9/10/2013 1 Basic Tools for Data Analysis Michael D. Chance MSM, MBA, MSQM, CPHQ, CQIA, CSSGB Page 1 xxx00.#####.ppt 9/10/2013 10:24:34 AM Objectives 1. Define data. 2. Explain some barriers to successfully using data. 3. Explain the purpose and use of select quality data tools 4. Explain common misconceptions and limitations that arise from reporting “averages” or from relying on a single tool. Page 2 xxx00.#####.ppt 9/10/2013 10:24:34 AM What is Data? Data is: Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
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9/10/2013
1
Basic Tools for
Data Analysis
Michael D. Chance MSM, MBA, MSQM, CPHQ, CQIA, CSSGB
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Objectives
1. Define data.
2. Explain some barriers to successfully
using data.
3. Explain the purpose and use of select
quality data tools
4. Explain common misconceptions and
limitations that arise from reporting
“averages” or from relying on a single
tool.
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What is Data?
Data is:
Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
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What Things are Considered Data?
• Medications Given (Dosages, Routes, etc.)
• Vital Signs / Symptoms
• Patient Characteristics (Age, Sex, Race, etc)
• Costs
• Therapies
• Staff Turnover, Working Hours, Ratios
• Times (Admission, Discharge, etc.)
• Anything we can document to measure performance.
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“We measure performance in
healthcare for two basic purposes.
We measure first as a basis for
making judgments and decisions…
Second, we measure as the basis
for future improvements”
Dennis O’Leary Former President,
JCAHO
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Barriers To Putting Data Into Action
• Don’t even know where to get data / info
• Paralysis by analysis
• No one is interested in it
• Incorrect interpretation of data
• Too complex to understand
• Defensiveness
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Stages of Coping with Data
•Stage I: “The data are wrong….”
•Stage II: “The data are right, but it’s not
a problem…”
•Stage III: “The data are right, it’s a
problem, but it’s not my problem…”
•Stage IV: “The data are right, it’s a
problem, it’s my problem…”
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How Do We Make Sense of Data?
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Quality Improvement Tools
“If the only tool you have is
a hammer, you will see
every problem as a nail.”
Abraham Maslow, 1966
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Purpose of QI Tools
•Describe and improve processes
•Evaluate process or output
variation
•Assist with decision-making
•Analyze data in a variety of ways
•Display information
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QI Tools Help Answer 5 Questions
1. Where am I at?
2. Where do I want to be?
3. How do I get there?
4. Am I still on the right path?
5. How well did I do?
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Partial List of QI Tools
Affinity diagram Arrow diagram Balanced scorecard Benchmarking Box and whisker plot Brainstorming Cause-and-effect/Ishikawa/fishbone diagram Cause analysis tools Check sheet Control chart Critical incident Data collection and analysis tools Decision matrix Design of experiments (DOE) Evaluation and decision-making tools Failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) Fishbone/Ishikawa/cause-and-effect diagram Five S (5S) Five whys and five hows Flowchart Force field analysis Gage repeatability Gantt chart Histogram House of quality Idea creation tools Impact effort matrix
Kano model Matrix diagram Mistake-proofing Multivoting Nine windows Nominal group technique Pareto chart Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle or plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle Problem concentration diagram Process analysis tools Process decision program chart (PDPC) Project planning and implementation tools Quality function deployment (QFD) Relations diagram Scatter diagram Seven basic quality tools Seven new management and planning tools SIPOC+CM diagram SMART matrix Spaghetti diagram Stratification Success and effect diagram Survey Tree diagram Value stream mapping Voice of the customer table (VOCT)
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Purpose of QI Tools
However,
you don’t
have to use
EVERY tool
for every
problem.
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Histogram
Pareto Chart
Scatter Diagram
Run Chart
Control Chart
Basic Decision Making Toolbox
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Basic Decision Making Tools
•Bar Charts
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Histograms
• A bar graph that shows the distribution
of CONTINUOUS data
• A snapshot of data taken from a process
• Summarize large data sets graphically
• Compare process results to specification
• Communicate information to the team
• Assist in decision making
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Histogram Creation
Range No. of Occurrences
1 – 10
11 – 20
21 – 30
31 – 40
41 – 50
51 – 60
61 – 70
71 – 80
81 – 90
91+
Check Sheet:
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Histogram Creation
Histogram:
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Histogram Analysis
Absorption Time
Fre
qu
en
cy
403632282420
20
15
10
5
0
Histogram of Absorption Time
30
5
X
Variable N Mean St Dev Minimum Median Maximum
Absorption Time 100 30.009 5.002 13.759 30.694 42.076
Mean (or Average):
Standard Deviation:
Descriptive Statistics:
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Histogram Example
Asthma Related Study
• Of the 835 children who performed the
free running test, 2 experienced
considerable dyspnea, cough, and
wheezing that prevented them from
completing the test. There was a 10%
decrease in PEFR in 285 (34%)
subjects, a 15% decrease in 177
(21.2%), and a 20% decrease in 69
(8.2%).
• Mean decreases in PEFR during the
free running test are shown in the
histogram in Figure 2. The distribution
was skewed to the left and most
values were between 0 and -20. The
interval with the largest concentration
of results (approximately 20% of the
total sample) was between -5 and -10.
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• Histograms are a
snapshot in time and
show “distribution”.
• They do NOT show
trends over time.
Histogram Analysis
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
1
2
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Basic Decision Making Tools
•Pareto Chart
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What is a Pareto Chart?
•Bar chart arranged in
descending order of height
from left to right
•Bars on left relatively more important than those on right