Bap Penas

Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 37049 December 2006

Indonesia: Integrated Water Resources Management

Program

Prepared by [Author(s)]

[Firm]

[City, Country]

Prepared for [Executing Agency] [Implementing Agency]

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. The summary initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed

herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Program (ICWRMP) (ADB TA4381-INO Phase III)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

OF TRANCHE 1

7 December 2006

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CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 II. PROGRAM SETTING AND BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ....................... 2 III. COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN ICWRMP TRANCHE 1........................ 2

A. Institutional Strengthening for IWRM...................................................................................... 2 B. Water Supply Options and Improved Groundwater Management for Bandung ....................... 3 C. Rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal ................................................................................... 3 D. Roll-Out of System Rice Intensification (SRI) ......................................................................... 4 E. Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management .................... 4 F. Basin Water Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans .................................................. 5 G. Productive Reforestation of Degraded Catchments .................................................................. 6 H. Protected Area Management (Biodiversity).............................................................................. 7

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................... 8

B. Institutional Strengthening for IWRM ...................................................................................... 8 B. Water Supply Options and Improved Groundwater Management for Bandung ....................... 9 C. Rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal ................................................................................. 10

1. Canal Function and Condition ............................................................................................ 10 2. West Tarum Canal Water Quality......................................................................................... 12 3. Proposed West Tarum Canal Rehabilitation Works ............................................................. 14 4. Construction Equipment, Borrow Areas and Spoil Grounds ............................................... 14 5. WTC Rehabilitation Environmental Impacts and Safeguards ............................................. 17

D. Roll-Out of System Rice Intensification (SRI) ....................................................................... 25 E. Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management. ................. 26 F. Basin Water Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans. ............................................... 26 G. Productive Reforestation and Biodiversity Protection ............................................................ 28

V. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN...................................... 28 VI. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION....................................... 33

A. PPTA-Proposed Organizations and Arrangements ................................................................. 33 B. EARF and AMDAL Compliance ............................................................................................ 36

VII. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE........................ 39

A. Participation Process and Issues Tackled................................................................................ 39 B. Accommodation of Stakeholder Concerns .............................................................................. 40

VII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................. 43 VIII. CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................... 44 ANNEXES....................................................................................................................................... 45 Annex 1. ICWRM PROGRAM AND TRANCHE 1 SETTING ..................................................... 45 Annex 2. BASINWIDE BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.................................. 49

A. Water Availability.................................................................................................................... 49

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B. Groundwater Exploitation....................................................................................................... 49 C. Erosion and Sedimentation ..................................................................................................... 50 D. Flooding and Water-Related Disasters.................................................................................... 51 E. Water Quality........................................................................................................................... 52 F. Policies and Institutions ........................................................................................................... 54

Annex 3. BASIN ECOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 56

A. Main Features and Threats...................................................................................................... 56 B. Inventory of Flora ................................................................................................................... 57 C. Inventory of Fauna .................................................................................................................. 58 D. Protected Areas ....................................................................................................................... 59

Annex 4. AREA PROFILE OF WEST TARUM CANAL.............................................................. 61 Annex 5. WATER QUALITY IN WEST TARUM CANAL AND BEKASI RIVER...................... 63 Annex 6. OPTIONS FOR WTC DREDGING METHOD .............................................................. 68 Annex 7. RECOMMENDED SAFEGUARDS IN WTC REHABILITATION CONTRACTS...... 69 Annex 8. COMPONENT ON WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ........................................... 72 Annex 9. AMDAL PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES .............................................................. 74

A. TOR of EIA-ANDAL ............................................................................................................ 75 B. Environment Impact Assessment ........................................................................................... 75 C. Environmental Management Plan .......................................................................................... 76 D. Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................................ 76

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 78 TABLES Main Report Tables: Table 1. WTC Water Quality Parameters that Exceeded Standards in 2004.................................... 12 Table 2. Bekasi River Water Quality Parameters that Exceeded Standards in 2004........................ 12 Table 3. Water Quality Sampling at Five Stations along WTC (September 2006)......................... 13 Table 4. Water Quality Analysis for Pesticide Residues (October 2006)......................................... 14 Table 5. Implementation Schedule of WTC Rehabilitation ............................................................. 15 Table 6. Available Spoil Bank Capacity .......................................................................................... 16 Table 7. Ex-Riverbed Sites for Dumping of Sediments................................................................... 20 Table 8. Heavy Metals Concentration in WTC Bottom Sediment (PPTA Phase 2)......................... 23 Table 9. Results of September 2006 Sampling of Sediment and Soil - A........................................ 24 Table 10. Results of September 2006 Sampling of Sediment and Soil - B...................................... 25 Table 11. Impact Assessment Summary for Tranche 1 Components............................................... 28 Table 12. Summary of Mitigation and Management of Potential Adverse Impacts ........................ 29 Table 13. EMP Monitoring Plan ...................................................................................................... 30 Table 14. Proposed Roles for Basin Organizations.......................................................................... 34 Table 15. Proposed Assignment of Basin Management Responsibilities ........................................ 35 Table 16. Expected AMDAL Classification of Tranche 1 Projects ................................................. 37 Table 17. Focus Group Meetings during PPTA Phase 3 Environmental Assessment...................... 42 Table 1. Summary of Impacts for the Various Tranche Components……………………………...48 Annex Tables: Table 5-1. Water Quality in West Tarum Canal (2000-2003)……………………………………...62 Table 5-2. Water Quality in Bekasi River (2000-2004) …………………………………………...63

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Table 5-3. Water Purification/Treatment at PDAM Bekasi ………………………………………64 Table 5-4. Bottom Sediment Quality Review along West Tarum Canal (November 2005) ………65 Table 5-5. Water Quality Criteria for Citarum River………………………………………………66

FIGURES Main Report Figures: Figure 1. West Tarum Canal ............................................................................................................ 11 Figure 2. Average BOD5 in West Tarum Canal................................................................................ 13 Figure 4. Removal of Sediment from Canal Bed and Banks ........................................................... 17 Figure 3. Location of Spoil Areas for Dredged Sediment ............................................................... 16 Figure 5. Location of September 2006 Sediment Sampling (PPTA Phase 3) .................................. 24 Figure 6. Proposed Composition of the Citarum Basin Council ..................................................... 34 Figure 7. Public Participation Milestones........................................................................................ 41 Annex Figures: Figure 1-1. Program Area ................................................................................................................ 45 Figure 1-2. Administrative Boundaries and Poverty Incidence ....................................................... 46 Figure 1-3. Urban Land Use ............................................................................................................ 47 Figure 1-4. Agriculture and Forest Map .......................................................................................... 47 Figure 2-1. Degraded and Flood-prone Areas ................................................................................. 51 Figure 2-2. BOD Profile in Citarum River ...................................................................................... 52 Figure 3-1. Remaining Forest and Areas of Endangered Biodiversity ............................................ 56 Figure 3-2. Coastal Resources and Wetlands................................................................................... 57 Figure 3-3. Protected Area Locations .............................................................................................. 60 Figure 5-1. Turbidity Profile of West Tarum Canal ......................................................................... 65 Figure 5-2. Locations of November 2005 Sediment Sampling ....................................................... 66

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank AMDAL Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (Indonesia Environmental

Impact Assessment System) ANDAL Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (AMDAL Environmental Impact

Analysis) BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Provincial Development

Planning Board) BAPEDAL Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (Agency for Control over

Environmental Impacts) BAPEDALDA Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Daerah (Regional Agency for

Control over Environmental Impacts) BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development

Planning Agency) BB Balai Besar (Basin Management Organization) BLU Badan Layanan Umum (Public Service Institution) BWRC Basin Water Resources Council BPLHD Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (Provincial Level

Environmental Management Agency) BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBWRC Citarum Basin Water Resources Council COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DGWR Directorate General of Water Resources DKI Daerah Khusus Ibukota (Metropolitan Jakarta) DLH Dinas Lingkungan-Hidup (District Environment Protection Agency) DMI Domestic, Municipal and Industrial (water supply) DO Dissolved Oxygen DPU Departemen Pekerjaan Umum (Ministry of Public Works) EA Executing Agency/ Environmental Assessment EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMO Environmental Management Office EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management System EMU Environmental Management Unit ETC Saluran Tarum Timur (East Tarum Canal) GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System GOI Government of Indonesia GR Peraturan Pemerintah = PP (Government Regulation) HATHI Himpunan Ahli Tehnik Hidrolika Indonesia (Indonesian Association on

Hydraulic Engineering) IA Implementing Agency ICWRMP Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Project IEC Information, Education and Communication IEE Initial Environmental Examination IPC Indonesia Power Corporation IPM Integrated Pest Management ITB Institut Teknologi Bandung (Bandung Institute of Technology) IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

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KA-ANDAL Kerangka Acuan ANDAL (Terms of Reference for ANDAL Study) MENLH Kementerian Negara bidang Lingkungan Hidup (Ministry of

Environment) MENPAN Kementerian Negara bidang Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara (Ministry

of State Apparatus) MFF Multi-tranche Financing Facility MOA Memorandum of Agreement MOE Ministry of Environment MOF Ministry of Finance MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs NGO Non-Government Organization NTC Saluran Tarum Utara (North Tarum Canal) O&M Operation and Maintenance PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (District Water Supply Company) PMU Program Management Unit PIU Project Implementation Unit PJB Pembangkit Listrik Jawa – Bali (Jawa-Bali Power Corporation) PJT II Perum Jasa Tirta II (Jasa Tirta Public Corporation II) PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Indonesia State Power Corporation) PMC Project Management Consultant PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PPTPA Basin Water Resources Management Implementing Committee PROKASIH Program Kali Bersih (Clean Rivers Program) PROPER Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (Program for Pollution

Control Evaluation and Rating) PTPA Provincial Water Resources Management Committee R&D Research and Development RKL Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan (Environmental Management Plan) RPL Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan (Environmental Monitoring Plan) SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SRI System of Rice Intensification SS Suspended Sediment SUPERKASIH Surat Pernyataan Kali Bersih (Expanded Clean Rivers Program) SWS Satuan Wilayah Sungai (River Basin Regional Unit) TOR Kerangka Acuan (Terms of Reference) TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons UKL Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan (AMDAL Environmental Management

Efforts) UPL Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan (AMDAL Environmental Monitoring

Efforts) UPLDP Upper Plantation and Land Development Project WB World Bank WRMP Water Resource Management Project WTC Saluran Tarum Barat (West Tarum Canal) WUA Water Users Association WWF World Wildlife Fund

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and Associates Tranche 1 IEE

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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TRANCHE 1 UNDER THE INTEGRATED CITARUM WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (ICWRMP)

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The ICWRMP is a 15-year program designed to address the multiple and inter-related concerns of water supply sustainability and water quality degradation within the Citarum river basin. The latter is considered one of Indonesia’s most strategically important river basins, supplying 80% of Jakarta’s water needs. Inadequate institutional arrangements, deteriorating infrastructure, competing water demands, and rapid urban and industrial growth have led to water supply shortages and unhealthy environmental conditions throughout the basin. 2. With assistance from ADB, the Ministry of Public Works’ Directorate General for Water Resources has prepared a strategic plan (also referred to as “road map”) for the integrated development and management of the basin. The long-term goal is sustainable management of water resources for economic and social development. The immediate objective is to improve water availability and capacity for integrated water resources management. The roadmap, as the GOI’s overall basin plan, provides a comprehensive list of project interventions throughout the basin, some of which are proposed for inclusion under a Multi-tranche Financing Facility (MFF) to be provided by ADB. Remaining elements of the roadmap are expected to be financed by other donors, e.g., World Bank. Over a series of tranches the ICWRMP-MFF would provide a flexible means for ADB to support priority projects selected from the roadmap. 3. This IEE is a next tier of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) that was conducted as part of the roadmap development (the SEA is documented in a separate report). The SEA provided basis for developing the roadmap strategy, identifying priority projects to be included (notably the environmental action plan that has been built into the roadmap), and enabling an integrated impact assessment that took into account cumulative and inter-active effects of the various roadmap activities. The SEA also formulated an Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF, documented in a separate report) which is to be used as guide in examining more closely the environmental impacts of specific projects included under each tranche, and with the aim of ensuring: (i) consistency with the strategic impact assessment framework and (ii) compliance with ADB and GOI environmental assessment requirements for individual projects. 4. This IEE report for ICWRMP Tranche 1 was prepared as part of the Phase 3 Project Preparatory Technical Assistance to assist the GOI in developing the roadmap and designing the ICWRMP-MFF package. It builds upon an earlier environmental assessment conducted during Phases 1 and 2 by Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. The report follows ADB’s guidelines for IEE and contains: a description of the proposed ICWRMP Tranche 1 activities, assessment of potential adverse environmental impacts of some activities, and corresponding environmental impact management/monitoring plan. A review of the baseline environmental assessment for the basin—presented in detail in the SEA Report—is provided here, with an elaboration of issues in the West Tarum Canal area. The public participation steps (including information disclosure) carried out during roadmap development also covered Tranche 1 formulation, and these steps are also reviewed here. 5. It should be noted that the approach used to identify ICWRMP tranches from the overall MFF (ADB-supported multi-tranche program) and roadmap (GOI master plan) was such that the tranches do not have the effect of carving the basin into separate areas. As such, the area coverage of each tranche is still the entire basin, and—consistent with the integrated nature of the roadmap/program—the composition of projects under each tranche combines institutional, environmental, and infrastructural elements. This applies to Tranche 1 which includes: (i) institutional strengthening for IWRM, (ii) development of water supply options and improved


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groundwater management for the upper basin, (iii) rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal in the lower basin, (iv) support for community-driven initiatives for water supply, sanitation and watershed protection, and (v) development and implementation of a (Citarum) river water quality improvement strategy and action plan.

II. PROGRAM SETTING AND BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 6. The description/analysis of the Tranche 1 environmental setting and baseline conditions are the same as that used in developing the roadmap, and were documented in the SEA. These sections are reproduced in Annex 1 (physical and socio-economic setting) and Annex 2 (baseline environmental assessment). For readers unfamiliar with the roadmap/SEA documentation, these two annexes provide relevant background and environmental baseline information.

III. COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN ICWRMP TRANCHE 1 7. Drawn from the roadmap and as validated by stakeholders, the priority ICWRMP activities selected for inclusion in Tranche 1, over a five-year implementation period, are as follows: A. Institutional Strengthening for IWRM 8. Activities here are designed to assist the Executing Agency for the Project (DGWR) in establishing an apex management body (river basin council) and support units for the Citarum River Basin, which will also be the body that will oversee the implementation of the basin-wide program (ICWRMP). In addition to providing support for organizational development and strengthening, this activity will provide support in reforming policies related to water allocation/sharing and water pricing, as well as in the establishment of system and procedures to facilitate inter-agency coordination and to balance stakeholder participation. Project development for future tranches under the Program are covered by this component. Activity details are as follows:

a) Capacity Building and Support • Assistance in establishing the Citarum Basin Water Resources Council, river

basin management office and support unit(s) for improved policy development and coordination

• Ongoing support and capacity building for the Council, river basin management office and support unit(s)

b) Data and Modeling

• Identify potentially useful modeling packages for an integrated river basin water quantity/quality model for the Citarum, and select the most suitable

• Assemble data, develop the model, then calibrate and validate/verify • Design and implement a decision support tool for use by relevant agencies

for policy and planning

c) "State-of-the-Basin" Reporting

• Review of “state of the basin” reporting procedures in other countries • Development of an appropriate process to produce and disseminate a “state

of the basin” report to identify problem areas, cause/sources and needed remedies

• Produce annual ""state of the basin"" reports

d) Basin Planning

• Review of existing plans for water resources development and management in the Citarum River Basin


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• Building on the roadmap and in collaboration with stakeholders, development of a strategic river basin plan that will facilitate improved and more integrated water resource management

• Development and implementation of a mechanism for monitoring the implementation of the river basin plan by line agencies with that responsibility, and reporting progress to government

B. Water Supply Options and Improved Groundwater Management for Bandung 9. The program priority for managing the over-used groundwater resources in the Bandung basin is development of surface water sources to replace groundwater—in particular to address industry over-dependence on groundwater and to prioritize groundwater use for domestic needs. Groundwater abstraction control is constrained by the current limited availability of surface water supplies from the PDAMs to substitute for groundwater. The initial focus of activities during Tranche 1 is formulation of options for increasing surface water supplies. Activity details are as follows:

a) Options for Increase in Surface Water Supplies • Execution of rapid surveys and pre-feasibility studies (review and update

any previous feasibility studies) in order to arrive at a short-list of the most viable potential options

• Preparation of detailed feasibility studies (including costing, environmental impact assessment, and resettlement action plans, etc) leading to the preparation of subproject appraisal reports

b) Improved implementation of regulations for sustainable groundwater management in Bandung • Review of existing regulatory framework for groundwater management in

the Bandung area • Evaluation of existing implementation of regulation and identification of

deficiencies • Development of strategies and an action plan for improved effectiveness of

regulation of groundwater use, including recommendations for changes to the existing regulatory framework

• Development of a monitoring and evaluation mechanism • Capacity building of agencies involved in groundwater management

c) Improvements to groundwater monitoring network

• Provision and installation of monitoring equipment, increasing the network of monitoring wells

• Review of existing groundwater databases and models, and identification of improvements needed

• Improvement to groundwater databases and computer models

d) Establishment of, and ongoing support for, a stakeholder forum for Bandung Sub-Basin under Citarum Basin Water Resources Council • Work with the Citarum Basin Water Resources Council or Citarum Balai

Besar to determine its composition and mandate • Legally and practically establish the forum • Provide ongoing support (financial and advisory) to the forum for up to two

years C. Rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal


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10. This is designed primarily to improve efficiency of water delivery by reducing losses due to leakage, and removal of accumulated sediment and aquatic plant debris that have constricted the flow in the canal. Through construction of by-passes (inverted siphons), the polluted and sediment-laden discharges of the Cikarang and Bekasi Rivers will be separated from the canal water. This will ensure that water delivered to Bekasi and Jakarta for domestic and industrial uses is protected from pollutants and is less expensive to treat to remove sediments. The project will also strengthen the canal embankments, provide secure areas for disposal of dredged materials unsuitable for embankment use, and improve the condition of the canal access road. Activity details are as follows:

a) Detailed Engineering Design • Procurement of detailed engineering design consultant • Carry out detailed engineering design

b) Tendering

• Prequalification of contractors • Tendering, selection of contractors and contract negotiation

c) Construction of Improvement Works

• Mobilization, pre-construction survey and setting out • Excavation/dredging works • Concrete and masonry works • Hydro-mechanical equipment procurement and manufacturing • Installation of hydro-mechanical equipment • Completion and handover

D. Roll-Out of System Rice Intensification (SRI) 11. Through a combination of planting techniques and intermittent application of water to the paddies, SRI is expected to increase yield and at the same time reduce water demand significantly by up to 40%. The water saved can be used to augment supply for domestic and industry uses. This is targeted particularly for the West Tarum Canal irrigation service area. Activity details are as follows:

a) Appraisal of Target Areas

b) Capacity Building

• Training of Trainers for 800 farm leaders • Training for 20,000 farmers • Implementation of SRI in 80 demonstration plots • Farmer empowerment – 660 sessions of training

c) Progressive implementation of SRI

• Production of organic fertilizer – distribution of 400 units • Acquisition and distribution of 10,000 decomposer kits • Acquisition and distribution of 50,000 kg of selected seeds

E. Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management 12. This is centered on community-driven improvement or provision of household water supply and sanitation for communities in the upper basin (Bandung). For communities adjacent to the WTC, the Project activity will provide alternative water supply for those currently dependent on the canal for their source and who may be affected by the canal improvement works or measures to limit access to the canal. Sanitation facilities will be improved to eliminate practice of


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waste disposal into the canal. For Bandung, community activities will build on the ongoing initiative of NGOs in improving community water supply and sanitation conditions there. Activities are as follows:

a) Capacity Building and Planning • Identification of potential NGOs who can facilitate community participation

in all project cycles • Socialization and awareness-raising, assessment of community needs • Selection of communities based on socio-economic and health criteria and

other indicators • Confirmation of community commitment and willingness to participate • Formation of community implementation teams • Provision of skills training based on communities’ priorities, assets and

needs to generate income and employment opportunities • Community problem identification and analysis of technical options • Formulation of community action plans and proposals

b) Implementation and Ongoing Support

• Provision of access to capital and markets to directly implement skills acquired and plans developed

• Disbursement of funds and construction of approved schemes • O&M of completed schemes, and socialization and training support on

hygiene behavioral change F. Basin Water Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans 13. This will follow the same principles of integrated water resource management: emphasizing multi-stakeholder participation, appropriate delineation of planning boundaries, and adoption of holistic approaches to problem solving. The latter includes simultaneously addressing varied sources of pollution and developing management schemes that combine use of regulatory methods (command-and-control), cooperation (PROKASIH PROPER), and economic instruments (raw water fees and pollution charges). Improvement of the water quality monitoring and information support system is included in this sub-component. Area-based water quality improvement action plans for Bandung and Bekasi, which are the most polluted parts of the basin, will be prepared and initially implemented. Activities are as follows:

a) Policies and Procedures for Water Quality Management • Prepare guidelines/procedures for establishing institutional mechanisms to

manage water quality • Prepare guidelines/procedure for assessment of pollution sources,

delineating water quality management areas and preparing action plans • Assess performance and effectiveness in the Citarum basin of existing

cooperation-based programs and identify complementary regulatory measures

• Policy study and recommendations on use of incentives/pollution charges for water quality management, including procedural guidelines for implementation

b) Improvements to Water Quality Monitoring and Data Management

• Design and develop a basinwide water quality monitoring program based on concept of water quality management areas

• Design and develop a water quality and pollution source database management system, with capability for mapping pollution sources


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• Develop appropriate water quality modeling techniques, including calibration, testing and demonstration in key water quality management areas

• Design and develop an Internet-based WQM information system to link the district environmental agencies with other key agencies

• Equip district environment staff with basic water quality monitoring equipment (on site testing and sampling kits)

• Implement integrated water quality monitoring system based on action plans (which identify priority pollutants, sources, control measures, targets)

c) Development of Organizational Capacity

• Design and implement a training program on the various guidelines for district environment protection agencies

• Design and develop a basin-wide information campaign for raising public awareness of water quality management issues

d) Preparation of Basin-Wide River Quality Improvement Strategy

• Set up multi-agency/stakeholder planning and coordination system (under Balai Besar) for water quality management

• Identify strategic policy issues, such as objectives and standards for water quality

• Delineate and prioritize water quality management areas and mobilize area stakeholders, including technical support units from the districts/province and Balai Besar

• Conduct pollution source inventories and pollution load assessments in key water quality management areas (prioritize Bandung and Bekasi)

• Develop a basin-wide River Quality Improvement Strategy for the Basin as a framework for action planning in priority water quality management areas

• Policy review and re-planning

e) Preparation and Implementation of Area-Based Pollution Sources Management Action Plans • Formulate the area water quality management action plans - combining

cooperation, regulatory and incentive instruments • Implement area action plans • Performance monitoring and evaluation of area action plans and reporting

to the Citarum Ware Resources Council through the Balai Besar G. Productive Reforestation of Degraded Catchments 14. The Tranche 1 intervention to rehabilitate degraded lands focuses on the development of a spatial plan that identifies an integrated area for rehabilitation by planting with trees and other activities undertaken by local communities. The “re-greening“ areas would be carefully chosen to provide the best long-term possibility to protect water quality and quantity (riparian areas and spring catchment areas) and restore some other general landscape ecological function in the Citarum River Basin, particularly biological values. The Cisangkuy watershed has been identified as priority as it is an important source of surface water supply in the upper basin. This component is being proposed for funding under GEF. Activities are as follows:


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a) Spatial planning for reforestation • Review all existing laws relating to protection of forests in upper catchment

areas, particularly on steep slopes (>42%), and evaluate their legal suitability to provide protection

• Establish a small group (GIS/remote sensing specialist, spatial planner and landscape ecologist) in the basin council to work with and advise relevant agencies

• Review existing mosaic of spatial plans, evaluate the extent to which they are harmonious, and recommend a process for greater integration of these plans at all levels

• Map degraded lands, road, river and protected areas, including major spring catchment areas

• Identify priority areas for rehabilitation by reforestation and formulate reforestation spatial plan

• Gain multi-stakeholder acceptance for reforestation spatial plan brokered by the Water Resources Council, as well as allowing for broad public scrutiny

b) Village action plans for reforestation

• Select 120 conservation villages not near protected areas and evaluate their suitability for this program

• Review and report on the appropriate reforestation methods in different topographic profiles within the area planned for reforestation

• Engage and place 30 village mentors • Train mentors and facilitate the development of village action plans • Assist development of village nurseries and advise villagers on appropriate

reforestation techniques and build capacity • Assist to implement village action plans, monitor and evaluate 12 months

c) Institutional development

• Institutional strengthening for coordination among local governments and the basin management organization for watershed management

• Development of effective land use controls with incentives • Implementation of effective compliance management (enforcement)

d) Improvement of village land tenure arrangements with Perum Perhutani

• Broker MOA conditions between villagers and Perum Perhutani that provides long tenure (>30 years)

• Broker prioritization for forest villagers to be given priority for such leases

e) Alternative livelihoods for displaced upland forest villagers

• Conduct a field survey of the upland villagers (38,000 families) displaced to ascertain suitable sustainable alternative livelihoods

• Broker preferences for this group of villagers for Perum Perhutani lands and facilitate preferred livelihoods on this leasehold land

• Subsidize 3000 farmers for one year to establish alternatives H. Protected Area Management (Biodiversity) 15. This component—also proposed for GEF funding--is focused on getting stakeholder involvement in determining objective- driven action plans for a select group of protected areas. Emphasis is on involving stakeholders in collaborative management structures; conduct of specific primary surveys required to capture data necessary for management purposes; and involvement of


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upland villagers in community-based action planning and management of the selected protected areas. Activities are as follows:

a) Data gathering, investigations and action planning • Develop conservation management action plans for the selected protected areas

through stakeholder forums focused on selected conservation targets (objectives) • Habitat mapping in selected protected areas • Conduct rapid biodiversity surveys of three taxonomic groups selected by the action

planning process • Conduct village resource utilization survey of the villages adjoining these protected

areas

b) Implementation

• Establish village conservation groups specific to the selected protected areas (model conservation villages)

• Build capacity of MCV communities through training • Develop village action plans in the model conservation villages • Involve village conservation groups in collaborative management of protected areas

according to agreed action plans • Monitor and review action plan implementation

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

16. As discussed in the SEA, the program key areas on institutional strengthening, water sharing, environmental protection, community empowerment, disaster management and data systems are largely environmentally benign, with components that are in fact targeted specifically to remediate existing environmental problems (e.g., watershed degradation, flooding, water pollution, groundwater depletion). The program key area that is associated with potential adverse effects is water resource utilization, notably the rehabilitation of the existing water infrastructure and particularly the canals that supply water to Jakarta and the Jatiluhur irrigation system in the lower basin. 17. Discussed below are the expected environmental impacts expected from the Tranche 1 activities. The environmental strategy and benefits of the program are discussed in the SEA Report and are only reviewed briefly here. Emphasis is on examination of some activities under Tranche 1 that could produce adverse environmental impacts, in particular the activities associated with the West Tarum Canal rehabilitation. B. Institutional Strengthening for IWRM Environmental benefit: Indirect, highly significant and long term Adverse impact: None 18. This Tranche 1 component is designed to address current institutional arrangements that are characterized by highly sectoral divisions of work and lack of coordination, as well as weak enforcement despite the fact that regulatory frameworks and standards are generally in place (e.g. for pollution control). At present, responsibilities of water authorities (e.g., Directorate General of Water Resources, Jasa Tirta Public Corporation II) are limited to in-stream activities related mainly to irrigation, flood and drought management. They have little influence in off-stream management aspects dealing with problems of watershed deterioration, waste disposal and pollution and groundwater exploitation. This component, through various interventions described below, will pave the way for improved overall capacity to manage environmental quality in the basin. Long term environmental impact is positive and highly significant.


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19. Strengthening is expected to broaden the basin council’s ability to manage issues beyond the current focus on irrigation, flood and drought management to cover watershed management, pollution control, water demand management, reducing over-use of groundwater, and development of sustainable financing mechanisms. As a priority, the council would commission a strategic review of the alternative options for meeting future water demand in the region, side-by-side with environmental protection measures. Greater integration of land and water issues in spatial plan development, land use planning, land zoning procedures and conjunctive use of groundwater will be promoted. 20. Historically, provincial governments exercised substantial powers in implementing environmental laws. Provincial governors were given responsibility for water quality monitoring and surveillance of pollution sources. However, the decentralization that took place in the late 1990s shifted authority over environmental management to the district level. The current weakness in the water quality regulatory system has been brought about by effects of this rapid decentralization. Although water quality standards are relatively well developed, enforcement is weak – in large part because district governments have yet to establish effective systems and procedures. In some cases, organizational structures, staffing and capacity of the districts have not fully reflected these changes. Most districts are still in the process of formulating local regulations and system and procedures, or awaiting guidelines for how to streamline and coordinate these functions. 21. This program component will also introduce combined use of conventional regulatory methods, existing cooperation-based approaches (e.g., PROKASIH PROPER), and phasing in of economic instruments and other forms of incentives/disincentives. Proper pricing of both raw water and wastewater are based on mechanisms intended to induce voluntary restraint on water use and wastewater disposal. The basic management principle to be introduced is that the price of water should be set equal to its economic and environmental costs of supply, plus the cost of disposing wastewater. B. Water Supply Options and Improved Groundwater Management for Bandung Environmental benefit: Indirect, highly significant in terms of groundwater management Adverse impact: None (as far the planning activity and groundwater monitoring is concerned) 22. Under tranche 1, program activities are anchored on establishing strong institutional capacity to manage the basin. This capacity then becomes the basis for developing investment plans. Apart from implementation of the West Tarum Canal rehabilitation—which is an urgent project given the importance of the canal to Jakarta’s water supply---most of the other activities included under the tranche 1 package mainly have to do with preparation of action plans and so are not expected to pose adverse environmental impacts in themselves. This includes the development of water supply options for Bandung, specifically to address the over-dependence on groundwater. 23. The approach is through conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water supply, in particular the provision of alternative surface water source for industries currently mining the area’s deep groundwater on a large scale. The objective is to enable groundwater levels to recover. This will reduce the cost of pumping for domestic use (through the PDAMs) which will be given priority allocation for groundwater. Re-allocating groundwater away from industry is also economically advantageous in that surface water supplies need to be treated mainly to meet industrial requirements, which is significantly lower than standards for domestic use. In contrast, deep groundwater is less expensive to treat to meet drinking standards compared with surface water, and is therefore a preferred source for the PDAMs. Furthermore, by removing the competition for groundwater use coming from industry, numerous households that now depend on polluted shallow groundwater to augment the limited supply from the PDAM can be adequately provided with clean water.


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24. As such, the development of options for water supply to Bandung is an environmental mitigation measure in itself—expected to have long term positive impact on groundwater resource recovery. Management measures to be developed under Tranche 1 would combine: (i) remedial measures to mitigate ongoing problems caused by excessive groundwater extraction; (ii) strategic measures to develop alternative surface water sources to supply industry need so that groundwater can be reserved for domestic use; and (iii) implementation of measures to induce industry users to actually shift to surface water supply. 25. There are four alternatives to be examined under this program component: (i) rehabilitation of watersheds to increase the DMI supply from rivers and springs; (ii) System Rice Intensification to divert excess water from paddy irrigation to DMI water supply; (iii) utilization of Saguling reservoir; (iv) inter-basin water transfer from the Cibatarua watershed. The preferred scheme, taking into account technical, financial, environmental and social feasibility, will be examined during a Tranche 1 formulation of a water supply action plan for the Bandung area. 26. Planning for increased water supply to Bandung should incorporate the following safeguards: (i) active involvement of all stakeholders; (ii) emphasis on water demand management and conservation, particularly the potential for reducing irrigation requirements through innovative water-saving cropping systems (e.g., SRI); (iii) improvement of wastewater and sewerage systems in Bandung, as increased water supply means more wastewater generation, and (iv) more vigorous law enforcement on industrial pollution, and the application of economic incentives in favor of investments in wastewater treatment plants by industries. 27. Whatever option is selected, it would be important to integrate the plan with the program’s watershed rehabilitation and protection component—for while the positive effects of augmenting water supply though watershed protection may take time to become noticeable, it is essential for long term sustainability. Also, any option to develop new water sources should be combined with measures to reduce losses in the water supply system—at the production, distribution and demand sides. C. Rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal Environmental benefit: Direct, significant in terms of water quality improvement Adverse impact: Moderate significance (related to dredging), can be mitigated

1. Canal Function and Condition 28. The entire length of the West Tarum Canal runs 68 km. The canal takes water from the Curug Weir, which is located 8 km downstream from the Juanda (Jatiluhur) Dam. The canal conveys water toward the west un to its confluence with the Ciliwung River in Jakarta (via the Bekasi Weir). The WTC crosses the several administrative regions including Bekasi City, Bekasi District and Karawang District. The canal also crosses three rivers: Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi (Figure 1). A profile of the area surrounding the WTC is provided in Annex 4.


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Figure 1. West Tarum Canal

Rivers crossing the WTC WTC Location 29. The maximum diversion for WTC at Curug is 65m3/sec which is then allocated for irrigation and water supply uses. Downstream, the canal supplies 16.1 m3/sec after the Bekasi Weir (to supply Jakarta). The water uses of WTC are for drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial uses. There are 9 off-takes for domestic water supply and 34 for industrial water supply. Current total domestic and industrial water supplied by WTC is 19.4 m3/sec, including 16.1 m3/sec for Jakarta. The WTC also supplies irrigation water to its command area of 52,800 ha through 53 off-takes. The peak requirement for irrigation is 58 m3/sec, with 80% dependability. 30. WTC rehabilitation will improve the structural condition and conveyance capacity of the West Tarum Canal (WTC). The canal has been in continuous operation over the past 40 years. Structural failures due to water seepage that occurred in 1998 and 2001 could recur unless the canal embankments are strengthened. The conveyance capacity of the canal is 70 % of the original due to the sliding of slopes and sediment accumulation which impede flow. The average leakage from the canal is more than 10 m3/sec, equivalent to 60% of the water delivered to Jakarta. 31. Even if upper basin reservoir storage and water releases are deemed to be adequate, the poor condition of the water distribution system in the lower basin results in a lot of water being lost or wasted, thereby failing to meet water needs at the users’ end. Hydraulic control structures along the WTC are old and some are already malfunctioning, requiring replacement or repair. 32. Around 40,000 residents along the WTC also take water directly from the channel. Due to the poor water quality in the canal, risk of morbidity due to poor quality of the drinking water is increased. The reduction in canal conveyance capacity is also caused by excessive growth of aquatic plants (which create friction in water flow). Apart from contributing to the bottom detritus, aquatic plants trap silt and accelerate canal shallowing. Aquatic plant growth is induced by the use of the canal as toilet and bathing/washing area for residents which add substantial quantities of nutrients in the water that promote plant growth. Provision of alternative community water supply and sanitation facilities for residents along the canal is included in the Tranche 1 package. 33. WTC rehabilitation involves removal of accumulated sediment deposits, raising and strengthening embankments in some segments to prevent breaching and flooding of low-lying areas, control of household waste disposal into the canal, control over illegal construction and commercial activities within the canal easement, and preventing polluted water from entering the canal at the river crossings (particularly Bekasi).


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2. West Tarum Canal Water Quality 34. A water quality database covering 2000-2004 obtained from PJT II provides data for 14 stations along the West Tarum Canal and 10 stations along the Bekasi River. At many of PJT II’s 14 monitoring stations along the canal, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, and Fecal Coliform did not meet water quality standards in 2004, based on PP #82, 2001, standards for Class I water, as shown in Table 2. Data shown is for January for the wet season, and July for the dry season.

Table 2. WTC Water Quality Parameters that Exceeded Standards in 2004 u January July

1. B. Curug DO, Fe, BOD, fecal coli DO, Fe, BOD, COD, fecal coli2. BTb 10 Fe, BOD, fecal coli DO, Fe, BOD, fecal coli3. BTb 23 Fe, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, BOD, COD, fecal coli4. BTb 35 DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli5. BTb 45 DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli6. BTb 49 DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli7. BTb 51 DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli8. BTb 53 DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli9. P Gadung Fe, BOD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, fecal coli10. Pejompongan Fe, BOD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, fecal coli11. Cibeet DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli12. Cikarang DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli13. Bekasi DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli14. Buaran DO, Fe, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli

2004Location

Source: PJT II 35. WTC intersects the Bekasi River which drains an area rapidly being developed for residential and industrial use. At the Bekasi River’s confluence with the WTC, the average annual BOD concentration in 2004 was 48 mg/l (measured at the weir site). Much of the organic pollution load in the Bekasi River is caused by household sewage and solid waste dumped along the river banks. For the ten monitoring stations along Bekasi River, parameters consistently not meeting the water quality standard during 2000-2004 were BOD, COD, NO2-N and NH3-N. Refer to Table 3 for parameters that did not meet water quality standards in 2004, based on West Java Governor Decree No. 39, 2000, for Class B, C and D water. There were no tests for Coliform in 2004. However, data for 2000 and 2001 show levels of Fecal Coliform exceeding the water quality standard.

Table 3. Bekasi River Water Quality Parameters that Exceeded Standards in 2004 Location 2004

January July1. Citeureup Leuwi Nutug - COD2. Cileungsi Citeureup NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD3. Cikeas Cibinong - COD4. Cileungsi Bantar Gebang NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD5. Cikeas Bojong Kulur NH3-N NH3-N, BOD, COD6. Bekasi Bekasi Ternak NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD7. Bekasi Bekasi PJKA DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD8. Bekasi Kampung Muara DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD pH, DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD9. CBL Kampung Muara NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD pH, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD10. Cikarang Warung Pojok NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD pH, NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD

Source: PJT II 36. Rapid urbanization of surrounding areas has caused deterioration of water quality in the WTC. Water currently especially at the tail end of the WTC near the Jakarta water supply intake points is more polluted, requiring high water treatment cost. The main reason for this poor water quality is the interception of contaminated water from intercepted rivers (Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi rivers) and small drains along the Bekasi-Jakarta stretch of the canal. Also, high turbidity and sudden fluctuations in turbidity levels during floods in the rivers intercepted by the WTC, in particular the Bekasi, is a heavy burden on the water treatment process (to remove sediments). 37. From the present raw water requirement of 16.1 m3/s for Jakarta’s water supply, 80% is met by water intercepted from the rivers crossing the WTC and only 19% from Curug. Among the crossing rivers, the Bekasi is the main supplier, providing 68% of the Jakarta water supply (DMI)


13

demand. The Cibeet and Cikarang rivers supply only 6% and 7%, respectively. During the wet season, nearly all DMI raw water (92%) is supplied by the Bekasi river. As such, the Bekasi river is the main pollution source of WTC water that supplies Jakarta. This is also shown in the BOD profile of WTC (Figure 2). In view of this, modification of the WTC-Bekasi crossing--by constructing a (bypass) inverted siphon to separate the flow of the Bekasi from that of the WTC--has been assigned a high priority.

Figure 2. Average BOD5 in West Tarum Canal

38. Water samples from five locations along the West Tarum Canal were analyzed during September 2006 to check levels of heavy metals in the water, including nutrients responsible for eutrophication. The samples were analyzed at the (accredited) laboratory of PT UNILAB PERDANA. Results are shown in Table 4. Note that except for Zinc, the parameters are within standards set by Governor of West Java Decree No 38/1991 and 39/2000 for Class B, C, D water bodies. In the case of total Nitrogen and total Phosphate, results were below the range of guideline values used by US EPA in various eco-regions in the US.

Table 4. Water Quality Sampling at Five Stations along WTC (September 2006) Parameter Unit Values Average Standard*

Mercury (Hg) mg/l < 0.0005 < 0.0005 0.001 Arsenic (As) mg/l < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l < 0.003 < 0.003 0.01 Chromium VI (Cr6+) mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 0.05 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 – 0.20 0.092 0.5 Nickel (Ni) mg/l < 0.02 < 0.02 0.5 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 0.07 – 0.11 0.09 0.02 Copper (Cu) mg/l < 0.02 < 0.02 0.02 Lead (Pb) mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 0.03 Total Chromium (Cr) mg/l < 0.02 < 0.02 # Total Nitrogen (N) mg/l 0.87 – 3.63 2.526 0.12-2.18(+) Total Phosphate (P) mg/l 0.15 – 0.21 0.182 0.10-1.28 (+) Total Coliform No./100 ml 90 – 1,500 562 10,000

*Standards except for Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphate are based on # There is no Indonesia standard for total Chromium; however, value obtained is lower than standard for hexavalent Chromium (a component of total Chromium) (+) Based on US EPA nutrient criteria for rivers in various eco-regions in the US, as there are no available Indonesian standards.

39. Water samples taken at the Curug Weir and Bekasi Weir locations were also analyzed by PT. UNILAB PERDANA for pesticide residues. Results shown in Table 5 indicate that pesticide residue levels—if present--were all below the detection limit of the laboratory (<0.001 mg/l), and lower than the limits set for pesticides under Governor of West Java Decree No 38/1991 and 39/2000 for Class B, C, D water bodies.

1 Curug Weir2 BTb.103 Cibeet River4 BTb. 235 Cikarang River6 BTb. 357 Bekasi River8 BTb.45 (Bekasi Weir)9 BTb.49 (after Buaran TP)

10 Pulo Gadung Inlet11 Pejompongan Inlet

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Monitoring Point

BOD5

(mg/

l)

20002001200220032004


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Table 5. Water Quality Analysis for Pesticide Residues (October 2006) Location along WTC

Pesticide Tested Unit Class B, C, D Water

Quality Criteria/Limit Curug Weir Bekasi Weir

BHC Alfa BHC Beta Aldrin Endosulfan-1 Endosulfan-2 DDD Heptachlor Dieldrin DDE DDT Gamma BHC

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

0.21 0.21

0.017 - - -

0.018 0.017

- 0.002

-

< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

Analytical method based on US EPA 508; samples taken 14 October 2006.

3. Proposed West Tarum Canal Rehabilitation Works 40. Canal rehabilitation activities are classified into two types of work: civil work and hydro-mechanical work.

• Civil works consist of dredging/ excavating canal from Curug hydraulic pump station to Bekasi River with a length of 54.2 km; restoration of canal embankment slope with a length of 1.5 km; construction of new drainage canal (4.2 km); concrete lining of canal bed and slope above cross drain 5 locations); improvement of canal cross section by changing present trapezoidal section to rectangular section (22.9 km long); construction of a new inverted siphon at Bekasi, and construction of new partition wall in the canal (1.6 km long); construction of asphalt pavement on inspection road (11.5km), and replacement of bridges at 2 locations.

• Hydro-mechanical works involve refurbishment of hydraulic pump units, repair, replacement and new construction of mechanical racks, trash rack, sluice gates, flushing gates, intake gates, drainage gates, spillway gates, siphon inlet gates, offtake gates.

41. The overall construction period for canal rehabilitation stretches over 34 months beginning September 2008 (see Table 6). The rehabilitation of canal structures will be executed mainly during the dry seasons of 2009 and 2010. Works including sediment removal in the canal, restoration of canal cross section, construction of new partition wall in the canal and hydro-mechanical woks, which are in the canal are planned to be executed through the year.

4. Construction Equipment, Borrow Areas and Spoil Grounds

42. Major rehabilitation works will be carried out using mechanized construction methods in principle. Considering site conditions as well required versatility of equipment and the scale of works, medium and light equipment will be used. The latter include 15 to 21 ton class bulldozers, 0.6 to 1.5 m3 class backhoes and 8 to 11 ton class damp trucks. 43. For steel/concrete sheet pile driving or extracting works, however, special equipment will be used. These include a 40 to 46 kW vibro-hammer mounted on a steel made pontoon, a 35 ton crawler cranes and a 100 kVA diesel generator. Furthermore, 2.5 ton class diesel pile drivers will be used for concrete pile works needed for bridge construction. A 0.6 m3 class long arm backhoe mounted on steel pontoon with a 20 ton loading capacity will be used for the sediment removal works. Concrete pump cars of 40 to 45m3/hr will be used for concrete pouring of structures.


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Table 6. Implementation Schedule of WTC Rehabilitation J-M A-J J-S O-D J-M A-J J-S O-D J-M A-J J-S O-D J-M A-J J-S O-D J-M A-J J-S O-D J-M A-J J-S O-D

A PPTA

B Loan Arrangement

C Selection of Consultant

D Detailed Design*a. Civil Works

a-1 Sediment removal works in canala-2 Rehabilitation of canal structures

b. Hydromechanical works

E Procurement of Contractora. Civil Works

a-1 Sediment removal works in canala-2 Rehabilitation of canal structures


F Land acquisition and Compensation

G Construction Worksa. Civil works

a-1 Sediment removal works in canal (54.2km)a-2 Rehabilitation of canal structures

- Preparatory works- Restoration of embankment slope (1.5km)- Construction of new drainage channel (4.2km)- Concrete lining (5 locations)- Improvement of canal cross sction (21.2km)- Construction of new siphon- Construction of new partion wall (2km) and siphon- Pavement of inspection road (11.5km)- Replacement of bridges (2 locations)


Note: * including survey and preparation of PQ/Tender documents

2010 2011Description

2006 2007 2008 2009

44. Earth materials (soil, sand and gravel) for the construction works will be obtained near the project area. Selected earth materials will be utilized for the rehabilitation of embankment slopes and coffering. Wooden materials, reinforcement bar, steel materials, fuel, oil, lubricant, concrete products including pre-stressed concrete sheet piles will be procured from local suppliers in Bekasi and Jakarta. Ready-mixed concrete is to be supplied from existing batching and mixing plants available in Jakarta, Bekasi and Karawang Cities. 45. Spoil disposal areas are required to store or safely dispose of sediment removed from the canal bed. Dredged material suitable for use as road embankment will be stockpiled along the canal, whereas softer dredged materials containing high amounts of organic material will be disposed in selected dump sites. These dump sites are old riverbeds left over from the construction of the weirs at Curug, Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi, and are classified as public lands. 46. As of mid-2005, it was estimated that 2.2 million m3 of accumulated sediments would have to be removed through the project. Dredging works under the project would be done along the 54.2 km WTC section from Curug to Bekasi. This sediment volume already includes the additional sediment—estimated at 120,000 m3 per year--that will be brought into the canal up to start of the project in 2008. The 31 designated spoil disposal areas identified are spread out along the Curug-Bekasi section, and are shown in the Table 7 and Figure 3. 47. However, as of the end of 2005, PJT II has already removed 162,400 m3 of sediment from the WTC canal bed as part of its canal maintenance activities and because of the urgency of improving the canal conveyance capacity to ensure water supply to Jakarta. For 2006, the sediment removal volume is expected to be 423,900 m3. For 2007, PJTII plans to remove an additional 356,500 m3 (even before the project begins). By the start of the dredging works under the project


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in 2008, it is probable that 65% of the original 2.2 million cubic meters of WTC sediment would have already been removed by PJT II. If so, only about 700,000 m3 may have to be dredged under the project.

Table 7. Available Spoil Bank Capacity

Canal Section Distance (km)

Number of sites

Capacity cubic meters

A Curug PS – B.Tb.9 12.3 14 1,149,500

B B.TB.9 – Cibeet River 12.8 5 1,361,250

C Cibeet River – Cikarang River 14.1 8 633,000

D Cikarang River – Bekasi iver 15.0 4 280,500

Total 54.2 31 3,424,250

Figure 3. Location of Spoil Areas for Dredged Sediment

48. From the feasibility study, use of pontoon and backhoe for the dredging of the main canal sections, and use of dragline for dredging the sediment traps were found to be the most practical, effective and environmental safe methods of sediment removal. The sediment removal works will be done without interrupting the water supply, and silt curtains will be employed to prevent bottom sediments disturbed by the dredging from spreading downstream.


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49. Dredging along the canal will be done both “from land” and “on water.” Dredging works from land will be done using long-arm backhoes position on the right and left embankments for sediment material that can be reached by the backhoes equipped with 15-meter reach and 0.60 m3 dredging buckets. Dredged material will be hauled by 8-ton dump trucks to the designated stockpile or disposal sites. 50. For sediment material located in the middle of the canal, dredging will be done by mounting the backhoes on 20-ton capacity metal pontoons. Material dredged from the middle of the canal will be brought to the canal bank by means of haul vessels (15 m3 loading capacity). At the canal bank, backhoes will transfer the material from the haul vessels to the dump trucks . 51. Due to the numerous bridges and cross regulators along the canal, a 30-ton crawler crane will be used to shift the pontoons across these structures. Swamp bulldozers (15-ton class) will be used to spread/level dredged material suitable for use in raising embankment tops, and in spreading the soft sediments to be disposed in the old riverbed dumpsites. The photos in Figure 4 show the ongoing dredging of sections of the West Tarum Canal using the methods and equipment described above.

Figure 4. Removal of Sediment from Canal Bed and Banks

Sediment removal along bank Pontoon used to support backhoes

5. WTC Rehabilitation Environmental Impacts and Safeguards

a) Beneficial Impacts 52. The WTC has been in operation since the 1960s. The canal was first improved during the late 1980s to restore its original design capacity of 82 m3/s. This next rehabilitation of the canal is expected to produce the following beneficial environmental impacts: • The original WTC concept was based on intercepting as much water as possible from river

crossings (Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi) in order to command an irrigation area as large as possible. However, the original design did not anticipate the water quality problems caused by the intercepted rivers (which bring in silt and pollutants). The proposed separation of the Bekasi flow at the river’s crossing with the WTC by means of constructing a bypass (siphon) will significantly reduce the existing problem of polluted river water getting into the WTC water supply to Jakarta. As mentioned above, 68% of the WTC water that supplies Jakarta currently comes from the Bekasi River—as a result of the level crossing—and this water is already polluted by increasing urbanization in the Bekasi watershed.


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• The flow separation would also reduce the amount of sediment transported into the intakes of Jakarta’s water treatment system, since much of these sediment come from the rivers intersecting the canal at the level crossings (Bekasi and Cikarang). This will significantly reduce the cost of water treatment (currently high due to cost of removing turbidity).

• The WTC rehabilitation project is accompanied by watershed rehabilitation activities in the upper basin to protect/sustain the water source. This is vital in view of the proposed separation of the rivers that currently intersect the canal at level crossings and that bring considerable quantities of silt and pollutants. The flow separation, in effect, will remove the additional water currently being contributed by the two rivers to Jakarta’s water supply. Hence the WTC will have to rely more on water coming from the Jatilihur reservoir, which in turn depends on water supply from the upper basin.1 As such the project incorporates measures for long term sustainability of water supply, at the same time improving environmental conditions in the upper basin.

• The provision of alternative sanitation facilities (toilets and garbage disposal) for communities living along the canal will reduce the threat of contaminating the water, including the current problem of excessive water hyacinth growth caused by nutrient loading from domestic sewage.

• The restoration of canal conveyance capacity will enable tail end flows to be increased to aid in flushing the canal and the rivers in Jakarta that receive the WTC tail end flow—thus preventing the buildup of pollutants in these reaches during the summer months.

53. It should be clarified that the river flows (Bekasi) that will be separated from WTC will not necessarily be lost (in the sense of wasted) as these would be separately diverted for use in irrigation where water quality requirements are not as stringent as that for Jakarta DMI. The intercepted river water would—instead of mixing with the WTC--be diverted directly to the irrigation system. The latter can still be supplied from the WTC in case of severe water shortages. In this way, no adverse effect of flow separation on reducing the available water for irrigation is expected. 54. The separation of river crossings from the WTC does not imply that clean-up of the Bekasi, Cikarang and Cibeet rivers are now a low priority as these would no longer threaten the quality of water supply to Jakarta. Watershed protection—in the form of improved land use controls to address rapid urbanization in Bekasi/Cikarang—are necessary long term measures, particularly for flood mitigation which has become a perennial problem in the lower basin. Pollution, too, has to be controlled as contaminants would remain in the irrigation system, from which rural communities often draw water for cleaning/washing purposes. 55. As a rehabilitation project, no new or unprecedented environmental impacts are expected during the canal’s operation. The rehabilitated canal’s operation will not result to increasing the irrigated area or developing new areas for agriculture. On the contrary, it is expected that the irrigation area served by WTC will decrease as a result of urbanization. The WTC was originally designed to irrigate 68,400 ha, whereas the area actually irrigated since the start of WTC operation has never exceeded 61,000 ha. In fact, the service area is projected to decrease to about 46,000 ha by year 2024. Consequently, a larger part of the capacity of the WTC can be made available for water conveyance to Jakarta and to the urbanizing areas of Bekasi and Cikarang. Adverse new impacts are those expected during construction – in particularly the effects of the canal dredging (discussed below).

1 Initial activities will focus on the Cisangkuy watershed in Bandung District, a strategically important watershed in that it also supplies water to Bandung and is a major source of sediment load to the Saguling Reservoir.


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b) Potential Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures 56. The WTC rehabilitation activity that poses the most significant potential adverse impact is dredging. Dredging would unavoidably disperse bottom sediments, including any contaminants bound in the sediments. The PPTA Phase II feasibility study considered various alternatives for dredging (dragline, suction, clamshell and bucket). It concluded that suction methods for dredging would create significant turbidity as well as traffic disturbance (e.g., due to piping system). Use of backhoe would also create turbidity, but of lower magnitude compared with other methods. It was concluded that the method best-suited to site conditions is use of backhoe for dredging from (land) embankment side, and backhoe-on-pontoon for dredging on water. 57. Annex 6 summarizes the comparison of alternative dredging methods considered. 58. The West Tarum Canal is an artificial channel and therefore does not harbor indigenous benthic communities and fish species that could be affected by construction activities. Although hook and line fishing is observed in some areas along the canal, fishery activities—such as fish cages or aquaculture ponds--are not allowed to operate in the canal. The irrigation service area commanded by the canal is also removed from areas in the basin identified as ecologically sensitive (refer to Annex 3). 59. The WTC is supplied by water pumped from the Citarum river at Curug. As such it has no natural, free-flowing connection with the Citarum river. However, the canal has level/open crossings with the Cikarang and Bekasi rivers. Bottom sediments dispersed by dredging could increase turbidity in these rivers. However, the baseline turbidity levels in these rivers are already quite high, especially during the wet season; increased turbidity induced by TWC dredging is not expected to create new turbidity impacts at the canal-river crossings. 60. Odor from dredging anaerobic sediments containing hydrogen sulphide is to be expected. The dredged materials are initially anaerobic, typically gray in color and may smell. However, the smell subsides and the color of the material turns to brown within a few days of exposure to air. Contractor should ensure that residents in the immediate vicinity of the dredging are informed of the activity and are assured that the foul smell is temporary. 61. For dredged material suitable for embankment use, these are to be deposited along road stockpiles. The proposed road stockpile areas are within the WTC’s existing right-of-way so no new land acquisition is required. For the fine/soft dredge spoils that are unsuitable for reuse, these are to be dumped in old (ex) riverbeds, which are classified as public lands and are not inhabited. These ex-riverbeds were left over when the WTC-river crossings were first constructed in the 1960s. PJT II has already been using these old riverbeds for dumping (fine) dredged materials. Table 8 gives a profile of the ex-riverbed sites.


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Table 8. Ex-Riverbed Sites for Dumping of Sediments

Ex-Riverbed Location

Aerial View Photograph of Site

Curug Uninhabited area used for paddy rice cultivation during dry season. During the wet season, backflow from the main river floods the area. No unique ecological features or endangered species are found in the site. Area available for dumping is 4 hectares.

Cibeet Uninhabited area used for paddy rice during dry season. During the wet season, backflow from the main river floods the area. No unique ecological features or endangered species are found in the site. Area available is 23 hectares.

Cikarang Area surrounded by urban and residential areas. Site itself is public land and mostly open space with existing dump piles from ongoing maintenance dredging of WTC by PJT II. Area available is 7 hectares.


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Bekasi Surrounded by urban and housing area, but site itself has no residential structures. Existing dump piles from ongoing WTC maintenance dredging. The vacant area is used by community for planting root crops and bananas. Not subject to backflow flooding as area has been disconnected from the main river. Area available is 4 hectares.

Satellite images by Google Earth. 62. The ICWRMP EARF stipulates that if past projects—in this case the original WTC construction--have caused adverse environmental impacts (i.e., ex-riverbeds created during WTC construction), then design of the rehabilitation of these projects should include measures to remediate any negative impacts of past construction. As such a plan for proper use of the ex-riverbeds needs to be incorporated into the WTC rehabilitation project. Such plan should consider:

• The Bekasi and Cikarang ex-riverbed dump sites are now surrounded by settlements, as the sites are located in rapidly urbanizing areas. Using the sediment as fill, the open areas can be developed as parks (with adequate drainage and vegetation cover).

• Two other ex-riverbed dump sites in Cibeet and Curug are used for rice cultivation, except during the wet season when backflow from the main rivers inundate the area. Given the estimated volume of dredged material to be deposited there, the delineated dumping area should be surrounded by bunds or embankment to prevent fine silt from being washed out into the surrounding paddy fields by monsoon rains or flooding. When filled, the areas can be used as tree nurseries to provide seedlings for reforestation activities in the Cibeet watershed (currently a significant cause of flooding and sedimentation) or to green the canal banks.

63. Ways to minimize/reduce the need for excavation and dredging should be further explored in the detailed design of WTC rehabilitation. Although the present conveyance capacity of the WTC is not sufficient to cope with future peak water demands, it is not necessary to reinstate the WTC to its original design dimensions of the 1960s in reaches where the future peak demand is projected to be less than the original design capacity. This is especially the case in the reach of 25 km between Curug and Cibeet, where the future capacity needed is estimated at 69.2 m3/s whereas the original design capacity is 80 m3/s.

64. Widening of the canal between Curug and Jakarta may not be necessary, as the required capacity restoration can be obtained by dredging/excavation works within the original design cross sections. Proposed construction of the 13.8 km long sheet pile wall along one canal bank in the section Cikarang-Bekasi—in order to enlarge flow area—may not be necessary and should be re-examined during detailed design. This will minimize the amount of spoil materials to be disposed. 65. In addition to minimizing sediment volume to be dredged/excavated, key mitigation measures for the impacts of dredging and disposal of spoils are: (i) use of appropriate dredging method and disposal of dredged materials; (ii) reuse of the dredged material, including use for topping of canal/irrigation service road embankments and planned reclamation of ex-riverbeds. Rehabilitation works should also incorporate the following safeguard/mitigation measures:


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• Water conveyance should not be disrupted during rehabilitation/construction.

• Dredging spoils must be dewatered before moving so that these are dry enough to be transported without excessive spilling on canal banks and roads.

• To minimize negative impacts on water quality in the canal which are anticipated to extend to the canal’s lower reaches, appropriate measures should be taken such as providing a silt screen around the work areas to prevent turbid water from widely dispersing. If sediment contamination is suspected, double silt screens should be used.

• The areas along the canal are broadly divided into three categories; namely, an urbanized area located along the lower reaches in Kabupaten Bekasi and Kota Bekasi, a semi-urbanized area in the middle reaches in Kabupaten Karawang, and an agricultural area in the upper reaches in Kabupaten Karawang. Therefore, the detailed design and construction plan should take into account susceptibility of each area to any negative impact from the works.

• Spoil banks for the dredged sediment should be properly sited/planned so that these are not susceptible to washout or slumping. It is preferable that dredging spoil be disposed in areas with similar soil characteristics as these are likely to be more stable. Also, plant and biological communities are likely to become re-established more rapidly.

• Traffic congestion, particularly in urbanized areas like Bekasi and Cikarang, shall be reduced as much as possible with appropriate posting of signs and provision of detours.

66. Bidding documents for the works above should include technical specifications for the prevention of adverse effects from construction (Annex 7). Affected communities should be informed of the disruptions to be expected and their duration, and contractor should be required to prepare debris disposal and nuisance minimization plans. Contractor should also plan works without need for cutting-off the downstream flow. 67. While new adverse impacts from rehabilitating WTC irrigation facilities are not expected, safeguards are still needed to reduce dependence on agro-chemicals which is traditionally associated with irrigation systems. Prolonged exposure to pesticides-in particular-can lead to cardiopulmonary problems, neurological symptoms, and adverse dermal effects. In turn these lead to lower farmer productivity. Farmers being unaware of these adverse effects tend to overvalue the benefits of pesticide use and apply these beyond the optimum level. Pesticide residues also pollute the water system, while fertilizer residues (nitrogen and phosphorus) contribute to eutrophication. Overdependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides is not sustainable. c) Assessment of Contaminants in WTC Bottom Sediments 68. Concentrations in the bottom sediment for a range of organic and heavy metal contaminants were tested as part of the PPTA environmental assessment studies, with no significant contamination found. As the WTC is close to urban areas that obtain DMI supply from the canal (Cikarang and Bekasi), the potential contamination status of sections to be dredged shall be re-checked prior to dredging (as described in the EMP). 69. The PPTA Phase 2 commissioned a bottom sediment survey of the West Tarum Canal in November 2005. Ten samples were taken at various points along the canal. Organic content was found to be high, as expected due to accumulation of aquatic plant debris. Although positive values were observed for some heavy metals, concentrations were found to be below international standards for soil pollution. 70. It was initially reported that Lead levels in the bottom sediment were high. However, this finding was incorrect in that the December 2005 Bottom Sediment report used mg/kg units (i.e.,


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solid fraction basis) whereas the reference Japan EQS standards were in mg/L (liquid fraction), hence the values were not comparable. 71. A review of the heavy metals concentration reported in the November 2005 bottom sediment survey is given in Table 9. Also shown are guidelines/standards for dredged sediment materials used in various countries, as there are no standards for dredged materials used in Indonesia. The USEPA guideline values shown apply to municipal sludges.

Table 9. Heavy Metals Concentration in WTC Bottom Sediment (PPTA Phase 2) Concentration Heavy Metal Unit Range Average

US EPA*

Nether-lands+

United Kingdom Japan^

Copper, total (Cu) mg/kg 2.39-21.6 7.47 1500 38 20 125 Zinc mg/kg n.a. n.a. 2800 140 65 - Cadmium, total (Cd) mg/kg ud ud 39 0.80 0.20 1 Lead, total (Pb) mg/kg 0.64-2.50 1.33 300 85 28 150 Nickel, total (Ni) mg/kg 34.9-147 68.74 420 38 10 - Chromium, total (Cr3+) mg/kg 4.47-45.13 12.96 1200 100 20 - Chromium hexavalens (Cr6+) mg/kg ud ud - - - - Arsenic, total (As) mg/kg ud ud 41 29 10 15 Mercury, total (Hg) mg/kg 0.0021-0.0276 0.0129 17 0.30 0.15 -

ud = undetected; - = not available * Regarded as clean levels for municipal sludges + Target levels based on IADC/CEDA (1997) ^ Japan Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for soil pollution n.a.. Bottom sediment samples were not analyzed for Zinc in the 2005 study. 72. Lead concentration levels in the bottom sediment are thus within the limits set in the countries shown in Table A-1. However, Nickel concentration levels exceed standards used in the Netherlands and United Kingdom. However, the Ni values meet the standard for “clean municipal sludge” of the US EPA. Zinc in the bottom sediment was not analyzed in the 2005 sediment survey. However, monthly PJT II data for 2003 and 2004 show Zinc concentrations in the water column at less than 0.005 mg/l. This is below the 0.02 mg/l standard set for Class B-C-D rivers. 73. As of the end of 2005, PJT II and Proyek Citarum had already removed 162,400 m3 from the canal bed. For 2006, sediment removal is expected to reach 423,900 m3. As part of the PPTA Phase III, the dredged materials already in the (roadside) stockpiles and (ex-riverbed) dumpsites were sampled and tested for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Ni, Cr6+, Cr-tot, Zn, Mn, and As. Sampling sites are shown in Figure 5. Two samples were taken from each of the four ex-riverbed dumping areas: one from the area containing dumped dredged material, and another from an undisturbed area (for comparison). Four additional samples were taken from the road sediment stockpiles. Samples were analyzed at the (accredited) laboratory of PT. UNILAB PERDANA. Results are shown in Table 10. 74. The results above of the September 2006 sampling of sediments already deposited in the roadside stockpiles and at the four ex-riverbed dumpsites show that (i) the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments dumped in the ex-riverbed sites are not significantly different from the concentrations found in the sediments deposited along the road stockpiles; and (ii) the concentrations of sediments in both ex-riverbed dumpsites and road stockpiles are not significantly different/higher compared with the concentrations in the surrounding undisturbed area/soil (at the ex-riverbed sites). Zinc levels, which were not measured during the November 2005 bottom sediment testing, were found in the September 2006 testing to be below the US EPA guideline value for clean municipal sludge, and below the target level used in the Netherlands (although higher than guideline value used in the United Kingdom).


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Figure 5. Location of September 2006 Sediment Sampling (PPTA Phase 3)

Table 10. Results of September 2006 Sampling of Sediment and Soil - A Average Concentration

Parameter Unit Existing Dumpsite

(a)

Unused Site (b)

Road Stockpile

(c)

US EPA*

Nether-lands

United Kingdom

Japan^

Arsenic (As) mg/kg <0.50 <0.50 <0.50 41 29 10 15 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg <0.50 <0.50 <0.50 39 0.80 0.20 1 Chromium, total (Cr3+) mg/kg 4.75 4.25 4.0 1200 100 20 - Nickel, total (Ni) mg/kg 7.50 5.25 6.75 420 38 10 - Mercury, total (Hg) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 17 0.30 0.15 - Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 90.50 64.25 89.75 2800 140 65 - Copper, total (Cu) mg/kg 23.0 20.0 18.3 1500 38 20 125 Lead, total (Pb) mg/kg 69.75 74.25 69.50 300 85 28 150

(a) From four samples, one each from existing locations used for sediment dumping in Curug, Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi

(b) From four samples, one each from unused/undumped areas in Curug, Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi (as control or basis for comparison)

(c) From four samples taken at existing sediment stockpiles along the WTC inspection road 75. No international standards or guidelines values are available to compare test results for concentrations of Selenium, hexavalent Chromium, Manganese, Nitrogen and Phosphate. However, comparison between the concentrations of these contaminants in the sediments sampled at the road stockpiles and ex-riverbed dumpsites with the corresponding concentrations in the soil from the control areas (areas not affected by sediment disposal) show that the values are not significantly different as shown in Table 11. 76. Two grab samples of dumped sediments were taken (one each from the ex-riverbed dumpsites in Curug and Bekasi) and checked for levels of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB). Results from PT. UNILAB PERDANA indicated concentrations of TPH at 152 and 188 mg/kg at Curug and Bekasi, respectively. No Indonesian standards for TPH in soil are available. The Australian health investigation limit for TPH soil contamination is 180 mg/kg for areas used as parks and recreational open space (Guidelines of the National Environmental Protection Council, 1999). PCB levels in the two sediment samples—if present—are below the detection limit of 1 mg/kg as reported by the laboratory.


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Table 11. Results of September 2006 Sampling of Sediment and Soil - B Average Concentration

Parameter Unit Existing Dumpsite

(a)

Unused Site (b)

Road Stockpile

(c) Selenium (Se) mg/kg <0.50 <0.50 <0.50 Chromium hex (Cr6+) mg/kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 923.7 778.0 901.7 Nitrogen (N) mg/kg 1043.0 858.2 937.5 Phosphate (P) mg/kg 1065.0 1097.3 1063.3

Additionally, three grab samples of fresh dredged sediments were taken and analyzed by the same laboratory: one each from the canal bank drying area, roadside stockpiles, and the dumpsite at Bekasi. Only total coliform counts were measured. These were, respectively, for the three sites: 1.875x106, 2.497x106 and 2.502x106 in units of MPN per gram (dry weight basis). As these are for total coliform, corresponding fecal coliform levels would be lower (Total coliform is a large collection of different kinds of bacteria. The fecal coliform group is a sub-group of total coliform and is the indicator of potential pathogen contamination). No Indonesia standard for total coliform in dredged sediment bound for land application is available for comparison. US EPA regulations (40 CFR 503) for land application of domestic sludge specify limits for fecal coliform (not total). Under these EPA regulations, sludge with up to 2x106 MPN of fecal coliform per gram is suitable for application on grain and forage crops, pastures, grassland, fallow land and timber. D. Roll-Out of System Rice Intensification (SRI) Environmental benefit: Direct, significant in terms of water conservation and shift to use of organic fertilizers Adverse impact: Somewhat uncertain (depending on SRI effect on future pesticide use), can be prevented/mitigated 77. Irrigation system modernization will introduce System Rice Intensification (SRI) practices that combine planting techniques with intermittent application of water to the paddies. As shown by experience in Japan, SRI has potential to increase yield and at the same time reduce water demand significantly (by up to 40%). It is uncertain if SRI would increase fertilizer and pesticide consumption compared with the present practice of continuous flooding of paddy fields. Use of organic fertilizer is expected to be promoted, however, because it is essential for improving soil structure in order to maximize benefit from SRI. 78. Irrigation system modernization will initially be applied to the West Tarum Canal service area. Usually, the advent of irrigation in an area often presages intensive use of land and increased use of farm chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides). In this case, however, because the irrigation systems are already existing and rehabilitation activities are mainly intended to restore service capacity, no new significant environmental impacts would be introduced. In fact, in the case of the WTC irrigation system, the area to be irrigated is expected to decline over time due to urbanization. 79. Nonetheless, along with SRI, alternatives to exclusive chemical pest control should be promoted, e.g., integrated pest management (IPM). The latter is essentially a strategy of more than one method of pest control, with chemical control (pesticides) resorted to only as a last resort and based on economic thresholds. 80. IPM should be combined with System Rice Intensification (SRI). Both are knowledge-based practices. Adoption and success depend on training farmers (including extension workers). An investment in developing an SRI-IPM package using a farming systems approach would be required. Requirements for effective SRI-IPM are probably site-specific. These requirements include carrying out crop loss assessments to pinpoint prime pests and determine economic thresholds; understanding the pest and their natural enemies' ecology; selection of


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resistant varieties; and coordination of farm activities including the timing of intermittent flooding under SRI. E. Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management. Environmental benefit: Direct, highly significant and cumulative Adverse impact: Minimal, localized and can be mitigated 81. This component is highly complementary to the West Tarum Canal rehabilitation in two ways: (i) it will provide for sustainability of water source for the lower basin, particularly in view of the separation of the WTC river crossings that presently augment the flow in the canal; with the bypass/siphon installed, the WTC will have to depend more heavily on water coming from the upper basin, and (ii) it will provide alternatives to communities living along the canal in dealing with waste disposal, currently a cause of water quality degradation in the canal. 82. For communities close to the river banks, including those along the West Tarum Canal, traditional disposal of (liquid and solid) wastes directly into waterways is still widely practiced. As these wastes have the shortest path to the rivers, the source communities are a logical focus of sanitation improvement initiatives under Tranche 1. The preferred approach is provision of communal septic tanks. 83. Construction of individual or communal sanitation facilities (e.g., excavation of septic tanks), including construction of community garbage collection facilities, may temporarily cause neighborhood disruption and nuisance. To the extent that these are unavoidable, measures should be provided for community information and involvement in planning activities. Septic tanks should not be constructed closer than 15 m from wells and creeks used for water supply. 84. Sanitation improvement initiatives under Tranche 1, targeted initially at riverine communities, are to be pursued in partnership with NGOs and community organizations. A community-based organization active in Bandung, Warga Peduli Lingkungan (WPL), has been facilitating improvements in community sanitation by promoting public awareness and developing pilot communal septic tanks and solid waste disposal systems. At Bandung City, there are now 4 pilot communal septic tanks, each serving around one hundred households. More are planned to be built, and one expected benefit—apart from water quality improvement--is that these communal tanks would also supply treated water into the Citarum, thus augmenting flows in the dry season. Sanitation improvements along the WTC will be patterned after this. Re-greening and conservation of old riverbeds used for sediment disposal can be managed as part of this component. F. Basin Water Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans. Environmental benefit: Indirect, highly significant and long-term Adverse impact: None 85. The environmental impact of this component, although indirect, is highly significant and long lasting—as discussed below. Under this component, the basin will be divided into several water quality management areas--depending on the specific nature and cause of water quality management problems. Urban areas, such as Bandung and Bekasi, would be managed as areas with focus on industrial pollution as well as pollution coming from settlements—affecting not only surface waters but also the groundwater. Hotpots with serious pollution problems, e.g., Nanjung, would be targeted. The reservoirs could define management areas for dealing with pollution caused by aquaculture activities (e.g., caused by artificial fish feeding), and in the case of Saguling, because of pollution from upstream textile factories. Areas that are predominantly agricultural, or that lie in degraded watersheds, have their own water quality management concerns (e.g., chemical residues from farms, and sediments from degraded watersheds) and could be managed also as water quality management areas.


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86. The control strategies and water quality parameters to be monitored for each area would thus be dictated by the characteristics of the area and the dominant sources of pollution. In these areas, stakeholders can more effectively participate in drawing up and implementing solutions as the problems are much closer to their day-to-day concerns. 87. Much of the effort in controlling water pollution, whether by using traditional regulatory tools or relatively newer economic instruments, are focused on point sources as these are easier to identify and regulate. However, even with effective control of pollution coming from point sources, there is no guarantee that water quality will improve if no interventions are made to also control non-point sources. Within the point source category (mostly industrial and commercial establishments), a further categorization can be done according to type or size of sources and their wastewater characteristics. Such categorization will: (i) provide environmental managers (i.e., BPLHD, DLH) with information on the extent to which diffuse or non-point sources are contributing to pollution; (ii) for diffuse sources, facilitate identification of priorities for which targeted interventions can be developed (e.g., managing waste loads from riverside communities); and (iii) for point sources, classify the sources so that appropriate industry-specific controls can be developed (as in the case of Bandung). 88. Using an area management approach, river monitoring will be based on land use and nature of water quality concerns/threats in each management area. A plan for water quality monitoring in each area would be developed as part of the basinwide water quality action plan -- identifying the priority parameters, and with protocols to ensure that monitoring results are used to support regulatory enforcement and community awareness-building programs. Standardized procedures for water and sediment sampling, laboratory analysis, reporting and data banking would be developed. 89. Particularly for the areas with high density of industries (notably Bandung and Bekasi), an area action plan would be drawn up to more effectively deal with pollution problems at the source. Such plans would be oriented around combination of strategies that involve expansion of cooperation schemes under PROKASIH PROPER, strengthening of regulatory (command-and-control) systems, and use of incentives. The latter would include a phasing in of pollution charge schemes accompanied by measures to provide industries with a wider set of options for managing pollution, for instance, by adopting preventive rather than end-of-pipe measures. Self-regulation schemes using environmental management system (EMS) standards could also be promoted and rewarded. 90. In areas with high industrial density, much more targeted pollution reduction planning would be needed. Bandung, for instance, is the most heavily industrialized part of the basin and produces high amounts of pollutants, mostly from the textile industry which make up 85% of industrial establishments in the district. Process wastewater from these factories are typically high in oxygen-depleting substances (BOD and COD), even though this contribution is small in comparison with that coming from household sewage. However, Phenol and Chromium are more toxic pollutants generated almost entirely from the textile industry in Bandung. Managing pollution from these industries needs to address toxic pollutant discharges, not just BOD/COD that are being addressed under the PROKASIH/SUPERKASIH program. 91. Under the leadership of the Basin Council and supported by the Balai Besar, the area-based water quality action planning will also address rationalization of the water quality monitoring system in the basin so that the scope of monitoring gradually expands to cover point and non-point pollution sources correlated with surface water quality and groundwater quality. The purpose of monitoring would go beyond regulatory enforcement, and would be designed to support policy and planning needs, scientific analysis (modeling), as well as public information and education needs. Finally, the monitoring system would be comprehensively designed around key indicators so that reporting is systematic and comparison of performance across areas can be made easily.


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G. Productive Reforestation and Biodiversity Protection Environmental benefit: Direct and synergistic, highly significant and cumulative Adverse impact: None 92. Spatial planning solutions to watershed rehabilitation and ecological protection will be pursued as part this component on community mobilization—in this case involving upland communities. The overall strategy is to re-vegetate degraded lands in riparian zones with bamboos and mixed assemblages of fruit trees that provide increased income opportunities for upland communities, reduce erosion and at the same time contribute to conserving/enhancing biodiversity. 93. The ICWRMP EARF stipulates that projects should take advantage of opportunities to expand design concepts to generate complementary environmental benefits. Along this line, the “re-greening“ areas should be chosen so as to provide the best long-term possibility to protect the water resource quality and quantity, at the same time helping restore other landscape ecological functions. 94. Although watershed management under the program is premised on the need to rehabilitate the extensively denuded upper catchments for water resource protection, the most effective rehabilitation strategies are those that re-establish basic ecosystem processes. The WWF has underscored the international biodiversity importance of Java’s remaining forests as these are among the most ecologically intact areas of forest remaining in Java and should be protected. Riverbank re-vegetation will create corridors for linking fragmented forest patches that help regenerate biodiversity and at the same time effectively combat (riverbank) erosion, a major cause of water turbidity in the basin. Measures that involve landform modification and engineering (e.g., land terracing, construction of check dams and gully plugs) should be used as stop-gap solutions alongside longer term strategies for ecosystem restoration.

V. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 95. Summarized in Table 12 are the environmental impacts expected from the various Tranche 1 components, considering both positive and negative impacts and their significance.

Table 12. Impact Assessment Summary for Tranche 1 Components Environmental Impact Component

Beneficial Adverse Notes

Institutional Strengthening for IWRM

Indirect, highly significant and long term

None Monitoring and evaluation of beneficial impact will be incorporated in the component’s implementation framework

Water Supply Options and Improved Groundwater Management for Bandung

Indirect, highly significant in terms of groundwater management (to relieve excessive pressure on the resource)

None (as far the planning for options is concerned).

Adverse impacts of implementing the selected option will be addressed during planning itself

Rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal

Direct, significant in terms of water quality improvement especially for supply to Jakarta

Moderately significant in relation to canal dredging to restore capacity,; adverse impacts can be mitigated

Adverse impacts due mainly to construction works; no new adverse impacts are expected from continued operation of the rehabilitated canal

Roll-Out of System Rice Intensification (SRI)

Direct, significant in terms of water conservation and shift to organic fertilizers (required for improving paddy soil structure for SRI effectiveness)

Somewhat uncertain (depending on intensity of future chemical pesticide use); adverse impacts related to pesticide use can be mitigated

The EMP describes measures to combine SRI with integrated pest management in order to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides

Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and

Direct, highly significant cumulative benefits for

Minimal, localized and can be mitigated

Localized impacts related to construction of communal


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Environmental Impact Component Beneficial Adverse

Notes

Catchment Management

improving water supply and water quality in areas occupied by riverine communities (basinwide, including areas along the WTC)

septic tanks; the provision of community water supply also serves to mitigate community water supply disruption due to WTC rehabilitation, i.e., for residents that draw water from the canal

Development and Implementation of Basin River Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans

Indirect, highly significant and long-term

None Improvement in capacity for water quality management and monitoring will also apply to the operation of the rehabilitated West Tarum Canal

Productive Reforestation and Biodiversity Protection (GEF-funded)

Direct, highly significant cumulative benefits in terms of ameliorating watershed degradation (to sustain water supply and mitigate flooding) and enhancing biodiversity

None Environmental management objectives go beyond protection of water resources and encompasses the overall basin environment; beneficial effects are synergistic

96. Table 13 summarizes the safeguard/mitigation measures for specific projects under Tranche 1 that, based on the assessment, have some adverse or uncertain environmental impacts--notably the components on rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal, the roll-out of SRI, and the community initiatives involving construction of communal septic tanks. An assessment of the significance of these impacts was presented in the preceding chapter. Also shown in the Table are important monitoring parameters. 97. Note that the EMMP and monitoring specifications described here focuses on the potentially significant adverse impacts. Beneficial environmental impacts associated with most of the Tranche 1 projects were discussed in the preceding assessment, and these beneficial impacts will be monitored and evaluated within the respective project’s implementation/monitoring frameworks (i.e., project logical frameworks). Table 14 presents the monitoring specifications based on the EMMP.

Table 13. Summary of Mitigation/Management of Potential Adverse Impacts

Mitigation Measures Implementation

Minimize the need for and volume of dredging by taking into account the reduction in projected water supply requirement for irrigation. Although WTC’s present conveyance capacity is insufficient to cope with future peak water demands, it may not be necessary to restore its dimensions to the original 1960s design, particularly in the lower reaches where the future peak demand from irrigation is projected to decrease to due land conversion from agriculture to urban use. Therefore, the waterway area need not be dredged or excavated to restore the original flow capacity, thus reducing the volume of the dredging works.

During the detailed design of the WTC rehabilitation, PMU shall re-examine the assumptions for the projection of peak water demand to be supplied by the canal. If projected future water demand is lower than the canal’s original design capacity, then the volume of dredging and excavation required can be reduced.

Each section of the canal should be tested for bottom sediment contamination prior to dredging. If contaminants are present, double silt traps should be used to prevent dispersion of sediment.

Until PJT II is able to routinely monitor heavy metals and other toxics, sediment testing and monitoring shall be done by the PMU (through its EMO) and a contracted service laboratory.

Dredging spoils must be dewatered before moving to allow the foul smell to subside and so that these are dry enough to be transported to the spoil banks without excessive spilling on roads.

Use dredging spoils as resource. Coarse sediments could be used as base material for improving inspection roads in the irrigation service areas. Dumpsites along roads should have adequate drainage to prevent runoff from sediment piles from contaminating any nearby household wells.

The ex-riverbed dump sites for the soft sediments could be developed as

Contractor shall be required to submit turbidity control and spoil disposal plans and contingency measures, which will be included in the bid proposals and evaluation. Plan for works shall include the development of the ex-riverbed dumpsites for tree nursery (Curug, Cibeet and Cikarang) and park (Bekasi). The cost of these measures will be built into the contractor’s budget. Contractor shall be required to post bond to ensure


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Mitigation Measures Implementation

nurseries to supply seedlings for reforestation or urban greening. At the ex-riverbed disposal areas for spoil, adequate drainage should be provided to prevent flooding and washout of deposited sediments. The area allocated for sediment disposal should be surrounded by protective embankment/bunds to prevent silt runoff into the surrounding areas. A security fence should be installed to prevent contact between farmers/residents and fresh sediments.

compliance.

Odor from dredged anaerobic sediment is to be expected. Although the smell subsides within a few days of exposure to air, residents in the immediate vicinity of the dredging should be informed and assured that the foul smell is temporary.

Contractor plan shall include measures to minimize nuisance to nearby communities. Contractor will also be responsible for notifying communities of temporary nuisance to be expected, and for providing adequate signs and detours in the work areas.

Affected communities should be informed of the disruptions to be expected and their duration, and contractor should be required to prepare spoil disposal and nuisance minimization plans. Contractor should also plan the works without need for cutting-off the downstream flow. Alternative source of water supply should be provided to communities along the canal that tap water from the stream or use it for washing/bathing purposes.

The bid documents shall require contractor to plan works without need for cutting-off the downstream flow. The soundness of these measures should be part of the criteria for awarding work contracts.

The PMU, through the community initiatives component of Tranche1 and assisted by a community water supply consultant, shall develop design and construction guidelines—to be used by NGOs assisting the communities in constructing the alternative water supply facilities (groundwater wells). Cost built into the Tranche component on community initiatives for water supply and sanitation improvement.

Alternatives to exclusive chemical pest/weed control should be promoted, e.g., integrated pest management (IPM). The latter is essentially a strategy of more than one method of pest control, with chemical control (pesticides) resorted to only as a last resort and based on economic thresholds.

IPM should be combined with System Rice Intensification (SRI). Both are knowledge-based practices. Requirements for effective SRI-IPM are site-specific. The mode of extending the technology to farmers must be carefully planned.

The Directorate-General for Land and Water under the Ministry of Agriculture (as the envisioned project implementing agency), with support from a project consultant (expert on SRI-IPM), will implement the combined SRI-IPM approach to enhance environmental soundness and sustainability of the project.

Provide adequate measures for community information and involvement in water supply and sanitation planning.

Septic tanks should have sealed bottoms and should not be constructed closer than 15 m from wells and creeks used for water supply.

Stakeholder forums should be established to address community water supply and sanitation issues and options confronting the Bandung sub-basin and communities along the WTC.

The PMU, through the community initiatives component of Tranche 1 and assisted by sanitation consultant, shall develop design and construction guidelines for communal septic tanks—to be used by partner NGOs assisting the communities in properly constructing the facilities.

Budget is built into the Tranche 1 component on community initiatives (for water supply and sanitation improvement)

98. The project executing agency shall submit monthly reports on implementation of the environmental management plan and monitoring for the WTC rehabilitation to the Balai Besar through the latter’s Environmental Management Office. This office in turn will provide quarterly reports to the Basin Council, the West Java and DKI Jakarta provincial environmental protection agencies; the environment protection agencies of Bekasi district, Bekasi City and Cikarang district; and ADB.

Table 14. EMP Monitoring Specifications Monitoring

Items/Parameters Location and Frequency Responsibilities Resources and Budget

Construction Method/Activities • Equipment and method used

for dredging • Conformity to safeguards built

into contractor’s contract (see Annex 7)

• Handling of sediment and water hyacinth removed from

Monitor at all sections of the canal that are contracted for construction, dredging or excavation. Monitoring to be done through unannounced visits and inspection of

Contractor(s) will be required to submit detailed construction plan considering the safeguards in Annex 7, including specific plan for handling of construction debris, including dredged sediment and water hyacinths

Cost of measures will be built into the contractor’s bid/budget for the works. Cost of monitoring activity by construction supervisor shall be incorporated into the


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Monitoring Items/Parameters Location and Frequency Responsibilities Resources and

Budget the canal for drying along canal banks prior to hauling

• Provision of adequate silt traps to prevent sediment dispersion downstream; use of double silt traps for sections where contaminated sediments are found based on results of bottom sediment analysis done prior to dredging each section

construction or dredging sites at least once every three days.

removed. Contractor shall be required to post bond to ensure compliance. Construction supervisor of the PMU will be responsible for ensuring compliance and corrective action by contractor.

budget for the PMU.

Nuisance Impacts • Odor from dredging of

anaerobic sediments, and from dewatering of dredging spoils on canal banks before hauling to disposal sites.

• Other nuisance caused by rehabilitation works including noise, dust, traffic congestion on service roads

Monitor for occurrence and severity of nuisance impacts at the actual construction and dredging sites. Monitor through unannounced visits and inspection of construction or dredging sites at least once every three days.

Contractor plan shall include measures to minimize nuisance to nearby communities. Contractor will also be responsible for notifying communities of temporary nuisance to be expected, and for providing adequate signs and detours in the work areas.

The cost of nuisance control and public information measures will be built into the contractor’s bid/budget. Cost of monitoring activity by construction supervisor shall be incorporated into the budget for the PMU.

Disruption of Water Conveyance • Canal flow/discharge to

monitor any reduction of water flow caused by rehabilitation works, e.g., due to possible flow constriction around the silt curtains in the dredging sites

Same as water flow monitoring schedule used by PJT II, at the existing water flow measurement points along the canal.

Based on the construction schedule, PJT II shall give advance information to irrigation managers and water supply utilities on any expected water flow disruption or reduction.

Cost of WTC flow monitoring/measurement is built into the operating budget of PJT II.

Water Quality • Conventional parameters

(color, temperature, pH, DO, BOD, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, surfactants, oil and grease, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Phenols, total Coliform, fecal Coliform

• Water turbidity at and near construction sites (suspended solids)

• Heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Zinc)

• Other toxic substances (PCB, Phenols, Cyanide)

• Pesticides (based on parameters listed in Governor of West Java Decree No 38/1991 and 39/2000 for Class B, C, D water bodies).

Conventional parameters to be monitored according to PJT II’s ongoing monthly schedule of water sampling and analysis at 14 points along the WTC and two points downstream of the Bekasi River. Water turbidity at three points of 1 km interval downstream of construction and dredging sites to be monitored on a weekly basis for the duration of works. Heavy metals, other toxic substances and pesticide residues shall be monitored at least once every quarter at PJT II’s 14 sampling points along the canal.

Monthly monitoring of conventional water quality parameters shall continue to be done by PJT II using its personnel and laboratory facilities at Curug. PJT II shall provide monthly reports to the PMU who shall alert contractor of water quality degradation and require corrective measures. The PMU shall be responsible for more frequent monitoring of water turbidity affected by construction activities. Until PJT II is able to routinely monitor heavy metals and other toxics, such monitoring shall be done by the PMU (through its EMO) and a contracted service laboratory.

Cost of PJT II monitoring of conventional parameters is incoprated in its operating budget (assistance in training, capacity building and facilities will be provided under a $6.45 M Tranche 1 water quality improvement project, described in Annex 8). Budget for turbidity monitoring is Rp 3M per month over the construction period. Budget for monitoring of heavy metals and toxics is Rp 30M per quarter over the construction period.

Sediment Contamination • Heavy metals (Arsenic,

Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Zinc)

• Other possible contaminants (TPH, PCB, fecal Coliform)

Since there are no Indonesian standards for sediment contamination, it is recommended that USEPA Guide to Part 503 Biosolids Rule be used as basis for determining significant levels of sediment contamination.

Prior to the works, testing for bottom sediment contaminants shall be done once for each section of canal to be dredged. If for, example, fecal coliform levels exceed 2 million MPN per gram (the limit set for Class B biosolids under the USEPA guideline) then dredged sediments should not be disposed in the Bekasi and Cikarang dumpsites which are close to human

The PMU (through its Environment Management Office) shall contract an accredited laboratory to carry out bottom sediment sampling and analysis. Results are to be communicated formally to the dredging contractor so that measures to minimize sediment dispersal (installation of double silt screens in the affected areas if significant levels of contaminants are present) are implemented.

For each of the four sections of the canal to be dredged: Rp 50M (total Rp 200M)


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Monitoring Items/Parameters Location and Frequency Responsibilities Resources and

Budget settlements and for the dredged sediments to be sprayed with chlorine prior to transport to the Curug or Cibeet dump sites.

Disposal of Dredged Sediments • Drying and hauling of spoil • Adequacy of drainage for

access/service road improvement works

• Adequacy of measures to control erosion of sediments in ex-riverbed sites.

• Use of dredging spoils, e.g., as base material for improving inspection roads in the irrigation service areas and development of the ex-riverbed spoil dump sites as nurseries to supply seedlings for reforestation or urban greening.

Monitoring shall be done at the roadside embankments and ex-riverbed sites. Monitoring to be done through unannounced visits and inspection of sediment disposal areas.

Based on the bottom sediment testing results for sections of canal to be dredged (i.e., grain size, composition, contaminants), contractor will determine location of sediment disposal and appropriate handling/transport precautions. The PMU through the construction supervisor shall review and approve the contractor’s handling and disposal of sediments for each section of the canal to be dredged.

Cost of disposal of sediments are built into the contractor’s budget for dredging, which will include (as provided in the bid documents) protection/development of ex-riverbed dumpsites for tree nurseries or other beneficial land use.

Disruption of Community Water Supply • Adequate provision of

alternative water supply sources and sanitation facilities for WTC residents that use the canal

Monitoring of community complaints shall be done at all populated sections of the canal.

Monitoring shall be done by NGOs engaged under the Tranche 1 component on provision of community water supply through community mobilization.

Both mitigation and monitoring cost are built into the Tranche 1 component on community initiatives (for water supply and sanitation improvement)

Community Health • Incidence of water-related

illnesses

Monitoring locations and frequency shall follow health survey protocols used by the district health offices.

The PMU shall be responsible for consolidating community health data from the district health offices to detect any deviation/increase in reported incidence of water-related illnesses from the norm (based on past records).

Cost of monitoring shall be incorporated into the budget for the PMU.

Siting and construction of communal septic tanks • Distance of septic tanks from

creeks and wells used for water supply

• Disposal of septic tank construction waste

• Neighborhood nuisance minimization during construction

• Maintenance of communal toilets and septic tanks

Monitoring shall be done at the community sites on a weekly basis over the duration of the activity.

The PMU, through the community initiatives component of Tranche 1 and assisted by sanitation consultant, shall develop design and construction guidelines for communal septic tanks—to be used by NGOs assisting the communities in monitoring construction of facilities.

Both mitigation and monitoring cost are built into the Tranche 1 component on community initiatives (for water supply and sanitation improvement)

System Rice Intensification • Cropping intensity • Change in quantity and

frequency of pesticide use • Water use rates (to monitor

effectiveness of SRI in water conservation)

• Allocation of water saved through SRI

Monitoring to be done at each pilot site for the SRI introduction. Each SRI site to be monitored at least three times during each cropping season.

Directorate-General for Land and Water under the Ministry of Agriculture (as the envisioned project implementing agency), with support from a project consultant (expert on SRI-IPM).

Cost of SRI-IPM integration (or other measures to improve pest management without reliance on chemical pesticides) built into the design of the project

99. As discussed in the preceding sections, the potentially significant adverse environmental impacts of the various Tranche 1 components are associated mainly with the rehabilitation of the West Tarum Canal, in particular the siphon construction, canal dredging and spoil disposal activities. As explained further in the EARF section below, a formal environmental impact


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assessment based on AMDAL procedures will be carried out for the WTC rehabilitation project. This follow-on study will refine the impact assessment and the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures described here. The PMU will coordinate with the Ministry of Environment for specific AMDAL compliance steps, including drawing up of AMDAL-approved terms of reference and recruitment of EIA team (with AMDAL-licensed team leader), public notifications and consultations, AMDAL commission review, and regulatory clearances. The estimated cost of the follow-on procedures for AMDAL compliance of the WTC rehabilitation project is Rp 1.13 billion.

VI. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION A. PPTA-Proposed Organizations and Arrangements 100. The Water Law states that the coordinating institution for the basin—the Citarum Basin Water Resources Council (CBWRC)--will assume “the main task of preparing and formulating water resources policies and strategies.” This role does not include final authority to approve the policies or strategies themselves, which remains with the relevant authority—in this case, the Ministry of Public Works. The regulatory authorities for environmental management would still be the environment protection agencies at national, provincial or district levels depending on the jurisdiction where activities are located. 101. In the current draft of the Presidential Decree on Organizational Structure and Work Programs of Coordinating Institutions for the water law implementation, the terminology used for the Basin Council is Tim Koordinasi PDSA which creates the impression of a mere discussion forum rather than as a policy formulation body. It has been suggested that the basin council be modeled after the existing PTPA and PPTPA, and that what remains to be changed in them is for representation of non-governmental organizations to be increased as mandated under the water law. However, the existing PTPA and PPTPA have mainly served as discussion forums focused on developing recommendations on issues related to irrigation and flood/drought management, and as such may not be appropriate models for the basin council whose scope of concern would be considerably larger. 102. The PPTA Phase 3 institutional study recommended that the basin council to be set up should go beyond the current scope of the PTPA and PPTPA and that it should tackle a broader scope encompassing watershed management, remediation of groundwater over-use, pollution load reduction, demand side management, and mechanisms for sustainable financing of water infrastructure . This necessitates adopting a modality that moves beyond that of a discussion forum to a policy formulating body. This role would also be reflected in the name of the organization using terminology such as Council or Board (Dewan) rather than that of ‘Coordination Team’ (Tim Koordinasi). Capacity building for the basin council is a key program component under Tranche 1. The proposed structure and composition of the council is shown in Figure 6.


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Figure 6. Proposed Composition of the Citarum Basin Council

103. The CBWRC would prepare and formulate draft policies and strategies covering the full range of IWRM issues– effectively a new and integrated master plan for the basin. It would also monitor and review their implementation. Sub-committees (as standing bodies or temporary groups) could cover task groups on: watershed management, environment/water quality improvement, disaster management, new water supply development, dispute resolution related to water sharing, demand side management, infrastructure operations, public awareness and communications. 104. Below the basin council are the regulation/enforcement agencies and the operational management bodies. Responsibilities for policy development, regulation and management in the Basin are outlined in Error! Reference source not found.. As noted earlier, the responsibility for environmental regulation would remain with the national, provincial and district environmental protection units. The following section deals with the aspect of management. 105. The PPTA study underscored the importance of separating the roles of basin manager and that of system operator, and the need to shift focus from project development to that of management (Table 15). The water resources infrastructure in basin is already largely developed and future challenges have more to do with sustainable management, distribution of benefits, and water quality.

Table 15. Proposed Roles for Basin Organizations

Roles Organizations

Policy development and strategic planning Basin Water Resources Council

Regulation and enforcement Existing line agencies at national, provincial and district levels

Management • Strategic basin manager • System operators

A combination of public agencies (at national, basin, provincial and district levels), state owned enterprises, and Water User Associations (WUA)

106. The current intention, although not yet confirmed by the Ministry for Efficient Use of State Apparatus (MENPAN), is for the establishment of a ‘Technical Implementation Office to be referred to as the Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS). The function of the Balai Besar would be to “manage water resources covering planning, construction, operation and maintenance in the framework of conservation of water resources, efficient use of water resources and control of water damaging risks in river areas.”


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107. Issues still being considered include the resulting overlap of responsibilities for operation and maintenance, and the need for clear lines of responsibility between the Balai Besar , PJT II and the existing Citarum River Basin Development Project (Proyek Citarum, which is supposed to develop new infrastructure and implement rehabilitation projects). It has been proposed that the Balai Besar act the “strategic basin manager”and implementor of policy directions set by the basin council encompassing all activities in the roadmap (including new infrastructure development and rehabilitation activities, thus absorbing the function of Proyek Citarum). PJT II would focus on the role of “operator” and specifically as a supply of bulk water.2 108. Main functions of the Balai Besar are to: (i) act as secretariat for the basin council; (ii) prepare strategic plans and manage the basin’s water resources based on policy guidance from the council; (iii) plan, commission and oversee rehabilitation works and new infrastructure development; (iv) commission/oversee the daily operation and maintenance of water resources infrastructure by various “operators”; (v) delegate to province or district where appropriate (e.g., management of secondary irrigation canals), and (vi) promote public awareness and involvement. The proposed assignment of basin management responsibilities is shown in Table 16. 109. To ensure that the project development and project implementation functions of the Balai Besar do not dominate its other management and coordination activities, an option is to separate the project development functions and assign these to a separate Project Implementation Unit (PIU) which could either remain under DGWR or be a unit under the Balai Besar. In either case, the Balai Besar would act as the overall Program Management Unit (PMU) under which environmental management tasks will be coordinated.

Table 16. Proposed Assignment of Basin Management Responsibilities

Type of infrastructure Location

Strategic management and oversight

Operator : conduct of daily O&M activities

Source of budget or income to cover O&M

Existing area of PJT II* Balai Besar

Contracted to PJT II or new public body (BLU) by Balai Besar

Bulk water & electricity revenues, ABPN River

headwords Outside area covered by PJT II

Balai Besar

Newly established BLU (or possibly direct management by subsidiary of Balai Besar)

Bulk water revenues and ABPN

WTC, ETC, NTC Balai Besar

Contracted to PJT II or BLU by Balai Besar or some sections contracted to private sector

Bulk water & electricity revenues and ABPN

Main Systems >3,000ha

Other irrigation areas Balai Besar Delegated to Province PSDA

by Balai Besar ABPN

>3000 ha Balai Besar Delegated to Province PSDA by Balai Besar ABPN

1000 to 3000 ha, Province (DPU) Province PSDA (UPTD) APBD Secondary canals

< 1000 ha District (DPU) District PSDA District Budget Tertiary Canals District or Province WUAs Water Users

Saguling Basin Council** Indonesia Power Electricity revenues

Cirata Basin Council** PJB Electricity revenues Hydropower

Djuanda Basin Council* PJT II or BLU Electricity revenues

* PJT II or a new BLU would become a supplier of bulk water to irrigation areas at the head of the secondary canal and relinquish involvement in irrigation management.3 Under the proposed arrangement, operation and maintenance

2 In the event that a solution to this issue or overlapping roles cannot be found, there is a further possibility that the functions of the two organizations could be undertaken by a newly formed Public Service Institution (Badan Layanaan Umum). 3 Note that partial government funding for the ‘public service obligation’ elements related to delivery of bulk water for irrigation may be required and is permissible for a state owned corporation Act 19/2000


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of secondary canals currently under PJT II control would be delegated to provincial and district level water resources services depending on size and scale. This delegation would include areas greater than 3,000ha. ** Operation of hydropower facilities would be subject to operating rules agreed by the Basin Council

110. Based on the PPTA-proposed institutional set up above, the Balai Besar Project Management Unit would establish an Environmental Management Office (EMO) that would play a lead role in implementing the EARF provisions of program and requirements for AMDAL compliance as described in the next section.

111. The EMO shall be manned by a local environment management specialist and a water quality specialist who would also be involved in implementing the water quality improvement project (a component of the tranche package). An international environment and water quality management (program) consultant will also be provided on an intermittent basis to assist in capacity building and to advise on technical issues. Capacity-building activities and budget for environmental management, in particular for training and equipment needs related to managing water quality, are incorporated into the component projects on water quality improvement and watershed rehabilitation. Note that the preparation of AMDAL-required studies will be contracted to local consultants (as explained in Chapter III). Main tasks of the EMO are as follows:

• Oversee implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plan, and ensure that institutional arrangements and responsibilities are followed;

• Consolidate environmental performance and impact monitoring reports on behalf of the Balai Besar, for submission to the basin council, provincial and district environment units, relevant government ministries, and public information channels;

• Advise the PMU on environmental aspects and impacts of projects, including those requiring corrective action during project implementation;

• Assist the PMU in coordinating with the MOE and provincial/district environment agencies for the AMDAL compliance of projects (further described below);

• Assist the PMU in drawing up terms of reference for the AMDAL teams, based on assessment scope agreed with the responsible AMDAL oversight agency;

• Update the information system on the basin’s baseline environment conditions, and advise/assist project-based AMDAL teams to adopt a basin approach for project impact assessment;

• Prepare the environmental assessment for Tranche 2 of the program. B. EARF and AMDAL Compliance 112. Under Indonesian government regulations, all projects must comply with the AMDAL system. AMDAL is project-based and requires screening of projects with respect to types and sizes of proposed projects requiring IEE or EIA, and prescribed procedures for assessment, public consultation and reporting. The system conforms in intent to ADB’s environmental management guidelines and requires all projects to undergo AMDAL clearance before proceeding to implementation. 113. The PMU Environment Management Office will be responsible for undertaking or commissioning follow-on environmental assessments that may be required for AMDAL compliance and clearance of individual projects. The PMU-EMO will identify specific AMDAL requirements for each project, such as exemption status or type of assessment required (EIA-ANDAL or IEE-UKL/UPL), including the public consultation and review steps mandated in AMDAL procedures. 114. Based on the assessment presented in this report, the expected AMDAL classification of the Tranche 1 components is shown in Table 17.


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115. Among the components of ICWRMP Tranche 1 program, it is the West Tarum Canal rehabilitation that is expected to require an EIA-ANDAL. Under AMDAL, the dredging of rivers involving removal of more that 500,000 m3 of sediment requires preparation of EIA-ANDAL.

Table 17. Expected AMDAL Classification of Tranche 1 Projects

Component AMDAL Classification Notes


Exempt Activities are mainly centered on basin council establishment/strengthening


Exempt

Insofar as the project mainly involves planning for options and monitoring of groundwater; during project development for the selected option, EIA-ANDAL may be required


EIA-ANDAL Based on the AMDAL criteria of dredging involving removal of more than 500,000 m3 of sediment


Exempt May be required to prepare IEE-UKL/UPL focused on pesticides management

Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management

IEE-UKL/UPL IEE would assess localized impacts related to construction of communal septic tanks in Bandung and Bekasi


Exempt Project is essentially capacity strengthening and environmental remediation


Exempt Project is environmental remediation

116. Although the impact assessment of the WTC rehabilitation presented in this report is already substantive, procedures by AMDAL require that EIA steps follow prescribed (sequential) steps and be carried out by a team/TOR approved by the reviewing/clearing agency. In this case, because the impact area of the project spans both West Java province and DKI Jakarta, the reviewing and clearing agency for AMDAL is the Ministry of Environment. The AMDAL team organized by the PMU-EMO should refer to the project information and assessment presented in this report to expedite the steps. AMDAL committee reviewers for the EIA-ANDAL can be drawn from the members of the basin council sub-committees on environmental/watershed/water quality protection. 117. Specific AMDAL guidelines to be followed in preparing the EIA for WTC consist of Guidelines for Preparing Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment, Guidelines for Preparing Environmental Impact Assessment, and Guidelines for Preparing Environmental Management Plan as well as Guidelines for Preparing Environmental Monitoring Plan. These guidelines are summarized in Annex 9 and should be incorporated in the TOR of the AMDAL team. AMDAL steps are summarized below and also presented in diagram form in Project Name: Basin Water Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans Project Area: Citarum basin, with focus on Bandung and Bekasi areas Duration: 5 years Tranche 1? YES Key Program Area addressed: Environment Protection, Institutional Strengthening Estimated Cost: $6,450,000 Executing Agencies: DGWR/Balai Besar, Provincial and District Environment Protection Agencies (in Bekasi-Cikarang and Bandung Kota/Kabupaten) Rationale:


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The combined effects of untreated domestic sewage, solid waste disposal and industrial effluents have significantly increased pollution loads in the Citarum river system. In the upper basin, river water polluted by domestic and industrial waste from Bandung flows into the Saguling reservoir. Runoff from hillside farms, in addition, bring massive amounts of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) that induce eutrophication in the reservoirs. Algal blooms and their subsequent decay have been blamed for the regular occurrence of fish kills and considerable damage to the fish cage industry. Pollution of the (upper basin) river system and reservoir poses a serious threat not only to the viability of fishery activities but also to potential future use of surface waters to supply Bandung which is already experiencing serious water scarcity leading to excessive groundwater abstraction. In turn, over-pumping has had a devastating effect on groundwater quality. Infiltration of polluted water has caused deterioration in the water quality of shallow wells used for domestic water supply.

At Nanjung, where Bandung’s rivers enter the Saguling reservoir, average BOD and COD concentrations in 2004 were recorded at 36.6 and 85.2 mg/l, far above the water quality criteria of of 6 and 10 mg/l, respectively. Average Dissolved Oxygen was 0.68 mg/l, indicating severe oxygen depletion. Wastewater from Bandung’s numerous textile factories contains toxic organics, particularly Phenol. At Nanjung, average Phenol concentration was recorded at 0.01 mg/l, ten times higher than the official water quality criteria. Dye wastewaters from these factories also contain heavy metals. Bio-accumulation studies reported by the Bandung environment protection agency (2003) indicate that Zinc levels in fish biomass that exceeded the SNI standard.

Pollution in the lower basin poses an equally serious problem. Water quality in the West Tarum Canal (WTC) which supplies 80% of Jakarta’s raw water supply is vital to the well-being of 8 million inhabitants. The areas along the canal are rapidly being developed for residential and industrial use. Lack of proper solid waste management contributes to both pollution and flooding. Garbage deposited along canals and riverbanks contribute to the high BOD. They also clog drains and accumulate on riverbeds reducing discharge capacity.

Objectives:

1. To develop a basinwide strategy for water quality improvement and generate corresponding policies and procedures for water quality management;

2. To strengthen organizational capacity of provincial and district environment agencies, in particularly water quality monitoring and data management for regulatory enforcement and support to basinwide water resource management, and

3. To prepare and implement pollution source management action plans in key water quality management areas.

(Note: Project will adopt same principles of integrated water resource management: emphasizing multi-stakeholder participation and holistic approach to problem solving. This means addressing varied sources of pollution and developing management schemes that combine use of regulatory methods (command-and-control), cooperation (PROKASIH PROPER), and economic instruments (raw water fees and pollution charges). Improvement of the water quality monitoring and information support system is a key thrust. Area-based water quality improvement action plans for Bandung and Bekasi, which are the most polluted parts of the basin, will be prepared and initially implemented) Components: 1. Policies and Procedures for Water Quality Management 2. Improvements to Water Quality Monitoring and Data Management 3. Development of Organizational Capacity 4. Preparation of Basin-Wide River Quality Improvement Strategy 5. Preparation and Implementation of Area-Based Pollution Sources 6. Management Action Plans


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Inputs/Cost (in US $): Consulting Services: 1,026,000 Implementation and Support: 2,377,000 Studies, Survey and Audit: 1,053,422 Materials: 415,000 Equipment: 1,227,422 Operation and Maintenance : 350,000


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118. Annex 9.

1. In consultation with the relevant agency, the proponent determines if the AMDAL oversight body for the project will be either: (i) the district level environmental protection agency in the case of projects located entirely within the district boundary; (ii) the BPLHD for projects that span several districts within the province, or (iii) the MOE for projects that have national significance or cross provincial boundaries.

2. Based on the AMDAL project screening criteria shown above, a project categorized by the responsible agency into one of three types: (i) project requiring Environmental Impact Analysis (ANDAL); (ii) project requiring Environmental Management Efforts (UKL) and Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UPL); and (iii) project that does not require AMDAL nor UKL/UPL.

3. If ANDAL is required, the project proponent is instructed to prepare a Terms of Reference (TOR) for the Environmental Impact Assessment (i.e. KA-ANDAL). The TOR serves to formalize the scope of the assessment, i.e., identifying the main issues to be addressed. Before preparing the ToR, the proponent is required to make a public announcement of the proposed project through publication in a local newspaper. Within a month of such publication, stakeholders may submit their comments and suggestions for the TOR. A public consultation is held prior to finalizing the TOR. During this consultation meeting, the project proponent is expected to present a full description of the project and the potential impacts it may trigger.

4. An AMDAL committee for the project is organized to evaluate the TOR. Ideally, the same committee is tasked to evaluate the subsequent ANDAL document. This committee is formed by the district environment agency (in the case of district projects), BPLHD (in the case of provincial projects) or MOE (in the case of projects that cross provincial boundaries) to review the TOR and recommend approval.

5. Based on the approved TOR, the proponent prepares the ANDAL document and submits it for evaluation by the AMDAL commission assigned to the project.

6. During the review of the ANDAL document, another public consultation is held to disclose the assessment findings and to obtain feedback from stakeholders. Comments received from the AMDAL commission and public/stakeholders are considered in revising/finalizing the ANDAL.

7. The AMDAL committee again reviews the final ANDAL document and makes a recommendation to District/BPLHD/MOE for issuance or non-issuance of an AMDAL clearance. Further changes to the ANDAL document may be required by the committee prior to recommending approval.

8. During project implementation, the project proponent (through the PMU) is required to submit monitoring reports to District/BPLHD/MOE to keep track of impacts and implementation of mitigation measures.

119. For the ANDAL study of the WTC rehabilitation project, it is expected that the study team (to be approved by AMDAL oversight agency for the project, in this the Ministry of the Environment) will include 5 members: AMDAL-licensed team leader, hydrologist, ecologist, environment specialist, and community/settlements specialist. Each is allotted six person-months of effort. The estimated budget for the ANDAL study is itemized below :

Public notification (national and local newspapers) Rp 80,000,000 Public consultation ( “socialization”) Rp 120,000,000 Professional fees of ANDAL team Rp 750,000,000


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Meetings/activities of the AMDAL review commission Rp 100,000,000 TOTAL: Rp 1,050,000,000

120. For the UKL/UPL study for the project on Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management, the estimated budget is Rp 400,000,000.

VII. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Participation Process and Issues Tackled 121. Public participation in formulating the ICWRMP Tranche 1 package coincided with the development of the basin road map. Stakeholders involved in planning included: (i) national and regional policy/planning bodies (BAPPENAS, BAPPEDA , Public Works Ministry, Environment Ministry, Agriculture Ministry, Forest Ministry); (ii) basin resource managers and infrastructure operators (DGWR, Citarum River Basin Development Office, Balai PSDA of West Java Province, PJT II); (iii) regulators (BPLHD, District governments and their respective licensing and environmental service/protection agencies); (iv) water users (PDAMs that supply municipal water, industries, Indonesia Power which generates electricity from the Saguling and Cirata hydropower plants, numerous households, and farmers) and (v) interest groups and NGOs, academic institutions such as the Bandung Institute of Technology, and professional organizations such as the Indonesian Association of Hydraulic Engineers). 122. Stakeholder consultation/participation in program design utilized three approaches: (i) formal public consultation workshops to present/discuss assessment of IWRM issues, project identification/prioritization criteria, feasibility study recommendations, and subsequent basin roadmap development; (ii) focus group discussion with stakeholders in key parts of the basin impacted by the program; and (iii) meetings/interviews with government officials (at national, provincial and district levels) as well as key informants (PDAM executives, NGOs, personnel working on related projects in the basin). The aim was to generate wide ownership of the program concept/design among multiple stakeholders at level levels of government and in different parts of the basin, e.g., stakeholders in the upper (Bandung) and lower (Bekasi/Jakarta) parts of the basin. 123. The design/development process over three phases of the PPTA is summarized in Figure 7 which also indicates the points in the process wherein formal public consultation meetings and workshops were held. The strong public interest in the program has been responsible for its evolution from what originally was a project approach to a program-oriented approach, as described below. 124. During Phase I of the PPTA, an assessment of the water resource and environment management problems in the basin was conducted by the PPTA Team, and this was used to draw up a package of measures to counter the primary causes of the problems. The five “missions” mandated by the national water law (Law No. 7/2004) were used as a framework for basinwide problem assessment. The “problem tree” analysis identified 11 main problems, 27 causes and 97 countermeasures. The countermeasures were then grouped into a long list of 18 projects. These were then ranked using multiple criteria that took into account social, environmental, economic-financial, institutional and technical considerations. The problem assessment and criteria to be used for prioritizing alternative project were presented for validation by basin stakeholders during consultations (“beneficiary consultation meetings”) held on June 14, 2005 at Bekasi (for lower basin stakeholders – 25 participants) and on June 16, 2005, at Bandung (for upper basin stakeholders – 38 participants). 125. Using the set of criteria adopted for project prioritization, the PPTA team applied a weighted scoring methodology for systematically ranking the long list of projects. Out of this process, system service improvement works for the lower part of the basin were identified as top-


42

priority project. The results were presented for validation by basinwide stakeholders during a workshop held in Jakarta on July 4 and 5, 2005 (71 participants). 126. During Phase II, detailed studies on the priority system improvement project were conducted: specifically, a feasibility study of the West Tarum Canal rehabilitation and pre-feasibility studies for similar rehabilitation of the East and North Tarum Canals. The findings and recommendations from the project feasibility studies were presented to basinwide stakeholders at a workshop held in Jakarta on March 21, 2006 (30 participants). 127. However, in the course of completing Phase 2 of the PPTA, the project design recommendations came under criticism for what some stakeholders claimed was an over-emphasis on physical (engineering) issues and a perceived bias in favor of the lower basin (the location of the top-priority system improvement project). One criticism was that, since the project is a integrated approach, policy and institutional concerns should also be prioritized—for example, issues concerning institutional development, raw water pricing, water allocation, and lack of decision support systems. Stakeholders from Bandung, in particular, pressed for issues affecting their part of the upper basin (i.e., inadequate water supply) to also be prioritized. B. Accommodation of Stakeholder Concerns 128. In order to address stakeholder concerns, a shift from project mode to a “program approach” was adopted. Using a program approach and building on the results of the PPTA Phases 1 and 2, additional measures and safeguards to address the various concerns of stakeholders would be identified. The program package was to take the form of a “roadmap” with an emphasis on long term solutions guided by shared program objectives among multiple stakeholders in the basin. Over a series of “tranches” the program approach is expected to provide a flexible and realistic means for addressing the multiplicity of stakeholder concerns in the basin. ADB’s multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) was tapped for the program, and the earlier proposed system improvement project in the lower basin (West Tarum Canal rehabilitation) became only one among a package of multi-tranche interventions, with a 15-year time frame and a coverage spanning the whole basin. 129. Thus begun Phase 3 of the PPTA focused on the development of a roadmap for basinwide management of water resources, and influenced by strong stakeholder interest in the program. It was recognized as important to demonstrate to stakeholders that the roadmap-building (and the shift to program approach) was a continuation of the previous design phases and driven by stakeholder interest and participation in the design of the program. Expanding on the problem analysis conducted during Phase 1, the PPTA (Phase 3) team revised the original assessment so that the findings were easier to communicate to stakeholders and for them to suggest modifications (using problem tree diagrams to show cause-and-effect linkages, and satellite imagery to close in on problem sites). A framework for the roadmap and a re-assessment of basin issues was presented for discussion/validation among basin stakeholders at a workshop held in Jakarta on August 29, 2006 (87 participants). 130. From the problem assessment, the PPTA Phase 3 team identified new projects to add to the list generated during the preceding two phases. From the original list of 18 projects the expanded program grew to more than 60 projects. Activities were identified reflecting clamor by stakeholders for a truly integrated approach to basin management – one that is inclusive (in being able to address issues raised by multiple stakeholders in different parts of the basin) and holistic (in terms of scope of interventions). 131. The criteria included: (i) balanced concern for water quantity and water quality management, including remediation of existing pollution problems; (ii) importance of institutional capacity development and the vital importance of a strong regulatory enforcement capacity; (iii) concern for ecological protection beyond serving human use values; (iv) community participation


43

and empowerment; and (v) need for economic instruments and pricing mechanism to influence water use and pollution behavior. The resulting roadmap—including environmental safeguards--was presented for discussion and validation by basin stakeholders at a workshop held in Jakarta on October 17, 2006 (70 participants).

Figure 7. Public Participation Milestones Ph

ase

IIIP

hase

IIPh

ase

I

132. As part of the October 2006 public consultation, stakeholders (working in groups set up according to program key areas/themes) were asked to prioritize the projects identified in the road map, leading to identification of those recommended for inclusion in the Tranche 1 package. Agreed prioritization (selection for inclusion in Tranche 1) criteria included: (i) project must have high government priority; (ii) together, the projects in the tranche package should cover a range of program key areas and not concentrate on a single key area; (iii) together, the package should


44

address upper basin, as well as lower basin water management issues; (iv) project must be supported by a range of stakeholder groups, and not only “special interest” groups; (v) have built-in environmental and social safeguards; (vi) be at a sufficiently advanced stage of preparation (including feasibility studies, procurement documents and GOI readiness) that they can be commenced with minimal delay after approval by ADB, and (vii) project must not already be proposed for funding by other donors. 133. The PPTA Team and DGWR counterpart team ensured that public participation went beyond those taking place in the formal public consultation workshops. This meant taking into account concerns of stakeholders who were not represented in the groups or organizations able to attend the formal consultations. Focus group meetings and key informant interviews were conducted to validate the program design (Table 18).


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Table 18. Focus Group and Meetings during PPTA Phase 3 Environmental Assessment

Sites and Dates Officials, Organizations, and Sectors RepresentedParticipants

Organization and operations of the water supply companies in Metropolitan Jakarta; relationship with PJT II; raw water supply concerns

Water quality concerns and water quality monitoring of the West Tarum Canal and Bekasi River

Water quality in the reservoirs and causes of water quality degradation; monitoring activities and data availability

Ecological conservation concerns and programs in the Citarum basin; programs to protect the upper watershed and protected forest areas; management of aquatic ecology and reservoir fisheries

Jababeka infrastructure's dependence on raw water from the West Tarum Canal to supply needs of both industry and households; concerns on water quality and cost of water treatment; lack of testing for heavy metals in the raw water supplyActivities of NGO (Warga Peduli Lingkungan) in improving community sanitation through construction of communal septic tanks; water quality conditions and concerns in the area

Water supply and water quality concerns in the West Tarum Canal; water supply adequacy for meeting growing demand in regionWater quality conditions in Bandung region and availability of data on pollution sources and pollution loads from provincial and district environmental protection agencies; water analysis laboratory capabilities; community water supply and sanitation concerns at Wayang and Cisangkuy watersheds, pollution of Saguling reservoir

Jakarta 15 Sept 2006 2

Coordinator Team of Specialist Research Dev & Engineering Department of Indonesia Power & Staff

Bandung 19 to 21 Sept

2006 7

Researchers from UNPAD, Head of Biodiversity at BPLHD, Head & Staffs from Resources Division at Fisheries Dinas at Kabupaten Bandung

Jakarta 11 Sept 2006 10

Technical Director of PAM Jaya, Managers of PAM Jaya, Head of Institutional & Management Division of Ministry of Environment & staff

Jatiluhur 12 Sept 2006 3

Head of Natural Resources Division of PJT II, conservation expert of PJT II

Karawang 28-Aug-2006 4

Technical Director of PDAM Kabupaten Karawang, Staffs R & D at PDAM Kabupaten Karawang

Bandung 5 to 7 Sept 2006

22

Researchers Water Quality and Environment at Balai Lingkungan, Keairan, Head of Biology Laboratory at ITB, Head of Subdivision, Pollution Control at Kabupaten Bandung, BPLHD West Java, Staffs, from PJT II, farmers

Jababeka, Cikarang

23 Aug 2006 4

Water Treatment Plant Manager Jababeka Infrastructure, Head of WTP Industry Section at Jababeka Infrastructure

Bandung 26 Aug 2006

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Deputy Head of BPLHD West Java Province, Journalist, Head of Forum, NGO, communities at Rancamanyar

Role of BLK in water resources management of the Citarum Basin; relevant studies conducted by ITB and availability of data; public concerns about water supply quantity and quality; role of the BPLHD in water quality management for the Citarum basin

Kota Bekasi 22 Aug 2006

8

Head of DPLH Kota Bekasi, Head of EIA at DPLH Kota Bekasi, Sub Division Head of Operational & Maintenance Div I PJT II, Staff of Water Management Public Works Dep Kota Bekasi, Staff of Monitoring & Management DPLH Kota Bekasi

Concerns of DPLH about impact of WTC rehabilitation on dislocation of residents and establishments along the canal; lack of district-level enabling laws for environmental programs and regulatory enforcement; continued reliance on Governor decrees for water quality criteria and standards

PJT II, Jatiluhur 11 Aug 2006 4

Analysts of PJT II laboratory, Head of PJT II laboratory

Bandung 15 Aug 2006

9

Head of BLK in Hydrologic Water Resources, Assistant Head of BLK, Head of Env Engineering Department, ITB, Head of Env Managemnent Technology Division, ITB, Deputy Head of BPLHD West Java Province, Head of Forum, NGO

MOE-Jakarta 9 Aug 2006

Staffs of Assistant Deputy for Environmental Impact Assessment3

MOE-Jakarta 10 Aug 2006 2

Director of EIA (AMDAL)

Issues Discussed

Background on environmental aspects and potential impacts of ICWRMP

AMDAL procedures to be followed and possibility of future programmatic compliance approach; public consultation requirements and procedures

Water quality management and monitoring activities of PJT II and coordination with other agencies

VII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 134. A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) was first carried out as part of the basin roadmap development. It integrated environmental management concerns into the basin plan and facilitated public information and involvement in planning. The SEA influenced program planning by incorporating the following program design criteria: (i) balanced concern for water utilization and water quality management; ii) attention to both human use concerns and ecological protection objectives; (iii) inclusion of capacity development for environment management and strengthening of the environmental regulatory system; (iv) inclusion of community participation and empowerment activities; and (v) management of water as an economic resource.


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135. The SEA also established a tiered approach to environmental assessment and planning. The Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) formulated as part of the SEA specifies procedures for examining more closely the impacts of projects to be included under each MFF tranche to ensure: (i) consistency with the basin wide assessment framework and (ii) compliance with ADB and GOI environmental assessment requirements for individual projects. The IEE for Tranche 1 was done as a next tier of the SEA, based on the EARF. 136. The ICWRMP-MFF Tranche 1 package is expected to generate significant environmental benefits in terms of more efficient and equitable water resources utilization (both surface water and groundwater); adequate supply to meet growing water demand from households and industry; water quality improvement; rehabilitation of watersheds that ensure water supply sustainability and that also enhances socio-economic well-being of communities; and overall improvement of institutional capacity for participatory basin management. 137. Environmental safeguards are incorporated into the package both as pro-active measures to protect/sustain water resources and to preserve basin ecosystem functions (including biodiversity), as well as mitigation measures to deal with any adverse impacts arising from some activities (notably the WTC rehabilitation). 138. Summarized in Table 17 is the assessment of environmental impacts expected from the various Tranche 1 components, considering both positive and negative impacts and their significance.

Table 19. Summary of Impacts for the Various Tranche Components Environmental Impact Component

Beneficial Adverse Remarks


Indirect, highly significant and long term

None Monitoring and evaluation of beneficial impact will be incorporated in the component’s implementation framework


Indirect, highly significant in terms of groundwater management (to relieve excessive pressure on the resource)

None (as far planning for options and groundwater monitoring activities are concerned).

Adverse impacts of implementing the selected option will be addressed during planning itself


Direct, significant in terms of water quality improvement especially for supply to Jakarta

Moderately significant in relation to canal dredging to restore capacity, adverse impacts can be mitigated

Adverse impacts due mainly to construction works; no new adverse impacts are expected from continued operation of the rehabilitated canal


Direct, significant in terms of water conservation and shift to organic fertilizers (required for improving paddy soil structure for SRI effectiveness)

Somewhat uncertain depending on intensity of future chemical pesticide use; adverse impacts related to pesticide use can be mitigated

The EMP describes measures to combine SRI with integrated pest management in order to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides

Community-driven Initiatives for Improved Water and Catchment Management

Direct, highly significant cumulative benefits for improving water supply and water quality in areas occupied by riverine communities

Minimal, localized and can be mitigated

Localized impacts related to construction of communal septic tanks; the provision of community water supply also serves to mitigate community water supply disruption due to WTC rehabilitation, i.e., for residents that draw water from the canal


Indirect, highly significant and long-term

None Improvement in capacity for water quality management and monitoring will also apply to the operation of the rehabilitated West Tarum Canal


Direct, highly significant cumulative benefits in terms of ameliorating watershed degradation (to sustain water supply and

None Environmental management objectives go beyond protection of water resources and encompasses the overall basin environment; beneficial effects are


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Environmental Impact Component Beneficial Adverse

Remarks

mitigate flooding) and enhancing biodiversity

synergistic

139. The extended, three-phased process of developing/designing the program has been influenced significantly by stakeholder views and preferences. A more balanced mix of project activities has been incorporated into the roadmap—addressing quantity and quality as inseparable issues in water resource management, introducing complementary solutions that combine engineering and institution-building, allowing for basin management objectives to encompass overall ecological protection, and taking into account the interests/sentiments of stakeholders in the upper and lower parts of the basin.

VIII. CONCLUSION 140. For purposes of compliance with ADB environmental assessment guidelines, no additional study or full environmental impact assessment is needed to further assess the potential environmental impacts of the Tranche 1 MFF package. However, individual projects associated with potential adverse impacts, specifically the West Tarum Canal rehabilitation and construction of communal septic tanks, must comply with the review and clearance procedures under Indonesia’s AMDAL system.


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ANNEXES

Annex 1. ICWRM PROGRAM AND TRANCHE 1 SETTING

1. The Tranche 1 sub-program of ICWRMP area covers 13,000 square kilometers and is home to 10 million people. Within this area are 300,000 ha of irrigated rice paddies, three large dams that generate 1,400 megawatts, and major industries centered at Bandung and the rapidly urbanizing corridor east of Jakarta. The impact zone extends beyond the boundaries of the cluster of basins that comprise the SWS Citarum (Figure 1-1). Eastern Jakarta whose water supply comes from the Citarum system through the West Tarum Canal is a key impact area. Also, the forest patches that lie along the watershed divide south of Bandung, are included in the program’s impact zone in view of watershed improvement activities incorporated into Tranche 1.

Figure 1-1. Program Area

2. The 270-km Citarum River originates from Gunung Wayang (Elevation 2,198 m amsl) south of Bandung and flows out into the Java Sea. The average annual precipitation in the region is 2,400 mm. Upstream catchment areas of Ciherang and Cilamaya rivers, and the Cipunegara watershed, receive the heaviest rainfall exceeding 4,000 mm per year. The coastal alluvial plain receives the lowest rainfall. 3. The SWS Citarum covers 9 districts and 2 cities. Of the 9 districts, 5 lie wholly within the basin (Figure 1-2). The population in 2003 was 17.8 million, with 4.1 million households: 30% derived livelihood from agriculture, 25% from industry, and 45% from services. The population in the program area is projected to rise to 21.3 million by 2010. The dynamism of the region’s economy is shown by 2003 data indicating West Java province’s GRDP growth rate (4.97%) outperforming that of Jakarta (4.39%). Nonetheless, poverty is still pervasive in the basin, as shown in Figure 1-2 on percentage of population living below the poverty line. 4. The Bekasi and Bandung areas are the most heavily populated and urbanized. Bekasi essentially acts as a satellite city of Jakarta, absorbing most of the industrial and population expansion to the east. The catchment of the Bekasi River is rapidly transforming into numerous housing subdivisions and industrial estates—with development pressure coming from both north (Jakarta) and south (Bogor). Paddy fields to the north of Bekasi are also being converted to residential and industrial uses.


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Figure 1-2. Administrative Boundaries and Poverty Incidence

District Boundaries Percent of Population Below Poverty Line

5. The Bekasi area, which is traversed by the WTC, in particular has been experiencing rapid population growth and urbanization. A 2000 census shows that 22% of Bekasi City residents and 18.5% of Bekasi District residents are migrants who moved into the area only within the last five years of the census. 6. Industrial locations are generally interwoven with settlements and there is no clear zoning or separation of these land uses in the basin. Although settlements and industry make up only 8.2% of the program area, their impact on land use change in the region is significant. The mixed industry-settlement land uses are clustered along a rapidly urbanizing corridor defined by the recently completed expressway linking Jakarta and Bandung, which passes through Bekasi, Karawang and Purwakarta. The arrowheads in the urban corridor depicted in Figure 1-3 show the direction of urban sprawl stimulated by the new highway corridor. In the coming years, urbanization will take place both in the form of continued expansion toward the upper catchments (in Bekasi and Bandung) and via a more recent but accelerating expansion toward the coast in Karawang. 7. Bekasi City and Bekasi District, for example, are projected to grow in terms of population by 20% in 2010, compared with Year 2005 figures (around 2 million each). Karawang’s population, too, is projected to grow from 1.97 million in 2005 to 2.15 million in 2010 (9% growth). Between 2000 and 2005, Karawang’s population grew by 11%. In the Upper Citarum region settlement areas increased from 25,000 ha in 1992 to 46,000 ha in 2001. This corresponded with a 40% decline in paddy field areas, from 125,000 ha in 1992 to 75,000 ha in 2001. As in Bekasi, the upper basin is experiencing a rapid conversion of paddy fields into settlements. 8. The pattern of urbanization in the region has a significant impact on the water supply system, not only because of the projected increased demand, but also because much of the domestic and industrial water supply to Bekasi and Jakarta passes through the same corridor through the West Tarum Canal. Settlements and commercial establishments are gradually encroaching on the canal easements, threatening both water quality and water supply security. 9. The area is a key rice producer for the country (Figure 1-4). There are a total of 390,000 ha of irrigated paddies, with 240,000 ha served by the Juanda reservoir and canal system in the lower basin. Land devoted to rice production make up nearly half (47.5%) of the program area, with 70% of these fully irrigated. Rainfed areas cover 43,000 ha, or only about 10% of the land use.


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Figure 1-3. Urban Land Use

Settlements Industrial Establishments

Figure 1-4. Agriculture and Forest Map

Rice Producing Areas Forest Areas

10. In the Upper Citarum watershed around Bandung District, hillyland farming is pervasive and many of the farmers still prefer to plant vegetables and annual crops that do not provide adequate cover and protection from soil erosion. The population density in Bandung District is 32 persons per ha, growing at 3.45% annually. By Year 2010, the population in the district is projected to reach 7.4 million. Forty percent of the population is presently engaged in agriculture. In the Upper Citarum as a whole, upland farming areas increased from 6,000 ha in 1992 to 37,000 ha in 2001. 11. In the Upper Citarum, the expansion of urban settlements is taking place largely through conversion of the surrounding paddy fields. On the other hand, the expansion of the upland farming areas (which increased by 31,000 ha from 1992 to 2001) is taking place at the expense of the forest. Thus, forested areas in the Upper Citarum has declined from 35,000 ha in 1992 to 19,000 ha in 2001 (45% reduction).


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12. Remaining forests cover only about 10.2% of the program area—100,600 ha of primary forest, and 34,800 of secondary forest—far less than the 30% mandated in the 1999 national forestry law. While nearly all of the remaining primary forests are designated for protection and conservation, secondary forests are still considered as production forests where harvesting of forest products and timber is allowed. Much of the remaining primary forest is in fragmented condition, as shown in Figure 1-4 above. Fragmentation reduces ecosystem viability and makes these areas vulnerable to continuing encroachment and conversion for upland farming. Establishing vegetated corridors to link these fragmented forests is important for ensuring their ability to support biodiversity.


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Annex 2. BASINWIDE BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT A. Water Availability 1. Average annual demand from the Jatiluhur reservoir has increased from 140 m3/sec in 1996 to156 m3/sec in 2004. In 1996, the Jatiluhur system supplied adequate water releases for irrigation and domestic/industrial supply (through the West, North and East Tarum Canals). However, in 2001, the system failed to meet water needs for 1.5 months during the dry season, and in 2005, it failed to meet water needs for 5 months. 2. Inflow into the Saguling reservoir has been decreasing. Between 1986 and 1991, dry season flow into the Saguling reservoir was 38% of the average annual flow. This percentage went down to 36% between 1992 and 1997, and declined further to 34% starting in 1998. Watershed degradation is seen as the principal cause. Denuded catchments have reduced capacity to capture rainwater, resulting in high peak flows during the rainy months. In turn, the lower water retention capacity reduces the amount of water available for release as “base flow” during the summer months. 3. It is not certain to what extent water scarcity at the source (catchment areas and reservoir storage) is the real problem. One view is that, even if reservoir storage volumes and releases are adequate, the poor condition of the water distribution system results in a lot of water being lost or wasted, thereby failing to meet water needs at the users’ end. This is particularly true for the lower basin area. The PPTA report indicates that hydraulic control structures in the lower basin are defective or are malfunctioning due to lack of maintenance. Nonetheless, continued watershed degradation combined with increasing water demands for agriculture, industry and drinking water are bound to create water scarcity problems in the coming years. 4. In the Bandung area, however, the effects of water scarcity are already widely felt. Most of the water supply for households and industry there currently come from groundwater, which is already overused. Indeed, much of the criticism directed at the earlier PPTA recommendations had to do with the perceived lack of attention to the water supply concerns of Bandung. Groundwater extraction is excessive and unsustainable. There are few river catchments upstream that are suitable for reservoir development. It is thought that the long term solution lies in tapping the existing Saguling reservoir, if pollution problems can be addressed. Tapping the Saguling will require a watershed-wide intervention to arrest pollution, undesirable hydrologic regimes and excessive sediment loading. B. Groundwater Exploitation 5. Surface water provides only for part of the basin’s water needs. A considerable portion of the region’s water demand, in particular that of Jakarta and Bandung, is supplied by groundwater. The rate of groundwater extraction is believed to be considerably under-estimated, since a large portion of the extraction activities are not registered. Actual abstraction is believed to be at least 3 times the quantity reflected in official records.

6. As early as 1997, a JICA study had estimated groundwater abstraction in DKI Jakarta to be around 8 m3/sec. This is about half of the surface water supplied to the metropolitan area by the West Tarum Canal. As reported in the JICA study, domestic use accounted for almost 90% of total groundwater abstraction in Jakarta. As a result, groundwater is thought to have exceeded sustainable levels. In both Jakarta and Bandung, over-exploitation of groundwater is reported to have caused land subsidence. In turn, this has caused structural damage to some buildings and, more significantly, exacerbated local drainage and flooding problems. 7. In Bandung, an estimated 90% of the population, and 98% of the industries, rely on groundwater. Modeling studies done in 2002 suggest that recorded groundwater extraction is only


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about one-third of the actual amount. The lowering of the groundwater level is reportedly up to 5 meters per year in some places. The cumulative water level decline since 1920 has been 85 m. In 2005, it was estimated that land subsidence had reached 0.8 m. In order to get clean water, industrial wells have to be drilled to beyond 150 m. 8. Industrial groundwater abstraction in Bandung has also had a devastating effect on shallow wells on which numerous households depend. Most industrial and domestic effluent are not treated, and the infiltration of polluted water has caused a deterioration in the water quality of shallow wells, indicated by black an yellowish water color. 9. Correcting the groundwater mining problem, particular in Bandung, will necessitate finding alternative water supply sources for the large number of industries and households that currently depend on groundwater. Especially as pollution effects render shallow wells unsafe, replacement sources for water supply are expected to intensify. It is thought that improved management of the surface water resource will provide long term remedy. For groundwater levels to also recover, rehabilitation of the watershed recharge areas is necessary including measures using artificial recharge (e.g., recharge well systems). C. Erosion and Sedimentation 10. Watershed erosion is a serious problem in the upper river basin where hillsides are steep and the catchment denuded. Even on steep slopes, farmers cultivate non-perennial crops which do not provide adequate ground cover from the heavy monsoon rains. The soils, derived from volcanic tuff, are easily erodible and are prone to land slides. High peak flows have also increased the rate of river bank erosion. 11. Hydrologic flow regimes have been adversely changed by land degradation, notably the loss of adequate forest cover and the prevalence of hillside farming in the upper catchments. The degraded catchments have reduced capacity to capture rainwater, resulting in high peak flows during the rainy months which carry large amounts of eroded soil. At the entrance to Saguling Reservoir, the ratio of wet season high flows to dry season low flows has increased from 3.4 recorded in 1992 to 7.4 in 2003. As a result, landslides and mud flows are frequent during the rainy season. Figure 2-1 shows the extent of degraded areas in the basin (around 25% of the basin area). These areas have erosion rates in excess of 60 tons per ha per year. 12. Wet season floods carry large amounts of sediment into the three reservoirs, especially at Saguling. Here, the average annual sediment inflow was estimated at 8 million cubic meters (based on bathymetric surveys of the reservoir conducted by Indonesia Power, a state-owned company, in 2004). Relative to the Saguling reservoir’s catchment area, the sediment load is equivalent to an erosion rate of 3 mm per year, nearly times the original design rate. A similar alarming rate of watershed erosion is reported for the Cirata reservoir. 13. The three cascading reservoirs (Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur) were built to regulate flows, provide hydropower, and store/supply water for irrigation, industrial and domestic use. They also trap sediments. The rate at which sediments are being deposited in the reservoirs is rapidly reducing storage capacity and shortening their useful life.


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Figure 2-1. Degraded and Flood-prone Areas

Degraded/Eroded Areas Areas Prone to Flooding and Mud Flows

14. In the lower Citarum basin, regulated discharges coming from the Jatiluhur reservoir combine with the flow from the Cikao River. The latter transports considerable quantities of sediment into the Curug diversion weir. Although much of the sediment is prevented from entering the canals (WTC, NTC and ETC), the large quantities of sediment are transported downstream by the Citarum River. The Cibeet River, which joins the Citarum River, adds a significant volume to the latter’s sediment load. This load is then deposited in the delta where it silts up the river outlet and exacerbates flooding.

15. Within the WTC, sediment is brought into the canal at the confluence with the Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi Rivers. Occuring mainly during the rainy season, the sediment load has silted up the canal bed and caused reduction in canal conveyance capacity. Whereas the source of sediment load in the upper basin is watershed denudation due to upland farming, the sediment load from the Cibeet and Bekasi Rivers come from land conversion to support urban development activities taking place in the catchment. D. Flooding and Water-Related Disasters 16. Flooding is a consequence mainly of changes in the river flow regime, in turn caused by changes in watershed conditions. Areas affected by flooding and related landslides and mudflows are shown in Figure. As water retention capacity of the river catchments is reduced by denudation and land conversion for urban development, flood peaks have increased. As mentioned above, the ratio of wet season peak flows to dry season low flows in the upper basin has increased from 3.4 in 1992 to 7.3 in 2003. The increased flood frequency and severity are also invariably associated with destructive landslides and mud flows. In the upper basin (Bandung area), recent severe flooding and mud flows occurred in February 2005 affected an area covering 2,000 ha. The flooding submerged parts of the area for 7 days and up to 2 meters deep; 50,000 inhabitants had to be evacuated. 17. Flooding around Bandung has become more frequent and severe. Here, however, there is no single cause. The problem is due to a combination of: (i) watershed denudation, (ii) effects of past re-alignment/straightening of the Citarum river (through cutoffs) which, while alleviating flooding upstream, increase peak flows downstream, (iii) localized land subsidence due to groundwater over-pumping that impair drainage, and (iv) clogging of drainage canals and streams by garbage. Flood-prone areas around Bandung are located in the south area of the city along the Citarum River (Dayeuh Kolot).


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18. Currently, measures to reduce or mitigate flooding problems in the upper basin are being undertaken through the Upper Citarum Flood Control Project. Remediation measures include re-greening/reforestation and introduction of structural erosion control measures in the watershed, as well as improvement of the urban drainage system around Bandung. 19. At the lower basin (near Jakarta) where the Cikeas and Cileungsi Rivers join to become the Bekasi River, converging floodwater from the two tributaries have caused perennial flooding in Bekasi City. Already naturally prone to flooding due to the area’s location downstream of the confluence of two rivers, the flooding problem is expected to worsen as more of Bekasi’s upper catchment is subjected to land conversion for urban and industrial development. 20. Along the lower Citarum River levees/embankments built during the Dutch period help confine flooding within the river’s meander zone and provide protection to the surrounding settlements. However, areas of the floodway within the levees have been planted with crops and fruit trees that have the effect of retarding flow, contributing to high water levels. Also, a long term effect of the river embankments has been to raise the riverbed due to sediment accumulation, as levees prevent the spilling of sediments onto the surrounding plain. Consequently, floodwater levels inside the levees are frequently higher than the level of the surrounding land, putting surrounding settlements at risk in case of levee failure. 21. At the Citarum river mouth, the build-up of deposited sediments has created sand dunes that impede floodwater discharge. Combined with the effect of high tides, the constricted river outlet causes perennial inundation of the lower basin near the delta as floodwater is forced to back up into the alluvial plain. E. Water Quality 22. The population within the program area is growing at more than 3% annually, attributed in part to influx of migrants attracted by the region’s rapid development. The combined effects of untreated domestic sewage, solid waste disposal and industrial effluents have significantly increased pollution loads in the Citarum river system. In the upper basin, river water polluted by domestic and industrial waste from Bandung flows into the Saguling reservoir. At the inlet to the reservoir, water quality monitoring in the late 1990s showed average annual BOD concentrations as high as 300 mg/l. Control measures reduced the BOD load to 200 mg/l by year 2000, and further reduced to 55 mg/l during subsequent years. However, as reported by Indonesia Power in 2004, BOD concentrations at the Saguling reservoir inlet still go up to as high as 130 mg/l during the dry season. In recent years, the BOD concentrations in the Cikapunding River (a major tributary of the Saguling River which flows through Bandung) were reported to reach as high as 100 mg/l. Figure 2-2 provides a profile of BOD levels in the Citarum River. 23. Runoff from hillside farms, in addition, bring in massive amounts of plant nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) that induce eutrophication in the reservoirs. At Saguling where the problem is most significant, nitrogen loading has been estimated at 33,350 tons per year, and for Phosphorus, 4,370 tons per year. Algal blooms and their subsequent decay have been blamed for the regular occurrence of fish kills and considerable damage to the floating fish cage industry (although some fish kills have been attributed to other causes, e.g., virus/bacteria). In turn, the uncontrolled expansion of fish cage operations has added to the effects of polluted water coming into the reservoir. Improper or excessive fish feeding in the floating cages increases the waste load as unconsumed feed accumulates on the reservoir bed. When these organic deposits are disturbed and resuspended (e.g., at the start of the rainy season when increased inflows induce mixing in the reservoir and during temperature-induced inversion) oxygen demand becomes excessive. This is thought to be a key factor in causing perennial fish kills.

Figure 2-2. BOD Profile in Citarum River


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24. Whereas pollution of the (upper basin) Saguling reservoir poses a serious threat to the viability of fishery activities and potential future use of the reservoir to supply water to Bandung, the pollution in the lower basin—particularly in the downstream portion of the West Tarum Canal—poses an equally urgent water quality problem. The WTC supplies 80% of Jakarta’s (surface) raw water supply, and hence is vital to the well-being of 8 million inhabitants. On its route to Jakarta, the WTC intersects the Bekasi River which drains an area rapidly being developed for residential and industrial use. At the Bekasi River’s confluence with the WTC, the average annual BOD concentration in 2004 was 48 mg/l (measured at the weir site). The pollution load in the Bekasi River is caused by untreated household sewage, industrial wastewater, and solid waste dumped along the river banks. 25. Lack of proper solid waste management contributes to both pollution and flooding. Garbage deposited along canals and riverbanks contribute to the high BOD. They also clog drains and accumulate on riverbeds reducing discharge capacity. According to the PD Kebersihan of Bandung City, average daily solid waste generation is 6,500 m3/day, of which an estimated 1,500 m3/day is not collected and properly disposed. Thus the annual uncollected garbage that invariably end up accumulating in the drainage system and rivers amounts to 500,000 m3. According to the Saguling Dam office, the estimate inflow of solid waste into the reservoir is 250,000 m3 per year. 26. Along the West Tarum Canal, reduction in conveyance capacity is due both to sediment deposits and the prolific growth of aquatic plants (which create friction in water flow). Apart from contributing to the bottom detritus, aquatic plants trap silt and accelerate canal shallowing. Plant growth is promoted by the use of the canal as toilet and bathing/washing area for residents, which adds substantial quantities of plant nutrients in the water. 27. Residential and commercial establishments along the canal are dense particularly downstream of the waterway from Cikarang and Bekasi to Jakarta. There is open access to the canal (only the Jakarta portion is fenced). Where the canal width has narrowed and more land has been exposed on the water side of the road embankment, food stalls, scavenging shops, and other small-scale commercial establishments have sprouted. Wastewater and garbage from these establishments are disposed of directly into the canal.


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F. Policies and Institutions 28. Without intending to oversimplify the complexity of the problems related to policies and institutions for managing the basin, the main problems may be summarized as follows. Although PJT II is mandated to manage the whole Citarum river basin, its actual scope of management is limited to “in-stream” river management and raw water supply (up to the secondary canal level). However, many of the basin’s management problems are “off-stream” in nature (e.g., watershed degradation, urban and industrial pollution). The latter are the purview mainly of the local governments (district level) or central government entities (e.g., the Forest Department) over which PJT II has no control (besides coordination) 29. Apart from its primarily in-stream management functions (i.e., maintenance of hydraulic facilities and dredging of canals), PJT II is only a recommendatory body on water allocation and water quality management matters. On the other hand, the existing basin management council (PPTPA, which in turn is a recommendatory body to the Provincial Governors of West Java and Jakarta) is dominated by the public sector (national and local government entities) and do not represent the true variety of sectors with important stakes in basin management (industries, communities, NGOs). This is expected to be corrected with the implementation of Law 7/2004 which mandates creation of more representative national and basin-wide water resources management bodies. A more inclusive basin management council for Citarum is to be created on the basis of Law 7/2004. 30. PJT II’s management weaknesses ultimately boil down to inadequate resources with which to perform its in-stream management and water quality monitoring functions, let alone initiate or contribute to off-stream activities such as reforestation or pollution control. PJT II is authorized to charge water for hydropower generation (by PLN) and raw water supplies for drinking and industrial use (at the WTC, for example). However, water rates are believed to be well below the economic value (scarcity/opportunity cost) of the water provided, and, more fundamentally, not enough to even cover basic costs of infrastructure maintenance. Raw water fees reportedly recover only 40% of actual O&M expenditures. Water for irrigation, on the other hand, is not charged. 31. Proper water pricing as a (demand) management concept has been around in the Citarum basin since about ten years ago. For instance, the Jatiluhur WRMP study of 1998 provided specific recommendations on water supply pricing. However, the implementation obstacles appear to be driven—not so much by a lack of appreciation for the concept on the part of DPU and the Finance Ministry—but by a still widely-held public notion of water as a “God-given” free resource. Hence the understandable reluctance of the government to apply it. Public support for water pricing first needs to be raised, and this will require innovative approaches in public information and stakeholder involvement (e.g., in the river basin council). 32. Pricing of pollution (based on the “polluters-pay-principle, for example as applied to BOD loads) is also a familiar management concept. However, it has not been applied in the Citarum basin, and its introduction will require dialogue with the (influential) industry sectors that could be expected to challenge it. Arbitrarily setting the charge will be resisted. Some form of decision support system—essentially a water quality model to examine effects of effluent reductions on meeting agreed-on water quality targets—may be necessary to provide “scientific” basis for a pollution charge system that is acceptable to industry. 33. Water pricing, whether for raw water or use of the water as sink for pollutants, is bound to be debated not just on economic grounds but also with regard to equity and fairness considerations. Industrial polluters are bound to question why they should be required to pay for pollution even though an even larger share of the problem is coming from households (e.g., households are estimated to account for 60 % of the BOD load in Bandung). In the case of raw water, Jakarta users are likely to challenge why they have to pay increased raw water charges (currently set at Rp117 per cubic meter) even though farmers are getting irrigation water from the same source for


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free. This is where a more inclusive basin management council will need to play a vital conflict resolution role. For future stakeholder debates to be informed, an effective information system (linked to a decision-support system) is necessary. 34. The current weakness in the water quality regulatory system is attributable to the rapid decentralization that thrust the districts into the frontline of environmental regulation beginning in 2000, taking over the role from the provincial government. Faced with simultaneous devolution of various public administration functions, environmental management and regulation has had to compete for the district government’s attention and limited resources. Many of the districts in the basin, with the possible exception of Bandung and Bekasi, are not yet fully prepared to effectively enforce environmental regulations due to inadequate organization/systems and staff, lack of training and equipment, and due to the time lag needed to pass local supporting laws to back up environmental action programs. 35. While the PROKASIH-PROPER (Clean Rivers Program) showed big promise as an innovative cooperation-based approach to industrial pollution control during its introduction in the late 1980s, it apparently has not been sustained in the basin (and throughout the country following the change of government in 1998). In Bandung where there are at least 500 large factories (mostly textile) discharging large quantities of water pollutants, only 100 are participating in the program (according to BPLHD-West Java). Large industries facing pollution sanctions often slip through by arguing that sanctions (e.g., closure) would affect the livelihood of vast numbers of people. Regulatory enforcement needs to be combined with public education and support in order to be effective. 36. The West Java provincial government has organized campaigns to promote integrated water resources management under the slogan “one resource, one plan, one integrated management”. The Province prepared Year 2000 “Pola Induk” which articulated its water policy and program thrusts. In general, however, there is a lack of coordination across sectors in the planning process with each agency developing its own plan or ‘pola’ in relative isolation of others. Examples include procedures for land use planning, zoning or spatial planning at district or city levels that do not adequately integrate constraints imposed by water availability.


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Annex 3. BASIN ECOLOGY A. Main Features and Threats 1. Ecosystem transformation is usually divided into these five phases: an initially pristine area is perforated by patches of disturbance (forest clearing, farming, settlement), then dissected by roads as areas become more urbanized, then fragmented into patches of remaining natural ecosystems, followed by shrinkage of these remaining patches and their gradual disappearance by attrition. 2. West Java and the Citarum basin may be characterized as having reached the fragmentation stage and, in the more vulnerable areas, shrinkage of its remaining natural ecosystem patches—notably forests--is a continuing trend. Radical land use changes over the last 150 years have left only scattered remnants of natural forest ecosystems. Remaining forested areas are shown in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1. Remaining Forest and Areas of Endangered Biodiversity

3. The West Tarum Canal and its command area (identified in the map shown in Figure 3-1) is located in the lower part of the basin. This area is rapidly urbanizing and does not contain protected areas or endangered species. Note in the map that the area irrigated by the WTC lies to the north of the canal alignment, i.e., downstream of the watershed. 4. Streams in the upper catchment areas in the Citarum River Basin, particularly in the area of Gunung Wayang, are relatively unpolluted and retain a moderately diverse macro benthic fauna. However, pollution in these areas is also occurring as a consequence of cattle excrement and soil erosion. The mid stream areas are heavily polluted by factory effluent which dramatically lowers macro benthic faunal diversity, which also effects water quality further down stream. 5. As shown in Figure 3-2, there are no significant coral reefs and sea grasses off the Java


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sea coast of the Citarum river system. However, there are significant mangrove areas which, together with the three man-made reservoirs, make up the wetland ecosystem of the basin. The preservation of the mangrove areas is important for mitigating the effect of pollution and siltation on the coastal and marine ecosystem.

Figure 3-2. Coastal Resources and Wetlands

Citarum River BasinCitarum River Basin

6. In 2003, BPLHB surveyed the entire length of the Citarum River (29 sampling locations) to determine physical and chemical factors and a pollution ranking at these locations and then relate these to the biodiversity of macro benthic fauna at the sampling points. Additionally, plants in the vicinity of each sampling point were listed. They also identified 75 species of macro benthic fauna, comprising Crustacea, Gastropoda, Hirudinea, Insecta, Nematoda, Oligochaeta and Polychaeta. The largest group were the insects that comprised 39 species with a density of 26,770 individuals per square meter. Tubifex sp was the most common animal encountered (at 21 stations); it had an average density of 1,205 individuals per square meter.

7. The upper parts of the river are relatively clean with a low pollution score, both physical and chemical, and a relatively high macrobenthic Shannon Wienner diversity index (H =1.65-2.9). In the middle parts of the basin in the region of factories which pour pollutants into the river, pollution ranks increase greatly and the macro benthic faunal diversity index decreased (at stations 11-15, H= 0.0 to 0.36). In the region of the Saguling, Cirata and Jailuhur dams (sample points 16-20), pollution ranks fall again and macro benthic faunal diversity rises again to H= 1.25 -2.86. Further downstream H falls again slightly to 0.68-2.34.

8. The report clearly indicates a decline in macro benthic faunal diversity that correlates statistically with many of the water pollutant indicators. The data requires a multiple regression analysis to more clearly determine the nature of these associations. One strong recommendation from this report is the need to replant river vegetation and control pollutants into the Citarum from the factories in the upper middle part of the basin.

9. A wealth of biodiversity exists in village gardens that are found extensively throughout the basin. These places retain important relict populations of a lowland biota that has all but disappeared from many areas in Java. Village gardens are biologically rich areas; they are also a good habitat for small wild animals such as birds, reptiles, and amphibians. B. Inventory of Flora


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10. Sixteen genera of plants are endemic to Java, eight from mountains and six from deciduous forests. A total of 1,106 species of plant are recorded in West Java, including 51 species that are commercially important, including Tectona, Ramala, Kepuh, Jamuju, Bayur, Puspa, Kosambim, Belketebe, Pasang, Pedada and Baku. 11. There is a floristic gradient from west to east in Java, probably because the species-rich rain forests are more abundant in West Java, less so in Central Java and less again in East Java. The north coasts are also different than the south coasts because they are drier and have fewer beaches and headlands; they were originally bordered by mangroves. Swamps were common behind mangroves but these have long been converted to rice fields and fish ponds. Compared to the south coast, the north coast now has far fewer beach formation plants, but many more mangrove plant species (23 versus one species). The number of species throughout Java decline with altitude, with a number of plant zonal disjunctions at 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000 m, 2400 m to 2500 m and 3000 m. C. Inventory of Fauna 12. Java’s mammals, like its flora, are less rich in species than Borneo and Sumatra, but Java does have a high level of mammal endemicity. Its terrestrial mammal fauna consists of 137 species, including 18 rats and mice, and 68 bats (Sody 1989, Kitchener and Maryanto 1993). The degree of endemism among Java’s mammals is moderately high at 22 species or 16%. Javanese mammals show a marked mountain zonation. A number of rat species are confined to montane and sub-alpine zones, and the majority of these are endemic; only one of these mountaintop rodents, the ubiquitous Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans) ventures below 1,500 m (data from Corbet and Hill 1992). While the larger carnivores traverse many mountain habitats, the gibbon and two species of leaf-eating monkey are rarely found above 1,250 m. 13. There are marked trends in Javan bird assemblages along altitudinal gradients. Most species (420 species) are found in the lowest zone, between sea level and 800m; there is another major boundary at 1,300-1,600 m. Birds of special interest include the following species: Javanese Hawk-eagle (Spizaetusbartelsi), which is one of the rarest birds in the world and possibly one of the most endangered. It occurs in lowland forests and numbers as few as 50 pairs (Meyburg et al. 1989). The Javan Scops-owl (Otus angelinae) has been observed only rarely. One of the major threats to birds is the widespread netting of migrant waders and resident birds along the coastlines of northern Java, especially from Indramayu to Ceribon. This netting is said to involve 56 species from 20 families, with just five species accounting for the majority of the catch.

14. Important bird areas (IBA) for Java have been identified. These areas were identified on the basis that they had species of birds of global importance that are vulnerable or endangered and have restricted distributions: (i) Gunung Pancar (5 species); (ii) Telaga Warna- Cibulao (21); (iii) Gunung Gede Pangrango (35); (iv) Gunung Sanggabuana (6); (v) Gunung Malabar (10); (vi) Gunung Tampomas (3); (vii) Gunung Masigit (27); (viii) Gunung Tilu Simpang (25); (ix) Gunung Burangrang-Tangkuban Perahu (21); (x) Papandayan – Kamojang (26), and (xi) Gunung Manglayang (11).

15. The upper Citarum area also has the following fauna: Lutung (Presbytis comata), Babi Hutan (Sus scrofa), Musang (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Kijang (Muntiacus muntjak), Three–striped Tupai (Callosciurus notatus) , (Sundasciurus sp), (Tupaia sp) and (Tupaia minor). Additionally, a genetically different race of the vulnerable and endemic Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is found in Gunung Simpang, Gunung Tilu, Gunung Papandayan and Gunung Wayang; these areas are considered important for the survival of the species. Unfortunately all these mountain areas have become seriously degraded over the last 10 years.

16. Amphibians recorded in the upper Citarum area include Kodok (Bufo melanoticus), Katak (Rana spp) and Hyla spp. Reptiles include Ular Air (Natrix piscator), Natrix sp, Ular Hijau


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(Achaetulla sp), Hap-hap (Dravo volans), Dravo sp, Kadal (Mabuia multifasciata), Cicak (Hamidactylus sp), Orong-orong (Tachydromus sp), Ular Kobra (Naja naja), Ular Tanah (Agistrodon rhodostoma) and Ular Sanca (Phyton reticulata).

17. There has been no recent survey of fish in the Citarum River Basin. However, river systems retain important elements according to staff from BPLHD Bandung, including some rare fish. They stated that some 7-8 species of fish are found in these rivers, including two rare West Java species, namely, Ikan Belida Jawa (Notopterus sp.) and Ikan Tagih (Macrones nernurus) -which is found in Sungai Cimanuk, Kec. Jatitujuh.

18. A greater part of the area commanded by the West Tarum Canal covers the district of Bekasi district. Based on information obtained on the Bekasi river and Cikarang river, the number of fish species the river is limited and fish are observed mainly during the wet season. Species of fish identified include betok (Anabas testudineus), sepat (Trichogaster pectoralis), mujair (Oreochromis mozambicus), gabus (Ophiochepalus striatus), lele (Charias batrachus), beunteur (Puntius binotatus), udang (penaeus sp) and belut (Monopterus albus). These fish species are not classified as protected or endangered. In the Bekasi and Cikarang rivers, fishermen catch fish with cast nets. Based on Bekasi District data for 2002, the freshwater fish catch was 10 tons and consisted of tawes, mujair (Oreochromis mozambicus), nila and lele (Charias batrachus).

D. Protected Areas

19. There are 11 protected areas within the Citarum river basin: (i) Gunung Burangrang Nature Reserve; (ii) Kawah Kamojang Nature Reserve; (iii) Gunung Papandayan Nature Reserve; (iv) Telaga Warna Nature Reserve; (v) Gunung Tilu Nature Reserve; (vi) Gunung Simpang Nature Reserve; (vii) Tangkuban Perahu Recreational Park; (viii) Gunung Masigit Kareumbi Hunting Park; (ix) Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park; (x) Gunung Malabar Nature Reserve, and (xi) Yun Hun Nature Reserve. 20. West Java Local Regulation No. 3/1994 states that the protected forest area is 240,402 ha. This is distributed as: 4.2% in DAS Citanduy; 13.6% in DAS Cimanuk; 9.3% in DAS Citarum and; 9.8% in DAS Ciliwung-Cisadane in and around the Citarum River Basin. Most importantly, Gunung Tilu /G Simpang Nature Reserves and G Masigit Kareumi Hunting Park forests appear to be isolated from other forests, while G Papandayan and Kawah Kamojang Nature Reserve appear to still be connected to each other- as are Tangkuban Perahu Nature reserve/Recreation Park and G Burangrang Nature Reserve. There may also be a forested connection between Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park and Telaga Warna Nature Reserve. Also of interest is that several of these protected areas appear to have substantial areas that are no longer forested (Kawah Kamojang Nature reserve, Gunung Tilu Nature Reserve and Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and to a lesser extent, Masigit Kareumbi Hunting Park. The vegetation map suggests that only Gunung Gede Pangrango and Gunung Tilu /G Simpang Nature Reserves retain ‘primary forest’.

21. Two national parks are of strategic importance. These are located in the upper catchment of the Citarum River: Gunung Gede Pangrango (15,000 ha), and Gunung Halimum (40,000 ha). Both are classified as Category II –managed for ecosystem protection and recreation -- under IUCN’s protected area management classification system. Gunung Halimum has one of the most extensive area of evergreen torpical rainforest remaining in the island of Java. Gunung Gede Pangrango national park is primarily covered with sub-montane and montane forests that exemplify the primary rainforests of Indonesia. It forms the core of the Cibodas biosphere reserve. Gunung Gede is the source of numerous streams and rivers that drain into Jakarta Bay and Java Sea, including the Citarum River.


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Figure 3-3. Protected Area Locations


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Annex 4. AREA PROFILE OF WEST TARUM CANAL 1. The area around the West Tarum Canal covers two districts (Bekasi and Karawang) and one city (Kota Bekasi). Area coverage is as follos: Bekasi District - 1,065 km2, Karawang District - 1,633.8 km2, Bekasi City - 209.6 km2.

2. Land uses in the WTC command area comprise: (a) paddy fields, 54,231 ha located north of the canal alignment; (b) dry farm land, 3,288 ha; (c) mixed crops, 16,469 ha; (d) industrial, 2,235 ha; (e) settlements, 13,929 ha; (f) mining/quarrying, 66 ha, and (g) other land uses, 21,509 ha, which cover secondary forest and grassland in the upper watershed, and brackish water bodies near the coast, . Near the canal’s weir that regulates the Bekasi river, settlements are the dominant land use. There are no protected areas in the WTC command area.

3. The water of WTC is used to supply demand for drinking water, irrigation, and industrial water. There are 40 intake points along the WTC used to abstract water for municipal supply and industry (10 for drinking water supply and 30 for industrial water supply). Water demand from both domestic and industrial uses along the WTC is 19.4 m3/sec. The canal supplies water its irrigation command area of 52,800 ha, with peak requirement is 58 m3/sec at 80% dependability.

4. The hydro-geology of the area surrounding the WTC is summarized below.

Formation Permeability Groundwater Potential Quantity

Groundwater Quality

Kelapanunggal limestone high (karstic) low (difficult to abstract) good

Pleistocene basin fill low (locally moderate) Moderate good except close to sea and at depth brackish or

saline Late Pleistocene volcanic fan high high (provided abstract- tion

is spread) good (pollution risk)

Volcanic deposits high (except for lava deposits) High but only locally Good

Holocene deltaic and floodplain deposits

Low to very low but moderate for beach ridges and channel

deposits

poor except for beach ridges and channel

deposits

poor (generally brackish, except for beach ridges and channel deposits)

Source: PPTA Phase II IEE for WTC, March 2006. 5. The Table below provides demographic data for Bekasi and Karawang Districts and Bekasi City.

Item Unit Bekasi Karawang Bekasi City

Population person 1,858,925 1,903,512 1,845,005 Household unit 254,484 467,970 430,070 Density person/km2 1,745 1,086 8,805

Source: West Java in Figure, 2003

6. The types of crops, productivity and total production in the area commanded by the WTC are summarized below for Year 2004.

No Major Crops Bekasi City Bekasi District

Karawang District

Wet land paddy - Area harvested (Ha) 1,928 108,125 186,205 1 - Production (Ton) 1,788.77 579,707 1,81,315 Dry land paddy - Area harvested (Ha) 55 1,806 1,480 2 - Production (Ton 195.43 5,650 3,096 Wet & dry land paddy 3 - Area harvested (Ha) - 91,578 -


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No Major Crops Bekasi City Bekasi District

Karawang District

- Production (Ton) - 502,786 - Corn - Area harvested (Ha) 123 294 670 4 - Production (Ton) 252.54 654 4,039 Cassava - Area harvested (Ha) 86 306 605 5 - Production (Ton) 890.42 4,366 12,814 Sweet potatoes - Area harvested (Ha) 66 51 47 6 - Production (Ton) 658.97 468 726 Peanuts - Area harvested (Ha) 31 108 688 7 - Production (Ton 57.09 126 1,143 Soybeans - Area harvested (Ha) - 18 293 8 - Production (Ton) - 18 1,407 Small green pea - Area harvested (Ha) - 105 1,178 9 - Production (Ton) - 106 1,158

Sources: Bekasi City in Figure 2004; Bekasi Regency in Figure 2004; Karawang Regency in Figure 2004

7. Waste management services as of 2003 are summarized below.

Number of Facilities Area Total Population

Served Population Trucks IPLT Septic Tanks Total

1. Bekasi City 1,708,337 674,000 6 - 134,800 134,806 2. Bekasi District 1,642,952 320,010 8 1 64,002 64,011 3. Karawang District 1,189,525 280,040 4 1 56,008 56,013

Note : 1) The above are as tabulated in pages 152 and 153 of the Jawa Barat in Figures 2003, and no revision was made, though some numbers of population are different from other figures.

2) Truck is collecting one, IPLT is Instalasi Pengola Limah Tinja (human waste treatment plant) 3) Total of number of facilities just followed the Figures.

8. Solid waste management services are summarized below (as of 2003).

Area Population Serviced Population

Percent Served TS TPS TPA

Bekasi City 1,708,337 15,300 8.97% 46 391 1 Bekasi District 1,642,952 36,000 2.19% 26 22 1 Karawang District 1,189,525 110,400 6.17% 24 116 1

Notes: 1) Tabulated in page 155 of West Java in Figures, 2003 2) TPS : Temporary Disposal Area for solid waste 3) TPA : Final Disposal for solid waste


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Annex 5. WATER QUALITY IN WEST TARUM CANAL AND BEKASI RIVER 1. There are 75 identified water quality monitoring stations by PJT II in the basin, but only 49 are currently being monitored due to budget constraints: 35 stations along the Citarum River system, 14 along the West Tarum Canal and 10 along the Bekasi River. The Pusat Penelitaan Dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air (Puslitbang) at Bandung, which serves as a technical research laboratory of DPU, conducts monitoring of 10 stations along the main Citarum River for the Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (BPLHD), the provincial environment protection agency. 2. PJT II’s laboratory is capable of analyzing for 32 water quality parameters including physical, inorganic (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals), toxic organics (e.g., pesticides) and biological parameters. However, the recent PJT II water quality monitoring reports only show 17 parameters: temperature, turbidity, dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, iron, manganese, zinc, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, chloride, BOD, COD and fecal coliform. Budget constraint is a factor, and some of the laboratory equipment have broken down and are awaiting repair or replacement. Coliform, for instance, is not reported in the most recent data. PJT II’s routine monitoring is also limited to just the water column. There are no records of regular monitoring of river/canal bottom sediments. 3. The Tables 5-1 and 5-2 identify the parameters that do not meet their corresponding water quality standard based on the water classification and quality standards set by the provincial government. Table 5-5 shows the water quality criteria.

Table 5-1. Water Quality in West Tarum Canal (2000-2003) West Tarum Canal Water Quality Data from PJT IIParameters not meeting WQ standards

January July January July1. B. Curug DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli2. BTb 10 DO, fecal coli COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli3. BTb 23 DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli4. BTb 35 DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli5. BTb 45 DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli6. BTb 49 DO, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli7. BTb 51 DO, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli8. BTb 53 DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli9. P Gadung DO, fecal coli DO, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli10. Pejompongan DO, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli fecal coli DO, fecal coli11. Cibeet DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli12. Cikarang DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli13. Bekasi DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli14. Buaran

for July 2000, these criteria were not tested : - Free Ammonia (NH3-N) - Nitrit (NO2-N) - Nitrat (NO3-N) - Sulfat (SO4)

Location

Base : PP 20 year 1990 for standard class B and Decree of MOE No 02/1988 for standard class B

Base : Decree of West Java Governor No 39/2000 for standard class B, C, D

2000 2001

West Tarum Canal Water Quality Data from PJT IIParameters not meeting WQ standards

January July January July1. B. Curug DO DO, BOD, COD DO, Fe, BOD, COD DO, Fe, BOD, fecal coli2. BTb 10 - DO DO, Fe, BOD Fe, BOD, fecal coli3. BTb 23 DO DO, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, BOD DO, Fe, Mn, BOD, COD, fecal coli4. BTb 35 DO DO, NO3-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, BOD, COD, fecal coli5. BTb 45 DO DO, NO3-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli6. BTb 49 DO DO, COD DO, Fe, Mn, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli7. BTb 51 DO DO DO, Fe, Mn, BOD, COD DO, Fe, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli8. BTb 53 DO DO, NO3-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli9. P Gadung DO DO DO, Fe, Mn, BOD DO, Fe, BOD, fecal coli10. Pejompongan DO DO DO, Fe, Mn, BOD DO, Fe, NO2-N, BOD, fecal coli11. Cibeet DO, COD DO, NO3-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli12. Cikarang DO, BOD, COD DO, NO3-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli13. Bekasi DO, BOD, COD DO, NO3-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, Fe, Mn, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli14. Buaran

Base : PP 20 year 1990 for standard class B and Decree of MOE No 02/1988 for standard class B Base : PP 82 year 2001 for standard class I

Location 2002 2003

Table 5-2. Water Quality in Bekasi River (2000-2004)


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Bekasi River Water Quality Data from PJT IIParameters that exceed water quality standards

Location 2000January July

1. Citeureup Leuwi Nutug DO DO2. Cileungsi Citeureup DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli3. Cikeas Cibinong DO, COD DO, COD4. Cileungsi Bantar Gebang DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli5. Cikeas Bojong Kulur DO, COD, fecal coli DO, COD, fecal coli6. Bekasi Bekasi Ternak DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli7. Bekasi Bekasi PJKA DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli8. Bekasi Kampung Muara DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli9. CBL Kampung Muara DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli10. Cikarang Warung Pojok DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli

Base : Decree of MOE No 2/1988 for standard class B and Government Regulation No 20/1990 for standard class BNote : - in this Decree, criteria for DO minimal is 6 mg/l, so in Jan 2000, every locations' DO are exceed the criteria, but if we used Decree of West Java Governor No 39/2000 for standard class B, C, D, which DO minimum criteria is 3 mg/l, those locations are not exceed (average DO for Jan is 5 mg/l and 3.5 mg/l for July 2000)- There were no tests for NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, and SO4 for July 2000

Location 2001January June

1. Citeureup Leuwi Nutug - -2. Cileungsi Citeureup BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli3. Cikeas Cibinong - -4. Cileungsi Bantar Gebang BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli5. Cikeas Bojong Kulur fecal coli NH3-N, COD, fecal coli6. Bekasi Bekasi Ternak BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli7. Bekasi Bekasi PJKA BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli8. Bekasi Kampung Muara BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli9. CBL Kampung Muara BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli10. Cikarang Warung Pojok BOD, COD, fecal Coli NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD, fecal coli

Base : Decree of West Java Governor No 39/2000 for standard class B, C, DNote : No tests were available for July and August 2001, so data shown is for June 2001


1. Citeureup Leuwi Nutug - -2. Cileungsi Citeureup BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD3. Cikeas Cibinong - NH3-N4. Cileungsi Bantar Gebang NH3-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD5. Cikeas Bojong Kulur COD NH3-N, BOD, COD6. Bekasi Bekasi Ternak BOD, COD NH3-N, BOD, COD7. Bekasi Bekasi PJKA NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD pH, Mn, NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD8. Bekasi Kampung Muara NH3-N, BOD, COD pH, Mn, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD9. CBL Kampung Muara NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD pH, DO, Mn, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD10. Cikarang Warung Pojok NH3-N, BOD, COD pH, Mn, NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD

Base : Decree of West Java Governor No 39/2000 for standard class B, C, D

Bekasi River Water Quality Data from PJT IIParameters that exceed water quality standards


1. Citeureup Leuwi Nutug - COD2. Cileungsi Citeureup NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD3. Cikeas Cibinong - COD4. Cileungsi Bantar Gebang NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD5. Cikeas Bojong Kulur NH3-N NH3-N, BOD, COD6. Bekasi Bekasi Ternak NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD7. Bekasi Bekasi PJKA DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD8. Bekasi Kampung Muara DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD pH, DO, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD9. CBL Kampung Muara NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD pH, NH3-N, NO2-N, SO4, BOD, COD10. Cikarang Warung Pojok NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD pH, NH3-N, NO2-N, BOD, COD

Base : Decree of West Java Governor No 39/2000 for standard class B, C, DNote :- there were no tests for coliform in 2004

4. The profile of water turbidity along the West Tarum Canal is shown in Figure 5-1. It is evident that a major contributor of sediment is the Cibeet river (monitoring point #3).


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Figure 5-1. Turbidity Profile of West Tarum Canal

5. Table 5-3 shows the water quality before and after treatment at the PDAM Bekasi which draws its water from the West Tarum Canal (at Rawa Tembaga near the Bekasi Weir).

Table 5-3. Water Purification/Treatment at PDAM Bekasi

Treatment Parameter Unit Standard Before After

Turbidity NTU 5-25 160 1 Color Pt. Co 5-50 37 1.3 Temperature oC - 28.4 28.4 Electric conductivity Micro ohm - 22 230 SS mg/l 500-1,500 110 150 pH - 6.5-9.2 7 6.8 Carbon dioxide mg/l CO2 - 24.6 28.3 Total alkalinity mg/l CaCO3 - 88.01 82.64 Calcium mg/l CaCO3 75-200 47.11 37.54 Magnesium mg/l CaCO3 30-150 39.44 37.75 Iron mg/l Fe 0.3-1.0 0.25 0.02 Manganese mg/l Mn 0.1-0.5 0.2 0.2 Ammonium mg/l N 0 0.19 0 Nitrite mg/l N 1 0.011 0.006 Nitrate mg/l N 10 1.5 1.5 Chloride mg/l Cl 250-600 49.23 49.77 Sulfate mg/l SO4 400 30 38 Hydrogen sulfide mg/l S-2 0.05 - - Potassium permanganate mg/l KMnO4 10 32.16 2.31

Source: PDAM Bekasi (December 2004)

6. Table 5-4 shows the result of a bottom sediment survey conducted in November 2005, with sample values compared with Japan’s Environmental Quality Standards (EQS, 1994) for soil quality. Figure 5-2 shows the location of sampling stations.

Monitoring Point1 BTb.12 BTb.103 Cibeet River4 BTb. 235 Cikarang River6 BTb. 357 Bekasi River8 Bekasi Supply9 BTb.45 (Bekasi Weir)

10 Buaran Inlet11 BTb.49 (after Buaran TP)12 Pulo Gadung Inlet13 Pejompongan Inlet

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Monitoring Point

Turb

idity

(NTU

)

20002001200220032004


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Table 5-4. Bottom Sediment Quality Review along West Tarum Canal (November 2005)

Values Parameter Unit Range Average

Japan EQS Standard

Temperature (Air) oC 22.0 - 41.0 34.37 - (Water) oC 27.7 - 30.0 29.23 normal (Sediment) oC 28.0 - 31.0 29.75 - pH (Water) - 6.69 – 7.05 6.93 6.0 – 8.5 (Sediment) - 6.49 – 6.84 6.66 - Water Content % 3.21 – 9.68 5.77 - Loss Ignition % 33.2 – 73.1 48.51 - Oil Product mg/kg ud - 64 6.4 - Sulfide (S) mg/kg ud - 42 10.52 - C-Organic % 0.02 – 0.09 0.056 - Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/kg 534 – 2403 1549 -

Copper, total (Cu) mg/kg 2.39 – 21.6 7.47 Less than 125 mg/kg in soil

Cadmium, total (Cd) mg/kg ud ud Less than 1.0 mg/kg in soil

Lead, total (Pb) mg/kg 0.64 – 2.50 1.33 150mg/kg Nickel, total (Ni) mg/kg 34.9 – 147 68.74 - Chromium, total (Cr3+) mg/kg 4.47 - 45.13 12.96 - Chromium hexavalens (Cr6+) mg/kg ud ud 0.05 mg/L in

solution

Arsenic, total (As) mg/kg ud ud Less than 15 mg/kg in soil

Mercury , total (Hg) μg/kg 0.0021-0.0276 0.0129 0.0005 mg/L in solution

Cyanide (CN) mg/kg ud ud Not detectable in solution

General Bacterium gram 9x106 – 160x106 61.9x106 10,000/100mL

in solution Source: ICWRMP Bottom Sediment Survey of West Tarum Canal, (Analysis by Experimental Station for Water Environmental, DPU Research Institute for Water (Puslitbang), Bandung City

Figure 5-2. Locations of November 2005 Sediment Sampling


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Table 5-5. Water Quality Criteria for Citarum River

Total Suspended Solid mg/L 1000Electrical Conductivity umhos/cm 2250

Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.001Free Amonia mg/L NH3-N 0.02Arsen mg/l 0.05Barium mg/l 1.0Fe mg/l 5.0Boron mg/l 1.0Fluorida mg/l 1.5Cadmium mg/l 0.01Chlorida mg/l 600Free Chlorin mg/l 0.003Cobalt mg/l 0.2Chromium Hexavalens mg/l 0.05Mangan mg/l 0.5Natrium (Alkali) mg/l 60Nickel mg/l 0.5Nitrat as N mg/l 10Nitrit as N mg/l 0.06DO mg/l > 3pH mg/l 6-9Selenium mg/l 0.01Zinc mg/l 0.02Cyanida mg/l 0.02Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) mg/l 18Sulphate mg/l 400Sulfida as H2S mg/l 0.002Copper mg/l 0.02Pb mg/l 0.03Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) mg/l 1.25 - 2.50

Aldrien & Dieldrin mg/l 0.017BHC mg/l 0.21Chlordane mg/l 0.003DDT mg/l 0.002Endrin mg/l 0.001Phenol mg/l 0.001Heptachlor & Heptachlor Epoxide mg/l 0.018Carbon Chloroform extract mg/l 0.5Methoxychlor mg/l 0.035Oil & Grease mg/l 0.0Organo Phosphate & Carbonate mg/l 0.1PCB mg/l 0.0Blue Methylen active compound (surfactant) mg/l 0.2Toxaphene mg/l 0.005BOD mg/l 6COD mg/l 10

Fecal Coli Sum/100 mL 2000Total Coliform Sum/100 mL 10000

PHYSICAL

INORGANIC AND CHEMICAL

ORGANIC CHEMICAL

MICROBIOLOGY

Parameter Unit Class B,C, D Water

Based on Governor of West Java Decree 39/2000


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Annex 6. Options for WTC Dredging Method Equipment and

Method Considerations Assessment Works on Water

Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Work Quality Acceptable Cost Costly due to higher setup and removal costs and low

production rate Environment impact Degradation of water quality due to turbidity created

Dragline Dredger

Recommendation Not recommended Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Easy to operate, but not efficient for site due to numerous

canal crossings (bridges and canal cross regulators) Work Quality Acceptable Cost Costly due to higher setup, piping and removal costs Environment impact Relative less water turbidity created, but considerable

disruption of traffic due to piping system

Suction Pump Dredger

Recommendation Not recommended Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Easy to operate, but not efficient for site due to numerous

canal crossings (bridges and canal cross regulators) Work Quality Acceptable Cost Costly due to higher setup and removal costs, and low

production rate Environment impact Relatively greater degradation of water quality due to turbidity

Bucket Dredger

Recommendation Not recommended Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Easy and efficient Work Quality Acceptable Cost Less in comparison to above dredgers Environment impact Less water quality degradation due to turbidity (with use of

silt screens)

Pontoon and Backhoe

Recommendation Recommended Applicability Applicable to sit and clay Ease of Works Not effective due to low production rate Work Quality Inferior due to difficulty in level finishing of canal bed Cost Lower in comparison with dredgers Environment impact Relatively less degradation of water quality

Pontoon and Sand Pump

Recommendation Not recommended Works From Land

Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Easy to operate and effective in working on wide areas Work Quality Acceptable Cost Higher cost if work site is narrow area Environment impact Less degradation of water quality

Dragline

Recommendation Recommended for wide area Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Easy to operate and suitable for steep or sloping areas Work Quality Acceptable Cost Higher if work area is narrow due to reduced production rate Environment impact Relatively less degradation of water quality due to turbidity

(with silt screens)

Clamshell

Recommendation Recommended for steep or sloping areas Applicability Applicable to silt and clay Ease of Works Easy to operate even in narrow or sloping areas Work Quality Good Cost Lowest cost compared with alternatives Environment impact Relatively less degradation of water quality with use of silt

screens around work site

Backhoe

Recommendation Recommended Source: Nippon Koei, Study on Sediment Removal Works, Draft Final Report Annex 3, February 2006.


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Annex 7. RECOMMENDED SAFEGUARDS IN WTC CONTRACTS A. General

1. The Contractor and his employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the Engineer to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment.

2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be constructed alongside the existing road.

3. Remedial actions which cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of each section of the canal and embankment road (earthworks, pavement and drainage):

• Sediment dump sites should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;

• Drainage canals along the spoil disposal banks or dumpsites should be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; and

4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas.

5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital.

6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular watering of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage. B. Transport

7. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer.

8. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive, exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor.

9. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer. C. Workforce

10. The Contractor should whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary.

11. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses.

12. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp.

13. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuelwood for cooking or heating in any labor camp or base camp and provide alternate facilities using other fuels.

14. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing


73

residential settlements and not within 1,000 meters for asphalt plants.

15. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet.

16. The contractor shall not use fuel-woods as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works. D. Quarries and Borrow Pits

17. Operation of a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns. River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too much fine material downstream.

18. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes.

19. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or damage or undermine the river banks.

20. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices. E. Earthworks

21. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season.

22. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work.

23. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed earthworks, especially during the rainy season.

24. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion.

25. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated tipping areas as agreed to by the Engineer.

26. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer. F. Disposal of Construction Waste

27. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the project engineer. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare


74

flora. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas.

28. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Supervisor/Engineer.

29. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area.

30. All arrangements for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, will be considered incidental to the work and should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer.

31. Vehicle/machinery and equipment operations, maintenance and refueling shall be carried out to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants and ground contamination. An 'oil interceptor" will be provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in proper bunded areas.

32. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at least 300m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer


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Annex 8. Tranche 1 Component on Water Quality Improvement-Project Brief Project Name: Basin Water Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans Project Area: Citarum basin, with focus on Bandung and Bekasi areas Duration: 5 years Tranche 1? YES Key Program Area addressed: Environment Protection, Institutional Strengthening Estimated Cost: $6,450,000 Executing Agencies: DGWR/Balai Besar, Provincial and District Environment Protection Agencies (in Bekasi-Cikarang and Bandung Kota/Kabupaten) Rationale:

The combined effects of untreated domestic sewage, solid waste disposal and industrial effluents have significantly increased pollution loads in the Citarum river system. In the upper basin, river water polluted by domestic and industrial waste from Bandung flows into the Saguling reservoir. Runoff from hillside farms, in addition, bring massive amounts of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) that induce eutrophication in the reservoirs. Algal blooms and their subsequent decay have been blamed for the regular occurrence of fish kills and considerable damage to the fish cage industry. Pollution of the (upper basin) river system and reservoir poses a serious threat not only to the viability of fishery activities but also to potential future use of surface waters to supply Bandung which is already experiencing serious water scarcity leading to excessive groundwater abstraction. In turn, over-pumping has had a devastating effect on groundwater quality. Infiltration of polluted water has caused deterioration in the water quality of shallow wells used for domestic water supply.

At Nanjung, where Bandung’s rivers enter the Saguling reservoir, average BOD and COD concentrations in 2004 were recorded at 36.6 and 85.2 mg/l, far above the water quality criteria of of 6 and 10 mg/l, respectively. Average Dissolved Oxygen was 0.68 mg/l, indicating severe oxygen depletion. Wastewater from Bandung’s numerous textile factories contains toxic organics, particularly Phenol. At Nanjung, average Phenol concentration was recorded at 0.01 mg/l, ten times higher than the official water quality criteria. Dye wastewaters from these factories also contain heavy metals. Bio-accumulation studies reported by the Bandung environment protection agency (2003) indicate that Zinc levels in fish biomass that exceeded the SNI standard.

Pollution in the lower basin poses an equally serious problem. Water quality in the West Tarum Canal (WTC) which supplies 80% of Jakarta’s raw water supply is vital to the well-being of 8 million inhabitants. The areas along the canal are rapidly being developed for residential and industrial use. Lack of proper solid waste management contributes to both pollution and flooding. Garbage deposited along canals and riverbanks contribute to the high BOD. They also clog drains and accumulate on riverbeds reducing discharge capacity.

Objectives:

4. To develop a basinwide strategy for water quality improvement and generate corresponding policies and procedures for water quality management;

5. To strengthen organizational capacity of provincial and district environment agencies, in particularly water quality monitoring and data management for regulatory enforcement and support to basinwide water resource management, and

6. To prepare and implement pollution source management action plans in key water quality management areas.

(Note: Project will adopt same principles of integrated water resource management: emphasizing multi-stakeholder participation and holistic approach to problem solving. This means addressing varied sources of pollution and developing management schemes that combine use of regulatory methods (command-and-control), cooperation (PROKASIH PROPER), and economic instruments (raw water fees and pollution charges). Improvement of the water quality monitoring and


76

information support system is a key thrust. Area-based water quality improvement action plans for Bandung and Bekasi, which are the most polluted parts of the basin, will be prepared and initially implemented) Components: 7. Policies and Procedures for Water Quality Management 8. Improvements to Water Quality Monitoring and Data Management 9. Development of Organizational Capacity 10. Preparation of Basin-Wide River Quality Improvement Strategy 11. Preparation and Implementation of Area-Based Pollution Sources 12. Management Action Plans Inputs/Cost (in US $): Consulting Services: 1,026,000 Implementation and Support: 2,377,000 Studies, Survey and Audit: 1,053,422 Materials: 415,000 Equipment: 1,227,422 Operation and Maintenance : 350,000


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Annex 9. AMDAL PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES

Public Notice of the Project

Discussions

Implementation of the projectwith monitoring and checking

the management plan.

Questions, Opinionsand/or Requests

Preparation ofANDAL, RKP and RPL

Notice of EIA Procedure

Preparation ofKA- ANDAL

Appraisal of KA-ANDALby AMDAL Commisiion

(within 75 days)

Decision Making of ProjectImplementation based of the

Validity of the Proposed Project

Appraisal of ANDAL, RKL,RPL by AMDAL Commission

(within 75 days)

Local Residents and NGOs Competent Authority Project Proponents

Submission and approval




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The guidelines below give a summary of the information expected to be covered in the EIA, environment management plan and environment monitoring plan under AMDAL. These should be used as guide in preparing AMDAL team’s scope of work. A. TOR of EIA-ANDAL 1. Determine Scope of the Study: (i) activity status; (ii) alternatives (location, design, process,

etc); (iii) initial environment description; (iv) proposed scoping, and (v) result of scoping workshop. The procedure for scoping is as follows:

During scoping, project proponent must clearly identify: (i) all activity components, (ii) activity components that may have adverse environmental impact; (iii) nature of potential impacts, (iv) parameter/aspect of the environment expected to be affected, (v) impact source/cause, (vi) sampling location (if any), (vii) data collection and analysis method, and (viii) impact assessment and expertise need (including time durations).

2. Specify Study Method: (i) data collection & analysis method; (ii) impact prediction method (including profession judgment), and (iii) impact evaluation method.

3. Provide Implementation Information on the Study: (i) proponent identity; (ii) identity of the study preparer; (iii) financing for the study, and (iv) time schedule for study.

B. Environment Impact Assessment

1. Activity Plan: (i) identity of the proponent and preparer of the study; (ii) explanation of the

boundary activity, location, map, activity for each phase (pre-construction, construction and operation); (iii) alternatives plan (e.g., alternative location, design, process, etc.); (iv) relationship with other activities.

2. Baseline environment assessment: describe/explain the current status/state of the environment.

3. Scope of the Study: (i) identify all important impacts, (ii) area of the study and time schedule

4. Impact Assessment: Items required to be analyzed here is the difference of environment condition (with and without the proposed activity) and also various kinds of impacts (direct and indirect). The study preparer must pay attention to the various aspects of the impact analysis (social aspects, physico-chemical aspects, biology, etc).

5. Important Impact Evaluation: from the impact assessment, identify the most significant impacts and mitigation measures and provide recommendations.

Evaluation of Potential Impact

Classification & Priority

Hypothetic Important Impact

Priority o Hypothetic Impact

Activity descrpition

Initial Environment

Potential Impact

Identification of Potential Impact


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C. Environmental Management Plan

1. Significant impact and source of impact: (i) Environmental component or parameter affected with significant impact; (ii) Source of impact; types of activity resulting to big and significant impact.

2. Standard units to measure impact: must be based on the standards stipulated by government regulations.

3. Purpose of environmental management plan: the description of the purpose of the environmental management plan should be specific. For example, the strategic impact to manage in a pulp and paper industrial plant is water pollution. The specific purpose of environmental management is to control quality of waste disposed in the environment, particularly BOD, COD, TSS and pH parameters, so as not to exceed the existing quality standards.

4. Environmental management: environmental management can be made through technological, socio-economic and/or institutional approaches.

5. Location of environmental management: the location to be covered by the environmental management plan shall take into account the spread of impact. A map/sketch/drawing with sufficient scale should be prepared in this regard.

6. Environmental management period: when and how long this activity is to be implemented.

7. Environmental management institutions: responsibilities lie on two personalities, namely: the management executive and the management supervisor. Relationships and coordination with relevant institutions are to be included in the plan.

D. Environmental Monitoring Plan

1. Big and significant impact monitored: (i) Types of environmental parameters considered

strategic to be monitored; (ii) Indicators of components to be monitored, i.e., the relevant indicators for waste water quality are pH, BOD, temperature, color, smell, oil, and presence of heavy metals.

2. Sources of impact: (i) Direct impact: describe any activity resulting in impact; (ii) Indirect impact: change in other environmental parameters due to the indirect effects of the source of impact.

3. Environmental parameters that are to be monitored: covers biological, chemical, physical as well socio-economic and cultural parameters.

4. Purpose of environmental monitoring plan: the description of the purpose of the environmental monitoring plan should be specific. For example, the strategic impact to monitor in a pulp and paper industrial plant is water pollution. The specific purpose of environmental monitoring is to control quality of waste disposed in the environment, particularly BOD, COD, TSS and pH parameters, so as not to exceed the existing quality standards.

5. The methods of environmental monitoring consist of: (i) Data collection and analysis method: data collection, types of equipment and instruments to be used, level of accuracy of instruments, formulae used in data analysis; (ii) Location of environmental monitoring; a precise location has to be determined to be accompanied by map with appropriate scale; (iii) Duration and frequency of monitoring: duration or period of monitoring (for example one year) with the frequency per time unit (twice a year, each once in the rainy season and dry season).

6. Environmental monitoring institutions: indicate in the plan the relevant institutions dealing with, interested in and relating to environmental monitoring activities, and should consist of:


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(i) Implementor of the environmental monitoring plan: the responsible institution and fund donor in monitoring activity, namely the project initiator; (ii) Environmental monitoring supervisor: Agency or agencies tasked as environmental monitoring supervisors. Environmental monitoring supervision can be implemented by more than one agency; (iii) Reporting of environmental monitoring results: agencies receiving regular reports on monitoring results in accordance with their respective tasks.


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This report was prepared by Dr. Ramon Abracosa, with assistance from Ms. Ratih Widyaningsih.

Bap Penas

Documents

system rice intensification

fecal coli mn

west tarum canal

surface water supply

fecal coli fe

surface water supplies

baseline environmental assessment

jakartas water supply