Baseline Analysis Report Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Lombok Vol.1 Task A – Draft Site Management Plan of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark PT. AECOM Indonesia Ver.02 – 12 July 2019
Baseline Analysis Report Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Lombok
Vol.1 Task A – Draft Site Management Plan of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark
PT. AECOM Indonesia
Ver.02 – 12 July 2019
Quality Information
Project Name : Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Lombok
Project No. : JKTD18082
Document Name : Baseline Analysis Report Vol.1
Prepared by Checked by Verified by Approved by
Syauqi Asyraf Faiz Aryo Kuncoro Sacha Schwarzkopf Utami Prastiana
Revision History
Version Submission Date Details Authorized Name Position
Ver. 01 13 Dec 2018 AR Dep. TL
Ver. 02 12 July 2019 AR Dep. TL
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Table of Contents
Quality Information ..................................................................................................... 2
Disclaimer .................................................................................................................. 3
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... 5
Table of Figures ......................................................................................................... 6
Table of Tables .......................................................................................................... 7
1. Overview .............................................................................................................. 8
1.1. General Project Information .......................................................................................... 9
1.2. Introductions ................................................................................................................. 12
2. Assessment of the site ....................................................................................... 13
2.1. Working procedures ..................................................................................................... 13
2.2. Research results ........................................................................................................... 14
2.3. Cultural historic and archaeological data identification .......................................... 15
2.4. Risk assessment ........................................................................................................... 16
2.5. Cultural Evaluation of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark ...................................................... 16
2.6. Artefacts ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.7. Quality of archaeological information ........................................................................ 17
2.8. Significance of information ......................................................................................... 17
2.9. Safeguarding ................................................................................................................. 18
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 Boundary of Rinjani – Lombok Geopark Area ................................................................. 10
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Table of Tables
No table of figures entries found.
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1. Overview
The formulation of Management Plan for Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is based on the Application
Dossier for Membership to UNESCO Global Geopark document that was prepared on January
2016. This Draft Management Plan is formulated referring to the UNESCO Site Management
Plan formulation1. Based on the guideline, a site management plan should contain:
• The Definition of The Site,
• The Administrative Details,
• The Relevant Organizational Structure of Who Is Responsible for What, and Most
Importantly,
• A Discussion of The Site, Including:
- An Assessment of Its Significance,
- A Report on Its Status,
- Its Potential And
- Any Relevant Threats And
- Opportunities.
The elements of a site management plan:
1. Executive summary
2. Site definition
• Description and significance
• Delimitation
• Ownership structure and responsible bodies
• Inventories
• Access
3. Management structure
• Legal status of the bodies
• Competencies and responsibilities
• Coordination mechanism between bodies
4. Principles for planning and actions
• Objectives, targets, strategies
• Masterplan of action
5. Provisions for science and research preservation mechanism
• Status report
• Current and possible threats
• Preventive protection
• Monitoring: planned control action
6. Awareness
7. Resources
1 The UNESCO site management plan http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/unesco-manual-for-activities-directed-at-underwater-cultural-heritage/unesco-manual/conservation-management/site-management-plan/
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• Staff
• Budget
8. Sustainable use and vision for the future
This draft management plan can be used as the starting point of the discussion and formulation
of the Management Plan that need to be discussed with UNESCO and the Authority of Global
Geopark Rinjani under NTB Province Government.
1.1. General Project Information
1. Site Name, Registration Number
The official site name is Rinjani-Lombok Geopark and Mount Rinjani is the central point for the
geopark. Mount Rinjani is one of the highest volcano mountains in Indonesia. The area of Rinjani
Mountain includes more than half of Lombok Island. There is currently no official registration
number for the site.
2. Site location and Coordinates
Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is located at coordinate longitude 116o 0’ 29” - 116o 45’ 58” in the east
and latitude 8o 12’ 10” – 8o 38’ 20” in the south. This site is including more than half of Lombok
Island, but UNESCO and other stakeholders consider expanding the geopark area into the whole
Lombok Island. Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area encompasses five kabupaten/kota which are
Kabupaten Lombok Utara (North Lombok), Kabupaten Lombok Timur (East Lombok), Kabupaten
Lombok Tengah (Central Lombok), Kabupaten Lombok Barat (West Lombok), and Kota
Mataram. Lombok Island is one of the main islands besides Sumbawa Island in Nusa Tenggara
Barat Province, Indonesia.
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Figure 1 Boundary of Rinjani – Lombok Geopark Area
3. Geology
The geology of Lombok Island is generally dominated by cal-alkaline voncano from Quarternary
time and covered the Neogene clastic sedimentary rocks, Oligo-Miosen volcanic and Tertiary-
aged breakthrough. There are 2 mountain cones before 13th century, Samalas and Rinjani and
Samalas eruption in 1257 resulted in the formation of huge caldera. The eruption also caused
part of Rinjani's cone collapsed to the caldera of Samalas.
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4. Climate
Lombok Island has tropical climate with wet and dry seasons.
5. Flora and fauna
Lombok Island has epidemic flora and fauna transition between Asian and Australian fauna and
flora including epidemic orchid, bald durian, Javan Rusa, Cucak Timor, corals, langur and
monkeys.
6. Human impact
Around Mount Rinjani area, there are many activities such as tourism especially mountain
trekking and landscape view, agriculture, farm, and other activities. Because the eruption of
Mount Rinjani, this area is very fertile for agriculture and it supported by water supply from the
mountain. in this area can also be found many cultural villages and historical heritages. Because
of its attractions, Mount Rinjani become one of main tourism destination in Lombok Island,
7. Size of research area
Rinjani-Lombok Geopark has an area of 2,800 Km2. Lombok Island itself has an area of 4,514
Km2.
8. Height
Mount Rinjani become the second highest volcano mountain in Indonesia with the height of
3,726 meters above sea level.
9. Owner of terrain
Indonesia Government
10. Periods of research
The research for Rinjani geopark submission has been made since 2012 when Rinjani proposed
to be a national geopark and has been made some research and dossier. On 7 October 2013
Rinjani Geopark became National Geopark. In 2014, Geopark Facilitation Team has been
formed to compile dossier for UNESCO Global Geopark. In 2017, Rinjani-Lombok Geopark
became UNESCO Global Geopark.
11. Site definition
Mount Rinjani, 3,726 meters high above sea level, dominates the island’s topography. Rinjani
Eruption in 1257 became one of the largest eruptions in modern time. Mount Rinjani has highest
caldera in Indonesia and has many waterfalls impacts from geological activity in Mount Rinjani.
Because of its ecosystem and natural habitat, there are many epidemic flora and fauna, and also
become cultural activities center in Lombok Island because its heritage and traditional sites.
12. Legal status
The Mount Rinjani area is Designated as a conservation area by a Decree of the Ministry of
Forestry Number 280/Kpts-VI/1997 dated May 23, 1997, this conservation area has an area of
41,330 Hectares. It also supported by Presidential Decree No. 9 of 2019 about Geopark
Development. In 2014 and 2017, Mount Rinjani received national and UNESCO Global Geopark
certificate for geopark determination but the legal basis for geopark has not yet too been set.
13. Recognized threats
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The main threats to Mount Rinjani area is because of increasing tourism activities. The
conditions of development and management for tourism activities is very limited and cause many
issues and problems such as waste, environmental damage, and endangered flora-fauna.
Development of Rinjani area become other threats because it impacts the carrying capacity and
environmental sustainability
1.2. Introductions
1. Historical context
The old volcano complex is consisted of two complexes which are Punikan Mountain and Nangi
Mountain on the west and Sembalun mountain on the east. Punikan Mountain is estimated to be
among Neogene–Pleistocene age, while Sembalun complex aged 0,45 million years. The
youngest volcanic complex is Rinjani Volcano with its volcanic cone to be formed approximately
12.000–6.000 years ago. There are 2 mountain cones, Samalas and Rinjani and Samalas
eruption in 1257 resulted in the formation of huge caldera. The eruption also caused part of
Rinjani's cone collapsed to the caldera of Samalas. Samalas' caldera, which is filled with water, a
combination of meteoric water and hydrothermal, formed a warm water pond named Segara
Anak. In the middle of the caldera emerges a young volcanic cone called Rombongan Mountain
and Barujari Mountain.
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2. Assessment of the site
1. Description of research assignment
The main objectives in carrying out research is to assess the site’s significance for the
management plan.
2. Research objectives
this research has some objectives:
• Completing the requirement of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark application as UNESCO Global
geopark
• Identification the issues and problems of development and management in Rinjani-
Lombok Geopark so that Rinjani-Lombok Geopark can be developed efficiently and
effectively
• Integration all the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark’s potential to support increased welfare of
community and region and it can develop well.
3. Aims and wishes of the sponsor
Using only non-intrusive methods to:
• Assess the significance of the site
• Investigate the site formation process
• Determine the function of the ship
• Collect information and record for future studies in the protection of underwater cultural
heritage
4. Evaluation in between
There would be periodic monitoring of the area to this activity
2.1. Working procedures
1. Research methods
Non-intrusive survey at the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark using direct observation:
• Measurements
• Geological survey
• Mapping
• Photo and video documentations
• Interviews
• Observation and identification of activities
Survey method is using direct observation where several maps was produced.
As the central point of Rinjani-Lombok's Geopark, Mount Rinjani has a lot of influence in the geo-
heritage formation on Lombok Island. In the process of forming Mount Rinjani, there are also
many unique relics and geological structures that are characteristic. Samalas eruption became
one of the biggest eruptions in the modern era. As a result, the geological structure of Lombok
Island originates from Mount Rinjani. Quaternary-Recent volcano in the northern part of the
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island, lowland in the middle, stretches west-to-east and is also sedimentary basin, and
undulating lands from Tertiary rocks formation in the south.
Based on survey dan research, The old volcano complex is consisted of two complexes which
are Punikan Mountain and Nangi Mountain on the west and Sembalun mountain on the east.
Punikan Mountain is estimated to be among Neogene–Pleistocene age, while Sembalun
complex aged 0,45 million years (Pleistocene-Holocene) with the remaining caldera composed of
andesite lava and pyroclastic.
Surveys and research are carried out with direct observation and also based on the results of
studies, history, and interviews with various parties. The basis of the profile of Rinjani-Lombok
Geopark is based on satellite imagery and also mapping the face of the earth.
From the basic maps that have been made, an explanation of the potential, conditions, and
analysis of Geopark Rinjani-Lombok is carried out such as mapping geological structures,
mapping of heritage sites and geology sites, mapping the potential of geology tourism
destinations, and other mapping.
2. Imposed work conditions
Each surveyor conducts surveys directly by taking certain rock and soil samples. After that, the
age, type, characteristics and other information will be examined. The survey was conducted at
each potential point that was spread evenly on Lombok Island, especially at points that were
considered to have their own geological characteristics.
3. Modus operandi
Only non-intrusive methods were used. Only objects that are seen are surveyed. In addition,
sampling and photographs were carried out to support the research results.
4. Natural science, applied sciences, and other research
Geological survey, biological survey, cultural survey, biodiversity survey, and environment
assessment.
2.2. Research results
1. Environmental research
The research was not comprehensive, but the observations were carried out in sufficient detail
and included several other aspects related to the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark. There were no
significant changes to the survey results. However, with the earthquake at the end of 2018, no
re-surveys have been conducted that have allowed changes in the geology structure which has a
bearing on the assessment of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark
The threat of geological change also occurs if tourism activities take place on irresponsible
geology sites, resulting in damage and impacts on geological structures. Moreover, the waste
problems also affect the geological structure of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark.
2. Physical condition
The results of the earthquake made Mount Rinjani temporarily closed due to landslides and
potential liquefaction. There are also some new faults and cracks in the cliffs between the walls
of the lake. However, the overall shape and structure of Mount Rinjani is still preserved.
3. Finds visible on ground level
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Mount Rinjani especially at its peak will be seen from any location on the island of Lombok as
long as it has sunny weather. In contrast to its hilly area which tends to have dense forests, peak
of Mount Rinjani will have a distinctive rock structure.
4. Completeness
Due to the development that still adopts the principle of sustainability as well as the impact of
human activities that are not yet massive, the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark tends to be more secure
even though many threats are risk for the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark
5. Stratigraphy intact
Rinjani Mountain is stratigraphically standing on Neogene clastic rock sediment (including
limestone) and in the same location of volcanic rock from Oligo-Miocene. The Quaternary
volcano itself mostly produces pyroclastic and is some places mixed with lava.
6. Stability of natural environment
Although the natural environment tends to change - but it does not have much impact on the
Rinjani-Lombok Geopark because Mount Rinjani and the surrounding area serve as
environmental conservation areas on the island of Lombok.
7. State of preservation
The condition of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is still in good condition even though there are impacts
from tourism activities, earthquake disasters and other potential disasters. Waste management is
one of the issues that must be managed because it is the most threatening thing from the
Rinjani-Lombok Geopark.
2.3. Cultural historic and archaeological data
identification
1. Cultural context
Samalas eruption in 1257 resulted in the formation of huge caldera and became Mount Rinjani
with Segara Anak lake.
2. Century
in 13th century
3. Exact dating
Mount Samalas eruption in 1257. Mount Rinjani (another mountain cones/peak) became the
highest peak in Lombok Island.
4. Type
Two complexes of mountains and Mount Rinjani is one of active volcano in Indonesia
5. Size
Rinjani-Lombok Geopark has area of 2,800 Km2
6. Material
Generally dominated by cal-alkaline volcano from Quarternary time and covered the Neogen
clastic sedimentary rocks, Oligo-Miosen volcanic and Tertiary-aged breakthrough
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7. Building tradition
Traditional culture and heritage sites
2.4. Risk assessment
1. Natural impact
Forest fire, earthquake, landslide, liquefaction, and extinct of flora and fauna.
2. Human impact
Waste, human activities, urban development, and environmental destruction.
2.5. Cultural Evaluation of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark
A. Visible
1. Visible as a landscape element
Mount Rinjani offers many beautiful landscapes. Not only mountain landscape, but other
activities around Mount Rinjani become the potential of Rinjani Geopark. besides that, the Rinjani
geopark is also considered to be one of the most beautiful mountaintops. Not only mountain
tourism, in the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area there are also several heritage sites, submarine
potential, and other geological tours. This means that in the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area there
are many geological potentials and attractions that cannot be found in other locations. This is the
advantage of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark compared to other geopark in the world.
2. Visible as exposition element
Mount Rinjani is one proof of the enormity of volcanic eruptions that have occurred in Indonesia.
This is also supported by many heritage sites and traditions native of Lombok native. This means
that with good story telling, the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is not only an attractive attraction but
also has the potential to become for educational activities
3. Memory value
Mount Rinjani is a culture center on Lombok island. Many histories and traditions originated and
developed in the Mount Rinjani area.
4. Historic value
Mount Rinjani is one proof that the development of the indigenous people of Lombok Island
began. An example is the development of the Islamic religion on the island of Lombok which is
characterized by the existence of cultural heritage that still exists today
5. Physical quality
Nature preservation in Gunung Rinjani is still in good category even though there are many
threats and it is needed to reduce the risk of damage.
B. Structural integrity
1. Presence of the mountain
Lombok island is formed Quaternary time with The Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic complex
emerged in Lombok Island due to the subducting process of Australia Continental plate under
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Eurasia plate. The Quaternary volcano could further be categorized into old and young
volcanoes complex.
2. Stratigraphical conditions
Rinjani Mountain is stratigraphically standing on Neogene clastic rock sediment (including
limestone) and in the same location of volcanic rock from Oligo-Miocene. The Quaternary
volcano itself mostly produces pyroclastic and is some places mixed with lava.
3. Stability of the natural environment
Although the natural environment tends to change, but it does not have much impact on the
Rinjani-Lombok Geopark because Mount Rinjani and the surrounding area serve as
environmental conservation areas on the island of Lombok.
2.6. Artefacts
1. Organic material
Many other geological and biological attractions are found in the area of Mount Rinjani or in the
whole area of Lombok Island.
2. An-organic
Many historical heritage and heritage sites in the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area.
2.7. Quality of archaeological information
1. Representative value
Mount Rinjani offers geological wealth not only in the form of geological structures but also in
tourism and it all can be found in the same area.
2. Chronological
Has its own uniqueness even at the world level, especially with the presence of lakes on the
caldera on the mountain.
3. Regional
Even though in Indonesia and Southeast Asia there are many mountains, but information and
natural resources are not like on Mount Rinjani and Lombok Island.
2.8. Significance of information
1. Geographical significance
Mount Rinjani provides a lot of information about the history of the formation of the island of
Lombok and the first population on the island of Lombok. Mount Rinjani also provides important
information regarding the many geological tourism potentials on the island of Lombok.
2. Historical or archaeological significance
Mount Rinjani is the gateway to the spread of Islam on Lombok Island. This is marked by the
establishment of the ancient Bayan Beleq Mosque which is the most popular mosque on the
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Lombok Island and became a heritage site. There are many heritage sites and traditions that
have developed in the Gunung Rinjani area.
3. Conclusion
The results of the survey and mapping, that the influence of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark not
only affects the surrounding Mount Rinjani, but also strongly related to the overall geological
development of the island of Lombok. Therefore, Mount Rinjani also not only affects the overall
geology of the island of Lombok but also affects the traditions and culture, activities, and heritage
inheritance on the island of Lombok.
2.9. Safeguarding
1. Legal
The Mount Rinjani area is Designated as a conservation area by a Decree of the Ministry of
Forestry Number 280/Kpts-VI/1997 dated May 23, 1997, this conservation area has an area of
41,330 hectares. It also supported by Presidential Decree no 9 of 2019 about Geopark
Development. In 2014 and 2017, Mount Rinjani has receive national and UNESCO global
geopark certificate for geopark determination but the legal basis for geopark has not yet to been
set.
2. Physical
Nature preservation in Gunung Rinjani is still in good category even though there are many
threats and it is needed to reduce the risk of damage.
3. Monitoring
A follow-up survey on the addition of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area is being carried out in
2018-2019 based on a study conducted in 2014. With the establishment of the Rinjani-Lombok
Geopark management agency, the monitoring process can be scheduled in the future.
4. Visualizing
• Dossier for Rinjani-Lombok Geopark was produced but it will be added with new
delineation
• Site plan was produced
• Masterplan for Rinjani-Lombok Geopark was produced it will be added with new
delineation
• Presentation of the project’s results was given to UNESCO
• Digital photo and video records of the site were taken for UNESCO website and other
promotional materials.