoverySpontaneous recovery

Higher-Order ConditioningHigher-Order Conditioning

A previously neutral stimulus A previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as a CS after comes to serve as a CS after being paired repeatedly with a being paired repeatedly with a stimulus that has already stimulus that has already become the CSbecome the CSEx: lightEx: lightbellbellsalivatesalivateTV showTV showcar in drivewaycar in drivewaysqueal of squeal of happinesshappiness

FloodingFloodingFear-evoking reduction technique in Fear-evoking reduction technique in which the fear-evoking stimuli (CS) which the fear-evoking stimuli (CS) are presented continuously in the are presented continuously in the absence of harm so that fear absence of harm so that fear responses (CR) are extinguishedresponses (CR) are extinguishedEx: Little Albert-presenting rat without the Ex: Little Albert-presenting rat without the banging noise until the fear is no longer evokedbanging noise until the fear is no longer evokedCan be unpleasantCan be unpleasant

Systematic DesensitizationSystematic Desensitization

Client is exposed gradually Client is exposed gradually to fear-evoking stimuli to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in under circumstances in which he or she is relaxedwhich he or she is relaxedEx: when Little Albert is relaxed, show him Ex: when Little Albert is relaxed, show him pictures of rats before gradually bringing pictures of rats before gradually bringing them overthem over

CounterconditioningCounterconditioningA pleasant stimulus is paired A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fear-evoking repeatedly with a fear-evoking object, in this way counteracting the object, in this way counteracting the fear responsefear responseEx: Joneses experiment with 2 year old Peter.Ex: Joneses experiment with 2 year old Peter.Placed rabbit in corner of room while Peter Placed rabbit in corner of room while Peter munched on cookies. Gradually, the animal was munched on cookies. Gradually, the animal was brought closer. Peter ate treats and touched the brought closer. Peter ate treats and touched the rabbit at the same timerabbit at the same time

On your ownOn your own

With your partner, practice with the terms With your partner, practice with the terms by completing the worksheet.by completing the worksheet.

A friend has learned to associate the sound of a dentist’s A friend has learned to associate the sound of a dentist’s drill to a fearful reaction because of a painful experience drill to a fearful reaction because of a painful experience

she had getting a root canal. In this example, what is the:she had getting a root canal. In this example, what is the:

– UCS? UCS? Pain from the drillPain from the drill– UCR? UCR? FearFear– CS? CS? Sound of Sound of

the drillthe drill– CR? CR? FearFear

Using the example in question 4, give an example of how Using the example in question 4, give an example of how each of the following may occur:each of the following may occur:

Extinction: if the pain does not result when the Extinction: if the pain does not result when the drill is used, the CS (fear) will diminish.drill is used, the CS (fear) will diminish.Spontaneous recovery: the child returns for a Spontaneous recovery: the child returns for a visit the next day and the sound of the drill elicits visit the next day and the sound of the drill elicits fear again.fear again.Generalization: the child becomes fearful of the Generalization: the child becomes fearful of the sound of any motorsound of any motorDiscrimination: the child learns that only the high Discrimination: the child learns that only the high pitched dentist drill is associated with pain and pitched dentist drill is associated with pain and not a low pitch hum of the vacuum cleaner.not a low pitch hum of the vacuum cleaner.

A BMW commercial has lots of pretty people in it. People A BMW commercial has lots of pretty people in it. People who watch the commercial find the people pleasing who watch the commercial find the people pleasing

to look at. With repeated viewing, they begin to to look at. With repeated viewing, they begin to associate the car with the pleasant feeling.associate the car with the pleasant feeling.

UCS?UCS? Pretty peoplePretty people

UCR? UCR? Feeling goodFeeling good

CS? CS? Sight of BMWSight of BMW

CR? CR? Feeling goodFeeling good

You get in a car accident and find you are afraid to get in a You get in a car accident and find you are afraid to get in a car.car.

UCS? UCS? Pain of the accidentPain of the accident

UCR? UCR? Fear Fear

CS? CS? Presence of carPresence of car

CR?CR? FearFear

You go to a fancy restaurant and decide to try an appetizer You go to a fancy restaurant and decide to try an appetizer you’ve never tried before – escargot. After dinner, you’ve never tried before – escargot. After dinner,

you go to a concert and get violently ill (from a you go to a concert and get violently ill (from a stomach virus that’s been going around). From then stomach virus that’s been going around). From then on, you can’t even look at snails without feeling sick.on, you can’t even look at snails without feeling sick.

UCS? UCS? Stomach virusStomach virus

UCR? UCR? Feeling sickFeeling sick

CS?CS? Sight of snailsSight of snails

CR? CR? Feeling sickFeeling sick

You are cruising on 440 at 75 mph when you see flashing You are cruising on 440 at 75 mph when you see flashing police lights behind you. You pull over and the police lights behind you. You pull over and the

policeman gives you a ticket. You get in insane policeman gives you a ticket. You get in insane amounts of trouble from your parents. The next amounts of trouble from your parents. The next

time you see flashing police lights, your heart rate time you see flashing police lights, your heart rate speeds up.speeds up.

UCS? UCS? Getting in trouble Getting in trouble from parentsfrom parents

UCR? Increased heart rateUCR? Increased heart rate

CS? Flashing lightsCS? Flashing lights

CR? Increased heart rateCR? Increased heart rate

Name one practical application of Name one practical application of classical conditioning.classical conditioning.

Stop drug or alcohol addiction by Stop drug or alcohol addiction by pairing a nausea-producing drug pairing a nausea-producing drug with the drug of addiction.with the drug of addiction.

Extinguish a drug addiction by Extinguish a drug addiction by administering a drug that blocks administering a drug that blocks the pleasant feeling normally the pleasant feeling normally elicited by the drug.elicited by the drug.

If a child is afraid of rabbits If a child is afraid of rabbits because one bit him when he was because one bit him when he was young, you can expose the child to young, you can expose the child to rabbits in safe environments rabbits in safe environments repeatedly until the behavior is repeatedly until the behavior is extinguishedextinguished

Cancer patients and Cancer patients and chemotherapychemotherapy. .

Cancer patients tend Cancer patients tend to associate the to associate the nausea produced by nausea produced by chemotherapy with chemotherapy with the hospital setting. the hospital setting. – UCS – chemotherapyUCS – chemotherapy

– UCR – nauseaUCR – nausea– CS – hospital CS – hospital – CR – nausea CR – nausea

Cognitive ProcessesCognitive Processes

It was once thought that It was once thought that cognitive processes cognitive processes weren’t involved in weren’t involved in classical conditioning. classical conditioning. Now we know better. For Now we know better. For example, therapists give example, therapists give alcoholics drink alcoholics drink containing a nausea-containing a nausea-producing drug to producing drug to condition them to avoid condition them to avoid alcohol. Because clients alcohol. Because clients KNOW that the drug is KNOW that the drug is what is actually causing what is actually causing the nausea, it doesn’t the nausea, it doesn’t work so well.work so well.

Biological PredispositionsBiological Predispositions

It was once believed that conditioning occurred the same in all animals It was once believed that conditioning occurred the same in all animals (and therefore you could study human behavior by studying any (and therefore you could study human behavior by studying any animal) and that you could associate any neutral stimulus with a animal) and that you could associate any neutral stimulus with a response. Not so. Animals have biological predispositions to response. Not so. Animals have biological predispositions to associating certain stimuli over othersassociating certain stimuli over others

ExampleExample – You eat a novel food and later get sick. You will be – You eat a novel food and later get sick. You will be conditioned to associate the taste of the FOOD with getting sick conditioned to associate the taste of the FOOD with getting sick (and thus avoid that food in the future), but NOT the music playing (and thus avoid that food in the future), but NOT the music playing in the restaurant, the plate it was served on, or the perfume your in the restaurant, the plate it was served on, or the perfume your neighbor was wearing.neighbor was wearing.

It is much easier to condition someone to have a fear of snake than It is much easier to condition someone to have a fear of snake than of flowers.of flowers.

Birds hunt by sight and will more quickly become conditioned to the Birds hunt by sight and will more quickly become conditioned to the SIGHT of tainted foodSIGHT of tainted food

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Rewards and punishmentRewards and punishment

Classical vs. Operant ConditioningClassical vs. Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it.

Behavior is determined by anticipation of what

FOLLOWS it.

Involuntary Voluntary

Dog salivates after a tone.

Dog sits in anticipation of getting a treat.

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

A simple form of learning in A simple form of learning in which an organism learns which an organism learns

to engage in behavior to engage in behavior because it is reinforced.because it is reinforced.

Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?

When a mother strokes her infant’s skin, the When a mother strokes her infant’s skin, the stroking creates pleasure responses in stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby. After this goes on for many the baby. After this goes on for many days, the baby begins to show pleasure days, the baby begins to show pleasure responses simply at the sight of her responses simply at the sight of her mother (even before being touched).mother (even before being touched).

Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?

A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the those sitting near her and tries to cram the food in her mouth. Because this behavior of food in her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable, a plan is stealing food is very undesirable, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food.immediately taken to a room without food.

Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?

Imagine you have a friend who keeps the Imagine you have a friend who keeps the temperature in her home so high that temperature in her home so high that each occasion on which you visit her you each occasion on which you visit her you find yourself perspiring. The last time find yourself perspiring. The last time you visited her, you noticed that you you visited her, you noticed that you began to perspire and became began to perspire and became uncomfortable as soon as you saw her uncomfortable as soon as you saw her house (even before you got inside).house (even before you got inside).

Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?

Fred leaves his clothes and toys all over his Fred leaves his clothes and toys all over his room. It seems that the only time he room. It seems that the only time he cleans up his room is when his mother cleans up his room is when his mother yells at him. When she yells at him, Fred yells at him. When she yells at him, Fred picks up his clothes and put away his picks up his clothes and put away his toys.toys.

Edward L. ThorndikeEdward L. Thorndike

Cats in a box-trial and errorCats in a box-trial and errorAs trials were repeated, it would take As trials were repeated, it would take less time for the cat to pull the stringless time for the cat to pull the stringLaw of EffectLaw of Effect: responses are : responses are “stamped in” by rewards (escaping “stamped in” by rewards (escaping from box and eating) and “stamped from box and eating) and “stamped out” by punishments.out” by punishments.

B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

Reinforce:Reinforce: to follow a response with to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the a stimulus that increases the frequency of the responsefrequency of the response

Operant behaviorOperant behavior: an organism : an organism learns to do something because of learns to do something because of its effects or consequencesits effects or consequences

““Skinner Box”Skinner Box”Hungry rats in a cageHungry rats in a cageSniffed around the cage and engaged in Sniffed around the cage and engaged in random behaviorrandom behaviorRat’s first pressing of lever is by accident-food Rat’s first pressing of lever is by accident-food pellet dropped in cagepellet dropped in cageFood pellet increased the probability that the Food pellet increased the probability that the rat would press lever againrat would press lever againPellet serves as a reinforcement for the lever Pellet serves as a reinforcement for the lever pressingpressing

Reinforcement vs. PunishmentReinforcement vs. Punishment

Practice with partner.Practice with partner.

Types of ReinforcersTypes of ReinforcersPositive: a reinforcer that when Positive: a reinforcer that when presentedpresented increases the increases the frequency of the operant frequency of the operant (pellet, approval, praise)(pellet, approval, praise)Negative: a reinforcer that Negative: a reinforcer that when when removedremoved increases the increases the frequency of an operant frequency of an operant (removal of fear and pain)(removal of fear and pain)

Types of ReinforcersTypes of ReinforcersPrimaryPrimary-an unlearned reinforcer that are -an unlearned reinforcer that are effective because of the biological makeup effective because of the biological makeup of the organism of the organism

(food, water, warmth)(food, water, warmth)SecondarySecondary- a stimulus that gains - a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers with established reinforcers

(money, attention, social approval)(money, attention, social approval)

Positive ReinforcerPositive ReinforcerBehaviorBehavior ConsequenceConsequence Change in BehaviorChange in Behavior

StudyingStudying Positive reinforcerPositive reinforcer (Teacher approval)(Teacher approval) frequency of frequency of

is is presentedpresented behavior increases- behavior increases-

when studentwhen student ( student studies ( student studies more)more)

studiesstudies

Negative ReinforcerNegative ReinforcerBehaviorBehavior ConsequenceConsequence Change in BehaviorChange in Behavior

StudyingStudying Negative reinforcerNegative reinforcer (Teacher disapproval)(Teacher disapproval) frequency of frequency of

is is removedremoved behavior increases- behavior increases-

when studentwhen student ( student studies ( student studies more)more)

studiesstudies

Rewards and PunishmentsRewards and Punishments

RewardReward: a pleasant : a pleasant stimulus that increases stimulus that increases the frequency of the the frequency of the behavior it followsbehavior it follows

Rewards and PunishmentsRewards and Punishments

PunishmentsPunishments: : an unpleasant an unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the stimulus that suppresses the behavior it followsbehavior it follows-although it works it is usually -although it works it is usually undesirable undesirable -better to focus on rewarding -better to focus on rewarding behaviorbehavior

Negative ReinforcerNegative ReinforcerBehaviorBehavior ConsequenceConsequence Change in BehaviorChange in Behavior

StudyingStudying Negative reinforcerNegative reinforcer (Teacher disapproval)(Teacher disapproval) frequency of frequency of

is is removedremoved behavior increases- behavior increases-

when studentwhen student ( student studies ( student studies more)more)

studiesstudies

PunishmentPunishmentBehaviorBehavior ConsequenceConsequence Change in BehaviorChange in Behavior

Talking in Talking in PunishmentPunishment classclass (detention) (detention) frequency of frequency of

is is presentedpresented behavior behavior decreases-decreases-

when studentwhen student ( student talks less in ( student talks less in

talks in classtalks in class class)class)

Problems with PunishmentProblems with Punishment

it models aggression as a way to solve it models aggression as a way to solve problemsproblems

breeds anger in the recipientbreeds anger in the recipient

doesn’t provide an alternative behavior. doesn’t provide an alternative behavior. Therefore, the behavior only goes away Therefore, the behavior only goes away when the punisher is around.when the punisher is around.

Reinforcement vs. PunishmentReinforcement vs. Punishment(increase behavior) (increase behavior) (decrease behavior)(decrease behavior)

Action ConsequenceAction Consequence Behavior Behavior

PositivePositive :) :) + :) + :) ReinforcementReinforcement

NegativeNegative :) :) - :( - :( ReinforcementReinforcement

Positive PunishmentPositive Punishment :( :( + :( + :(

Negative PunishmentNegative Punishment:( :( - :) - :)

Reinforcement SchedulesReinforcement Schedules

reinforcement schedulesreinforcement schedules– continuous – rewarded every timecontinuous – rewarded every time– partial – not every timepartial – not every time

““fixed” – set, constantfixed” – set, constant

““variable” – unpredictablevariable” – unpredictable

““interval” – timeinterval” – time

““ratio” – numberratio” – number

Reinforcement SchedulesReinforcement Schedules

fixed ratio – set number (every three times you fixed ratio – set number (every three times you raise your hand I call on you)raise your hand I call on you)

variable ratio – unpredictable number of variable ratio – unpredictable number of responses (slot machine)responses (slot machine)

fixed interval – set amount of time (pay you fixed interval – set amount of time (pay you every hour)every hour)

variable interval – unpredictable amount of time variable interval – unpredictable amount of time (fishing)(fishing)

Reinforcement SchedulesReinforcement Schedules

SummarySummary– Ratio schedules cause a greater response rateRatio schedules cause a greater response rate– Variable schedules are more resistant to extinctionVariable schedules are more resistant to extinction– Continuous reinforcement causes the fastest learning.Continuous reinforcement causes the fastest learning.– Immediate reinforcement is more effective than Immediate reinforcement is more effective than

delayed.delayed.

ShapingShapingA procedure for teaching complex A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces behaviors that at first reinforces approximation of the target approximation of the target behaviorbehavior (smiling and saying good) (smiling and saying good)Ex: driving stick shift car-first reinforce and say Ex: driving stick shift car-first reinforce and say good when they shift without stalling good when they shift without stalling

Token EconomiesToken EconomiesAn environmental setting that An environmental setting that fosters desired behavior by fosters desired behavior by reinforcing it with tokens (secondary reinforcing it with tokens (secondary reinforcers)reinforcers)Ex: giving tickets for good behavior and using the Ex: giving tickets for good behavior and using the tickets to buy goodiestickets to buy goodiesStar stickers for reading: more stars allows you free Star stickers for reading: more stars allows you free time or buy more books etc.time or buy more books etc.

Overjustification EffectOverjustification Effect

Overjustification effect: when we are Overjustification effect: when we are rewarded for behaviors that we naturally rewarded for behaviors that we naturally enjoy, we sometimes lose our intrinsic enjoy, we sometimes lose our intrinsic motivation. motivation.

Learning and grades?Learning and grades?

Professional athletes?Professional athletes?

Criticisms of BehavioralismCriticisms of Behavioralism

Deemphasizes the Deemphasizes the role of internal role of internal thoughts and thoughts and feelings in feelings in behavior; behavior; Presents humans Presents humans as lacking free willas lacking free will

Ignores biological Ignores biological predispositionspredispositions

Support for CriticismsSupport for Criticisms

1. Experiments with humans and animals 1. Experiments with humans and animals both indicate that biological both indicate that biological predispositions influence conditioning.predispositions influence conditioning.

a. Animal traininga. Animal training

b. fear of snakes more than flowersb. fear of snakes more than flowers

Support for CriticismsSupport for Criticisms

2. Cognition seems to influence conditioning 2. Cognition seems to influence conditioning (alcoholics and nausea-producing drug).(alcoholics and nausea-producing drug).

3. Learning occurs in the absence of 3. Learning occurs in the absence of rewards or punishments (this is called rewards or punishments (this is called latent learninglatent learning))- mice and cognitive maps- mice and cognitive maps

Learning: Learning: ObservationalObservational

Observational LearningObservational Learning

The acquisition of knowledge The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the and skills through the observation of others (who observation of others (who are called are called modelsmodels) rather ) rather than by means of direct than by means of direct experience.experience.

Observational LearningObservational LearningMay account for most human May account for most human learninglearningNot mechanically acquired through Not mechanically acquired through reinforcementreinforcementWe can learn by observation without We can learn by observation without engaging in overt responses at allengaging in overt responses at allEx: observe parents cook, read, cleanEx: observe parents cook, read, clean

Latent LearningLatent Learning

Latent: Latent: hidden or concealedhidden or concealedTolman’s rats:Tolman’s rats:

– Rats learned about mazes in which they roamed Rats learned about mazes in which they roamed even when they were unrewarded for doing soeven when they were unrewarded for doing so

– Rats would acquire a cognitive map of the mazeRats would acquire a cognitive map of the maze– Learning remained hidden until they were Learning remained hidden until they were

motivated to follow the rapid routes for food motivated to follow the rapid routes for food goalsgoals

ModelingModeling Models may be live, Models may be live,

symbolic, or verbal symbolic, or verbal instructioninstruction

Behaviors learned:Behaviors learned:– Academic skills: reading, problem-solvingAcademic skills: reading, problem-solving– Aggression: doll experiment, media Aggression: doll experiment, media

violenceviolence– Moral thinking: generosity, self-control, Moral thinking: generosity, self-control,

temptation resistancetemptation resistance

ModelingModeling Effects of modeling on Behavior:Effects of modeling on Behavior:

– Learn new behaviors and ways Learn new behaviors and ways of respondingof responding

– Reinforcement may facilitate Reinforcement may facilitate or inhibit frequency of or inhibit frequency of behaviorsbehaviors

– Increases similar behaviorIncreases similar behavior

ModelingModelingTraits of Effective Models:Traits of Effective Models:

– Perceived as competent, Perceived as competent, successful, and high status successful, and high status individualsindividuals

– Typically exhibit “gender-Typically exhibit “gender-appropriate” behaviorappropriate” behavior

– Relevant to observer’s situationRelevant to observer’s situation

ModelingModeling

Prosocial Behavior – constructive behaviorProsocial Behavior – constructive behavior Antisocial Behavior – unproductive or Antisocial Behavior – unproductive or

destruction behaviordestruction behavior

Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory

Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura Bobo doll experimentBobo doll experiment