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Basic BotanyBasic Botany
Elsa SElsa Snchez,nchez,
Associate Professor ofAssociate Professor of
Horticultural SystemsHorticultural Systems
ManagementManagement
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Reproductive MorphologyReproductive Morphology
Flowers, InflorescencesFlowers, Inflorescences
& Fruit& Fruit
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http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/anatomy/flowers.htm
PistilPistil
StamenStamen
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Principal Flower PartsPrincipal Flower Parts
Individual PartIndividual Part More than 1 PartMore than 1 Part
SepalSepal CalyxCalyx
PetalPetal CorollaCorolla
PerianthPerianth
StamenStamen AndroeciumAndroecium
CarpelCarpel GynoeciumGynoecium
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Plant TypesPlant Types
MonoeciousMonoeciouspistillatepistillate & staminate flowers& staminate flowers
on the same planton the same plant
DioeciousDioeciouspistillatepistillate & staminate flowers on& staminate flowers ondifferent plantsdifferent plants
PistillatePistillateflower with functional pistil, but notflower with functional pistil, but not
stamensstamens StaminateStaminateflower with functional stamens, butflower with functional stamens, but
not pistilnot pistil
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Porter,
1967
Floral DiagramsFloral Diagrams
Shows flowerShows flowerss
various parts, numbervarious parts, number
of parts, fusion parts,of parts, fusion parts,
etc.etc.
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Floral diagram ofFloral diagram of
ChenopodiumChenopodium
Porter,
1967
Porter,
1967
Floral diagram ofFloral diagram of
TradescantiaTradescantia
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Floral diagram ofFloral diagram of
GentianaGentiana
Floral diagram ofFloral diagram of
PrimulaPrimula
Porter,
1967
Porter,
1967
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Floral FormulasFloral Formulas
Numerical notation ofNumerical notation of
floral partsfloral parts
Ca/K = CalyxCa/K = Calyx
Co/C = CorollaCo/C = Corolla
A = AndroeciumA = Androecium
G = GynoeciumG = Gynoecium
Ca
5
= calyx of5 sepals
Co 4 = corollaof 4 petals
A 5 = 5 stamens
G5
= gynoecium of5 united
carpels, ovary
superior
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CaCa00
CoCo00
AA 11--1010 GG 22--55
CaCa33--55
CoCo AA GG22--3300 55
44 44
AA
4 or 84 or 8
GG
44
CaCa CoCo
CaCa
33
CoCo AA
33 66
GG
33
or Gor G
33
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Pollination
Transfer pollen from anther to stigma
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InflorescencesInflorescences
Flower clustersFlower clusters
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SpikeSpike
Flowers withoutFlowers without
pedicels arepedicels are
attached to mainattached to mainstemstem
It is elongated &It is elongated &flowers matureflowers mature
from bottomfrom bottomupwardsupwards
AcanthusAcanthusspp.spp.
Capon,1
990
Ca
pon,1990
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SpadixSpadix
Type of spikeType of spikewith small flowerswith small flowers
crowded oncrowded on
central columncentral column
Enclosed by aEnclosed by alarge, modifiedlarge, modified
leaf =leaf = spathespathe
Example: calla lilyExample: calla lily
SpatheSpathe
SpadixSpadix
Porter,19
67
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RacemeRaceme
Flowers attachedFlowers attached
to main stem byto main stem byshort pedicelsshort pedicels
Elongated &Elongated &flowers matureflowers mature
from bottomfrom bottom
upwardsupwards
Genista racemosaGenista racemosa
Sweet broomSweet broom
Ca
pon,1
990
Capon,1
990
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PaniclePanicle
Flowers attachedFlowers attached
to main stem byto main stem bypedicelspedicels
Elongated &Elongated &flowers matureflowers mature
from bottom upfrom bottom up
Branched racemeBranched raceme Begoniaspp.
Capon, 1990
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HeadHead
Dense cluster ofDense cluster ofsessile flowerssessile flowers
Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuus
SunflowerSunflower
Capon,
1990
Capon,
1990
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CorymbCorymb
FlatFlat--topped inflorescence;topped inflorescence;
pedicels of unequalpedicels of unequal
length arising at differentlength arising at different
points on stempoints on stem
Usually bloom fromUsually bloom from
outside to insideoutside to inside
Compound corymbCompound corymb
Example: SedumExample: Sedum JonesandLuchsinger
,1986
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CymeCyme
InflorescenceInflorescence
with oldestwith oldest
flower in centerflower in centerMartin,1920
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FruitFruit
Mature or ripenedMature or ripened
ovary;ovary;Ripened ovary wall =Ripened ovary wall =pericarppericarp
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FleshyFleshyfruits at maturityfruits at maturity
BerryBerry = pulpy or fleshy= pulpy or fleshy pericarppericarp, usually, usually
many seedsmany seeds
Examples: tomato, banana & grapeExamples: tomato, banana & grape
SimpsonandOgorzaly,1995
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Coconut
Simpson&Ogorzaly,
1995
DrupeDrupe = fleshy fruit with= fleshy fruit with pericarppericarp
distinguishable as 3 layersdistinguishable as 3 layersExocarpExocarpouter layer orouter layer or skinskin or rind of a fruitor rind of a fruit
MesocarpMesocarpmiddle layermiddle layer
EndocarpEndocarpinner stoneinner stone--like layerlike layer
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Simp
sonandOgorzaly,
1995
HesperidiumHesperidium ==
type of berry withtype of berry with
leathery rind & oilleathery rind & oilglands;glands; carpelscarpels areare
easily separated aseasily separated as
segmentssegments
PomePome = mature= mature
inferior ovaryinferior ovary
surrounded bysurrounded byaccessory tissueaccessory tissue
PepoPepo = type of= type of
berry that with aberry that with a
leathery rind;leathery rind;restricted torestricted to
CucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae
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Dry, IndehiscentDry, Indehiscentfruitsfruits
AcheneAchene = single= single--seeded dry fruit with seedseeded dry fruit with seed
free fromfree from pericarppericarp
SimpsonandOgorzaly,
199
5
SimpsonandOgorzaly,
199
5
Dowden
Dowden,1
994
,1994
SamaraSamarawinged achenewinged achene AcheneAchenesunflowersunflower seedseed
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CaryopsisCaryopsis ==
corn, wheat, rye,corn, wheat, rye,barley & sorghumbarley & sorghum
Jonesa
ndLuchsinger,
1986
Jonesa
ndLuchsinger,
1986
AA nutnut can becan be
identified by itsidentified by itshardhard exocarpexocarp
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AA folliclefollicle opens onopens on
one side onlyone side only
Examples: milkweed,Examples: milkweed,
DelphiniumDelphinium, peonies,, peonies,
columbine &columbine & spireaspirea
LupineLupine
Wilson and Loomis, 1967Wilson and Loomis, 1967
LegumeLegume = opens= opens
longitudinally alonglongitudinally alongtwo sidestwo sides
LomentLoment ==
legume thatlegume that
hashasconstrictionsconstrictions
betweenbetween
seedsseeds
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Aggregate FruitAggregate Fruit
From one flower withFrom one flower withmany simple pistilsmany simple pistils
Multiple FruitMultiple Fruit
From many flowersFrom many flowers
MulberryMulberry
RaspberryRaspberry
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Seeds
RadicleRadicle
PlumulePlumule
http://www.umass.edu/umext/mac/Images/beanseed%20small.jpghttp://www.umass.edu/umext/mac/Images/beanseed%20small.jpg
CotyledonCotyledon
Seed coatSeed coat
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Plant HabitPlant Habit
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Plant HabitPlant Habit
Herb / herbaceousHerb / herbaceous:: little or no abovelittle or no above--groundground
woody tissuewoody tissue
Shrub:Shrub: woody perennial; multiwoody perennial; multi--stemmedstemmed
Tree:Tree: woody perennial; main trunkwoody perennial; main trunk
Succulent:Succulent: thick, soft watery leaves &/orthick, soft watery leaves &/orstemsstems
Vine:Vine: trails on ground or climbs; woody ortrails on ground or climbs; woody orherbaceousherbaceous
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Herbs:Herbs:
chives, begoniachives, begonia
Succulent:Succulent:
jade plantjade plant
Vine:Vine:
grape, moonflower,grape, moonflower,
morning glory,morning glory,climbing rosesclimbing roses
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