Bab 4 perencanaan

PERENCANAAPERENCANAANN

BAB 4BAB 4

PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN

Planning is believed to be the most Planning is believed to be the most fundamental of the managerial fundamental of the managerial functions because all other functions, functions because all other functions, including organizing, leading, including organizing, leading, controlling and staffing, stem from controlling and staffing, stem from the planning function. the planning function.

Planning prepares Planning prepares organizations for tomorrow, organizations for tomorrow, today by assessing what an today by assessing what an organization wants to organization wants to accomplish and how it will accomplish and how it will go about achieving that goal. go about achieving that goal.

A goal is a desired future state A goal is a desired future state that the organization attempts that the organization attempts to realize.to realize.

Goals are important because Goals are important because an organization exists for a an organization exists for a purpose.purpose.

GoalsGoals

Plans commit individuals, departments, organizations, and the resources of each to specific actions for the future.

Goals specify future Goals specify future ends; plans specify ends; plans specify today's means.today's means.

PlanningPlanning incorporates: incorporates: determining the determining the organization's goals and defining the organization's goals and defining the means for achieving them.means for achieving them.

Effectively designed organizational goals fit into a hierarchy so that the achievement of goals at low levels permits the attainment of high‐level goals.

This process is called a means‐ends chain because low‐level goals lead to accomplishment of high‐level goals.

Planning allows managers the Planning allows managers the opportunity to adjust to the environment opportunity to adjust to the environment instead of merely reacting to it. instead of merely reacting to it.

Planning increases the possibility of Planning increases the possibility of survival in business by actively survival in business by actively anticipating and managing the risks that anticipating and managing the risks that may occur in the future. may occur in the future.

Planning not only Planning not only provide direction provide direction and a unity of and a unity of purpose for purpose for organizations, it organizations, it also answers six also answers six basic questions:basic questions:

What needs to be What needs to be accomplished?accomplished?

When is the deadline?When is the deadline?Where will this be done?Where will this be done?Who will be responsible for Who will be responsible for

it?it?How will it get done?How will it get done?How much time, energy, How much time, energy,

and resources are required and resources are required to accomplish this goal?to accomplish this goal?

PENGERTIAN PERENCANAANThe process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal.

The part of management concerned with creating procedures, rules and guidelines for achieving a stated objective.

The process of assessing an organization's goals and creating a realistic, detailed plan of action for meeting those goals.

The planning process (1) identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved, (2) formulates strategies to achieve them, (3) arranges or creates the means required, and (4) implements, directs, and monitor all steps in their proper sequence.

MENGAPA PERENCANAAN?MENGAPA PERENCANAAN?Managers can examine critical issues facing the organization

A manager can set explicit guidelines for decision-making when done in advance.

A manager is able to be more proactive than reactive in decisions.

Planning increases the likelihood of long-term survival of an organization.

A manager can focus attention on organizational goals and results.

A manager is able to create ownership of the plan and develop a team.

A manager can provide a sense of direction, vision, rationale and purpose for the plan.

A manager can create a competitive advantage by taking the time to plan.

KEUNTUNGAN ADANYA PERENCANAAN

Gives an organization a sense of direction.

Without plans and Without plans and goals, organizations goals, organizations merely react to daily merely react to daily occurrences without occurrences without considering what will considering what will happen in the long run.happen in the long run.

Focuses attention on objectives and results.

Plans keep the Plans keep the people who carry people who carry them out focused on them out focused on the anticipated the anticipated results. results.

In addition, keeping In addition, keeping sight of the goal also sight of the goal also motivates motivates employees.employees.

Establishes a basis for teamwork.

Diverse groups Diverse groups cannot effectively cannot effectively cooperate in joint cooperate in joint projects without an projects without an integrated plan.integrated plan.

Helps anticipate problems and cope with change.

When management plans, When management plans, it can help forecast future it can help forecast future problems and make any problems and make any necessary changes up necessary changes up front to avoid them.front to avoid them.

Planning helps to Planning helps to minimize mistakes and minimize mistakes and reduce the “surprises” that reduce the “surprises” that inevitably occur.inevitably occur.

Provides guidelines for decision making.

Decisions are future‐Decisions are future‐oriented. If management oriented. If management doesn't have any plans for doesn't have any plans for the future, they will have the future, they will have few guidelines for making few guidelines for making current decisions.current decisions.

Plans help both managers Plans help both managers and employees keep their and employees keep their eyes on the big picture.eyes on the big picture.

Serves as a prerequisite to employing all other management functions.

Planning is primary, Planning is primary, because without knowing because without knowing what an organization what an organization wants to accomplish, wants to accomplish, management can't management can't intelligently undertake intelligently undertake any of the other basic any of the other basic managerial activities: managerial activities: organizing, staffing, organizing, staffing, leading, and/or leading, and/or controlling.controlling.

MACAM PERENCANAAN

Three major types of plans can help managers achieve their organization's goals: strategic, tactical, and operational.

Operational plans lead to the achievement of tactical plans, which in turn lead to the attainment of strategic plans.

An operational plan is one that a manager uses to accomplish his or her job responsibilities.

Supervisors, team leaders, and facilitators develop operational plans to support tactical plans

Operational plans can be a single‐use plan or an ongoing plan.

Operational plans

Single‐use plans apply to activities that do not recur or repeat.

A budget is asingle‐use plan because it predicts sources and amounts of income and how much they are used for a specific project.

A special sales program is a single‐use plan because it deals with the who, what, where, how, and how much of an activity

Examples:

Continuing or ongoing plans are usually made once and retain their value over a period of years while undergoing periodic revisions and updates.

Examples:A policy provides a broad guideline for managers to follow when dealing with important areas of decision making.

A procedure is a set of step‐by‐step directions that explains how activities or tasks are to be carried out.

A rule is an explicit statement that tells an employee what he or she can and cannot do.

Tactical plansA tactical plan is concerned with what the lower level units within each division must do, how they must do it, and who is in charge at each level.

Tactical plans are concerned with shorter time frames and narrower scopes than are strategic plans.

These plans usually span one year or less because they are considered short‐term goals

Strategic plansA strategic plan is an outline of steps designed with the goals of the entire organization as a whole in mind, rather than with the goals of specific divisions or departments.

Strategic planning begins with an organization's mission.

Strategic plans look ahead over the next two, three, five, or even more years to move the organization from where it currently is to where it wants to be.

Top management's strategic plan for the entire organization becomes the framework and sets dimensions for the lower level planning.