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Beowulf

King Hrothgar of Denmark, a descendant of the great king ShieldSheafson, enjoys a prosperous and successful reign. He builds a greatmead-hall, called Heorot, where his warriors can gather to drink, receivegifts from their lord, and listen to stories sung by the scops, or bards. utthe jubilant noise from Heorot angers !rendel, a horrible demon wholives in the swamplands of Hrothgar"s kingdom. !rendel terrori#es theDanes every night, killing them and defeating their efforts to fight back.$he Danes suffer many years of fear, danger, and death at the hands of!rendel. %ventually, however, a young !eatish warrior named eowulf

hears of Hrothgar"s plight. &nspired by the challenge, eowulf sails toDenmark with a small company of men, determined to defeat !rendel.

Hrothgar, who had once done a great favor for eowulf"s father%cgtheow, accepts eowulf"s offer to fight !rendel and holds a feast inthe hero"s honor. During the feast, an envious Dane named 'nferthtaunts eowulf and accuses him of being unworthy of his reputation.eowulf responds with a boastful description of some of his past

accomplishments. His confidence cheers the Danish warriors, and thefeast lasts merrily into the night. (t last, however, !rendel arrives.eowulf fights him unarmed, proving himself stronger than the demon,who is terrified. (s !rendel struggles to escape, eowulf tears themonster"s arm off. )ortally wounded, !rendel slinks back into theswamp to die. $he severed arm is hung high in the mead-hall as a trophyof victory.

*verjoyed, Hrothgar showers eowulf with gifts and treasure at a feast

in his honor. Songs are sung in praise of eowulf, and the celebrationlasts late into the night. ut another threat is approaching. !rendel"smother, a swamp-hag who lives in a desolate lake, comes to Heorotseeking revenge for her son"s death. She murders (eschere, one ofHrothgar"s most trusted advisers, before slinking away. $o avenge(eschere"s death, the company travels to the murky swamp, where

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eowulf dives into the water and fights !rendel"s mother in herunderwater lair. He kills her with a sword forged for a giant, then,finding !rendel"s corpse, decapitates it and brings the head as a pri#e toHrothgar. $he Danish countryside is now purged of its treacherous

monsters.

$he Danes are again overjoyed, and eowulf"s fame spreads across thekingdom. eowulf departs after a sorrowful goodbye to Hrothgar, whohas treated him like a son. He returns to !eatland, where he and his menare reunited with their king and +ueen, Hygelac and Hygd, to whomeowulf recounts his adventures in Denmark. eowulf then hands overmost of his treasure to Hygelac, who, in turn, rewards him.

&n time, Hygelac is killed in a war against the Shylfings, and, afterHygelac"s son dies, eowulf ascends to the throne of the !eats. He ruleswisely for fifty years, bringing prosperity to !eatland. hen eowulf isan old man, however, a thief disturbs a barrow, or mound, where a greatdragon lies guarding a horde of treasure. %nraged, the dragon emergesfrom the barrow and begins unleashing fiery destruction upon the !eats.Sensing his own death approaching, eowulf goes to fight the dragon.ith the aid of iglaf, he succeeds in killing the beast, but at a heavy

cost. $he dragon bites eowulf in the neck, and its fiery venom kills himmoments after their encounter. $he !eats fear that their enemies willattack them now that eowulf is dead. (ccording to eowulf"s wishes,they burn their departed king"s body on a huge funeral pyre and then

bury him with a massive treasure in a barrow overlooking the sea.

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The Aeneid

*n the )editerranean Sea, (eneas and his fellow $rojans flee from theirhome city of $roy, which has been destroyed by the !reeks. $hey sail for

&taly, where (eneas is destined to found ome. (s they near their destination,a fierce storm throws them off course and lands them in arthage. Dido,arthage"s founder and +ueen, welcomes them. (eneas relates to Dido thelong and painful story of his group"s travels thus far.

(eneas tells of the sack of $roy that ended the $rojan ar after ten years of!reek siege. &n the final campaign, the $rojans were tricked when theyaccepted into their city walls a wooden horse that, unbeknownst to them,harbored several !reek soldiers in its hollow belly. He tells how he escaped

the burning city with his father, (nchises/ his son, (scanius/ and the hearthgods that represent their fallen city. (ssured by the gods that a glorious futureawaited him in &taly, he set sail with a fleet containing the surviving citi#ensof $roy. (eneas relates the ordeals they faced on their journey. $wice theyattempted to build a new city, only to be driven away by bad omens and

plagues. Harpies, creatures that are part woman and part bird, cursed them,but they also encountered friendly countrymen une0pectedly. 1inally, afterthe loss of (nchises and a bout of terrible weather, they made their way toarthage.

&mpressed by (eneas"s e0ploits and sympathetic to his suffering, Dido, a2hoenician princess who fled her home and founded arthage after her

brother murdered her husband, falls in love with (eneas. $hey live togetheras lovers for a period, until the gods remind (eneas of his duty to found anew city. He determines to set sail once again. Dido is devastated by hisdeparture, and kills herself by ordering a huge pyre to be built with (eneas"scastaway possessions, climbing upon it, and stabbing herself with the sword(eneas leaves behind.

(s the $rojans make for &taly, bad weather blows them to Sicily, where theyhold funeral games for the dead (nchises. $he women, tired of the voyage,

begin to burn the ships, but a downpour puts the fires out. Some of the travel-weary stay behind, while (eneas, reinvigorated after his father visits him in adream, takes the rest on toward &taly. *nce there, (eneas descends into the

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underworld, guided by the Sibyl of umae, to visit his father. He is shown apageant of the future history and heroes of ome, which helps him tounderstand the importance of his mission. (eneas returns from theunderworld, and the $rojans continue up the coast to the region of 3atium.

$he arrival of the $rojans in &taly begins peacefully. King 3atinus, the &talianruler, e0tends his hospitality, hoping that (eneas will prove to be theforeigner whom, according to a prophecy, his daughter 3avinia is supposed tomarry. ut 3atinus"s wife, (mata, has other ideas. She means for 3avinia tomarry $urnus, a local suitor. (mata and $urnus cultivate enmity toward thenewly arrived $rojans. )eanwhile, (scanius hunts a stag that was a pet of thelocal herdsmen. ( fight breaks out, and several people are killed. $urnus,riding this current of anger, begins a war.

(eneas, at the suggestion of the river god $iberinus, sails north up the $iberto seek military support among the neighboring tribes. During this voyage,his mother, 4enus, descends to give him a new set of weapons, wrought by4ulcan. hile the $rojan leader is away, $urnus attacks. (eneas returns tofind his countrymen embroiled in battle. 2allas, the son of (eneas"s new ally%vander, is killed by $urnus. (eneas flies into a violent fury, and many moreare slain by the day"s end.

$he two sides agree to a truce so that they can bury the dead, and the 3atinleaders discuss whether to continue the battle. $hey decide to spare anyfurther unnecessary carnage by proposing a hand-to-hand duel between(eneas and $urnus. hen the two leaders face off, however, the other men

begin to +uarrel, and full-scale battle resumes. (eneas is wounded in thethigh, but eventually the $rojans threaten the enemy city. $urnus rushes out tomeet (eneas, who wounds $urnus badly. (eneas nearly spares $urnus but,remembering the slain 2allas, slays him instead.

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Song of Roland

harlemagne5s army is fighting the )uslims in Spain. $he last citystanding is Saragossa, held by the )uslim king )arsilla. $errified of themight of harlemagne5s army of 1ranks, )arsilla sends out messengersto harlemagne, promising treasure and )arsilla5s conversion tohristianity if the 1ranks will go back to 1rance. harlemagne and hismen are tired of fighting and decide to accept this peace offer. $hey neednow to select a messenger to go back to )arsilla5s court. $he boldwarrior oland nominates his stepfather !anelon. !anelon is enraged/he fears that he5ll die in the hands of the bloodthirsty pagans andsuspects that this is just oland5s intent. He has long hated and envied

his stepson, and, riding back to Saragossa with the Saracen messengers,he finds an opportunity for revenge. He tells the Saracens how theycould ambush the rear guard of harlemagne5s army, which will surely

be led by oland as the 1ranks pick their way back to Spain through themountain passes, and helps the Saracens plan their attack.

6ust as the traitor !anelon predicted, oland gallantly volunteers to lead

the rear guard. $he wise and moderate *livier and the fierce archbishop

$urpin are among the men oland picks to join him. 2agans ambushthem at oncesvals, according to plan/ the hristians are overwhelmed

by their sheer numbers. Seeing how badly outnumbered they are, *livier

asks oland to blow on his oliphant, his horn made out of an elephant

tusk, to call for help from the main body of the 1rankish army. oland

proudly refuses to do so, claiming that they need no help, that the rear

guard can easily take on the pagan hordes. hile the 1ranks fight

magnificently, there5s no way they can continue to hold off against theSaracens, and the battle begins to turn clearly against them. (lmost all

his men are dead and oland knows that it5s now too late for

harlemagne and his troops to save them, but he blows his oliphant

anyway, so that the emperor can see what happened to his men and

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avenge them. oland blows so hard that his temples burst. He dies a

glorious martyr5s death, and saints take his soul straight to 2aradise.

hen harlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find only

dead bodies. $he pagans have fled, but the 1ranks pursue them, chasing

them into the river %bro, where they all drown. )eanwhile, the powerful

emir of abylon, aligant, has arrived in Spain to help his vassal

)arsilla fend off the 1rankish threat. aligant and his enormous )uslim

army ride after harlemagne and his hristian army, meeting them on

the battlefield at oncesvals, where the hristians are burying and

mourning their dead. oth sides fight valiantly. ut when harlemagne

kills aligant, all the pagan army scatter and flee. 7ow Saragossa has nodefenders left/ the 1ranks take the city. ith )arsilla5s wife

ramimonde, harlemagne and his men ride back to (i0, their capital in

sweet 1rance.

$he 1ranks discovered !anelon5s betrayal some time ago and keep him

in chains until it is time for his trial. !anelon argues that his action was

legitimate revenge, openly proclaimed, not treason. hile the council of

barons, which harlemagne gathered to decide the traitor5s fate is

initially swayed by this claim, one man, $hierry, argues that, because

oland was serving harlemagne when !anelon delivered his revenge

on him, !anelon5s action constitutes a betrayal of the emperor. !anelon5s

friend 2inabel challenges $hierry to trial by combat/ the two will fight a

duel to see who5s right. y divine intervention, $hierry, the weaker man,

wins, killing 2inabel. $he 1ranks are convinced by this of !anelon5s

villainy and sentence him to a most painful death. $he traitor is torn limb

from limb by galloping horses and thirty of his relatives are hung for

good measure.

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Sigiwas a great hunter, yet a thrall of Skadi named redi, who had matched his prowess

in hunting, bested him. &n a jealous rage he killed redi hiding the body in a snowdrift.hen Skadi found his thrall dead in a snowdrift, he declared Sigi an outlaw. 3ater, Sigi,

became king of the Huns. Sigi made many enemies in his long reign, among the enemies

were his brother-in-laws. &n his old age, his enemies had him killed.

His son, erir, succeeded Sigi. erir, who was an even greater king than his father, in

bravery and combat, avenged his father, killing his uncles and other enemies. He built a

great empire through his numerous victories in wars against his neighbours. However, he

and his wife had problems with producing an heir. Desperately wanting a son, erir

prayed to the gods. 1rigg, wife and consort of *din, asked for a golden apple from thegiant, Hrimnir. $he apple was delivered to erir by crow, which dropped the apple in his

laps. &mmediately realising the importance of this divine sign, erir shared the apple with

his wife. Soon, erir5s wife was pregnant.

erir, who fought a war to fight, fell ill and died. erir5s wife was pregnant for an

impossible si0 winters8 Dying, the +ueen asked them to cut the baby out of her womb.

4olsungwas born almost a man in si#e and strength.

4olsungwas born an orphan, but unlike children, but he was huge in si#e and strength,succeeded his father, becoming king of Hunland. 4olsung became even powerful thanfather. His palace was built, with the oak tree called ranstock, in the middle of his greathall.

Hrimnir send his daughter 3jod 9Hljod: to marry 4olsung. 4olsung became the father often mighty sons and a daughter, Signy. Signy was the twin sister of Sigmundand enjoyeda close relationship with her brother.

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*ne day, Siggeir, king of !othland, came and asked for 4olsung, his daughter5s hand inmarriage. 4olsung agreed, though Signy did not want to marry Siggeir, knowing him tobe treacherous and murderous king.

During the feast, *dindisguised as old man, came to the hall and drove a great sword

into ranstock. *din told them it would be his gift to the person who could draw thesword out of great oak tree.

&t was said that 4olund 9or ayland the Smith: made the sword, and the magic sword waslater called Gram9Balmungor Mimungin !erman myth:. $he sword had the power tomake the owner win all his battles. 7o one in the hall e0cept Sigmund, 4olsung5s youngerson, could e0tract the sword from ranstock.

Siggeir, who could not draw the sword from ranstock, wanted the sword for himself,offered to buy the sword off Sigmund. Sigmund scornfully rejected Siggeir5s offer of

gold. *ffended by the young man5s reply, Siggeir was determined to destroy 4olsung5sfamily.

Signy unsuccessfully tried to persuade her father not to marry her to the king. She hadforboding that Siggeir will betray them. 4olsung refused to heel her warning.

(fter Siggeir married the reluctant Signy, he invited 4olsung to come to his home.

(gain, Signy warned her father, fearing her new husband would attack them, but again4olsung ignored her warning. $he moment 4olsung and his sons arrived in Siggeir5sterritory, they were ambushed in the woods. 4olsung was killed in the fighting and all his

sons were captured.

Siggeir had Signy5s entire brothers bound in the trees in chain. Helpless, a she-wolfwould come each night to kill and devour them. *ne by one, the brother was killed by theshe-wolf until only Sigmund was left. Signy secretly went to her brother and smearedhoney all over his face and inside his mouth. hen the she-wolf came, instead of bitingSigmund, she licked his face and inside of the youth5s mouth. Sigmund bit hard on thewolf, until died. Somehow, Sigmund managed to get out of his chain and hid in a cave inthe woods.

Signy found her brother alive, and together they plotted to destroy Siggeir and his men.

(s Sigmund recovered in the cave, Signy had several children to the king. hen Signy5seldest son reach the age of eleven, she sent him to her brother. Sigmund was to train herson to destroy Siggeir. However, Sigmund found that Siggeir5s son was too weak for suchtask. Signy told her brother to then kill her son.

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Hogni: Sigrun was probably a 4alkyrie 9shield-maiden:. 9See $he $wo Helgifor the fulllegend about Helgi and Sigrun.:

orghild was jealous of her stepson Sinfjotli5s prowess, and plotted his death. Sigmund,who was immune to all poison, drank two of the mugs of wine that orghild had offered

to Sinfjotli. Sinfjotli however drank the third mug and died from the poison.

orghild was banished from Hunland, for poisoning her stepson.

Sigmund carried Sinfjotli5s body into the wood. Sigmund met a ferryman at the fjord. $heferryman offered to help him cross, but the boat was only large enough to take onepassenger. So Sigmund allowed the ferryman to take his son5s body to otherside of thefjord first.

(s the boat reached the middle of the fjord, the boat along with Sinfjotli5s body

disappeared. (pparently the ferryman was none other than *din. &t seemed that *din waspersonally taking Sinfjotli to 4alhalla.

Sigmund sought another wife. He fell in love with Hjordis9Sisibe or Sieglind:, thebeautiful daughter of King %ylimi. Sigmund wooed Hjordis but he had to competeagainst other powerful and younger kings, including 3yngi 93yngvi:, the son of KingHunding.

Sigmund won Hjordis5 despite being a much older man than the other suitors were, andmarried Hjordis. ar broke out between Sigmund and the Hundings, because 3yngirefused to give up Hjordis.

Sigmund and %ylimi were winning the battle. ;et, according to the 7orns, Sigmund wasfated to die that day. ;et Sigmund could never be defeated, nor he could be wounded,while he wielded his magic sword 9!ram or almung: in battle.

$o fulfil Sigmund5s doom, *dincame into the battlefield with his invincible spear,!ungnir. hen Sigmund saw *din, he attacked the god, but when he struck the !ungnir,Sigmund shattered the sword into two.

$he tide of the battle turned against Sigmund5s army and he was defeated. Sigmund and

his father-in-law, King %ylimi, had fallen in battle.

(t night, Hjordis, who was still pregnant with Sigmund5s child, found her husbandmortally wounded in the battlefield. Sigmund advised his wife to gather the shards of hisshattered sword, so that their son could make forge a new sword. Sigmund foretold thathis unborn son would avenge him and Hjordis5 father.

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3yngi, who still wanted to marry Hjordis, but could not find her or her treasure, for shehad fled to King (lf, whom she married.

Hjordis gave birth to a son, whom she named Sigurd. (lf, the son of King Hjalprek ofDenmark, brought up Sigmund5s son as if he was his very own son.

Ramayana and Mahabharata

Ramayana

Rama, the prince of Ayodhya and his wife Sita are the ideal royal couple. Rama is

brave, wise and dutiful, and Sita is beautiful, generous and saintly. Sita gets

introduced to Rama at a ceremony called Swayamvara, organized by her father

Janaa, the ing of !ithila to identify a suitable bridegroom for her lovely daughter.

"rinces from various ingdoms are invited and challenge to string a giant bow. #nly

the mighty Rama could lift the bow, string it and even brea it into two halves. $his

leads Sita to garland Rama as her husband.

Dasharatha, the king of (yodhya, had three wives and four sons. ama was the eldest and his

mother was Kaushalya. harata was the son of his second and favorite wife, Kaikeyi. $he other

two were twins, 3akshmana and Shatrughna from his third wife Sumitra. hile ama is all setfor coronation, his step-mother, Dasharatha"s second wife, Kaikeyi, wants her son, harata, to

become king. efore the aged king could hand over his crown to his eldest son ama, Dasaratha

is destined to die. (nd instead of being crowned king of (yodhya, ama is sent into e0ile in the

forest for fourteen year by an intrigue in the palace and a +uirk of fate.

Rama goes to the forest, accompanied by wife Sita and brother %ashmana, and

they live as recluses among the hermits that lead a life of meditative retreat in the

deep woods. &harata, whose mother's evil plot won him the throne, goes to meet

Rama in the forest and pleads him to return to the capital. As Rama declines to

brea his vow given to his deceased father, &harata is compelled to go bac to

Ayodhya with his sandals, which he places on the throne as the symbol of Ramas

continuing monarchy.

After fourteen years, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya and are warmly welcomed

bac by the citizens of the ingdom, where they rule for many years, and have two

sons ( %uv and )ush. *nfortunately, Sitas chastity during her period of capture by

Ravana comes under scrutiny, and she has to go through trial by +re to prove her

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purity. &ut ueen, who emerged from the earth at her birth, invoes !other -arth to

tae her bac into the earth, and the saintly Sita returns to her !other, never to

reappear again.

Mahabharata

$he )ahabharata tells the story of two sets of paternal first cousins--the five sons of the

deceased king 2andu 9the five 2andavas and the one hundred sons of blind King Dhritarashtra--

who became bitter rivals, and opposed each other in war for possession of the ancestral harata

kingdom with its capital in the

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many allies and two large armies arrayed themselves on 5Kuru5s 1ield5 9Kuru was one of the

eponymous ancestors of the clan:, eleven divisions in the army of Duryodhana against seven

divisions for ;udhishthira. )uch of the action in the )ahabharata is accompanied by discussion

and debate among various interested parties, and the most famous dialog of all time, Krishna

4asudeva5s ethical lecture and demonstration of his divinity to his devotee and friend (rjuna 9the

Holy hagavad !ita appeared in the )ahabharata just prior to the commencement of the world

war. Several of the important ethical and theological themes of the )ahabharata are tied together

in this !ita, and this

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the 5!reat 6ourney,5 which involved walking north toward the polar mountain, that is toward the

heavenly worlds, until one5s body dropped dead. *ne by one Draupadi and the younger 2andavas

died along the way until ;udhishthira was left alone with a dog that had followed him all the

way. ;udhishthira made it to the gate of heaven and there refused the order to drive the dog back,

at which point the dog was revealed to be an incarnate form of the !od Dharma 9the !od who

was ;udhishthira5s actual, physical father:, who was there to test ;udhishthira5s virtue. *nce in

heaven ;udhishthira faced one final test of his virtue= He saw only the Dhartarashtra lan in

heaven, and he was told that his brothers were in hell. He insisted on joining his brothers in hell,

if that were the case8 &t was then revealed that they were really in heaven, that this illusion had

been one final test for him.

El Cidy royal edict, the id is banished from hristian Spain by King (lfonso 4& of astile. $heroyal edict allows him nine days in which to leave the kingdom but forbids him from taking withhim any of his wealth and goods. (ny man in the kingdom who offers aid to the id will forfeithis estate. 7evertheless, the id enlists the aid of )art>n (ntoline# in swindling twomoneylenders, a+uel and 4idas, in e0change for two large sealed coffers, supposedly loadedwith the id"s riches but containing only sand. $he id and a small force of vassals then rideaway and make a secret camp. *n the morning of the id"s actual departure from the country,with a fair-si#ed group of loyal vassals, )ass is said for all at the abbey where Do?a @imena, theid"s wife, and his two infant daughters, Do?a %lvira and Do?a Sol, have been ordered to

remain.

ecoming a soldier of fortune, the knight leads his host in con+uest of one )oorish territoryafter another, each time generously sharing the spoils and booty among his knights and vassals,even the lowliest. $hus he builds up a larger and stronger force with every foray, and after eachvictory )ass is said in thanksgiving. $he id fights his way to the eastern side of the peninsula,where he fights his most crucial battle and wins his greatest victory when he takes as his prisoner

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ount amAn of arcelona. (fter ount amAn has been humbled and forced to give up all hisproperty, he is granted his liberty.

(lthough )inaya (lvar 1B?e# returns to King (lfonso with gifts and a glowing report of theid"s successes, the king does not revoke his decree of banishment. )inaya"s estates are

restored, however, and he was granted freedom to come and go without fear of attack. $he idcontinues his campaigns against the )oorish territories in order to increase his favor with King(lfonso. (fter he has con+uered the provinces of 4alencia and Seville, however, his men growtired of fighting, and many wish to return to astile. $he id, although still generous andunderstanding, proves himself master by threatening all deserters with death.

(gain the id sends )inaya to King (lfonso, this time with a gift of one hundred horses and are+uest that Do?a @imena and her daughters be permitted to join him in 4alencia. 4isiblysoftened by the id"s growing power, King (lfonso grants this re+uest. &n addition, he returns tothe id"s men their former estates.

Shortly after a triumphant reunion with his family in 4alencia, the id overcomes the king of)orocco. (s a gesture of victory, he sends the )oroccan"s tent to King (lfonso. $his dramaticgift earns the id"s pardon as well as the king"s re+uest that the id give his daughters inmarriage to Diego and 1ernando, the princes of arriAn. (t the victory feast, many marvel at thegreat length and abundance of the id"s beard, for he had sworn at the time of his banishmentthat his beard would never again be cut. $he fullness of his beard has now taken on a mysticalsignificance related to the id"s power and success.

$he id has reservations about giving his daughters to the princes of arriAn. His daughters are,he thinks, too young for marriage. (lso, he distrusts the two men. However, with a great show ofhumbleness and subservience, he returns Do?a %lvira...

Florante at Laura

*n a faraway vast land, there"s a mystical forest outside the Kingdom of (lbanya. 1lorante, sonof Duke riseo and 2rincess 1loresca, was knotted tightly on a giant old tree in the middle of thedark forest. Sadness and emptiness crept around the helpless 2rince. $he scary woods anduncanny sounds of wild animals and creatures just didn"t help.

6ust before two huge lions were about to ravish the poor 2rince, a kindhearted 2ersian )orong,(ladin, helped 1lorante. (ladin was on e0ile from his own kingdom because of his father"s

cruelty. His father, (li-(dab, took his lovely fiancC away from him. *n his way to the woods, heheard 1lorante"s scream trying to seek help from the lions nearly killing him.

$he two became good friends and they started to talk about their past and what brought themthere in the woods. 1lorante told (ladin his true identity a prince of (lbanya. He also told hisnew friend about his another near-death e0perience involving a giant crow which was killed byhis cousin, )enalipo, his school days at (tenas where he met (dolfo whom from the beginningwas his rival. (dolfo tried to kill 1lorante during their school play, the latter was rescued by

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*n the other hand, 1lorante reali#ed that he was 3aura"s one true love although he admitted hethought the girl cheated on him so many times. 3aura never had affections to (dolfo which iswhy the latter tried to enslave her ruin her but 1lerida saved 3aura by speared the pitiless man.)enandro came looking for (dolfo only finding him dead.

(fter all has settled back to normal, everything went back into place in the kingdom andeveryone was so happy. %veryone was celebrating in (lbanya.

1lorante and 3aura married each other and celebrated their wedding. $hey became the new kingand +ueen of (lbanya while (ladin and 1lerida were bapti#ed as hristians before they wed, too.$hey returned back to 2ersia to start a new happy life and became the new leaders of theirkingdom.

Siegfried

&n his cave in the forest, the dwarf )ime forges a sword for his foster sonSiegfried. He hates Siegfried but hopes that the boy will kill the dragon 1afner,who guards the 7ibelungs" treasure, so that )ime can take the all-powerful ringfrom it. Siegfried arrives and smashes the new sword, raging at )ime"sincompetence. Having reali#ed that he can"t be the dwarf"s son, as there is no

physical resemblance between them, he demands to know who his parents were.1or the first time, )ime tells Siegfried how he found his mother, Sieglinde, in thewoods, who died giving birth to him. hen he shows Siegfried the fragments ofhis father"s sword, 7othung, Siegfried orders )ime to repair it for him and rushesout.

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(s )ime sinks down in despair, a stranger enters. &t is otan, lord of the gods, inhuman disguise as the anderer. He challenges the fearful )ime to a riddlecompetition, in which the loser forfeits his head. $he anderer easily answers)ime"s three +uestions about the 7ibelungs, the giants, and the gods. )ime in turnknows the answers to the traveler"s first two +uestions but gives up in terror whenasked who will repair the sword 7othung. $he anderer admonishes )ime foren+uiring about faraway matters when he knows nothing about what closelyconcerns him. $hen he departs, leaving the dwarf"s head to Fhim who knows nofearG and who will re-forge the magic blade.

hen Siegfried returns demanding his father"s sword, )ime tells him that he can"trepair it. He vainly tries to e0plain the concept of fear to the boy and, in order toteach him, proposes a visit to 1afner"s cave. Siegfried agrees and enthusiastically

begins to forge the sword himself. hile he works, )ime prepares a sleeping

potion to give to Siegfried once he has killed 1afner. 1lashing the finished sword,Siegfried smashes the anvil in half and runs off into the forest.

$he same night, )ime"s brother (lberich is hiding by the entrance to 1afner"scave, obsessed with winning back the ring for himself. $he anderer enters andtells the 7ibelung to watch out for )ime. He then wakes 1afner and warns himthat a young hero is on his way to kill him. 'nimpressed, the dragon goes back tosleep.

(s Dawn breaks, )ime and Siegfried arrive. aught up in the peaceful beauty ofthe woods, Siegfried thinks about his parents. He tries to imitate the song of a birdon a reed pipe but fails and blows his horn instead. $his awakens 1afner, and in theensuing fight Siegfried kills the dragon. ith his dying words, 1afner warns the

boy of the destructive power of the treasure. hen Siegfried accidentally touches adrop of 1afner"s blood to his lips, he suddenly understands the singing of the bird,which directs him to the gold in the cave. (lberich and )ime appear +uarreling butwithdraw as Siegfried returns with the ring and the $arnhelm. $he bird warnsSiegfried not to trust )ime, and when the dwarf offers him the potion, Siegfried

kills him. $he bird then tells Siegfried of a beautiful woman named rnnhilde,asleep on a mountain surrounded by fire. He sets out to find her.

High on a mountain pass, the anderer summons %rda, goddess of the %arth, tolearn the gods" fate. She evades his +uestions, and he resigns himself to theimpending end of the gods" reign. His hope now rests with rnnhilde and

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Siegfried. hen Siegfried approaches, making fun of the god whom he takes for asimple old man, the anderer attempts to block his path. ith a stroke of hissword, Siegfried shatters the anderer"s spearIthe same spear that smashed

7othung to pieces years before. Defeated, the anderer retreats.

Siegfried reaches the mountaintop where rnnhilde sleeps. 7ever having seen awoman before, he thinks he has discovered a man. hen he removes rnnhilde"sarmor, he is overwhelmed by the sight of her beauty and finally reali#es themeaning of fear. )astering his emotions, he awakens her with a kiss. Hailing thedaylight, rnnhilde is overjoyed to learn that it is Siegfried who has brought her

back to life. She tries to resist his declarations of passion, reali#ing that earthlylove must end her immortal life, but finally gives in and joins Siegfried in praise oflove.

lliad and #dyssey

$/- ILIAD#n the tenth year of the $ro0an 1ar, tensions rise so high

among Achaians. 2irst, 3hryses, a priest, ased )ing Agamemnon to

release his daughter but the ing refused. 3hryses prayed to Apollo to

send a plague to the Achaians. After nine days of plague, the Achaians

demanded Agamemnon to release 3hryses's daughter. /e agreed with

a condition that Achilleus, the greatest warrior of the Achaians will give

him his girlfriend, &riseis. $hough he was so mad, he 0ust gave his

girlfriend. /e prayed to his mother $hetis, a goddess, to connive with

the other gods so that the Achaians will lose their battles and they'll

realize how much they depend on him. $hetis spoils Achilleus so she

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taled to 4eus. $he ne5t day, the $ro0ans counterattaced to the

Achaians led by /etor, their greatest warrior. After several days of

violent battles, "atrolos, Achilleus's best friend ased permission to

tae the place of Achilleus. Achilleus agreed and even led "atrolos his

armor. &ut /etor, with the help of Apollo and -uphorbos, a minor$ro0an warrior, illed "atrolos. 1hen Achilleus new this, he

e5perienced terrible grief and swore revenge. /e ased his mother to

give him new suit of armor especially made by /ephaistos, the +re

god. $he ne5t day, Achilleus 0oined the battle and illed many $ro0an

warriors including /etor on a one6on6one battle

&ut Achilleus isn't satis+ed. 2or the ne5t few days, he continually

abused /etor's body in brutal ways, even after "atrolos received a

proper funeral. $he gods didn't lie this, and sent a message down toAchilleus telling him to give up the body. 1hen the $ro0an )ing "riam,

/etor's father, came unarmed, by night, to as for his son's body,

Achilleus agreed. $hey ate together and e5perienced a moment of

shared humanity. Achilleus granted the $ro0ans a grace period to

perform their funeral rituals. $hen it ended with the funeral of /etor 6

though we now that soon Achilleus will die.

$/- #78SS-8 #dysseus battles internal and e5ternal con9ict to tae

part in the $ro0an 1ar. t is at a time when his son $elemachus, is only a

month old. $wenty years after the war, #dysseus retraces his steps

bac home. &y that time, $elemachus is twenty and living with his

mother "enelope in thaca. /is mother has to deal with :;< suitors,

who are boisterous and adamant that she should agree to marriage.

Athena, #dysseus's guardian, decided with the )ing of =ods according

to =ree mythology, 4eus, to tae the form of !entes, a $aphian chief

and spea to $elemachus. She urged the boy to loo for his father.

$elemachus and Athena witness "hemius the bard entertaining the

rowdy suitors with >Return from $roy>. -ven as "enelope ob0ects, urged

by Athena, $elemachus ordered "hemius to read on.

Athena provided $elemachus a ship and crew and helped him to depart

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for the mainland. 1elcomed by the ?estor family, $elemachus then

embared on a land 0ourney alongside Sparta, ?estor's son. /e

chanced upon /elen and !enelaus bear witness of a meeting with sea6

god "roteus. $hey informed $elemachus that his father has been

captured by 3alypso, a nymph.

#dysseus, meanwhile, spent seven years in captivity. /e is released

only to incur the wrath of "oseidon, the sea god who was not present

on !ount #lympus when Athena and 4eus interacted. -scaping the

wrecage, #dysseus swam ashore e5hausted and fell asleep. /e then

sought the hospitality of Arete and Alcinous. #dysseus struggled

through a situation where his identity was always in doubt.

A raid on his twelve ships by storms, lotus eaters and blinded with awooden stae, left the hero a broen man. A boon from Aeolus, the

wind god helped #dysseus harness all the winds. /owever, with

destiny playing truant, #dysseus did not retain the only 'safe' wind that

could blow him homeward. /is escapades with the pantheon of =ree

gods and goddesses, a treacherous sailor, %aestrygones the cannibal,

3irce, the witch goddess and the spirit of $iresias, left #dysseus spent

and longing for home.

#dysseus' lucy meeting with the "haeacians, buys him a homebound

0ourney. 7isguised as a beggar, #dysseus learned about his family. /e

met "enelope with the intention of testing her love for him. -urycleia,

the houseeeper, discovered #dysseus' identity and all is well when he

stringed his own bow as part of the suitor competition set by "enelope.

Story of Mulan

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Shang, )u During the battle, )ulan had been injured. hile caring for her wound,

a medic reali#ed that $he greatest gift and honor is having you for a daughter,> her

father said. >'ve missed you so.>.

>-5cuse me,> said a voice behind them.

>7oes !ulan live here> Shang had brought !ulan her

helmet...and she invited him to stay for dinner.

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"ope 2rancis to Disit the "hilippines

$he head of the Roman 3atholic 3hurch, the worlds largest

religion, "ope 2rancis will visit the "hilippines this coming January

E;:F. $he highest oGcial of the Roman 3atholic is supposed to

visit the "hilippines in !ay but the schedule was moved from !ay

E;:F to its new date, January E;:H.

$he "ope will visit 3ebu for the nternational -ucharistic 3ongress

which was originally scheduled on January E;:H. $he

announcement was made by 3&3" and 3ebu Archbishop Jose"alma after he received a reuest from the Datican to move the

nternational -ucharistic 3ongress.

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(rchbishop 2alma was +uoted as saying that, F$wo weeks ago, we received a letter

from (rchbishop )arini asking us if we could move the event to the second

preferred date because the 2ope has another schedule in )ay,G 2alma said.

$he ebu (rchbishop was referring to (rchbishop 2iero )arini, the president of

the 2ontifical ommittee on the &nternational %ucharistic ongress. $he

archbishop agreed with the change of date because one of the priority is the 2ope"svisit to the 2hilippines.

$he main reasons of 4atican for changing the date was the unavailability of the

2ope during the first scheduled date of the &nternational %ucharist ongress. $he

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(rchbishop of ebu and 2 2resident also called on the people to pray so that

the visit will push through.

We Are All God's Childrenby Jaie Ri!era

e (re (ll !od"s hildren*fficial $heme Song for JLM (postolic 4isit of2ope 1rancis to the 2hilippines

3yrics written and sung by 6amie ivera with $he Hail )ary the Nueen hildren hoir)usic composed and arranged by 7oel %spenida

Do you see these children on the streetsOHave you walked the pavements where they sleepODo you feel their hands, when you give them almsODid you ever give them bread to eatO

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Have you seen their homes washed by the floodsOhile a mother tightly holds her childDo you hear the wind of the raging stormOan you tell them where it"s coming fromO

3et us show our love and mercy

ith true kindness and humility1or !od loves the weak and the needy6ust like you and me

horus=e are all !od"s childrene are all the sameHe is calling us by name to help the poor and lame(nd learn what life is really for&t"s to K7* and 3*4% and S%4% the 3*D

Stand together and let"s do our part

Hear their voices mend their broken heartshoose to be brave fight for their rights!ive them back their honor and their pride2lease do not be blind and just leave them behind$o struggle in darkness or give them empty promises

horus=e are all !od"s childrene are all the sameHe is calling us by name to help the poor and lame(nd learn what life is really for&t"s to K7* and 3*4% and S%4% the 3*D

&t"s to K7* and 3*4% and S%4% the 3*D&t"s to K7* and 3*4% and S%4% the 3*D

Project

In

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EnglishSubmitted byC

!a &ealyn 7e "eralta

Submitted toC

!rs. %eilani ?avarro

Contents:

6?ational -pics

6%egend of &arangay

62airy $ale Story

6: -pigrams and 3oplas

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6 : Song 3elebrating the 1orld 8outh 7ay E;:H

62eature about the coming "ope 2rancis in $he

"hilippines

3urrently operating #$-3 plants

&n )arch JLP, Saga 'niversity with various 6apanese industries completed the installation of a

new *$% plant.QLR *kinawa 2refecture announced the start of the *$% operation testing at

Kume &sland on (pril LM, JLP. $he main aim is to prove the validity of computer models and

demonstrate *$% to the public. $he testing and research will be conducted with the support of

Saga 'niversity until the end of 1; JLT. &H& 2lant onstruction o. 3td, ;okogawa %lectric

orporation, and @enesys &nc were entrusted with constructing the L kilowatt class plant

within the grounds of the *kinawa 2refecture Deep Sea ater esearch enter. $he location

was specifically chosen in order to utili#e e0isting deep seawater and surface seawater intake

pipes installed for the research center in J. $he pipe is used for the intake of deep sea water

for research, fishery, and agricultural use.QLU $he plant consists of two units/ one includes the

M k generator while the second unit is used for component testing and optimi#ation. QJT$he

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*$% facility and deep seawater research center are open to free public tours by appointment in

%nglish and 6apanese.QJMurrently, this is the only fully operational *$% plant in the world.

&n JLL, )akai *cean %ngineering completed a heat e0changer test facility at 7%3H(. 'sed to

test a variety of heat e0hcange technology for use in *$%, )akai has received funding to

install a L k turbine.QJV&nstallation will make this facility the largest operational *$%

facility, though the record for largest power will remain with the *pen ycle plant also

developed in Hawaii.

&n 6uly JLT, D7S group partnered with (kuo %nergy announced 7% P funding for their

7%)* project. &f successful, the LV) gross L) net offshore plant will be the largest

*$% facility to date. D7S plans to have 7%)* operational within four years. QJW

"TEC #otential on the $hili##ines

(n interesting article was recently published by the )anilla ulletin 2ublishing orporation.Dueto its geographical position near the e+uator, the use of ocean thermal energy can be veryinteresting in the seas and streets of the 2hilippines. urrently, the 'K company %nergy &slandell 2irie 3td. is planning to construct a L-megawatt closed-cycle *$% facility in abangan,2hilippines as a pilot project. )s. 3atimer, director of %nergy &sland ell 2irie, emphasi#ed that*$% has the largest potential amongst marine energy resources such as wave energy and tidalenergy , and the sites offer the possibility to operate the *$% plants year round, providing baseload power supply.However, *$% investment costs are still high. 1or the L ) pilot plant,the investment per megawatt amounts to XJJ million. $he help of a support scheme forrenewable energy is therefore very important for the *$% plant to provide energy at

competitive prices. (s for the 2hilippines, the enewable %nergy (ct 9JR: has identified*$% as one of the technologies that should be promoted in order to safeguard the country"ssecurity of energy supply. 'nfortunately, in the 1eed-&n-$ariff 91&$: support schemeimplemented in the 2hilippines the height of the tariff for *$% has not yet been determined, asthe national %nergy egulatory ommission 9%: stated that Ffurther study and data gatheringGis re+uired before the feed-in-tariff can be fi0ed. (ccording to )s. 3atimer, this isunderstandable as it is the first time a regulatory body has been asked to set a 1&$ for*$%.athymetry for contract site, red tube indicates proposed location of plant 9Y %nergy&sland 3td.:%nergy &sland proposed a tariff for the *$% plant of 2H2 LW.VM per kh 9currentlyappro0imately X .TJ:. )s. 3atimer confirmed to *$% 7ews that this tariff was based on a setof parameters provided by the %, Fincluding technical and %2, operating, debt and e+uity,ta0 and economic assumptionsG. However, the % did not accept the 2LW.VM per kh tariff andhence, the challenge for %nergy &sland is to Faddress their concerns and undefer their decision bypresenting further dataG.hen *$% is supported by the right mechanisms, more e0perience canbe gained, generation costs will go down and *$% plants will become competitive with fossilenergy production, according to the article. (lso, scaling up the capacity of *$% facilities toutility-si#ed power plants costs will go down +uickly. )s. 3atimer e0pects that over L years, aL) *$% plant can be installed with a generation cost of V.MV 2hilippine pesos 92H2: perkh.

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"TEC %a#ital %ost and aintenan%e

*pen cycle *$% systems produce large +uantities of valuable desalinated water. ( project by

Sea Solar 2ower, on a ship, is designed to produce L ) of electricity. alculations

demonstrate that the system will also produce LJ million litres of desalinated waterZ day 9T:. &

) of open cycle *$% generated electricity will produce L,J million litres of desalinated

waterZ day. $his figure will be taken, although work carried out by *%%S indicates that this

figure can be considerably improved, to give up to J,R million litres of desalinated water per )

per day 9Ta:. $he two principal methods of desalination are )ultistage 1lash 9)S1: desalination,

re+uiring large costly thermal energy inputs, and everse *smosis 9*: which needs an

associated power plant to force the sea water through a set of osmotic membranes. )ultistage

1lash distillation costs about XL per L, litres, everse *smosis costs about half that amount

9M:. 1or a variety of reasons, in many cases where fossil fuels are costly, everse *smosis is

often selected. ( recent * e0ample has been selected, to gauge its cost so as to give a value to

the desalination Oby productO of *$% per ). ( everse *smosis desalination plant is beingbuilt in 2erth, (ustralia, designed to provide LT million litres of water per day. &ts cost is XJL

). 9 1irst assessment JJ : Sue# Degremont are the contractors. &t is planned for a JM year life.

$he sum, to cover these JM years of running and maintenance is LV X), bringing the total

contract value to XPW ) $his is an overcost factor of L,WM, compared to the initial cost of

XJL). $he given figure e0cludes the necessary associated power plant, a JT ) wind farm,

and its high capital and yearly maintenance costs 9V:. ( J ) *$% plant, taken as a

standard e0ample, will generate JT) litres of desalinated water per day. $his is an e+uivalent

volume to that of a large tanker. onsidering the initial contract sum only of XJL) for 2erth *

producing LT) litres a day, when upgraded as though it were producing JT) litres per day,

the *$% J ) corresponding value would be XPV). $his figure, divided by J to

reduce from J ) to L k, represents a system benefit of XLRZ k installed, XP above

the nuclear base cost of XLMZ k installed. $he cost of a dedicated JT ) plant is not

included.

-nvironmental mpacts

(s for environmentalimpacts, some of the non-monetary costs associated with barrage systems

include destruction of habitat, interruption of organisms" travel routes, potential electromagnetic

interference 9in the case of species that can sense electric fields:, and potential acoustic pollution.

&n addition, hydroelectric systems are well-known for killing fish, and the waste heat that ends

up in the water reduces its capacity to store dissolved o0ygen, harming not only fish, but all

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organisms in the affected area. Despite all this, such systems are attractive to many because of

their reliance on e0isting technology and knowledge.