BA MALAYALAM14.139.185.6/website/SDE/III_Sem_BA_Malayalam_core... · 2019. 4. 19. · ba malayalam 2014 admission onwards iii semester core course (cu cbcss) university of calicut

BA MALAYALAM2014 Admission onwards

III Semester

CORE COURSE

(CU CBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P. O., MALAPPURAM DIST., KERALA,INDIA PIN: 673 635

544

School of Distance Education

\mSIw/ Xnc-¡Y Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIAL

BA MALAYALAMIII SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

X¿m-dm-¡n-bXvtUm. PaoÂ AlvaZv(Akn. s{]m^kÀ,Kh. tImtfPv ae-̧ pdw)

Lay out : Computer Section, SDE©

Reserved



samUyqÄ 1 5

samUyqÄ 2 temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI L«w 20

samUyqÄ 3 tIc-f-¯nsâ {]mtZ-inI \mS-I-]m-c-¼cyw 36

samUyqÄ 4 \mSIhpw kn\nabpw 49



samUyqÄ 1s]mXpsh kmln-Xy-̄ n\v Zriy-sa¶pw {ihy-sa¶pw cp hn`m-K-§-fp-v. AXnÂ

\mSIw, kn\na XpS-§n-bh Zriy-hn-̀ m-K-̄ n-emWv DÄs¸-Sp-I. A`n\bw, kw`mjWwF¶nhbneqsS a\pjyhym]mcs¯ t{]£Icnte¡v ]Icp¶ Zriy--þ{imhy IebmWv\mSIw. "Hcp ]qÀW{InbbpsS A\pIcWw' F¶mWv \mSIs¯ Acnkvtäm«nÂ\nÀhNn¨n«pÅXv. kmlnXyw, kwKoXw, \r¯w, Nn{XIe F¶n§s\ hn`n¶ IeIfpsSIq«m-bva-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ \mS-Is¯ k¦-c-I-e-sbt¶m k¼qÀW Ie-sbt¶m hnfn¡mw.\mSImhXcW¯nsâ kmlnXycq]amWv s]mXpth \mSIw ({Uma) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶sX¦nepw

Up (Do) F¶ ]Z¯nÂ\n¶mcw`n¨ "{Uma' \mSI¯nse {Inbmwi¯nte¡mWvhncÂNqp¶Xv. \mSIs¯ k¼qÀWambn DÄs¡mÅp¶ BwKteb]Zw XnsbäÀF¶XmWv. aebmf¯nÂ \mSIthZnsb¶pw \mSIIesb¶pw {]tbmKn¡mdpv.

\mSIIe, \mSIkmlnXyw F¶nhbnÂ GXmWp {][m\w F¶Xns\¡pdn¨vhyXykvX A`n{]mb§Ä \nehnepv. kmlnXy¯n\p {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶hÀ\mSIkmlnXy¯n\mWv {]m[m\ysa¶pw asämcp Iq«À \mSIIebv¡SnØm\ambn HcpkmlnXyIrXn AXy´mt]£nXasÃ¶pw Hcp kmlnXyIrXnsbbpw Ahew_n¡msX\mSI¯n\v cq]w\evIm\pw Ac§¯v BhnjvIcn¡m\pw km[n¡psa¶pw IcpXp¶p.\mSIkmlnXys¯bpw \mSIIesbbpw Hcpt]mse a\Ênem¡nbn«pÅhcpwIemX¯zhmZnIfpamWv cmas¯ ho£WKXn h¨p]peÀ¯p¶Xv. F´mbmepwP\§tfmSv t\cn«v kwhZn¡p¶ Hcp Iesb¶\nebnÂ \mSI¯nsâ iàn hfschepXmWv. AXpsImmWv atäsXmcpIesb¡mfpw \mSIw P\IobIebmbn hfÀ¶Xv;]et¸mgpw Hcp kacmbp[w Xs¶bmbncp¶p AXv.temI \mSI Ncn{Xw

temIkmlnXy¯nse Gähpw ]g¡apÅ IeIfnsem¶v \mSIamWv. {]mNo\Ime¯v AXv HcpXcw A\pjvTm\ambncp¶p. a\pjyPohnXs¯bpw {]]©s¯bpw\nb{ń¡p¶ AZriyiànIÄ X½nÂ \S¶psImncn¡p¶ kwL«\wBwKy¯neqsSbpw \r¯Ne\§fneqsSbpw Km\¯neqsSbpw {]mNo\a\pjyÀBhnjvIcn¨hbmWv B A\pjvTm\§Ä. A¯cw aX-N-S-§p-IÄ ]e ]cnWma§fneqsShnIkn¨v \mSIcq]w {]m]n¨Xn\ptijamWv BZyIme \mSIIrXnIÄ DmbXv.A\pIcWhmk\bnÂ \n¶mWv \mSI¯nsâ Bcw`sa¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶Xpt]msekwL«\amWv \mSIIebpsS ASnØm\LSIsa¶pw IcpXs¸Sp¶p. CukwL«\kn²m´w ]mÝmXy \mSINn´bnse \nÀWmbILSIamWv. a\pjycpsS hn`n¶{]IrX§Ä X½ntem \·bpw Xn·bpw X½ntem hyànIÄ X½ntem kaql¯nsâ hn`n¶LSI§Ä X½ntem \S¡p¶ kwL«\§fpsS Iem]camb BhnjvImcamWv \mSIwF¶XmWv kwL-«-\-sa-¶-Xn-\ÀYw.

hnIknXamb \mSIIe BZyambn \nehnÂ h¶ cmPyw {]mNo\ {Kokv Bbncp¶p.AXns\¯pSÀ¶v A[nIImew Ignbp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Cýbnepw \mSIIecq]wsImp. {]mNo\{Koknse P\§Ä tZhXIÄ¡v _en AÀ¸n¡m³ tZhXm{]XnjvTIÄ¡p Npäpw AWn\nc¶v Bcm[\m]camb ]m«pIÄ ]mSpIbpw XmfmßIambnNphSph¨v \r¯w sNbvXpsImv {]XnjvTsb hewhbv¡pIbpw sNbvXph¶p. B NS§vIem]cambn hnIkn¨t¸mÄ Bcm[IÀ ]mSnbncp¶ KoX§fnÂ Hmtcm `mKhpwHmtcmcp¯À amdnamdn ]mSp¶ k{¼Zmbambn. {Ita-W, KoX¯nsâ GsX¦nepw Hcp `mKw]mSp¶bmÄ {]tXyI IYm]m{X¯nsâ `mhcq]§Ä ssIs¡mÅm³ XpS§n. C§s\\r¯w sN¿p¶hscÃmw hyXykvX IYm]m{X§fmbn¯ocpIbpw Hmtcmcp¯cpsSbpw\r¯cwK§Ä AhchÀ ]mSp¶ KoX`mK¯nsâ A`n\bambn cq]mćs¸SpIbpwFÃmhcpsSbpw A`n\bw IqSnt¨À¶v \nbXamb Hcp CXnhr¯¯nsâBhnjvIcWambn¯ocpIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmSpIqSn A\pjvTm\w \mSIambn¯oÀ¶p.Imemć¯nÂ C{]Imcw Hcp kwLw IemImc·mÀ IqSnt¨À¶v ]m«nepw kw`mjW¯nepwcwKNe\§fnepw IqSn CXnhr¯w AhXcn¸n¡p¶ \mSIIe cq]w{]m]n¨p. Cý-bnepwssN\bnepw P¸m\nepw CXpt]mse {]IrXniànIsf {]oXns¸Sp¯m³ \S¯nbncp¶\r¯mßIamb NS§pIfnÂ \n¶pXs¶-bmWv \mSIapmbXmbsX¶pw Icp-X-s -̧Sp-¶p.A§s\ Dmb Pm¸\okv \mSI§fpsS ]cnWnXcq]§fmWv P¸m\nÂ \ne\nÂ¡p¶'t\m', 'I_q¡n' F¶o ]c¼cmKX \mSI§Ä.



_n.kn. \mepw A©pw iXI§fnÂ {Koknse \mSIw ]qÀW hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ncp¶p.\mSIcN\bpw \mSImhXcWhpw \mSIaÕchpw hn]peamb {]Nmcw t\SnbImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. kvtäUnb¯n\p kZrihpw hr¯mImchpamb Bw^n Xntb-äÀF¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp¶ Øe¯mWv AhXcWw \S¶ncp¶Xv. AXnsâ aq¶phi¯pw kZkyÀ¡v\mSIw Ccp¶pImWm\mbn ]ShpIÄ t]mepÅ Ccn¸nS§Ä \nÀan¨p. CXn\v taÂ¡qctbmAS¨psIt«m Dmbncp¶nÃ. ImWnIfpsS FXnÀhi¯v s]m¡tadnb cwKthZn\nÀan¡s¸«ncp¶p. B thZnbnÂ \n¶mWv \S·mÀ A`n\bw \S¯nh¶Xv. cwKthZnbpsSap³hi¯v Xmsg KmbIkwLw \mSImhXcWthfbnÂ \n¶p. \mSI¯nse Hmtcm cwKhpwAhkm\n¡pt¼mÄ AXnse kw`h§tfmSv {]XnIcn¨psImv KmbIkwLw Km\§ÄBe]n¡mdpmbncp¶p. Cu kwLs¯ tImdkv F¶mWv Cu Kmb-I-kw-L-§Ä¡v]dªncp¶Xv. \mSIaÕc§fnÂ hnPbn¡p¶hÀ¡v k½m\§Ä \ÂIpI ]Xnhmbncp¶p.\mS-I-̄ n\v Ht«sd cq]-t`-Z-§-fp-v. `mc-Xob kmlnXy BNm-cy-·mÀ Ahsb Zi-cq-]-I-§ÄF¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. \mS-Iw, {]I-c-Ww, `mWw, {]l-k-\w, Unaw, hymtbm-Kw, ka-h-Im-cw,hoYn, A¦w, Culm-arKw F¶n-§-s\-bm-W-h. \mS-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw AXnsâ hnhn[ LS-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ {KÙ-§Ä {]mNo-\-Im-ew-sXmt« Fgp-X-s -̧«-«p-v.Ah-bnÂ Gähpw ]g-b-XmWv `c-Xsâ \mSy-im-kv{Xw.

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime \mS-I-§ÄtIc-f-̄ nÂ {]mNo\ kwk-vIrX \mS-I-]m-c-¼-cyhpw \mtSmSn \mSI ]mc-¼-cyhpw

Dv. Iq¯v IqSn-bm-«w, IY-I-fn, XpÅÂ F¶nh tIc-f-̄ nse ]e-Xcw \mS-I-cq-]-§-fpsS{]I-S-§-fm-Wv. B«-{]-Im-cw, {Ia-Zo-]nI XpS-§nb \mS-I-]mT {KÙ-§fpw tIc-f-̄ nÂ cNn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-v. Im¡m-cnÈn \mS-Iw, ]mh \mS-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-S-Iw, shÅ-cn-\m-SIw XpS§n \mtSmSnP\-{]nb \mS-I-]m-c-¼-cyhpw tIc-f-̄ n-ep-m-bn-«p-v. k¼-¶-amb Hcp Zriy-Iem ]mc-¼cywtIc-f-̄ n-\pv. \mtSm-Snbpw ¢mÊn-¡-ep-amb A\-h[n cwK-I-e-IÄ ]e ssIh-gn-I-fn-eq-sSbpwtIcf kwkvIm-c-̄ nÂ ]SÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶p. IqSn-bm«w, IY-I-fn, sX¿w, Xnd, ]S-bWn XpS-§nb sshhn[yw \ndª Ie-I-fnÂ \mS-I-¯nsâ Awi-§Ä Aen-ªp-In-S-¡p-¶p-v.F¦nepw B[p-\n-I-amb AÀY-̄ nÂ \mSIw F¶ Ie tIc-f-̄ nÂ hn]p-e-am-Ip-¶Xv bqtdm-]y³ kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn¨v ]mÀkn-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ nbkwKo-X-{]-[m-\-amb \mS-I-§fpw Ahsb A\p-I-cn¨v Xan-gÀ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb Xangv kwKoX\mS-I-§fpw tIc-fo-bsc kzm[o-\n-¨p. A§-s\-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-§Ä Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. kam-´-c-am-bn-̄ s¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§-fp-sSbpw Cw¥ojv \mS-I-§-fp-sSbpw hnhÀ¯-\-§fpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-ep-m-bn.

ae-bm-f-¯nse hnhÀ¯\ \mS-I-§ÄCw-¥ojv ]T-\hpw B[p-\nI s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk k{¼-Zm-bhpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâbpw

]{X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw {]N-c-W-̄ n\v B¡w-Iq-«n. FÃm C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-̄ nsâ XÀP-a-I-fm-bn-«mWv C¡m-e¯v \mSIw {]Xy-£-s -̧«p-Im-Wp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-hÀa hen-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm³ 1882 Â tIc-fob imIp-́ fw {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xn\p tijw kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS [mcmfw hnhÀ¯\-§Ä ae-bm-f-̄ n-ep-m-bn. Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\-Io-]-cn-Wbw (1889) D¯-c-cma NcnXw (1892) sI \mcm-bW tat\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw (1890)sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀh-iobw, ame-Xo-am-[hw (1892) sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn (1893) ]´fw tIc-f-hÀa-bpsS thWo kwlmcw (1916), FBÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀa-bpsS A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´fw (1913) amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw (1916) kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, Nmcp-Z-̄ ³ (1917) F¶nh DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

kmln-Xy-]-c-amb Hcp hymbmaw F¶-XnÂ Ihnªv CXnse ]e XÀP-a-IÄ¡pw \mS-I¯n\p-th KpW-§-fp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ Cu Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ Xs¶ ]pcm-W-§sfD]-Po-hn¨v kzX{´ \mS-I-§fpw Nne Ncn{X \mS-I-§fpw cNn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bp-mbn. kmaq-ln-I-hn-j-b-§-fnepw A]qÀh-ambn cN-\-I-fp-m-bn. sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ e£-Wm-kw-Kaw (1891) N{µnI (1892) tXm«-bv¡m«v am[-hn-b-½-bpsS kp`{Zm [\-RvPbw (1891) ]nsI sIm¨o-̧ ³ Xc-Isâ adn-bm-½m \mSIw (1892) sImSp-§-ÃqÀ sIm¨p-®n-̄ -¼p-cmsâIeymWn \mSIw (1892) I-̄ nÂ hÀKokv am¸n-f-bpsS F{_m-b-¡p«n (1893) sI kn tIi-h-¸n-Å-bpsS e£van IeymWw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bmf \mS-I-{]-Øm-\¯n\v BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ DuÀPw \ÂInb {it²-b-amb cN-\-I-fm-Wv.



sIm¨p-®n-̄ -¼p-cmsâ IeymWn \mSIw `mcym-`ÀXr-_-Ôs¯ Ipdn-̈ m-Wv. e£vanIeymWw Xd-hmSv apSn-¡p¶ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§sf ]cn-ln-kn-¡p-¶p. Ch-bnÂ Gsd {it²-b-am-bXv adn-bm½m \mS-I-am-Wv. {InkvXy³ IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-̄ nÂ A½m-bn-b½t¸mcm-Wv Cu \mSIw ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ hnj-bw. Ht«sd cwKm-h-X-c-W-§Ä Cu \mS-I-¯n\v e`n-̈ p. 1891 Â hb-kvIc aqÊv Fgp-Xnb at\m-ca hnP-bhpw 1892 Â N§-\m-tÈcn chn-hÀa Fgp-Xnb Ihn-k-̀ m-c-RvP-\hpw s]mXp-{i² ]nSn-̈ p-]-änb kmaq-lnI {]m[m-\y-apÅ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-̈ mWv Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw Fgp-X-s -̧«-Xv. A\p-I-c-W-\m-S-I-§-fpsS Cu ae-sh-Å-̧ m-̈ nÂ Ac-§p-X-IÀ¯-t¸mÄ Ahsb Bt£-]n-̈ p-sImv 1893Â ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡oN¦cw F¶ \mS-I-sa-gp-Xn. CXnse IYm-\m-b-I-\mb N¦-c\pwIpw`m-WvU\pw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-̄ n-eqsS hnI-e-c-N-\-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¡p¶ \mS-I-Ir-̄ p-¡sf IW-¡äp ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p-v.

Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-khpw ]mÝmXy kmlnXy k¼À¡hpw hgn A¡m-e¯v ]eCw¥ojv \mS-I-§-fpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v XÀP-a-sN-¿-s -̧«p, Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm³ lmwe-äv,I-̄ nÂ hÀKokv am¸n-f-bpsS Ie-ln-\o-Z-a-\-Iw (tjIvkn-]n-b-dpsS ssSanwKv Hm^v Z {jq),F tKmhn-µ-̧ n-Å-bpsS enbÀ \mSIw, IÃqÀ D½³ ]nen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w (tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS tImaUn Hm^v FtdÀkv F¶ \mS-I-̄ nsâ kzX{´hnhÀ¯\w) kn. tKmhn-µ³ Ff-bn-S¯v cNn¨ kp\µm kc-k-hocw AYhm sImSp-¦mäv (sSws]Ìv) sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³X¼p-cmsâ lmwse-äv, Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ F tKmhn-µ-̧ n-Å-bpsS InwKv enbÀ, saÀsNâv Hm^vsh\okv F¶nh Ah-bnÂ {][m-\-amWv. Kuc-h-]qÀh-ambn \mS-Is¯ kao-]n-¡p¶ kZ-Ên-\p-ap-¼nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«-XmWv Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw.{]l-k-\-§Ä

{]l-k-\-§Ä F¶ Hcp {]tXyI lmky-\m-SI k{¼-Zmbw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv ]mÝmXy kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. kn hn cma³]n-Å-bmWv C¯cw \mS-I-§Ä cNn-̈ -h-cnÂ {]ap-J³. Cw¥ojv \mS-I-Ir-̄ p¡-fmb sjdn-UWpw tKmÄUv kvan¯pw {^©v \mSIIr¯mb tamfn-tbbpw kn. hn. sb kzm[o-\n-̈ n-«p-v. N{µ-apJohnemkw (1884), F¶ {]l-k\w Ah-X-c-W-X-e-̄ nepw {i²n-¡-s¸-«p. kwkvIrX þ kwKoX \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pthdn« cwKm-h-X-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. a¯-hn-em-kw, Ipdp-̧ n-ÃmIfcn, XpS-§nb {]l-k-\-§fpwkn. hn bptS-Xm-bn-«p-v. {]mtZinI Po-hnXcoXn-Ifpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-k-¯nsâ KpW-tZm-j-§fpw tNÀ¶v bph-X-e-ap-dsb Gsd BIÀjn¨ ae-bmf {]l-k-\-§-fnÂ C. hn IrjvW-]nÅbpsS cN-\-Ifpw ap¼n-em-Wv. Ihn-X-t¡-kv, s]®-c-ip-\m-Sv F¶o cN-\-IÄ C¡p-«-̄ nÂs]Sp-¶p. F³. ]n sNÃ-̧ ³ \mbÀ, Sn F³ tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn F³ sI BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hcpw {]l-k-\-c-N-\-bnÂ kw`m-h-\-I-fÀ¸n-¨p.kwKoX \mS-I-§Ä

]mÀkn Xntb-ä-dnsâ kzm[o-\-̂ -e-ambn cq]-s¸« Xangv kwKoX \mS-I-§Ä tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-\ofw Ifn-̈ p-h-¶n-cp-¶p. IeymW cma-¿³ skäv, cmapUp skäv XpS-§nb Xangv \mSI I¼-\n-IÄ Kpte_¡m-h-en, ]mÀkn efn-Xmw-Kn, tImh-e³ Ncn-Xw, \Ã-X-¦mÄ F¶o \mS-I-§ÄAh-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. tIc-f-̄ nsâ hS-¡³ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ IÀWm-S-I-̄ nÂ \n¶pÅ \mS-I-I-¼-\n-Ifpw \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cp-¶p. lpºn hoc-®sâ kZm-cm-a AXnÂ {][m-\-am-Wv. Ch-bv¡p-mb kzm[o-\X Xan-gv\m-S-I-§sf A\p-I-cn¨v ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä cNn-¡p-hm³{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. sI kn tIi-h-]n-Å-bpsS kZm-cma F¶ ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv CXnÂBZy-t¯-Xv. kmln-Xy-Kp-W-̄ nepw kwKo-X-Kp-W-¯nepw Cu \mSIw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsSIq«-̄ nÂ anI-hp-ä-Xm-Wv. Sn kn ANyp-X-ta-t\msâ kwKoX ss\j[w, Fcp-h-bnÂ N{I-]mWnhmcn-b-cpsS lcn-Ý{µ NcnXw, cpÜmw-KZ Ncn-Xw, hÅn-b-½mÄ Ncn-Xw F¶o \mS-I§fpwsIm¨o-̧ ³ Xc-Isâ adn-bm½m \mS-Ihpw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS a«n-emWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv.hS-¡³ tIc-f-̄ nÂ hnZzm³ ]n tIfp-\m-b-cpw, Ip«-a¯v Ihn-Ifpw Cu taJ-e-bnÂ {]i-kvX-cm-bn-cp-¶p. tZiob kzmX{´y ka-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]cm-aÀi-§Ä kwKo-X-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn-te¡v sImp-h-¶Xv tIfp-\m-b-cm-Wv. ]mZpI ]«m-`n-tj-Iw \mS-I-amWv CXnÂ {]tXyIw ]cm-aÀin-t¡--Xv. tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-h-Ø-s¡-Xnsc ]m¡-\mÀ NcnXw F¶ \mS-IhpwAt±lw cNn-̈ p. alm-Ihn Ip«-a-̄ nsâ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv _me-tKm-]m-e³. 1882 Â tIc-f-hÀa hen-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cmsâ A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´fw XÀPa Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-̧ nÅ F¶\Ssâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼\nbmWv Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨Xv. 1930 Â kzman {_Ò-{h-X³ Ipam-c-\m-imsâ IcpW F¶ Imhyw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-̈ -Xv tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-\ofw {i²n-¡-s¸-«p.



IÃqÀ D½³ ^nent¸mkv sjbvIvkv]nbÀ IrXnbnÂ\n¶v ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbBÄamdm«amWv (tImaUn H^v Ftdgvkv) aebmf¯nse BZy\mSI hnhÀ¯\ IrXnsb¶vIcpXp¶p (1866). tIcfhÀ½ henbtImbn¯¼pcmsâ A`nÚm\imIp´fw (Imfn-Zm-k³)hnhÀ¯\s¯ cmat¯Xmbpw IW¡m¡p¶p. 1882Â {]IminXambimIp´fhnhÀ¯\¯n\p ap¼v tIcf¯nÂ \mSIw F¶t]cnÂ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv Xangv\m«nÂ \n¶pw tIcf¯nÂ h¶v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ kwKoX\mSI§fmbncp¶p.kmlnXytemI¯v N{IhÀ¯n]Zw Ae¦cn¨ncp¶ tIcfhÀ½bpsShnhÀ¯\]cn{iaw Cu ZnibnÂ {]hÀ¯n¡phm³ aebmfnIfmb kmlnXyImc·msct{]cn¸n¨p.kwkvIrX¯nÂ\n¶p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Cu IrXn hfscb[nIw BkzmZIsck¼mZn¨p.

]n¶oSv H«\h[n kwkvIrX \mSI hnhÀ¯\§fpw kzX{´ \mSIIrXnIfpw]pd¯nd§nsb¦nepw ]eXpw cwK¯v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. kwkvIrX¯nÂ \n¶vamfhnImKv\nan{Xw, hn{ItamÀhiobw, ameXoam[hw, NmcpZ¯w, kz]v\hmkhZ¯w,]©cm{Xw, A`ntjI\mSIw, AhnamcIw, a[yahymtbmKw, thWokwlmcw, arÑISnIw,cXv\mhen, \mKm\µw XpS§nb \mSI§Ä aebmf¯nte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«p.CwKvfojnÂ \n¶v Nne sjbvIvkv]nbÀ IrXnIfpw t]mÀjym kzbwhcw, Ieln\oZa\Iw,enbÀ \mSIw, kp\µmkckhocw, lmwseäv, sh\oknse hym]mcn, hmkńImkz]v\wF¶o t]cpIfnÂ aebmf¯nse¯n. H¸w kmaqlnI{]iv\§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶aebmf¯ntâXmb \mSI§fpw {]lk\§fpw ]s¯m¼Xmw \qämns\mSphnÂ{]Xy£s¸«p. N{µnIm\mSnI (Ipªn¡p«³ X¼pcm³ - 1891); F{_mb¡p«n (I¯nÂhÀKokv am¸nf - 1893); a¯hnemkw (kn.hn. - 1893); N¡oN¦cw (ap³jn cma¡pdp¸v - 1894)F¶nhbmbncp¶p Ah.

hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v1. CuUn-̧ kv cmPmhv. tkmt^m-¢okv

hnhÀ¯\w kn sP tXmakv{Ko¡v \mSIw

e`y-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ sh¨v temI-̄ nse Gähpw BZys¯ \mSIthZn {InkvXphn\pap³]v 534 Â GY³knÂ \S¶ncp¶ Zpc´\mSI aÕcam-Wv. B \mSIaÕc§fnsehnPbnbmbncp¶ sXkv]nkv BWv Adnbs¸«n«pÅXnÂ h¨v BZys¯ \S\pw\mSIIr¯pw. GY³knse At{Imt]mfoknse UtbmWnkkv Xn¿ädnÂ h¨mbncp¶p{Ko¡pImÀ \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. Cu UtbmWnkknÂ 14000 t]À¡v \mSIwImWm³ kuIcyw Dmbncp¶p. ChnsS A`n\bn¡p¶ thZnsb HmÀ¡kv{S F¶mWv-hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. {Ko¡v \mSI§sf {][m\ambpw aq¶v Xc¯nÂ hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p.Zpc´\mSIw({SmPUn), Bt£]lmky \mSIw (skä-bÀ), ip`mý \mSIw(tImaUn)F¶nhbmWv- Ah. CXnÂ Zpc´\mSI§fmWv hninãamb \mSIcq]ambn IcpXs¸«ph¶Xv

CukvInekv, tkmt^mIvfokv, bqdn¸nUnkv, Acnkvtäm^\nkv XpS§nbAhnkvacWobcmb \mSIIr¯p¡fpsS km¶n[yw {]mNo\ bh\ \mSIthZnsb\mSIIebpsSbpw kmlnXy¯nsâbpw kÀhImeamXrIbm¡n. {]mNo\ {KoknÂ{SmPUnIfpw tImaUnIfpw Hcpt]mse t{]mÕml\amÀPn¡pIbpw hnIkn¡pIbpwsNbvsX¦nepw {SmPUnIfmWv ]nev¡me¯v IqSpXÂ kamZcWob§fmbn¯oÀ¶Xv.{Ko¡p{SmPUnIÄ hnhn[ cq]§fnÂ ]nev¡me \mSIkmlnXys¯ kzm[o\n¨n«pv.s]mbänIvkv F¶ AXn{][m\amb {KÙw cNn¨ Acnkvtäm«nÂ F¶ bh\NnÍ³{SmPUnbnse CXnhr¯§Ä¡mWv ]ca{]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶Xv. {SmPUnbnse aq¶pXcwsFIyw AXy´mt]£nXamsW¶v Acnkvtäm«nÂ {]kvXmhn¨n«pv. kabw kw_Ôn¨sFIyw BWv AhbnÂ H¶mat¯Xv. cmat¯Xv Øe]camb sFIyamWv. ap¶mat¯Xv{Inbmwi¯nsâ sFIyw.

]mÝmXy \mSI Ncn-{X-¯nse F¡m-e-s¯bpw anI¨ Zpc-́ -\m-SIamWv CuUn-̧ kvcmPm-hv. {Ko¡v \mS-I-Ir-¯mb tkmt^m-¢okv BWv CXv cNn-̈ -Xv. _n kn 465 Â GX³kn-\-Sp-̄ pÅ sImtfm-k-kn-emWv tkmt^m-¢okv P\n-¨-Xv. bphm-hm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ Iem-cw-K¯v {]th-in-¨p. _n kn 480 Â t]Àjy-¡m-tcmSv hnP-bn¨ {Ko¡p-ImÀ BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS `mK-ambn \S-̄ nb \rt¯m-Õh¯nÂ tkmt^m-¢okv {][m\ Iem-Im-c-\mbn ]s¦-Sp-¯p. tkmt^m-¢okv cNn¨ Ggp \mS-I-§-fnÂ Gähpw {]kn-²-amb aqs¶®w CuUn-¸kv



cmPm-hv, CuUn-̧ kv sImtfm-W-knÂ, Bân-KWn F¶n-h-bm-Wv. kn sP tXmakv BWv Cu\mSIw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv. tkmt^m-¢o-knsâ \mS-I-̄ n\v thsdbpwae-bm-f-hn-hÀ¯-\-§-fp-m-bn-«p-s-¦nepw kn sP bpsS hnhÀ¯\w AXnsâ `mjm-]-c-ambiàn-sImpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-sImpw {it²-b-am-Wv.

kn sP tXmakv (1918 þ 1960)Iq¯m-«p-Ip-f¯p P\n¨ kn sP tXmakv AÑsâ B{K-l-{]-Imcw bmtIm-_mb k`m-

]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-Im\mWv Hcp-§n-b-sX-¦nepw hnip-²-hkv{Xw Xnc-kvI-cn¨v \mS-I-cw-K¯v kPo-h-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. \mS-I-im-kv{X-s¯-Ip-dn-¨pÅ \ncq-]-W-§Ä, hntZ-i-\m-S-I-§-fpsS XÀP-a-IÄ, kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶n-§s\ aq¶v taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ae-bmf¯n\v kn sP bpsSkw`m-h-\-IÄ. Db-cp¶ bh-\nI (1950) BWv \mS-I-\n-cq-]-W-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-am-b-Xv. ]mÝmXy\mS-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co-£-W-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-XnÂ kn. sP ]¦p-h-ln-̈ p. Ch³ Fsâ {]nb-]p-{X³, [n¡m-cn-bpsS ImXÂ F¶o {KÙ-§Ä kmlnXy þ kmaq-lnI cwK-§-fnÂ NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-bn. Ah³ hopw hcp-¶p, 1128 Â ss{Iw 27, item-an, Ba\p-jy³ \o Xs¶, hnj-hr-£w F¶n-h-bmWv {]kn² \mS-I-§Ä. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy ]co-£W \mS-I-ambn Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. {Ko¡v {SmP-Un-Isf ae-bm-f-̄ n\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS Bân-K-Wn, CuUn-̧ kv, enkn-kv{Smä XpS-§nb \mS-I-§ÄhnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. B[p-\nI \mS-I-̄ nsâ ]nXm-hmb C_vsk³ sâ Z tKmÌv F¶\mSIw `qXw F¶ t]cn-emWv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv. tamfn-tb-bpsS ]nip-¡sâ Ieym-Ww,Nm¸Iv ktlm-Z-c-·m-cpsS IoS-P-·w F¶n-hbpw kn sP bpsS hnhÀ¯\ \mS-I-§-fnÂ s]Sp-¶p.

Acn-tÌm-«nÂ Xsâ \mS-I-hn-i-I-e-\-̄ n\v amXr-I-bmbn kzoI-cn-̈ Xv tkmt^m-¢o-knsâ CuUn-̧ kv cmPmhv F¶ \mS-I-s¯-bm-Wv.

Zpc´\mSI k¦Â]wFÃm {Ko¡v Zpc´\mSI§fpw an¯pIsf ASnØm\am¡n cNn¡s¸«n«pÅh

bmbncp¶p. AXnse tI{µIYm]m{Xw BZymhkm\w H¶n\p]ndtI H¶mbn Zpc´§fmÂth«bmSs¸Sp¶h\mbncp¶p. km[mcW a\pjytc¡mÄ {]mKev`yhpwkz`mhsshinãyhpapÅ hyànIÄ X§fpsS kz`mh¯nepÅ GsX¦nepsamcp ZuÀ_eyw(slÀtajy) aqew ]cmPbs¸SpIbpw ]cnlmkycmbn¯ocpIbpw AhcpsS PohnXw]qÀWamb XIÀ¨bnÂ Iemin¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ IYbmWv {SmPUnbnÂNn{XoIcn¡mdpmbncp¶Xv. CuUn¸kv cmPmhnsâ IYbmWv D¯tamZmlcWw. {Ko¡vZpc´ \mSI§fnÂ Hcp-k-a-b¯v thZnbnÂ aq¶v {][m\ A`nt\Xm¡Ä am{XtaDmbncp¶pÅq. Hmtcm IYm]m{X§Ä¡v A\pkcn¨v Cu A`nt\Xm¡Ä apJwaqSnAWnbpIbmbncp¶p ]Xnhv. am{XhpaÃ \mSI§fnÂ kv{XoIÄ¡p]Icw ]pcpj·mÀ kv{Xothj¯nÂ A`n\bn¡pIbmbncp¶p. Zpc´ \mSI§Ä Iv hnImcXcfnXcmbn¯ocp¶t{]£IcpsS lrZb§fnÂ hnImchntcN\w (I¯mÀknkv) \S¡p¶p F¶mWv{SmPUnIsf hymJym\n¨psImv {KÙsagpXnb Acnkvtäm«nÂ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv.

CukvIn-ekv BWv {Ko¡nÂ Pohn-̈ n-cp¶ BZy Zpc-́ -\m-S-Ir¯v. asämcpZpc´\mSIIr¯mbncp¶ tkmt^m¢okv {In.ap. 465 þÂ GY³knÂ P\n¨p.CukvInekns\ At]£n¨v \mSILS\bnepw hnImk¯nepw \mSIm´y¯nepwanI¨hbmbncp¶p tkmt^m¢okn³sd \mSI§Ä. tkmt^m¢okmWv- thZnbnÂIYm]{X§fpsS F®w cnÂ \n¶pw aq¶m¡n DbÀ¯nbXv. Ct±l¯n³sd Gähpw{]kn²amb Zpc´\mSIamWv CuUn¸kv cmPmhv. hpa¬ Hm^v {Sm¡okv, Ce{Îm, ^ntemIssääkv, APmIvkv XpS§nbh tkmt^m¢oknsâ aäp {][m\ \mS§Ä. {In.ap. 480 - IfnÂP\n¨ asämcp {Ko¡v Zpc´\mSIIr¯mbncp¶p bqdn¸nsUkv. kzm`mhnIX Bbncp¶pAt±l¯n³sd \mSI§Ä¡pÅ {][m\ KpWw. a\ximkv{X]camb kao]\¯neqsSt{]£Isc ckn¸n¡m³ At±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä¡v Ignªncp¶p. aoUnb, AÂskÌnkv,lnt¸msseävkv, B³s{Uma¡n, Ctbm¬, sskt¢m]vkv F¶nhbmWv- bqdn¸nsUkn³sd{][m\ \mSI§Ä.

CukvInekv, tkmt^m¢okv, bqdn¸nsUkv F¶nhÀ {Ko¡v \mSI¯nse{XnaqÀ¯nIÄ F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.



CuUn-¸kv cmPm-hnsâ ]qÀh-IYXn_vknse cmPm-hmb teb-kn\v k´m-\-̀ m-Ky-ap-m-Im-̄ n-\mÂ UÂ^n-t£-{X-̄ nse

shfn-̈ -̧ m-Smb Hdm-¡n-fns\ kao-]n¨v A\p-{Klw tXSp-¶p. F¶mÂ AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sbhnhm-lw-I-gn-¡p¶ i]n-¡-s¸« ]p{Xsâ ]nXm-hm-Im-\m-Ws{X cmPm-hnsâ hn[n. Xma-kn-bmsX]p{X³ P\n-̈ p. P\n-̈ -bp-Ss\ B ss]X-ensâ Imep-I-fnÂ Ba-an«v In¯-tdm¬ Ip¶n³sNcp-hn-ep-t]-£n-¡m³ Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-cs\ GÂ]n-¨p. hn[nsb amäm-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm. Ip«n-bnÂIcpW tXm¶nb ]«m-f-¡m-c³ Ahs\ Hcp ]c-tZ-in¡p \ÂIn. a¡-fn-Ãm¯ sImdn-´nsecmPm-hmb s]mfn-_-kn\v Ip«nsb ssIam-dp-I-bmWv ]c-tZin sNbvX-Xv. IW-¦m-ep-IÄ ho§n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ CuUn-̧ kv (s]cp-¦m-e³) F¶ t]cn«v Ahs\ cmPmhv sIm«m-c-̄ nÂhfÀ¯n.

Ime-§Ä \o§n. CuUn-̧ kv bphm-hm-bn. sIm«m-c-̄ nse hncp-¶n-\n-S-bnÂ IpSn¨pe¡p-sI« Hcp hncp-¶p-Im-c³ CuUn-̧ kv s]mfn-_-knsâ hfÀ¯p-]p-{X³ am{X-am-sW¶kXyw hnfn-¨p-]-d-ªp. `b-¶p-t]mb CuUn-¸kv kXyw tXSn UÂ^n-bn-te¡p bm{X-bm-bn.AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sb thÄ¡p¶ i]n-¡-s¸« IpªmWv Xms\¶v a\-Ên-em-¡nb At±lwsImdn-́ n-te¡p aS-§msX t\sc Xn_vkns\ e£y-am¡n \S-¶p. \S-¶p-\-S¶v UÂ^n¡pwZuf-tÊ-¡p-an-S-bnÂ ]ncn-bp¶ ]mX-bn-se-̄ n. hgn-am-dn-s¡m-Sp-̄ p-sh-¦nepw ]Ã-¡nÂ Fgp-s¶-Ån-bhcp¶ {]`p-hnsâ AI-¼-Sn-¡m-c-\mb sldmÄUv AIm-c-W-ambn CuUn-̧ -kns\ ASn-̈ p.CuUn-̧ kv Xncn-̈ -Sn-̈ p. ]Ã-¡n-en-cp¶ {]`phpw CuUn-̧ -kns\ ASn-¡m³ XpS-§n. CuUn-̧ kvtZjyw aq¯v {]`p-hn-s\bpw AI-¼-Sn-¡m-scbpw hI-h-cp-̄ n. Hcp-h³ am{Xw c£-s -̧«p.CuUn-̧ kv \S¶p Xo_vkn-t\m-S-Sp-̄ -t¸mÄ a\p-jy-kv{Xo-bpsS Xebpw knwl-̄ nsâ DS-ep-apÅ hnNn{X P´p-hmb kv^nwKvkv At±-ls¯ t\cn-«p. Xsâ tNmZy-̄ n-\p-̄ cw ]d-bmsXapt¶m-«p-\o-§m-\m-hn-sÃ¶v `oj-Wn-s -̧Sp-̄ nb kv^nwKvkn\v D¯cw \ÂIm³ At±lw X¿m-dm-bn. tNmZy-an-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. cmhnse \mep-Im-enep D¨¡v cp-Im-enepw sshIp-¶cw aq¶p-Im-enepw \S-¡p-¶-Xmcv F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v a\p-jy³ F¶ D¯cw tI«-tXmsS kv^nwKvkv Ah-km-\n-̈ p. CuUn-̧ kv Xo_vkn-se-̄ n. cmPm-hsâ A`m-h-̄ nÂ Ipg-̧ -§Ä ImWn-̈ n-cp¶kv^nwKvkns\ Ah-km-\n-¸n¨ CuUn-̧ -kns\ Xo_vkp-ImÀ c£-Im-\m-bmWv kzoI-cn-¨-Xv.BZyw cmPyhpw ]n¶oSv tbm¡mÌm dmWn-sbbpw AhÀ CuUn-̧ -kn\v \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p.

Chn-sS-ap-X-emWv tkm^vtfm-¡o-knsâ CuUn-̧ kv \mSIw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv.kpJ-km-{µ-amb \nc-h[n hk-́ -§Ä ]n¶n-«-tijw cmPy¯v alm-tcm-K-§Ä ]SÀ¶p-

]n-Sn-¡m³ XpS-§n. kv{XoIÄ Nm¸n-Å-Isf s]äp. ]pcp-j³amÀ s]mSp-¶s\ hoWp-a-cn-̈ p.I¶-Im-en-IÄ Ip¶n³ sNcp-hp-I-fnÂ Ns¯m-Sp-§n. P\-§Ä `b-hn-lz-e-cm-bn. \mSnsâ Zpcn-X-¯n-\pÅ Imc-W-a-dn-bm³ `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb t{Ibs\ CuUn-̧ kv ZÂ^n-bn-te-¡-b-̈ p.teb-Êns\ sIm¶-bmÄ \m«n-eps¶pw Ahs\ Is¯n sIm¶p-I-f-bp-Itbm \mSp-I-S-̄ p-Itbm sN¿msX Zpcn-X-§Ä \o§p-I-bn-sÃ¶pw shfn-̈ -̧ mSp IÂ]n-¨p. sIme-bm-fnsb Ip-]n-Sn¨p {]Xn-Imcw sN¿p-sa¶v CuUn-̧ kv P\-§Ä¡p ap¼nÂ {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-̄ p. P·\mAÔ\pw {Xntem-I-Úm-\n-bp-amb sSbvtd-kn-b-Êns\ £Wn-¨p-h-cp¯n D]-tZiw tXSnbCuUn-̧ -kn-t\mSv sIme-bm-fnsb IqSp-XÂ At\z-jn¨v h³ B]¯v £Wn-̈ p-h-cp-t¯F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±lw ]d-ª-Xv. ]t£. P\-§Ä¡p \ÂInb hmKvZm\w ]men-¡m³ _²-s¸« CuUn-̧ kv sSbvtd-Ên-b-Êns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. \nhr-̄ n-bn-ÃmsX h¶At±lw CuUn-̧ -knsâ PmXIw hmbn-̈ p. AtXmsS AÑ\p aI\mbpw sIme-bm-fn-bmbpwA½bv¡v aI-\mbpw `À¯mhpw a¡Ä¡p AÑ-\mbpw ktlm-Z-c-\mbpw {]h-Nn-¡-s¸«- CuUn-¸kv Xs¶-bmWv \mSnsâ Zpcn-X-§Ä¡v Imc-W-¡m-c-\m-sW-¶-Xp-IqSn sXfn-bp-¶-tXmsSZpc´w ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶p. hmÀ[-Iy-̄ nÂ In¯-tdm¬ Ip¶n³sN-cp-hnÂ NmIm-\mWv Xsâhn[n-sb¶v At±lw Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. AtX-k-abw sImdn-́ nÂ \n¶v Hcp ZqX³ h¶v s]mfn-_kv acn-̈ -Xmbpw P\-§Â CuUn-̧ -kns\ cmPm-hm-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ -Xmbpw DÅ hnhcwAdn-bn-¡p-¶p.

im]w t]dp¶ Xm³ C\n sIdn-́ n-te-¡n-sÃ¶v CuUn-̧ kv Xd-̧ n¨p ]d-ªp. hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v I -̄tdm¬ Ip¶nÂ sImdn-́ ysâ I¶p-Im-en-Isf ta¨n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ Xo_vkp-Im-c-\mb Hcp CS-b³ X\n-s¡mcp B¬Ip-ªns\ Zm\w \ÂIn-sb¶pw Ah-\mWv bphm-hmbCuUn-s¸-sÊ¶pw ZqX³ hni-Zo-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ B CS-bs\ Xnc-ªp-]n-Sn¨v lmP-cm-¡m-\mbnCuUn-̧ -Ênsâ {iaw. Xo_vkn-te¡p hcp-¶-hgn BI-kva-In-I-ambn Xm³ Hcp CS-{]-̀ p-hp-ambnCS-ªXpw At±-l-s¯bpw Iq«m-fn-I-sfbpw h[n-̈ Xpw AXn\p Imc-W-amb kml-N-cyhpwCuUn-̧ kv tbm¡-Ìbv¡p hnh-cn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-̄ p. tebkv GXmv CuUn-¸-Ênsâ AtX Ñmb-bp-Å-h-\m-sW¶v dmWn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-IqSn sNbvXp. F¦nepw ]mc-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v C§s\Npgn-ª-t\z-jn-¡p-¶Xv kam-[m\w sISp-̄ p-Itb sN¿p-I-bpÅq F¶v tbm¡mÌ D]-tZ-in-¨p. F¶mÂ `mcy-bpsS D]-tZiw CuUn-̧ kv hne-s¡-Sp-̄ n-Ã.



CS-b³ sIm«m-c-̄ n-te¡v B\-bn-¡-s -̧«p. Ah³ clkyw shfn-s -̧Sp-¯p-hm³ Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. aÀ±\w kln-¡m-\m-hmsX h¶-t¸mÄ ]d-bm-sa-¶m-bn. Ip«n teb-Ên-tâ-Xm-sW¶vk½-Xn-̈ p. ]t£, Ip«nsb Xs¶ GÂ¸n-̈ Xv cmÚn-bm-sW¶pw shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ n. _m¡n-sbms¡ kz´w `mcy-tbmSv tNmZn¨p a\-Ên-em-¡-W-sa¶v A`yÀYn-¨p. ad-¨p-sh-¡m-\m-hm¯hn[w kXyw shfn-s¸«t¸mÄ tbm¡mÌ \ne-hn-fn¨v InS-̧ -d-bn-te-t¡m-Sn. sI«n-̄ q§n Bß-l-Xy-sN-bvXp. ]ndsI HmSn-h¶ CuUn-¸kv IXIv Nhp-«n-s¸m-fn¨v AI-̄ p-I-S¶v hmfp-sImvIb-À apdn¨v `mcysb \ne-̄ p-In-S-̄ n. At¸m-tg¡pw AhÀ acn-̈ n-cp-¶p. B Zpc-́ -\m-b-I³`mcy-bmb A½sb Iptd-t\cw t\m¡n-bn-cp-¶p. ]ns¶, s]s«¶v AZr-iy-amb GtXm iàn-bm-bmÂ Iog-S-¡-s¸«v tbm¡m-Ì-bpsS DSp-̧ p-S-h-bnse ]n¶v Ducn-sb-Sp¯v kz´w I®nÂIp¯n-bn-d-¡n. Hcp ]pcp-j³ sN¿m³ Acp-Xm-¯-sXÃmw sNbvXp-t]mb Rm³ `qan-bnseImWm³ sImÅm-hp-¶-sXm¶pw ImWm³ sImÅ-cp-Xm-̄ -h-\m-sW¶v hne-]n¨v hopwhopw I®v Ip¯n-s¸m-«n-̈ p. I®nÂ \n¶ Hen-¨n-d-§nb càw apJ¯v hmÀs¶m-gp-In.CuUn-̧ -Êns\ I P\-§Ä `b¶v HmSn-a-d-ªp. Afn-b³ t{Ib³ h¶v CuUn-̧ -Êns\ Ac-a-\-bn-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-Ip-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.\mS-I-kw-{Klw

]qÀhm¦w Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv \ne-hn-fn-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv. Zpc-́ -\m-S-I-§-fpsS s]mXp-hmb{]tXyIXI-fn-sem-¶m-Wn-Xv. Xo_vknse alm-Zp-cn-X-̄ nÂ hiw-sI« P\-§-fpsS \ne-hn-fn-bmWv CuUn-̧ kv \mS-I-¯nepw BZyw ImWp-¶-Xv. CuUn-̧ kv P\-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. P\-§Ä t\cn« Zpcn-X-̄ nÂ \n¶v Ahsc Ic-I-b-äp-sa¶v CuUn-̧ kv hmKvZm\w\ÂIp-¶p. At¸mÄ {Intbm¬ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Cu a®nÂ ]nd-¶v, Cua-®nÂ ]peÀ¶v Cua®ns\ sISp¯p If-bp¶ Hcp \oN-h-kvXp-hns\ ]pd-̄ p-I-f-bmsX cmPy-¯nsâ kam-[m\w]p\-Øm-]n-¡-s -̧SnÃ F¶ shfn-̈ -̧ m-Snsâ hnhcw AbmÄ ssIam-dp-¶p. CuUn-̧ kv Xo_vkn-te¡p hcp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp¶ cmPm-hmb ebq-knsâ sIme-]m-X-In-bmWv B\oN-h-kvXp-sh¶v shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p-apv {Intbm¬. ebq-knsâ ac-Ws¯ kw_-Ôn¨vAhÀ¡v Hcphn-h-chpw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. XoÀY-bm-{X-¡n-S-bnÂ sImÃ-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶p am{Xw Adn-bmw. sIm¶-Xm-cm-sWt¶m Fhn-sS-sh-¨m-sWt¶m am{Xw AdnªnÃ. sIme-]m-X-Insb Is-¯p-sa¶v Ahn-sS-sh¨v CuUn-̧ kv {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.cwKw H¶v

cwKw H¶v Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv CuUn-̧ Ênsâ {]`m-j-W-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. sIme-]m-XIn P\-§-fnse Bsc-¦n-ep-am-sW-¦nÂ h¶v Iog-S-§m³ At±lw \nÀtZ-in-¡p-¶p. "Cu BÚsbAh-K-Wn-¡p-¶-hsc tZh³amÀ i]n-¡-s«, AhÀ¡v `qan Duj-chpw kv{XoIÄ hÔy-IfpwXn_vknse Zpcn-X-§-sf-¡mfpw henb Zpcn-X-§fpw Dm-Is«' F¶v CuUn-̧ kv i]n-¡p-¶p.Xsâ AÑ-s\-t¸mse At±-ls¯ Xm³ Icp-Xp-¶p-sh¶pw CuUn-̧ kv BW-bn-Sp-¶p-v.bYmÀY-̄ nÂ Cu im]w sN¶-̄ p-¶Xv CuUn-¸ÊnÂ Xs¶-bm-sW-¶-XmWv Zpc-́ w. ]t£,P\-§-fn-sem-cmfpw Ipäw Gsä-Sp-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. Úm\nbpw AÔ-\p-amb Xntd-kn-bm-Êns\ sIm«m-c-̄ n-te¡v CuUn-̧ kv B\-bn-¡p-¶p. "hnthIw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ]t£,hnthIw {]tbm-P-\-s -̧Sm-̄ n-S¯v hnthIn hyk-\n-¡p-¶p. Chn-tS¡v htc--Xn-Ãm-bn-cp¶p'F¶mWv Xntd-kn-bm-knsâ adp-]-Sn. X\n¡v cl-ky-a-dn-bm-sa¶pw ]t£, ]d-bn-sÃ-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p B Úm\n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. AXv CuUn-̧ Êns\ tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ IÅ-\m-sW¶pw sIme-]m-X-In-bnÂ\n¶v ssI¡q-en-hm-M-Mn-bn-«p-s¶pw hsc CuUn-̧ kv Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX Xtd-kn-bm-kn\v C§s\ ]d-tb-n-h-¶p. "" A§v {]Jym-]n¨ B im]w hoWn-cn-¡p-¶Xv A§-bpsS inc-ÊnÂ Xs¶-bm-Wv. Cu cmPys¯ Xop¶B i]vX-hkvXp A§m-Wv. A§p-X-s¶-bmWv'' CXp-tI«v CuUn-̧ kv A´m-fn-¡p-¶p. CuUn-¸kv kwi-bw-XoÀ¡m³ hopw tNmZn-s¨-¦nepw B sIme-bmfn Xm³X-s¶-bmWv F¶vBhÀ¯n-¡p-I-bmWv Xntd-kn-bmkv sNbvX-Xv. am{X-aÃ CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ Zm¼Xyw ]m]-]-¦n-e-am-sW¶ kXyw-IqSn Xtd-kn-bmkv Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. XIÀ¶p-t]mb CuUn-̧ kv XnXtd-kn-bm-kns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp¯n kzbw kam-[m-\n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. am{X-aÃ CXv Afn-b-\mb {Intbm-Wnsâ D]-Nm-]-amtWm F¶p-hsc CuUn-̧ kv ktµ-ln-¡p-¶p-v. Xs¶ Iogvs¸-Sp-̄ m³ h¶knw^n-kn-s\-t¸mse b£n-bmWv Cu {XnIm-e-Úm-\n-bmb Xntd-kn-bmkv F¶p-hsc At±lwA]-l-kn-¡p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ Xntd-kn-bmkv CuUn-¸-kn-t\mSv ISp-̄ -̀ m-j-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. a®n-\-Sn-bnepw apI-fn-ep-apÅ (acn-̈ -h-cpw Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpw) kz´w cà-t¯mSvt{Zmlw-sN-bvX-h-\mWv CuUn-̧ kv F¶v AbmÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. kz´w A½-bp-sSbpw AÑ-sâbpw im]w Cu temI-̄ nÂ \n¶v Xs¶ Xq¯p-I-f-bp-sa¶v AbmÄ {]h-Nn-¡p-¶p.



"sXfnª I®p-IÄ A¶v Ipcp-p-t]m-Ipw.' F¶v B Úm\n CuUn-¸-kns\ i]n-¡p-¶p.Xntd-kn-bm-kn-t\mSv sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v Cd-§n-t¸m-Im³ Akz-Ø-\mb CuUn-̧ kv BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. "C¶v A§-bpsS P·-Zn-\-am-Wv, ac-W-\m-gn-Ibpw' F¶ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn-s¡m-mWv Xntd-kn-bmÊv Xncn-̈ p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. AtXmsS H¶mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw cv

{Itbm-Wnsâ kw`m-j-W-t¯m-sS-bmWv cwKw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. CuUn-̧ kv X¶n-em-tcm-]n¨ Ipäw tIhew Ahm-kvX-hw -am-{X-am-sW¶v AbmÄ P\-§-tfmSv BW-bn-Sp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡vIS-¶p-h¶ CuUn-̧ kv {Itbm¬ X\n-s¡-Xnsc KqVm-tem-N\ \S¯n F¶ Btcm-]WwISp¯ `mj-bnÂ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ {Itbm-Wnsâ ]nXm-hnsâ ac-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨vtNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. A¶v CtX Xntd-kn-bmÊv Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶n«pw F´p-sImv Xsâ t]cv ]d-ªnÃ F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v {Intbm-Wn\v adp-]-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀX-½nÂ hg-¡p-m-Ip-¶p. Xsâ \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-ImsX {Intbm¬ Ipg-§p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Ahn-tS¡vCuUn-̧ -Ênsâ `mcy-bm-bn-am-dnb cmÚn {]th-in-¡p-¶p. shdpsX hg-¡-Sn-¡-cp-sX¶pw{Intbm¬ ]d-bp-¶-XmWv icn-sb-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p tbm¡m-kvXm-bpsS ]£w. AtXmsS CuUn-¸kv XWp-¡p-¶p. tIm]-̄ nepw im´-X-bn-ep-apÅ CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ Cu AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-X-bmWv At±-l-̄ nsâ Zpc-´-Im-c-W-sa¶v {Intbm¬ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-v. {Intbm¬ t]mb-tijw CuUn-̧ kv dmWn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡th Xsâ `À¯m-hn-\p-mb shfn-]m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ kw`-h-§Ä AhÀ shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. C¯cw shfn-]m-Sp-IÄ hniz-kn-¡-cp-sX-¶m-bn-cp¶p ]d-ª-Xnsâ Npcp-¡w. ImcWw kz´w `À¯mhv aIsâ ssIbmÂ sImÃ-s¸-Sp-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶tÃm {]h-N-\w, ]t£, At±lw ac-W-s -̧«tXm bm{X-¡n-S-bnÂ sImÅ-kw-L-̄ nsâssII-fm-epw. (A¯-c-samcp IY-bmWv Xo_vknÂ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv). ]v, B {]h-N\w Dm-b-k-a-b¯v P\n¨ Ipªns\ ImenÂ Xpf-bn«v _Ôn¨v hnP-\-amb ]Àh-X-̄ nÂac-W-̄ n\v hn«p-sIm-Sp-¯p-sh¶pw dmWn shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ n. AXn-\mÂ Xntd-b-Ênsâ shfn-]m-Sp-I-sf-¶Ã Hcp shfn-]mSpw hniz-kn-¡-cpXv F¶mWv tbm¡m-Ì-bpsS D]-tZ-iw. ebqkv cmPmhvsImÃ-s¸« aq¡q-«p-s]-cp-hgn Xo_vkn-te-¡pÅ hgn ]ncn-bp-¶-Xn\v sXm«p-ap-¼m-sW¶pw Bkw`hw \S-¶Xv Xm³ Xn_vkn-se-̄ p-¶-Xnsâ Znh-k-§Ä¡p ap¼m-sW¶pw Adn-ª-tXmsSCuUn-̧ Êv IqSp-XÂ kwi-bm-ep-hm-Ip-¶p. ebq-knsâ cq]-̀ m-h-§fpw IqsS-bp-Å-h-cpsS AS-bm-f-§fpw CuUn-̧ Êv tNmZn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. "Dbcw IqSn. Xe shÅn-t]mse \c¨v GI-tZiw A§-sb-t¸mse' F¶ tbm¡m-Ì-bpsS adp-]-Sn-bnÂ ]eXpw AS-§n-bn-«p-v. AtXmsSCuUn-̧ kv BsI XIÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. cmPm-hnsâ kwL-̄ nÂ \n¶v c£-s¸« Hcp ]S-bmfnXncn¨v Xo_vkn-se-̄ n-b-t¸mÄ knwlm-k-\-̄ nÂ CuUn-̧ -Êns\ I-tXmsS Hcp B«n-S-b-\mbn amdn cmPyw hn«p-t]m-sb¶pw dmWn shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ n. AtXmsS B B«n-S-bs\ ImW-W-sa-¶mbn CuUn-̧ -Ên-\v. tbm¡m-kvX-tbmSv kz´w `qX-Im-e-N-cnXw CuUn-¸Êv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. sImdn-́ n-se s]mfn-_-kmWv AÑ³, A½ tUmdn-kvImcn satdm-̧ nbpw. Hcp hncp-¶nÂsh¨v N§m-Xn-bmWv A\m-YXzw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. HSp-hnÂ AÑ-\-½-am-c-dn-bmsX sUÂ^n-bn-te¡p t]mbn. AhnsS sh¨mWv AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sb hnhmlw sN¿p-sa¶ {]h-N\wBZy-ambn tI«-Xv. Ahn-sS-\n¶p t]mcp-t¼m-gmWv ebqkv acn¨ \mÂ¡-h-e-bn-se-̄ p-¶-Xv.AhnsS sh¨p-mb hg-¡nÂ Hcp kwL-hp-ambn Gäp-ap-«p-Ibpw ]e-scbpw sImÃp-IbpwsNbvXn-«p-v. Iq«-̄ nÂ Hcp Xe-\-c¨ hr²-{]-̀ p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXv ebq-km-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂhn[n X\n-s¡-Xn-cp-X-s¶. C\n C¡m-cy-̄ nÂ Hcp sXfn-hp-Iq-Snsb _m¡n-bp-Åq. A¶v t]mcm-«-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ c£-s¸« ]«m-f-¡m-c³. AbmÄ B«n-S-b-\mbn ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn-ep-s-¶m-WtÃm]d-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. Abm-fmWv ebqkv sImÅ-¡m-cm-emWv h[n-¡-s -̧«Xv F¶ IY Xo_vknÂ]c-̄ n-b-Xv. Abmsf hnfn-̈ p-h-cp¯n kXy-a-dn-bp-I-Xs¶ hgn F¶ CuUn-̧ kv Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-tXmsS cmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw 3

cwK¯v tbm¡m-kvXm-bmWv XpS-¡-̄ nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CuUn-̧ -Ên\v \Ã a\-Êp-J-an-sÃ¶v AhÀ ]uc-P-\-§sf Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AtX kabw sImdn-́ nÂ \n¶pÅ ZqX³ hcp-¶p. CuUn-̧ -Êns\ sImdn-́ nse cmPm-hm-¡m³ P\-§Ä B{K-ln-¡p-¶pv F¶ hnhcwAdn-bn-¡m-\mWv AhÀ hcp-¶-Xv. Ahn-Ss¯ cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶ t]mfn-_-knsâ ac-W-hmÀ¯bpw AhÀ -A-dn-bn-¨p. CuUn-̧ -kn\v Cu hmÀ¯ Bizm-k-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ImcWwXsâ bYmÀY ]nXmhv t]mfn-_kv BsW-¶m-bn-cp-¶tÃm At±lw hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. ]nXm-hnsâ LmX-I-\m-bn-̄ ocpw Xms\¶ {]h-N\w CtXmsS s]mfn-ªp-sh¶v At±lw kam-[m-\n-¨p. kz´w aI-\mb Xs¶ ImWm-Xmb hnj-a-¯n-emWv At±lw ac-W-s¸-«Xv F¶-Xn-\mÂ



HcÀY-̄ nÂ aI³X-s¶-bm-Wv sIm¶Xv F¶v C\n {]hm-N-I-·mÀ hymJym\w Nabv¡pw F¶vAt±lw Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. "GXm-bmepw shfn-]mSv A£-cw-{]Xn \nd-th-dn-bn-«n-Ã, AXv s]mfn-_-Ên-s\-t¸mse acn-̈ p-In-S-¡p¶p' F¶m-W-t±-l-̄ nsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. ]t£, kz´w A½bmbsatdm-̧ n-dmWn (s]mfn-_-Ênsâ `mcy) Pohn-̈ n-cn-̧ pv F¶-Xn-\mÂ {]h-N-\-̄ nsâ cmw-̀ m-K-¯n\v C\nbpw km[y-X-bpv F¶ hnjaw At±lw ZqX-\p-ambn ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶p. At¸m-gmWvsImdn-́ nse ZqX³ B kXyw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv, bYmÀY-̄ nÂ CuUn-̧ -kv kz´w AÑ-\mbn Icp-Xp¶ s]mfn-_kv At±-l-hp-ambn bmsXmcp cà-_-Ô-hp-anÃ F¶ ]c-a-ambkXyw. CuUn-̧ -Êns\ s]mfn-_-kn\v k½m-\n-̈ Xv Xm\m-sW¶v ZqX-\mbn h¶ BÄ ]d-bp-¶p.InY-tdm¬ ae-bnse Hcp hÅn-¡p-Sn-enÂ h¨m-Ws{X B Ipªns\ (CuUn-̧ -Êns\)AbmÄ¡p e`n-̈ -Xv. A¶v Abm-sfmcp B«n-S-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X. cmÚn sImÃp-hm³ thnImep-IÄ _Ôn¨v ae-s©-cn-hnÂ Dt]-£n¨ ss]X-ens\ c£-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B CS-b³. Imep-IÄ hne-§n«v hnf-¡n-b-Xn-\mÂ Ip«n-¡m-ew-sXms« CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ Imep-I-fnÂAXnsâ Ie-I-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p. CuUn-̧ kv F¶ t]cnsâ AÀYhpw AXm-Wv. ebqkv cmPm-hnsâ ]cn-Nm-c-I-cnÂ Hcm-fmWv B Ipªns\ ae-s©-cn-hnÂ Dt]-£n-¨Xv F¶pw ZqX³ k½-Xn-̈ p. CsXÃmw tI«v tbm¡mkvX dmWn ]cn-{`-an-¡p-¶p. bYmÀY-̄ nÂ Ipªns\ Dt]-£n-¡m³ sImSp-̄ -b-̈ Xv dmWn-Xs¶ Bbn-cp-¶p. At\z-jWw aXn-bm-¡m³ AhÀ CuUn-̧ -Ên-t\mSv Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p. "i]vX-\mb a\p-jym, kXy-a-dn-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v \n§Ä acn-̈ n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ' F¶p-hsc cmÚn hne-]n-̈ psImv AhÀ HmSn-a-d-bp-¶p. AtXmsS CuUn-̧ -Ên\v kXy-saÃmw shfn-s -̧Sp-Ibpw Xm³ amXm-hns\ hnhm-lw-I-gn-̈ -h-\m-sW¶pw ]nXm-hns\ sIm¶-h-\m-sW¶pw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kXy-̄ nsâ Ah-km-\-I-Wn-Ibpw ]pd-̄ p-h-cs« F¶CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ {]Jym-]-\-t¯msS B cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw 4

sNdn-sbmcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. sImdn-ńse ZqX³ ]dª CS-bsâ BK-a-\-t¯msSbmWv\memw cwKw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ZqX³ ]dª AS-bm-f-§Ä AbmÄ HmÀan-¡p-¶p. X\n¡v HcpB¬Ip-«nsb GÂ]n¨ Imcyw ]d-ª-t¸mÄ am{Xw CS-b³ AXv \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. ImcWwcmPmhv sImÃm³ GÂ]n¨ Ip«nsb ssIam-dn F¶-dn-ªmÂ in£-e-̀ n-¡p-sa¶v AbmÄ `b-¶n-cp-¶p. AbmÄ òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-̄ pw-hsc B kXyw k½-Xn-¡m³ Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. HSp-hnÂ ac-W-in£ `b¶v AbmÄ¡v FÃmw shfn-s¸-Sp-t¯-n-h-cp-¶p. dmWn-bmWv X\n¡v Ip«nsbsImÃm³ X¶-sX¶pw AXn\p ImcWw {]h-N-\-§-fm-sW¶pw AbmÄ Xpd-¶p-]-d-ªp.sImÃm-\pÅ iàn-bn-Ãm-bvI-bmÂ atä-sX-¦nepw cmPy¯p sImp-t]mbn hfÀ¯n-s¡m-Åp-sa¶v hnNm-cn-̈ mWv B Ipªns\ N§m-Xn¡v ssIam-dn-b-Xv. AtXmsS CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ At\z-jWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶p. "{]Im-i-ta, Rm\n\n Hcn-¡epw \nsâ apJ¯v t\m¡m-Xn-cn-¡-s«.]m]-̄ nÂ P\n-̈ p, hnhmlw ]m]-]-¦n-ew, Rm³ càw Nnń-bXpw ]m]w.. lm' F¶v CuUn-¸kv hne-]n-¡p-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.D -̄cm¦w

"Xo_vknse am\y ]uc-·m-sc, I®o-scm-gp-¡p-hn³... CukvsXÀ IS-ensebpw ^mko-_vXSm-I-̄ n-sebpw shÅ-a-{Xbpw t]mcm, Cu sIm«m-c-̄ n-e-Sn-ªp-Iq-Snbncn-¡p¶ amen-\y-a-{Xbpw Igp-In-¡-f-bm³' F¶ hnem-]-t¯msS ZmknbmWv cwK¯v BZyw {]Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv.F¶n«v Zmkn dmWn-bpsS ac-W-hn-hcw ]uc-P-\-§sf Adn-bn¡p¶p. £p`n-X-bmbn cwK-̄ p-\n¶v adª dmWn A´-]p-c-̄ n-\-I¯v Ibdn hmXnÂ sIm«n-b-S-¨p. a¬a-dª ebqkv cmPm-hns\ hnfn¨v AhÄ Ae-ap-d-bn-«p. Xm³ KÀ`-̄ nÂ hln¨ aI-s\-tbmÀ¯pw AhÀ hne-]n-̈ p.aI\nÂ X\n-¡p-mb i]vX-cmb a¡-sf-tbmÀ¯pw AhÀ hne-]n-¨p. ]ndsI Ae-dn-s¡m-p-h¶ CuUn-̧ kv cmPmhv hmXnÂ XÅn-̄ p-d-¶p. hmÄsImv dmWn-bpsS arX-tZlw \ne-t¯¡v Adp-̄ n-«p. F¶n-«-t±lw cmÚn-bpsS hkvXw _Ôn-̈ n-cp¶ kqNn-sb-Sp¯v kz´wI®p-I-fnÂ Bªp-X-d-¨p. FÃm hmXn-ep-Ifpw Xpd-¡m-\m-Úm-]n¨v At±lw òI-c-cq]w]qv Ct§m«v \S-¶-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw Adn-bn¨v Zmkn HmSn-t¸m-bn. At¸mÄ cwK-t¯¡vCuUn-̧ kv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. ico-c-̄ nepw Bßm-hnepw Htc-t]mse thZ-\-b-\p-̀ -hn-¨p-sImvcwK-t¯¡p hcp¶ CuUn-̧ -kn-s\-Iv ]uc-P-\-§Ä `b-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. kz´w AÑ-s\bpwA½-sbbpw a¡-sfbpw ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m³ thn-bmWv Xm³ I®p-IÄ Ip¯n-s¸m-«n-¨-sX¶vCuUn-̧ kv Ae-dn-̧ -d-bp-¶p. Hmtcm ]uc\pw CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ ssII-fnÂ s]Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Hgn-ªp-am-dp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v {Intbm¬ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. At±lw Bt£-]n-¡p-Itbm FXnÀ¡p-Itbm sN¿msX ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS A\n-hm-cyX CuUn-̧ -Êns\ HmÀan-̧ n-¡p-I-am{Xw sN¿p-¶p.Xsâ t]cp-sIm-p-am{Xw kvacn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ InY-tdm¬ ae-I-fnÂ GIm-́ -\mbn Aeªv acn-¡m-\mWv CuUn-̧ kv B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. ]t£ {Intbm¬ CuUn-¸-Êns\ sIm«m-c-̄ n-\p-Ån-te-¡p-X-s¶ B\-bn-¡p-¶-tXmsS \mS-I-̄ n\v Xnc-Èoe hogp-¶p.



2. kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w (`mk³)]cn-`mj þ hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³

`mk³kwkvIrX \mS-I-I-hn-bmWv `mk³. Imfn-Zm-k\pw apt¼ Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Icp-X-s -̧

Sp-¶p. {InkvXp-hÀjw H¶v þ cv \qäm-p-I-fmWv `mksâ Imew F¶mWv A\p-am-\w. Imfn-Zm-k-³t]mepw Nne-k-µÀ`-§-fnÂ `mks\ A\p-I-cn-̈ n-«pv F¶p- ]d-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. 23 \mS-I-§Ä At±lw cNn-¨n-«p-v. ]Xn-\-t©m-fta Is-̄ n-bn-«p-Åq. `mk³ F¶]qÀÆ{]kn²amb \mSIImcs\¡pdn¨v ]pcmX\Imew apXte ]e `mcXobcpw]cmaÀin¨ncps¶¦nepw At±l¯ntâXmbn Hscmä IrXnt]mepw e`yambncp¶nÃ. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw ssIsb-gp¯v {KÙ-im-e-bnse DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶ tUm.Sn KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-IÄ1909 Â Z£n-W-tI-c-f-̄ nse ]ß-\m-̀ -]p-c-̄ n-\-Sp-¯pÅ aW-en-¡c aT-¯nÂ \n¶v `mksâ]¯p \mS-I-§Ä Is-Sp-̄ p. Bbneyw Xncp-\mÄ cmPm-hnsâ `c-W-Im-e-¯mWv (860 þ 1880)kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w \mSIw Is-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.

tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A`n{]mb¯nÂ {InkvXzÐw H¶mw \qämn\ptijamWp`mkIhn Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. kz]v\hmkhZ¯¯nsâ aqeIYbpsS {]mbw KWn¨mWv At±lwCu A`n{]mb¯nÂ F¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. KpWmVy³ cNn¨, ep]vXambnt¸msb¶phnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ _rlXvIY F¶ ss]imN{]mIrX{KÙ¯nepw AXnsâkw£n]vXcq]amb tkmatZh`«sâ IYmkcnÕmKcw F¶ kwkvIrXIrXnbnepwkz]v\hmkhZ¯¯nse \mbI\mb DZb\almcmPmhnsâ hniZamb PohnXIYIfpv.KpWmVy³ H¶mw \qämnÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ kmXhml\sâ kaImeo\\mbncp¶p F¶XmWvtIcf]mWn\nbpsS A\pam\¯n\v ASnØm\w.

Xsâ ImhyaoamwkbnÂ cmPtiJc³ F¶ `mc-Xob Be-¦m-cn-I³kz]v\hmkhZ¯s¯ `mksâ cN\bmbn GSp¯p ]dbp¶p. ImfnZmk\pw _mW\pw`mks\¡pdn¨v {]kvXmhn¨n«pÅXn\mÂ, AhÀ¡v ap¼mbncp¶p `mk³ Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶vA\pam\n¡mw. `mksâ {]XnÚmbuKÔcmbWw F¶ \mSI¯nse Hcp ]Zyw,{InkvXphÀjmcw`¯n\Sp¯p Pohn¨ncp¶ AiztLmjsâ _p²NcnXs¯B{ibn¡p¶Xn\mÂ AiztLmj\p tijhpw, iq{ZIsâ 'arÑISnIw' `mksâ"Zcn{ZNmcpZ¯³" F¶ A]qÀ®\mSIs¯ B{ibn¡p¶Xmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶Xn\mÂiq{ZI\p ap³]pw Bbncn¡Ww At±l¯nsâ Imew. Cu kqN\Isf B{ibn¨v,s]mXphÀjmcw`¯n\p tijw, \memw \qämn\¸pdw At±lw Pohn¨ncp¶XmbnA\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶p.

KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-I-fmÂ Is-Sp-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§Äs¡Ãmw s]mXphmb ]e{]tXyIXIfpv. D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶ `mj, \mSIw XpS§p¶ \mµn tÇmI¯nsâ cq]w,awKfmNcW¯nsâ {Iaw, \mSIw Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶ `cXhmIy¯nsâ LS\, FÃmIrXnIfnepw ImWmhp¶ cmP{]iwk XpS§nbh aäp kwkvIrX\mSI§fpsSs]mXpkz`mh§fnÂ \n¶p thdn«p\n¶p. ]mWn\nbpsS Nn«IÄ¡p ap¼pÅImet¯Xpt]mse `mjbnse {]mIrXmwiw {]ISambncp¶p. ]e tÇmI§fpw A¸msStbmAtX ssienbntem H¶ne[nIw {KÙ§fnÂ {]Xy£ambncp¶p. AXp IqSmsX,kwkvIrX¯nse ]pcmX\\mSI§Ä ]n´pScp¶ ]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn, Chbnsem¶nepw\mSIIr¯nsâ t]cpmbncp¶nÃ. F¶mÂ 13 \mSI§fnÂ H¶v, `mktâsX¶vkÀhk½Xamb kz]v\hmkhZ¯w Bbncp¶p. \mSI§Ä¡p s]mXphmbpÅcN\mssienbpw kz]v\hmkhZ¯w AhbnÂ H¶mbncp¶Xpw ]cnKWn¨v, 13 \mSI§fpw`mktâXmsW¶v KW]Xn imkv{Xn hmZn¨p. `mksâ Gähpw t{ijvTamb IrXnbmbn]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶ ]pcmX\kwkvIrX\mSIamWv kz]v\hmkhZ¯w AYhm kz]v\\mSIw.Fs¶t¶¡pambn \ãs¸«pt]msb¶v hnizkn¨ncp¶ Cu cN\bpsS Hcp {]Xn 1910ÂtIcf¯nÂ \n¶pw IsSp¡s¸«p. tIcf]mWn\n F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½ GXm\pwhÀj§Ä¡pÅnÂ Xs¶ aqe\mSIIrXnbpsS GItZiw bYmXYamb Hcp aebmfwXÀÖa cNn¡pIbpmbn. `mk\mSI§Ä ]cntim[n¨ \ncq]I·mÀ Ahsb H¶mbnXobnsednsª¶pw kz]v\hmkhZ¯w am{Xw B AKv\n]co£sb AXnPohns¨¶pw HcpIY {]kvXm-hn-¡-s -̧«n-«pv.



hÅt¯mÄ \mcmbW tat\m³aebmf almIhnbpw, tIcf IemaÞe¯nsâ Øm]I\pamWv hÅt¯mÄ

\mcmbWtat\m³. 1878 HtÎm_À 16-\v Xncqcn\p kao]w tImgn¸d¼nÂ Ip«n¸mdpA½bpsSbpw ISpt§m«p aÃntÈcn ZmtamZc³ CfbXnsâbpw aI\mbn P\n¨p. kwkvIrX]T\¯n\ptijw ssI¡pf§c cmahmcycnÂ \n¶v XÀ¡w ]Tn¨p. 1905-Â XpS§nbhmevaoIn cmambW hnhÀ¯\w 1907-Â ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. 1915-Â Nn{XtbmKw {]kn²oIcn¨p.AtX hÀjw tIctfmZb¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]\mbn .

B[p\nIaebmf Ihn{Xb¯nÂ Imhyssienbnse iÐkuµcyw sImpw,kÀ¤mßIXsImpw A\pKrloX\mb almIhnbmbncp¶p hÅt¯mÄ\mcmbWtat\m³. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ Bcw`¯nÂ aebmf IhnX¡p ]pXnsbmcpZnimt_m[w \evIm³ {]hcv¯n¨ IhnIfnÂ kamZcWob\mWv- At±lw.tZiobmht_m[¯ntâbpw kzmX{ý¯ntâbpw AeIÄ At±l¯nsâ IhnXIfnÂIWmhp¶XmWv-. almßPnbpsS BZÀi§fnÂ ASnbpd¨p hnizkn¡pIbpw, KmÔnPnsbKpcp\mY\mbn kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvX At±lw ssh¡w kXym{KlIme¯v (1924)KmÔnPnsb t\cn«pIp.

1958 amÀ¨v 13-\v Aćn¨p. sXm®qtdmfw IrXnIÄ {]Imin¸n¨n«pv-. _[nchnem]w,injy\pw aI\pw, KW]Xn, Nn{XtbmKw, kmlnXyaRvPcn, aKvZe\adnbw, sIm¨pkoX,AÑ\pw aIfpw F¶nh hfscb[nIw NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«hbpw P\IobX t\SnbhbpamWv-.

hnhÀ¯Is\¶ \nebnÂ hÅt¯mfnsâ kw`mh\IÄ al¯mWv. hnhn[hn`mK¯nÂs¸«hbmWv At±l¯nsâ ]cn`mjIÄ. hmevaoIncmambW¯n\v ]pdsaA`nÚm\imIp´fw, EtKzZw, amXwKeoe, ]Zva]pcmWw, amÀ¡tÞb]pcmWw,hma\]pcmWw, aÕy]pcmWw, XpS§nbhbpw At±lw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.hnhÀ¯\wsImv 'tIcf hmevaoIn'sb¶p hÅt¯mÄ hnfn¡s¸«p. Imfn-Zmk \mS-I-§fpw aäp [mcmfw kwkvIrX Imhy-§fpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v ]cn-̀ m-j-s¸-Sp¯nb alm-I-hn-bmWv At±lw. `mksâ A©p \mS-I-§Ä¡v hÅ-t¯mÄ ]cn-̀ mj \nÀh-ln-̈ n-«p-v. kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-s¯-¡q-SmsX Ducp-̀ w-Kw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, A`n-tj-Iw F¶n-h-bm-W-h.]Ým¯eIY

D¯c{]tZinse Iuimw_nbpsS Npäpw hym]n¨pInS¶ncp¶ {]mNo\cmPyambncp¶phÕcmPyw. ]mÞhhwi]c¼cbnÂs¸« DZb\³ F¶ almcmPmhmWv ChnSw`cn¨psImncp¶Xv. AXnkpµc\pw kwKoXmZn efnXIeIfnÂ AXymkà\pambncp¶p[ocefnX\mbI\mb DZb\³. At±l¯n\v hmkpIn \ÂInb tLmjhXn Fs¶mcphoWbpmbncp¶p. tLmjhXnbv¡v Im«nÂ\n¶p aZbm\Isf BIÀjn¡m³ t]mepwiàn-bpÅ iÐam[pcyw Dmbncp¶pht{X. th«, s]®v, aZyw XpS§nbk]vXhyk\§fnÂ Hmtcm¶pw Cu cmPmhnt\bpw _m[n¨ncp¶p. F¦nepwAXnkaÀ°cmb alma{ń buKÔcmbW³, tk\m]Xn cpaWzm³ F¶nhcpsSklmbapÅXn\mÂ cmPyw t£ssaizcy§tfmsS \ne\n¶p.

CtX Ime¯pv DÖbn\n F¶ cmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv NÞalmtk\³ F¶ A]-c-\maw IqSn Dmbncp¶ almtk\³ Bbncp¶p. Ct±l¯n\v AwKmchXn F¶cmÚnbnÂ tKm]meI³, ]meI³ F¶n§s\ cp ]p{X·mcpw hmkhZ¯ Fs¶mcp]p{Xnbpw P\n¨p. hmkhZ¯bv¡v A\ptbmPy\mb Hcp ]pcpj³ DZbtk\t\ DÅq F¶valmtk\\p t_m²yw h¶p. F¶mÂ Bßm`nam\hpw DXvIÀjmt_m[hpw aqewAt±l¯n\v DZb\s\ At§m«p sN¶p Iv I\ymZm\w \S¯m³ aSn tXm¶n.\b]cambn Imcyw \S¯m³, Xsâ aIsf hoWmhmZ\w ]Tn¸n¡m³ DZb\³DÖbn\nte¡p h¶mÂ sImÅmw Fs¶mcp ktµiw At±lw ZqX³ hiwIuimw_nbnte¡b¨p. F¶mÂ hoc\pw A`nam\¯n\v H«pw IpdhnÃm¯h\pamb DZb\³hmkhZ¯sb At§m«b¡m³ {]Xnktµihpab¨p. At\ym\yapÅ CuaÕc¯ns\mSphnÂ, almtk\³ Hcp b{´KPs¯ Dm¡n I¬sI-«psImv DZb\s\his¸Sp¯n DÖbn\nbnte¡p sImph¶p. F¶n«v aIsf DZ-b-tk-\-\cn-In-te¡v hoWm-`ym-k-\-̄ n\v ]d-ª-b-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS AhÀ X½nÂ {]W-b-̄ n-em-bn. buK-Ô-cm-b-Wsâ \oXn-Iu-i-e-t¯msS XS-hnÂ\n¶p NmSn hmk-h-Z-̄ -sbbpw sImv DZ-b-tk-\³\oKq-V-ambn Iuimw-_n-bn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p-t]m-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp

{]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-bWw F¶ \mS-I-̄ n-sâ {]tabw Cu ]qÀh-I-Y-bm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w \mSIw {]Xn-Úm-\m-S-I-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw.



kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯wA§s\ ssI¡-em-¡nb `mcy-bmb hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbm-sSm¯v kkpJw hmgsh hÕ-

cmPyw ap¡mepw BcpWn F¶ i{Xp Iog-S-¡n. Abmsf Pbn-¡m³ ZÀi-I³ F¶ aK-[-cm-Pm-hnsâ klmbw AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn\p ]t£, ZÀi-Isâ ktlm-Z-cn-bmb ]Zvam-h-Xnsb DZ-b-tk-\³ hnhmlw Ign-¡-Ww. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z¯ Pohn-¨n-cns¡ DZ-b\³ AXn\pX¿m-dm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã. ]ßm-h-Xn-bm-Is« asämcp {]nb-bpÅ hÂk-cm-P-t\msSm¸w Pohn-¡p-I-bp-an-Ã. Cu {]Xn-kÔn ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ a{ń-am-cmb buK-Ô-cm-b-W\pw cpaWzm\pw hmk-h-Z¯acn-¨p-t]mbn F¶ sI«p-IY sa\ªv hmk-h-Z-¯-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-̄ s¶ cmPmhpw]Zvam-h-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ hnhmlw \S-̄ m³ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-Sp-¶p. buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ k\ym-kn-thjw [cn¨v Ah-́ n-cm-Py-kv{Xo-bpsS thjw [cn¨ hmk-h-Z-̄ bpambn t]mIp-¶p. AhsfXsâ ktlm-Z-cn-bm-sW¶ hymtP\ ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-̄ s¶ GÂ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. A§s\cmPmhv ]Zvam-h-Xnsb hnhmlw Ign-¡p-Ibpw i{Xp-hns\ tXmÂ]n¨v cmPyw hos-Sp-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶-tXmsS Imcy-§Ä Ie-§n-s¯-fn-bp-¶p.H¶m-a¦w

\mS-Im-cw-̀ -̄ n-epÅ {]mÀY-\-bmWv \mµn. FÃm `mk-\m-S-I-§-fnepw Cu Bcw`w Dv.\mµn-¡p-tijw kq{X-[mc³ {]th-in¨v ]Xn-hp-t]mse F´m-sWmcp i_vZw tIÄ¡p-¶XvF¶p ]dªv cwK-k-µÀ`w hnhcn¡p-¶p. ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw A\p-N-c-·mcpw B{i-a-hm-kn-Isfamän\ndp-̄ p¶ i_vZ-amWv tI«-Xv. XpSÀ¶v k\ym-kn-thjw [cn¨ buK-Ô-cm-b-W\pw Bh-ń-Im-thjw [cn¨ hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw {]th-in-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-samcp B{i-a-̄ nsâ im´-Xbv¡p`wKw-h-cp¯pw hn[w BcmWv _l-fw-sh-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xmbn-cp¶p buK-Ô-cm-b-Wsâ kwi-bw. Xs¶bpw amän-\n-dp-¯ptam F¶ `b-am-bn-cp¶p hmk-h-Z-̄ -bv¡v. ImcWw cmÚn-bm-WtÃm bYmÀY-̄ nÂ AhÄ. Pohn-X-̄ nÂ C¯cw Ib-än-d-¡-§Ä cY-N-{I-§-sf-t¸msekzm`m-hn-I-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p a{ń-bmb buK-Ô-cm-b-Wsâ adp-]-Sn. Hcp lcn-¡m-c³ {]th-in¨v amdn-\nÂ¡m³ _l-fw-sh-¡p¶ kw`m-j-Is\ KpW-tZm-jn-¡p-¶p. ImcWw \K-c-̄ nseXnc¡p t]Sn¨v B{i-a-¯n-e-W-ª-hsc Ahn-sS-sh¨pw Xnc-¡p-Iq«n _p²n-ap-«n-¡-cp-X-tÃm.AXp-tI«v a{ńbpw cmÚnbpw Abm-fpsS ASp-t¯¡v \o§p-¶p. ZÀi-I-cm-Pm-hnsâ ktlm-Zcn ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hnsâ A½sb B{i-a-̄ nÂ ImWm³ h¶n-cn-¡p¶ _l-f-am-WnXv F¶-hÀ¡p a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. ]ßm-h-Xnsb I-t¸mÄ buK-Ô-cm-b-W\p Adn-bmsX a\-ÊnÂ_lp-am-\-ap-Zn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ Xsâ cmPm-hmb DZ-b-tk-\\p `mcy-bmbn `hn-¡p-sa¶ {]h-N\wa\-Ên-temÀ¯m-bn-cp¶p AXv. kpµ-cnbpw kpio-e-bp-amb Cu cmP-Ip-am-cnsb DÖ-b-\o-cm-Pm-hmb {]tZym-X-\³ hnhm-l-am-tem-Nn-¡p-¶ hnh-chpw AhÀ¡p e`n-̈ p. ]Zvam-hXn Xm]-k-·m-tcmSv BÀs¡-¦nepw Fs´-¦nepw klm-b-§Ä thtWm F¶m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ah-kcw apX-se-Sp¯v buK-Ô-cm-bW³ hmk-h-Z¯ Xsâ tkmZ-cn-bm-sW¶pw `À¯mhv Zqc-hm-k-̄ n\vt]mb-Xm-sW¶pw Ipd-̈ p-Imew cmP-Ip-am-cn-bpsS IqsS \ndp-̄ -W-sa¶pw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.X\n¡v [\w th, `£Ww th, ]n¨-sX-m-\Ã Imhn-apv [cn-¨-Xv. [oc-bpw [Àa-h-Xn-bpamb cmP-Ip-amcn ]Xn-{h-X-bmb Fsâ s]§sf Im¯p-c-£n-̈ mÂ am{Xw aXn (tÇmIw 9)F¶mWv At±-l-̄ nsâ Bh-iyw. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn "[\w Dbncv X]Êv XpS§n asä´pwsImSp-¡m³ Ffp-̧ -am-Wv. ]t£, F¶mÂ kq£n-¡m-t\Â¸n¨ hkvXp kwc-£n-¡p-I-bmWvGähpw {]bm-k-Icw' F¶mWv (tÇmIw 10) ]ßm-hXn ]d-bp-¶Xv.

]n¶oSv AhnsS h¶p-Iq-Snb Hcp {_Ò-Nm-cn-bnÂ \n¶v, DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv \mbm-«n\pt]mb kµÀ`-̄ nÂ {Kma-̄ n\p Xo]n-Sn¨v hmk-h¯ acn-¨p-t]m-sb¶pw hmk-h-Z-̄ sb c£n-¡m³ XobnÂ NmSnb buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ F¶ a{ńbpw acn-¨p-sh¶pw cmPmhv `mcym-hn-tbm-K-¯mÂ XobnÂ NmSm-s\m-cp-§n-b-Xns\ a{ń-amÀ XSp-̄ p-sh¶pw AtXmsS cmPmhv BsIZpJn-X-\m-sW¶pw DÅ IY-IÄ hmk-h-Z¯ tIÄ¡p¶p. t_m[w sI« cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-¯sb hnfn¨p Ic-bp-I-bm-sW-¶p-IqSn tI«-tXmsS AhÄ¡pw Ic-¨nÂ h¶p. IY tI«v hyk-\n¨p Ic-bp-I-bm-sW-¶mWv Acn-In-ep-Å-h-À Icp-Xn-b-Xv. "AXp-t]mse Hcp N{I-hm-I-̧ -£n-t]mepw CWsb HmÀ¯v Ic-ªn-«p-m-hn-Ã. CXp-t]mse kv{Xosb kvt\ln-¡p¶ Hcp ]pcp-j-\p-ap-m-In-Ã. C¯cw `À¯m-hpÅ GsXmcp s]®pw `mKy-h-Xn-X-s¶. ]Xn-tbm-SpÅ kvt\lwaqew ChÀ XobnÂ Fcn-ªmepw sh´p-t]m-hp-I-bnÃ' (tÇmIw 13) F¶v {_Ò-Nmcn ]d-bp-¶p. cpa-Wzm³ F¶ a{ń-bmWv Ct¸mÄ cmPm-hns\ kam-iz-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶p.



cmw A¦wDZym-\-̄ nÂ ]´pIfn¨p XfÀ¶ hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-

t¯m-sS-bmWv cmw cwKw Bcw-̀ n-¡-¶-Xv. hmk-h-Z¯ ]Zvam-h-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cys¯ ]pI-gv¯p-¶p. ]Zvam-hXn DÖ-bn-\n-bnse alm-tk-\-s\¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp¶ {]tZym-Xsâ `mcym-bm-hm³t]mIp-¶-h-fmWv F¶v AÀYw-sh¨v kwkm-cn-¡sh Ahfpw hÕ-cm-Pm-hmb DZ-b-\\pwX½nepÅ hnhmlw Dd-̈ p-I-gnªp F¶ hnh-c-amWv hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡p e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-tI«vhmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS a\Êv Ccp-fp-¶p-v.aq¶mw A¦w

hnhm-lm-tamZw \ndª \mep-sI-«nÂ ]Zvam-h-Xnsb DZ-b-t\m-sSm¸w hn«v GIm-́ bpwZpJn-X-bp-ambn hmk-h-Z¯ kv{XoI-fpsS DZym-\-¯n-se-̄ p-¶p. ]Zvam-h-Xn¡v ame-tImÀ¡m-\pÅ IÂ]-\-bp-ambn Zmkn-sb-̄ p-¶Xv hmk-h-Z-¯sb IqSp-XÂ hnj-an-¸n-¡p-¶p. Zmkn DZ-b-\sâ cq]-em-hWyw hÀWn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mepw AhÄ¡v Ak-ly-am-hp-¶p-v. k]-Xv\n-amscXS-bp¶ Ahn-[-hm-l-cWw F¶ acp¶p]pjv]hpw ame-bnÂ tImÀ¡phm³ X¿m-dm¡nbn«pv. ]t£, AXp tImÀ¡m³ hmk-h-Z¯ k½-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã. DZ-b-\sâ `mcy ac-W-s -̧«-Xm-WtÃm F¶ Imc-W-am-Wv AhÄ Zmkn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.\memw A¦w

Bcy-h-k-´-I³ F¶ hnZq-j-I\pw cmPmhpw X½nÂ ]qt´m«w Npän-¡-d-§m-\n-d-§p-¶Xpw hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw ]ßm-h-Xnbpw Ah-sc-¡v ad-ªp-\nÂ¡p-¶Xpw At¸m-gp-mbNne Xam-i-Ifpw tNÀ¶ Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-̄ sb ad-¡m-\m-Ip-¶nÃF¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-I-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw Cu cwK-§-fnÂ shfn-hm-Ip-¶-Xv. cmPm-hns\ Hfn-ªp-Im-Wp-t¼m-tg¡pw hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡p I®o-cp-s]m-Sn-bp-¶p-v. F¶m-eXv ]qs¼mSn I®n-te-ä-Xp-sIm-m-sW-¶mWv AhÄ IÅw ]d-bp-¶-Xv. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ hnZq-j-I³, ac-W-s¸« hmk-h-Z-̄ -sb-bmtWm ]pXp-̀ m-cy-bmb ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-bmtWm cmPm-hn\v IqSp-XÂ {]nbw F¶ tNmZy-ap-¶-bn¨v IpSp-¡p-¶p. BZyw Hcp-̄ cw ]d-bm³ hnk-½-Xn¨ DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX"]Zvam-hXn kpµ-cnbpw k½-X-bp-am-sW¶pw am[p-cy-cq-]-Kp-W-§Ä XnI-ª-h-fm-sW¶pwF¦nepw X\n¡v hmk-h-Z-̄ -bnÂ Bg-̄ nÂ ]Xn-ªp-t]mb a\-Êns\ Xncn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶nÃ F¶pw k½-Xn-¡p-¶p.' (tÇmIw 4) CXp-tI«v hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Hcp-t]mse kt´m-jn-¡p-¶p-v. cPmhv hnZq-j-I-t\mSpw AtX tNmZyw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]ßm-hXnkpµ-cn-bm-sW-¦nepw {]nbw hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbm-SmWv, ImcWw hmk-h-Z¯ CS-bv¡n-Sbv¡vX\n¡v CjvSw-t]mse hn`-h-§Ä `£n-¡m³ Xcp-sa-¶mWv hnZq-j-Isâ D¯-cw. Cu Xam-i-tI«v cmPmhv Nncn-¡p-Ibpw Cu adp-]Sn hmk-h-Z-¯-tbmSv ]d-bp-sa¶v Adn-bmsX ]d-ªp-t]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hmk-h-Z-̄ -sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Hcp Xami tI«-t¸m-tg¡pw cmPmhv ]gb Ime-¯n-te¡v Adn-bmsX aS-§n-t¸m-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. (tÇmIw 5). ZpJw If-bp-hm-\mWv Xm³t{]as¯ \«p-h-fÀ¯n-b-Xv. ]t£, AXp-sImpw ian-¡msX Xsâ k¦Sw hfÀ¶p-h-cn-I-bm-W-tÃm. acn-̈ p-t]mb {]nb-P-\-§-tfm-SpÅ IS-̧ m-Sp-IÄ I®o-cp-hmÀ¯p ho«p-hm-\mWv De-Insâ \S¸v F¶v cmPmhv hne-]n-¡p¶p. (tÇmIw 6) k¦Sw XoÀ¡m³ ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hn-\-Sp-t¯¡v sNÃp-¶p. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z-̄ -sb-t¸mse, ]qs¼mSn I®nÂ hoWmWv Xm³IcªXv F¶ IÅw BhÀ¯n-¡p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tÇmIw 7) ]pXp-s]-®mb ]Zvam-hXnkXy-a-dn-ªmÂ Ic-ªp-t]mIpw F¶-Xp-sIm-mWv cmPmhv C§s\ IÅw ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.A©mw A¦w

kz]v\ hmk-h-Z¯w F¶ \ma-̄ n\v B[m-c-amb AwK-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Xe-th-Z-\-bmÂ hnj-an-¡p-I-bmWv ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb¶pw AhÄ hmk-h-Z-̄ sb ImWm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw Ct¸mÄ s]mbvIm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ hn{i-a-̄ n-emsW¶pw Hcp tXmgn Adn-bn-¡p-¶-tXm-sS-bmWv kw`hw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv. hmk-h-Z¯ IY-IÄ ]dªv ckn-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ thZ\ad-¡p-a-tÃm. ]t£, AtX ka-b-̄ mWv cmPm-hn\v `mcym-kw-K-̄ n\v B{K-l-ap-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. cmP-Ip-amcn s]mbvIm--Kr-̄ n-em-sW¶ hnhcw sh¨v hnZq-j-I³ cmPm-hns\ At§m«v B\-bn-¡p-¶p. s]mbvIm-Kr-l-̄ n-te¡p Ib-dm-s\m-cp-§sh taem-̧ nÂ \n¶v DXnÀ¶p-hoW tXmc-Ws¯Iv hnZq-j-I³ ]m¼m-sW¶v IcpXn `b-¡p-¶p. (XpSÀ¶v \S-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶ kz]v\-Zr-iy-t¯mSv Cu ambm-\p-̀ hw tNÀ¯p-a-\-Ên-em¡mw) F¶mÂ ]ßm-hXn AhnsS h¶n-«n-sÃ¶vcmPm-hn\v a\-Ên-em-bn. ImcWw hncn Npfn-ªn-«n-Ã. InS¡ Ipgn-ªn-«n-Ã, s\än-bn-en« acp-¶nsâ Id Xe-bn-W-bnÂ ]än-bn-«n-Ã, tcmKn¡v thZ-\-b-dn-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-hm-\pÅ taem-̧ p-IÄXq¡n-bn-«n-«n-Ã. am{X-aÃ, tcmKn-bmb HcmÄ A{X s]s«¶v InS-¡-hn-s«-gp-t¶äv t]mhp-I-bp-anÃ(tÇmIw 4). AXn-\mÂ AtX InS-¡-bnÂ cmP-Ip-am-cnsb Aev]-t\cw Im¯n-cn-¡m-\mWv



cmPmhv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. t\cw-t]m-¡n-\mbn hnZq-j-I³ Hcp IY-]-d-bp-¶p. "DÖ-bn\n Fs¶mcp\K-cp-ap-v. AhnsS AXn-c-a-Wo-b-§-fmb Ipfn-¡-S-hp-I-fp-v....' DÖ-bn-\n-sb¶p tI«-am-{X-bnÂ cmPm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-¯sb HmÀa-h-cp-¶p. hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kz\-K-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v X«n-s¡m-p-h-cp¶ thf-bnÂ amXm-]n-Xm-¡-sfbpw _Ôp-¡-sfbpw shSnª k¦-S-̄ mÂ Ic-ª-t¸mÄ AXv Xsâ s\©nÂ hoW kµÀ`amWv HmÀ¡p-¶Xv (tÇmIw 5). hoWhmb\ ]Tn-̧ n-¡sh hmk-h-Z¯ Xsâ apJ-t¯¡v t\m¡n-bn-cp¶v hoW-¡-¼n-bnÂ sXmSmsX A´-co-£-¯nÂ ao«nb kw`-hhpw cmPmhv HmÀ¯p (tÇmIw 6). CXn-\mÂ thsd IY ]d-bp¶p hnZq-j-I³. IY XpS-csh cmPmhv Dd-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶p. DWÀ¯msX hnZq-j-I³ hnf-¡-W¨v ]pd-t¯¡pt]mb kµÀ`-̄ nÂ ]Zvam-h-Xn¡v acp-¶p-ambn hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw tXmgnbpw Ahn-tS¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Ccp-«nÂ ]Zvam-h-Xn-bm-sW¶p IcpXn cmPm-hnsâ sXm«-cn-In-emWv hmk-h-Z¯ Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv. Dd-¡-̄ nÂ cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kz]v\-¯nÂ Dds¡ hnfn-¡p-¶Xv tI«v hmk-h-Z¯ ]nS-sª-gp-t¶Â¡p-Ibpw Zqsc-\n¶v cmPm-hns\ I¬\n-dsb ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kz]v\-̄ nÂ cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbmSv tNmZn-¡p¶ tNmZy-§Ä¡v adp-]-Sn-]-d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. InS-bv¡¡p ]pd-t¯¡v Xq§n-\nÂ¡p¶cmPm-hnsâ ssI ]Xps¡ icn-bm-¡n-sh¨v AhÄ Ahn-sS-\n¶v t]mIp¶p. hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsSkv]Ài-ta-ä-tXmsS IXv kz]v\tam bmYmÀYytam F¶-dn-bmsX cmPmhv DW-cp-¶p. Xm³hmk-h-Z¯sb IXv kXy-am-sW¶pw cpa-Wzm³ \pW-]-d-ª-Xm-hm-sa¶pw cmPm-hn\vtXm¶p-¶p. CXp shdpw In\m-hm-sW-¦nÂ Rm\p-W-cm-Xn-cn-¡-s«, AÃ CXv {`m´m-sW-¦nÂCu {`m´v \oWmÄ amdm-Xn-cn-¡s« F¶mWv cmPmhv sImXn-¡p-¶-Xv. (tÇmIw 9). Cu aµn-c-¯nÂ ]mÀ¡p¶ Ah-́ n-kp-µcn F¶ b£n-sb-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww cmPmhv IXv F¶mWv hnZq-j-Isâ A`n-{]m-bw. kz]v\m-h-km-\-̄ nÂ DWÀ¶-t¸mÄ B Nmcn-{Xy-kw-c-£nWn (hmk-h-Z¯)bpsS apJ-am-Ip¶ Xma-cbpw \o apSnbpw ajn-sb-gp-Xm¯ I¬Ifpw Ip-sh¶vcmPmhv km£y-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. am{X-a-Ã, B kpµcn Fsâ ssI]n-Sn-̈ -t¸m-gp-mb tcmam©hpws\©n-Sn¸pw Ct¸mgpw Ah-km-\n¨n-«n-sÃ¶pw cmPmhv ImWn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p (tÇmIw 10, 11).

DSs\, DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hnsâ a{´n cpa-Wzm³ henb ssk\ys¯ tiJ-cn¨v Bcp-Wn-tbmSvbp²w-sN-¿m³ ]pd-s -̧«p-h-cp-¶pv F¶ ktµiw e`n-¡p-¶p. bp²-̄ n-\mbn cmPmhpw ]pd-s -̧Sp¶tXmsS Cu \mS-I¯nse {][m\ cwKw Ah-km-\n¡p-¶p.A¦w Bdv

Xh-W-¡m-cn-bmb hnP-bbpw lcn-¡m-c\pw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-t¯msS cwKw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. bp²w Pbn-¨p-h¶ cmPmhv Btcm tLmj-hXn F¶ hoW hmbn-¡p¶ i_vZw tI«vhmk-h-Z-̄ m-kvar-Xn-bmÂ ]pf-In-X-\m-Ip-¶p. \Àa-Zm-Xo-cs¯ hÅ-¡p-Sn-enÂ \n¶mWvAbmÄ¡v B hoW e`n-¨-Xv. AsX-Sp¯v aSn-bnÂ sh¨-tXm-Sp-IqSn cmPmhv t_m[wsI«p hogp-¶p. {ipXn-kp-J-t¯m-Sp-IqSn hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS aSn-bnepw amdnepw hn{i-an¨ \o Infn-IÄ s]mSn-bp-XnÀ¯ Xp-ambn sImSnb h\-̄ nÂ hkn-¨-sX-§ns\ F¶v cmPmhv hoW-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p¶p (tÇmIw 1). Ac-s¡-«nÂ hln-¨pw apdp¡n sI«n-̧ n-Sn-̈ pw £oWn-¡p-t¼mÄ amdnÂtNÀ¯v Xtem-Snbpw Fs¶s¨mÃn hnc-th-f-I-fnÂ hne-]n¨pw \ns¶ ao«p¶ t\c¯v ]p©n-cn-¨p-sIm-pÅ kwkm-c-§fpw FÃmw \o ad-¶p-I-f-ªtÃm F¶v \µn-bn-Ãm¯ hoW-tbmSvcmPmhv ]cm-Xn-]-d-bp¶p (tÇmIw 2). ]cn-¡p-]-änb hoWsb \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m³ inev]nsbGÂ¸n-¡p¶p hnZq-j-I³.

hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fmb alm-tk-\\pw BwKm-c-h-Xnhpw ]d-ª-b¨ kµÀi-IÀ cmPm-hns\ ImWm³ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsc kÂ¡-cn-¡m³ cmPmhv ]vZam-h-Xn-sbbpwIq«p-¶p-v. aI-fpsS ZpÀa-c-W-hmÀ¯-b-dnª amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä F´mWv ]d-bpI F¶v cmPm-hn\pw ]Zvam-h-Xn¡pw Bi-¦-bp-v. cmPmhv X«n-s¡m-p-h-¶-Xm-WtÃm aI-sf. "B\-bp-²-¯nÂ Fs¶ tXmÂ¸n-¨p, kz´w a¡-sf-t¸mse F¶n«pw Rm³ ]cn-N-cn-̈ p, Fsâ aIsfA]-l-cn-̈ p, Ahsf Im¯p-c-£n-¡m³ F\n¡v Ign-ª-Xp-an-Ã At¸m-sgm¶pw aa-X-hn«v s]cp-am-dm¯ Rm³ aI-fpsS ac-W-hmÀ¯ tI«pw aa-X-tbmsS hkn-¡p-¶p. Imc-Ww, hÕ-cmPywXncnsI e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nan-̄ -am-bXv AXm-WtÃm' F¶mWv cmPm-hnsâ ktµ-iw. (tÇmIw 8)"]Xn-\mdv A´-]p-c-kv{Xo-I-fnÂ aq¯-h-fmb \K-c-¯n\v ]c-tZ-h-X-bm-b A½-dm-Wn¡v kpJw-X-s¶-b-Ãtbm F¶v cmPmhv At\z-jn¨p (tÇmIw 9). Bcv Bsc-bmWv ac-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v c£n-¡m³ Ign-hp-ä-h³, IbÀs]m«n InW-än-te¡p ]Xn-¡p¶ IpSs¯ Bcv XS-bpw, DeIw HcpImSp-t]m-se-bmWv Imem-Imew AXp sh«n-sh-Sn-̧ m-¡p-¶p, hopw apf-̈ p-b-cp-¶p. (tÇmIw 10)F¶mWv lcn-¡m-c³ cmPm-hns\ Biz-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. C\n-sb-{X-P·w P\n-¨mepw hmk-h-Z-¯sb ad-¡m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶v cmPmhv km£y-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.



hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS amXmhv DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hns\ icn¡pw acp-a-I-\m-bn-̄ -s¶-bmWv IXvF¶ hkvXpX shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ ktµ-i-amWv [m{Xn-hiw \ÂIn-hn-«n-cp-¶-Xv. cmPm-hns\ DÖ-bn-\n-bn-te¡v hcp-̄ n-̈ Xpw aIsf hoW-b-̀ y-kn-¸n-¡m-s\¶ \mSy-̄ nÂ Hcp-an¨v Xma-kn-̧ n-¨Xpw {]W-b-Nm-]eyw aqew cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbm-sSm¸w hnhm-l-aw-Kfw BN-cn-¡msX IS-¶p-I-f-ªXpw A½ kvacn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ apd-{]-Imcw aI-fp-sSbpw acp-a-I-sâbpwinev]-§Ä ]WnXv hnhmlw \S-̄ n-sb¶v shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXnsâ Nn{X-§ÄDZ-bs\ ImWn¨v taenÂ CXp-t\m¡n Biz-kn-̈ p-Po-hn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p. sXäpsN-bvXn-«p-t]mepw X§-fnÂ A{]oXn ImWn-¡msX {]nbw \ndª A½-bpsS Cu hm¡p-IÄ \qdpcmPyw Iog-S-¡p-¶-sX-¡mÄ kt´m-j-I-c-am-sW¶v cmPmhv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. (tÇmIw 12). Nn{X-¯nse hmk-h-Z-̄ sb Iv CXv Bh-́ n-I-b-t¸mse Ccn-¡p-¶tÃm F¶v ]Zvam-hXn BÝ-cy-s -̧Sp-¶p. t]mse AÃ AhÄX-s¶-bm-sW-¶mWv cmPm-hnsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Cu Nn{X-̄ n-ep-Å-Xp-t]m-epÅ Hcp s]¬Ip«n Xsâ IqsS Xma-kn-¡p-¶p-s¶pw Hcp k\ymkn kq£n-¡m-t\Â]n¨ s]§-fmWv Ah-sf¶pw ]ßm-hXn cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. Htc hSn-hnÂ temI¯vH¶n-e-[nIw Bfp-I-fp-m-hm-\n-S-bp-tÃm F¶v kam-[m-\n-¡p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tÇmIw 14).

At¸mÄ ktlm-Z-cnsb XncnsI hm§n-¡m³ {_mÒ-W-th-j-̄ nÂ buK-Ô-cm-b-W³{]th-in-¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-Wsâ i_vZw tI«v cmPm-hn\v ap³]cn-Nbw tXm¶p-¶p-v. cmPm-hnsâIÂ]-\-{]-Imcw hmk-h-Z¯ lmP-cm-Ip-¶p. cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ sb Iv BËm-Z-Nn-̄ -\m-Ip-¶p. ap¼v Iv h©n-X-\m-b-Xp-t]mse Cu hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw hmkvX-htam kz]v\tam F¶m-W-t±-l-̄ n\p kwi-bw. (tÇmIw 17) kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w F¶ \mS-I-\maw HmÀ¡pI. \S¶kw`-h-§-sfÃmw buK-Ô-cm-W³ cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. tPyjvT-̄ n-bmb hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbmSv Hcp kJn-sb-t¸mse s]cp-am-dn-t¸m-b-XnÂ ]Zvam-hXn am¸p-tNm-Zn-¡p-¶p. Iuimw-_ncmPys¯ c£n-¡m-\mWv C¯-c-samcp BÄam-dm-«-̄ n\v Hcp-§n-¸p-d-̧ -«-sX¶pw ]Zvam-hXncmPm-hnsâ `mcy-bm-Ip-sa¶ ]pjv]-I-̀ -{Z-·m-cpsS {]h-N\w Adn-ª-Xp-sIm-mWv Ah-sc-¯s¶ kwc-£Ww GÂ¸n-̈ -sX¶pw Cu hnhcw cpa-Wzm\pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. almkq-{X-¡m-c³ F¶mWv cmPmhv cpa-Wzms\¡pdn¨v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.FÃm-hcpw Hcp-an¨v kt´m-j-t¯msS thZn-hn-Sp-t¼mÄ `c-X-hm-Iy-t¯msS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.



samUyqÄ 2temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI L«w

tdmam km{amPyt¯msSm¸w {InkvXpaXw bptdm¸v apgph³ hym]n¨Xv \mSIIebpsSXfÀ¨bv¡p ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. s{sIkvXhk` aXhnizmknIsf A`n\b¯nÂ \n¶phne¡pIbpmbn. B ImeL«¯nse bqtdm]y³ \mSImhXcWw kmaqlnImtLmj§fnepw {]`p¡·mÀ AXnYnIÄ¡mbn Hcp¡nbncp¶ kXvImckZÊpIfnepapÅ kwKoXmem]\t¯mSp IqSnb \r¯\rXy§fnepw HXp§n\n¶p. AXn\mÂ A`n\b¯n\pthnbpÅ \mSIcN\ \maam{Xambn. anI¨ \mSI§Ä kmlnXy IrXnIÄ F¶\nebnemWv A¡m-e¯v {i²n¡s¸«Xv. a[yIme¯v \mSImhXcWw XpS§nbXv s{sIkvXhtZhmeb§fpsS DÅnembncp¶p. ]n¶oSv AXp ]Ånapät¯¡p amdn. N´Øe§fnÂ_q¯v kvtäPpIÄ {IaoIcn¨v \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶ ]Xnhpapmbncp¶p. KnÂUvlmfpIfpw \mSIthZnIfmbn amdn.

tdmamkm{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\pw \thm°m\Ime¯n\panSbnepÅ GXmv ]¯v\qämpIÄ bqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbpsS PoÀWImeL«ambncp¶p. a[yIme¯v bptdm¸nse\mSIthZnbnepmb FSp¯p]db¯¡ kw`hhnImkw s{sIkvXh aXhnizmkt¯mSv_Ôs¸« 'and¡nÄ t¹' bpsS BhnÀ`mhhpw {]NmchpamWv. Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶\mSIIrXnIfpw \mSImhXcW§fpw aXhnizmk{]NmcW¯n\v klmbIambncp¶p.ss__nfnse AZv`pXIYIÄ {]tabam¡p¶ and¡nÄ t¹bpsS AhXcWw FÃmbnS¯pwHcpt]mse Iem]cambncp¶nÃ. AhbpsS `mjbnepw cN\mcoXnbnepw AhXcWcoXnbnepwkw`hn¨ ]cnWmaw tZiobkz`mhapÅ \mSI§fpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v hgnsXfn¨p.and¡nÄ t¹ItfmsSm¸wXs¶ anÌdn t¹Ifpw Ac§nse¯n. I\yIm]p{X\mbn {InkvXpP\n¨Xv, {XnXz hnizmkw XpS§nb Kl\§fmb Znhyclky§sf B[mcam¡nbpÅhbmWv anÌdn t¹IÄ. kZvKpW§fpw ZpÀKpW§fpw IYm]m{X§fmbn hcp¶ samdmenänt¹Ifpw C¡me¯v AhXcn¸n¨p h¶p. CâÀeqUpIfmWv asämcn\w. Hcp \mSIw thZnbnÂ\S¡pt¼mÄ c¦§Ä¡nSbnepÅ kab¯v AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅXmWv CâÀeqUv.CXv \mSIw XpS§p¶Xn\papt¼m ]nt¼m thWsa¦nepw AhXcn¸n¡mhp¶Xmbncp¶p. aäpIem]cn]mSnIÄ¡nSbnepw hncp¶pIÄ¡nSbnepw CâÀeqUn\v thZn Hcp§nbncp¶p.s{sIkvXhk`bpsS A\p{Klt¯msS hfÀ¶ a[yIme \mSIIebvs¡Xncmb Nne{]Xntj[§fpw A¡me¯pmbn. A[ym]Icpw A`n`mjIcpaS§nb _p²nPohnhÀKamWv AXn\v t\XrXzw \evInbXv.\thm°m\ \mSIw

{In.h. 1500 IfnÂ {Ko¡v tdma³ kmlnXy§fpsS NphSp]nSn¨v Cäen BØm\am¡nbqtdm¸nemsI cq]wsImXmWv- \thm°m\ XcwKw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. CXpaqew\mSIcwK¯pw amä§Ä DmhpIbpw AÀkvtäm«nen³sd t]mbänIvkv, slmtdknsâ BÀ«vHm^v s]mb{Sn F¶o IrXnIsf ASnØm\am¡n hfscb[nIw \mSI§Ä cq]wsImÅpIbpw sNbvXp. C¯cw {]Øm\§Ä \ntbm ¢mknIvknkw F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.\thm°m\ImeL«¯nÂ an¡ bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnsebpw \mSIw cq]]cambpwDÅS¡¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw ]e ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡pw hnt[bambn. Cäenbnembncp¶p\nÀWmbIamä§Ä BZyapmbXv. a\pjy³ F§s\bmbncn¡Wsa¶Ã F§s\bncn¡p¶p F¶v ImWn¨psImSp¡pIbmWv \mSI[Àaw F¶v {]Jym]n¨ Cämenb³ lyqa\nÌv\mSIIr¯p¡Ä kaImeo\ CäenbpsS Hcp ]cntOZwXs¶ Ac§nse¯n¨p. AXvbqtdm¸nemIam\w AÀY]qÀWamb Hcp \mSIthZnbpsS ]ndhn¡v \nan¯ambn. ip`m´ þZpc´ \mSI§Ä¡v ]pdta Cäenbnse \mSIaÕc§fnÂ, h\tZhXamcpw CSb·mcpwX½nepÅ {]Wbw hnjbam¡n AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Hcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶p ]mÌdÂ

{In.h. 1502 epw 1508 epambn cNn¡s¸« eptUmhns¡m AcntbmkvtämbpsSIrXnIfmb sF kt¸mknän, IÊmdnb F¶o \mSI§fneqsSbmWv- CäenbnÂ \mSI{]Øm\§fpsS Bcw`w F¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. Ct±l¯ns\ IqSmsX `cWm[nImcnbpwkmlnXyImc\pambncp¶ \nt¡mfmam¡n shÃn bpsS ip`m´ \mSIambncp¶emam³t{UmKebpw Cämenb³ \mSI{]Øm\¯nÂ {][m\ ]¦v hln¨ncp¶p. Knbm³KntbmKntbm {SnÌnt\m cNn¨ tkmt^m \nkv_ Cäenbnse BZyt¯Xpw {]ikvXhpambZpc´ \mSIambncp¶p. cmPkZÊpIfnÂ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Hcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶pC³dÀsatÊm. {Ko¡v Zpc´ \mSI§fpsS ]p\chXcW {ia¯n³sd ^eambn {In.h. 1590-IfnÂ cq]w CäenbnÂ cq]wsIm asämcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶p Hm¸d. Imem´c¯nÂC³dÀsatÊm Hm¸dbpsS `mKamIpIbpw 1650 ItfmSv IqSn Hm¸dIÄ Cäenbnse GsdP\{]oXnbmÀÖn¨ \mSIcq]ambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.



]mÝmXy \mSIthZnbnÂ cmasXmcp kphÀWbpKw BhnÀ`hn¨Xv CwKvfojv\mSIIr¯mb sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS cwK{]thit¯mSpIqSnbmWv. At±l¯nsâ cN\IÄBkzmZy§fmbncp¶p F¶p am{XaÃ XnI¨pw A`n\btbmKy§fpw Bbncp¶p. ]eXpwXpSÀ¨bmbn hfsc\mÄ Htc \mSIthZnbnÂ AhXcn¸n¡s¸«p. D¶XIpePmXÀ¡pwkm[mcW¡mÀ¡pw thn shtÆsd thZnIfnÂ \mS-I-§Ä Ah AhXcn¸n¡pI]Xnhmbncp¶p. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS \mSIIrXnIsf {SmPUnIÄ, tImaUnIÄ,Ncn{X\mSI§Ä F¶n§s\ aq¶phn`mK§fmbn Xncn¡mw. {Ko¡p Zpc´\mSI§Ä¡p{]IrXyXoX iànIfpsS CSs]SÂ ImcWambncns¡, a\pjy kz`mh¯nÂ A´Àeo\ambsshIey§fmWv sjbvIvkv]ocnb³ {SmPUnIÄ¡p aqetlXp. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS{SmPUnIÄ Øe]cambpw {Inbmwi kw_Ôambpw Imekw_ÔambpapÅ sFIyw]peÀ¯p¶hbÃ F¶XmWv Ahbv¡v {Ko¡v {SmPUnIfnÂ \n¶pÅ hyXymkw. Zv sSw]ÌvDÄs¸sS Nne \mSI§Ä CXn\v A]hmZambpv. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS InMv enbÀ,amIvs_Xv, lmwseäv, HYtÃm XpS§nb ]e {SmPUnIfpw temIkmlnXy¯nsebpw\mSIthZnbnsebpw amÌÀ]okpIfmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

sjbvIvkv]nbdnsâ kaImenIcmbncp¶p {InÌ^À amÀtembpw s_³ tPm¬kWpw.tUm. ^uÌv F¶ sFXnlyIYm]m{X¯nsâ IYsb Bkv]Zam¡n amÀsem cNn¨ \mSIw(tUmÎÀ t^mÌkv) {]tXyI ]cmaÀiaÀln¡p¶p. cN\minev]¯nsâ khntijXsImvCu \mSIw temI{]ikvXnbmÀPn¨p. Imev]\nIkmlnXy¯nsâbpw IebpsSbpwBcw`L«¯nÂ CtX IYm]m{Xs¯ tI{µam¡ns¡mv hnJymX sPÀa³ kmlnXyImc\mb sKbvsY cNn¨ Imhy\mSIhpw (^uÌv) temI{]ikvXn BÀPn¨n«pÅXmWv.]mÝmXy \mS-I-¯nsâ B[p\nIImew

bqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbnse B[p\nI ImeL«¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv tamfntbF¶ {]ikvX {^©v \mSIIr¯mWv. {]lk\cq]¯nepÅ KZy\mSI¯nsâ hninãamXrIIfmWv At±l¯nsâ cN\IÄ. At±l¯nsâ ImeL«¯n\pap¼pmb\mSI§fnÂ `qcn]£hpw ]Zycq]¯nepÅhbmbncp¶p. KZy\mSI¯n\v cwKthZnbnÂhnPbn¡m³ Ignbpsa¶v tamfntbdpsS \mSI§Ä sXfnbn¨p. DÅS¡¯nepw cq]¯nepwAt±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä¡pÅ khntijXIÄ aqew temI¯nse ]e`mjIfnepwC¯cw ^mgvkpIÄ ({]lk\§Ä) cNn¡s¸Sm³ CSbmbn. tamfnbdpsS Ime¯n\ptijwbqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbnÂ Dmb Hcp henb kw`hw t\mÀth¡mc\mb slânIvC_vk³ cNn¨ dnbenÌnIv KZy\mSI§fpsS BhnÀ`mhamWv. temI\mSIthZnbnsednbenÌnIv \mSI{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ C_vksâ `qcn]£w\mSI§fpw dnbenÌnIv ssienbnÂ kaImenI kmaqlnI PohnX¯nse {]iv\§ÄNn{XoIcn¡p¶hbmWv. tKmÌvkv, tUmÄkv slukv, sshÂUv U¡v, F\nan H^v Zv ]o¸nÄF¶nh At±l¯nsâ hnJymX dnbenÌnIv \mSI§fmWv. ChbnÂ ]eXpwaebmf¯nte¡pw aät\Iw temI`mjIfnte¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«pv.CsXms¡bmsW¦nepw C_vk³, dnbenÌnIv \mSI§fpsS cNbnXmhv am{Xambncp¶nÃ.{]XoImßI§fpw ImhymßI§fpamb GXm\pw anI¨ \mSI§fpw At±lw cNn¨n«pv.AhbnÂ Gähpw {]kn²w amÌÀ _nÂUÀ (cmPinev]n) F¶ IrXnbmWv. C_vksâ\mSI§Ä¡v s]mXpthbpÅ Hcp khntijX {Ko¡p {SmPUnIfnse {Inbmwi]cambsFIyw, Imekw_Ônbmb sFIyw, Øe]camb sFIyw F¶nh ChbnÂ]men¡s¸Sp¶p F¶XmWv. CwKvfojv \mSIIr¯mb _ÀWmUvjm kaImenIkmaqlnIbmYmÀYy§sf A[nIcn¨v Ht«sd \mSI§Ä cNn¡pIbpmbn. Ah\mSIthZnbnÂ hnPbIcambn AhXcn¸n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. jmbpsSAXn{]ikvX§fmb \mSI§fmWv Zn B¸nÄ ImÀ«v, am³ B³Uv kq¸Àam³ F¶nh.F¶mÂ {Inbmwi{][m\amb C_vksâ \mSI§fnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn jmbpsS\mSI§Ä kw`mjW {][m\§fmWv. AhsbÃmw \Àack{][m\§fpw ]et¸mgpwlmkyßI§fpas{X. HmkvImÀ sshÂUpw \mS-I-§Ä cNn-̈ n-«p-v. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ]qÀhmÀ[¯nÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ hnJymXcmb djy³ sNdpIYmImc·mcnÂ Hcmfmb Bâ¬sNJ^v {]Kev`\mb Hcp \mSIIr¯pIqSn Bbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ \mSI§fnÂIqSpXÂ {]kn²ambXv aq¶p ktlmZcnamÀ F¶ IrXnbmWv.

C_vk\p tijw A[nIImew Ignbp¶Xn\pap¼pXs¶ temI\mSIkmlnXywdnbenk¯nÂ \n¶v AI¶pXpS§n. At±l¯nsâ ]n¶mte cwK¯ph¶ BKÌvkv{Sn³_ÀKv, saäÀen¦v F¶nhÀ \mSIcN\bnÂ bpànbpsS `mj shSnªvAkm[mcWamb Hcp A\p`qXnXew krãn¡p¶ \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¨p. ]nev¡me¯vbqtdm¸nÂ cq]w sIm \ho\ \mSI{]hWXIfmWv Akw_Ô\mSIw, F¸nIv XnsbäÀ



XpS§nbh. B[p\nI PohnX¯nÂ B\p`hthZyamb s]mcp¯t¡SpIfmWvAkw_Ô\mSI§Ä¡m[mcw. am\hcminbpsS 'almt\«§Ä' hcp¯nh¨ Zpc´§fpwtemIbp²§fpw krãn¨ AkvXnXzkakyIfmWv C¯cw \mSI§fnÂ Gdnbpw IpdªpwNÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv. bqPo³ Abs\kvtImbpsS ImmarKw, ItkcIÄ F¶nh CuKW¯nÂ {it²bamWv. Akw_Ô\mSI§fpsS Iq«¯nÂ {]ikvXnbmÀPn¨ tKmtZmsbIm¯v (shbvänwKv t^mÀ tKmtZm) F¶ \mSIw kmaphÂ s_¡äntâ-XmWv. t\m_Âk½m\w t\Snb Cu IrXn temI¯nse an¡ `mjIfnte¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«pv.(IS½\n« cmaIrjvW\mWv aebmf¯nÂ XÀPpa sNbvXn«pÅXv.) Ccp]Xmw \qämnse\mSIcwK¯v ]pXnb Ne\§Ä krãn¨ asämcp Fgp¯pImc³ AkvXnXzhmZnbmb sjs\BWv. AkvXnXzhmZ]camb am\pjnI{]iv\§Ä Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ B \mSI§Ä a\pjyPohnX¯nse Nne sshIrX§sfbpw Akm[mcW {]iv\§sfbpw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p.the¡mcnIÄ (Z sabvUvkv) BWv \Ã DZmlcWw. \mSIw \mSIobamIcpsX¶pwAXneqsS BhnjvIcn¡s¸Sp¶ PohnXkXy§fpw X¯z§fpw BkzmZIsc [cn¸n¡pIF¶Xmbncn¡Ww \mSI¯nsâ e£ysa¶pw A`n{]mbs¸« s_ÀtSmÄUv s{_lvXv F¸nIv\mSIw Fs¶mcp \mSIcq]w BhnjvIcn¡pIbpw AXn\p tbmPn¨ \mSI§Ä FgpXnAhXcn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. t{]£I\v Ac§nse kw`h§tfmSp hnImc]cambkmßoIcWw DmIcpsX¶pw _u²nIamb A\yhXvIcWw \ne\nÀ¯n hnaÀi\mßIambn hnebncp¯m³ IgnbWsa¶pw {_lvXv kz´w cN\IfneqsS sXfnbn¨p. kmaqlnIamä¯n\v t{]£Is\ t_m[hm\m¡m\pÅ {]IS\thZnbmWv At±l¯n\v Ac§v.{Xns]\n Hm¸d, tImt¡jy³ Nm¡v kÀ¡nÄ, skävkzm\nse \Ã kv{Xo, ]p´nebpwin¦nSnbpw, aZÀ ItdPpw AhcpsS aIfpw XpS§nb A\h[n \mSI§fneqsS {_lvXv Xsâkn²m´w BhnjvIcn¨p.

ae-bm-f-¯nse kwL-SnX \mS-I-§ÄtemI \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-t¯m-sSm¸w ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Znbpw hnI-kn-̈ p. \mS-I-§Ä

ImWm\pw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m\pw kwL-Sn-X-amb {ia-§-fp-m-bn. ae-bmf \mS-I-h-th-Zn-bpsSA¯cw BZyImes¯ {][m\ \mSI§fnÂ NneXv, kn.hn.cma³]nÅbpsS'N{µapJohnemkw' (1885), sIm¨p®n¯¼pcmsâ IeymWoIeymWw (1888), sI.kn.tIih]nÅbpsS e£vaoIeymWw (1893), I¯nÂ hdp!¤okv am¸nfbpsS 'F{_m!b¡p«n'(1894),Ieln\oZa\Iw (hneyw tjIvkv]nbdnsâ 'täanMv Hm^v Zv {jyq' F¶ IrXnbpsShnhÀ¯\w), sIm¨o¸³ XcIsâ 'adnbm½' (1903) XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p.[1] sNdnbHcnSthf¡ptijw kn.hn. cma³]nÅ 1909Â 'Ipdp¸nÃm¡fcn' F¶ Bt£]lmky\mSIhpambn cwK¯ph¶p. kn.hn.bpsS ]nÂ¡me \mSI§Ä 'sX\mwtIm«p lcnÝ{µ³'(1918), '_SveÀ ]¸³' (1921) F¶nhbmbncp¶p.knhnbpsS {][m\ \mSIIrXnIÄ {]lk\wF¶ hn`mK¯nÂ s]Sp¶hbmbncp¶p.

Xangv \mSI§fmbncp¶p HcpIme¯v aebmf \mSIcwKs¯ kzm[o\n¨ncp¶Xv.hffn¯ncpaWw, ]hngs¡mSn, Kpte_¡mhen XpS§nb \mSI§fpw In«¸,XymKcmP`mKhXÀ, kckzXn`mbn-cXv\`mbn ktlmZc§fpw HcpIme¯v Ac§p XIÀ¯p.a[pctZhn _mehnt\mZ kwKoX k`, cmP-am-WnIyw k` XpS-§nb Xangv\mSIkwL§ÄAhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Ncn{X]pcmW \mSI§fpw tIcf¯nÂ KWyamb kzm[o\w sNep¯n.cmambWw, alm`mcXw, `mKhXw XpS§nbhsb CXnhr¯am¡nbpÅ kwKoX\mSI§Ä¡vGsd BkzmZIcpmbncp¶p. kn.hn.bpsS BJymbnIIfpw CµpteJbpw \mSIcq]¯nÂF¯nbt¸mÄ ]pXnsbmcp \mSIk¦ev]w aebmf¯nÂ hnIkn¨p. Xangv\mSI¡¼\nIfpsS amXrIbnÂ skäpIfpambn«mWv aebmf¯nÂ BZy \mSI¡¼\nIÄ DmbXv.Xncph«mÀ \mcmbW¸nÅbpsS at\mtaml\w I¼\n, kn.]n. ANypXtat\msâhnt\mZNn´maWn, Nm¯p¡p«n a¶mSnbmcpsS cknIcRvPn\n, ]n.Fkv. hmcycpsS]cainhhnemkw F¶nh AhbnÂ NneXmWv. Sn.kn. ANypXtat\msâ kwKoXss\j[w(1892), sI.kn. tIih]nÅbpsS kZmcma (1903) FcphbnÂ N{I]mWnhmcycpsSlcnÝ{µNcnXw (1913) F¶o \mSI§Ä kwKoX \mSIIesb ]pãns¸Sp¯n. 1903-ÂFgpXs¸« kZmcma apXÂ¡mWv bYmÀY¯nÂ aebmf \mSIthZnbpsS Ncn{XwBcw`n¡p¶Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ BZyL«¯nepmb kn.hn. cma³]nÅbpsS{]lk\§fpw aebmf\mSI¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v ]pXnb apJw k½m\n¨p. sX´\mwtIm«vlcnÝ{µ³ (1914), IbvafÈsâ ISÈnss¡ (1915), UmÎÀ¡v In«nb an¨w (1916), sNdptX³sImfw_kv (1917), ]s¯ ]m¨³ (1918), ]m]n sNÃp¶nSw ]mXmfw (1919), Ipdp¸nsâ Xncn¸v(1920), _SvfÀ ]¸³ (1921) F¶nhbmbncp¶p Ah.



bYm-XY thZnalm-̀ m-cX þ cmam-bW ]pcmW IY-I-fnÂ \n¶v amdn kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§sf \mS-I-

¯n-te¡v sImp-h-¶-tXmsS \mS-I-cwKw dnb-enÌv ssien-bnte¡v amä-s¸-«p. 1886 apXÂ 1930hscbpÅ Ime¯v Ccp¶qtdmfw \mSI§Ä cNn¡s¸«p. kwKoX\mSIw Iem]cambnA[x]Xn¨ ImeL«¯nemWv kzman {_Ò{hX³, Ipamc\mimsâ IcpW (1930) \mSIcq]¯nÂ AhXcn¸n¨Xv. XXv^eambn kwKoX\mSIthZnbnÂ ]pXnb Ne\§fpmbn.{]Kev`cmb IemImc·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ ]pXnb \mSImhXcW§fpmbn.aebmf\mSIcwK¯v Nn«bpÅ s{]m^j\enk¯n\p -XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv -ISbv¡mhqÀ---IpªpIrjvW-]Wn¡cmWv. A©p-IfnIgnRmÂ BdmwIfn kanXns¡¶ coXn \S¸nem¡nbXpw bnt±lamWv. Hm¨nd thep¡p«n, sk_mÌy³ Ipªp-Ipªp `mKhXÀ, tXhe¡cIpª³]nÅ, Xncph¼mSn ]m¨p]nÅ, ]mÂ¡pf§c IrjvW³Ip«n \mbÀ, BÀ.]n.tIih]nÅ XpS§nb \S·mÀ t]scSp¯Xpw Cu ImebfhnemWv.kmaqlnI \thm°m\hpw \mSI{]Øm\hpw

kmaqlnI A\mNmc§fpw AkaXz§fpw \ndª Hcp ImeL«¯nemWv kwKoX\mSI§fnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn, am\hnIt_m[w Du«nbpd¸n¡p¶ \mSIk¦ev]wtIcf¯nÂ ]ndhnsImÅp¶Xv. temIsa¼mSpw kw`hn¨ kmaqlnI]cnWma§fpw cm{ãobkw`hhnImk§fpw AXn\v {]tNmZ\ambn. 1929-Â hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSv cNn¨ ASp¡fbnÂ\n¶v Ac§t¯¡ v F¶ kmaqlnI \mSIw Ht«sd tImfnf¡§Ä krãn¨p. {_mÒWkaql¯nse A\mNmc§sf ]pd¯pIm«nb B \mSIw aebmf \mSIthZn¡v ]pXnsbmcpkmaqlyZÀi\w ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn. Fw.BÀ._n.bpsS ad¡pSbv¡pÅnse alm\cIw (1931),t{]wPnbpsS EXpaXn (1938) F¶o \mSI§fpw ]cnhÀ¯\kz`mhw sImp anI¨p\n¶p.

1930 IfnÂ C_vksâ \mSI§fpsS kzm[o\w BwKtebtemIs¯¶t]mseaebmf¯nepw \mSIcwK¯v kp{][m\ amä§Ä¡p hgnsXfn¨p. {]ikvX\ncq]I\m!bF._meIrjvW]nÅ C_vksâ 't{]X§Ä' 1936 Â aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\wsN¿pIbpw C_vksâ \mSI§sf¡pdn¨v aebmf¯nÂ teJ\§Ä FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp.1940- Â kn. \mcmbW]nÅ 'tdmkvsaÀtlmw' aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.hn.Sn.bpsS asämcp {][m\ \mSIamb 'EXpaXn' (1939) AXnsâ Bibk¼qÀWXbv¡pt]cptI«XmWv.

C.hn. IrjvW]nÅ, kn.hn.cma³]nÅbpsS Ncn{X Zpc´§fpsSbpw Bt£]lmky¯nsâbpw ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶v ]e \mSI§fpw cNn¨p. C.hn. bpsS lmkyck{][m\amb \mSI§fpsS ssien ]n´pSÀ¶v \mSIsagpXnbhcnÂ {][m\nIfmbncp¶pSn.F³. tKm]n\mY³\mbcpw F³.]n. sNÃ¸³--\mbcpw. At±l¯nsâ Ncn{XZpc´\mSI§fpsS ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶hcmbncp¶p ssI\n¡c ]ß\m`]nÅ ('thep¯¼n Zfhm','ImÂ-hcnbnse Iev]]mZ]w' (1934)), Im¸\ IrjvWtat\m³ ('tNcam³ s]cpamÄ',']gÈncmPm'), ssI\n¡c IrjvW]nÅ ('lcnÝ{µ³' (1938)), Ip«\m«v cmaIrjvW]nÅ('X]vX_mjv]w' (1934)) XpS§nbhÀ.

tIcf¯nse BZys¯ cm{ãob-kmaqlnI \mSIw sI.ZmtamZcsâ ']m«_m¡n' (1938)BWv. 1940 IfnÂ F³. _meIrjvW]nÅ, ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc³]nÅ, CStÈcn tKmhnµ³\mbÀ, kn.sP.tXmakv XpS§nbhÀ aebmf \mSIcwK¯v kmaq-lnI {]ta-b-§-fpÅcmjv{Sob \mSI§sf AhXcn¸n¨p. IrjvW]nÅbpsS {][m\ \mSI§fnÂ '`Kv\`h\w'(1942), 'I\yI' (1944), _em_ew (1946), XpS§nbh DÄs¸Spw. ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc³]nÅbpsS 'kaXzhmZn' (1944) 'FIvkv{]j\nÌv' k{¼Zmb¯nsegpXnb Aaqey IrXnbmWv.CStÈcnbpsS 'Iq«pIrjn'(1950) {KmaoWbmYmÀ°y§fpsS IY]dªp. kn.sP.tXmaknsâ{][m\ \mSIamb 'Ah³ hopw hcp¶p' aebmf \mSI§Ä¡p Hcp ]pXnb am\w \ÂIn.At±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä ]ptcmKa\ kz`mhapÅhbpw `mhnbnse aebmf \mSIthZnsbap³-Iq«n Ihbpambncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ ]co£WXzc AXnsâ ]mcay¯nse¯p¶Xv'1128 Cse s{sIw 27' (1954) F¶ \mSI¯neqsSbmWv. A`nt\Xm¡Ä¡pw kwhn[mbIÀ¡pw shÃphnfnbpbÀ¯nb Cu \mSIw C¶pw aebmf \mSIcwK¯v thdn«p\nÂ¡p¶p.

1950--þ60Ifnse \mSI§Ä \mSI Km\§Ä¡p {]m[m\yapÅhbpw cm{ãob-kmaqlnINmbv-hpIÄ DÅhbpambncp¶p. tXm¸nÂ `mkn, F³.F³. ]nÅ, sI.Sn. apl½Zv, Pn.i¦c¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcmbW¸Wn¡À XpS§nbhÀ Ne¨n{X§fpsS Ips¯mgp¡nepw\mSIcwKs¯ Ne\mßIhpw BkzmZIhpam¡n \ne\nÀ¯n.



hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v1. Iq«p-Irjn

CStÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀCStÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ (P\\w 1906 Unkw_À 23. acWw. 1974 HtÎm_À 16)

ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-I-I-hn-X-bp-sSbpw \mS-I-̄ n-sâbpw Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ {][m\][m\ ]¦p-h-ln¨ Hcm-fmWv CS-tÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ. s]m¶m\n¡Sp¯pÅ Ipän¸pd¯v-]n.IrjvW¡pdp¸nsâbpw CStÈcn¡f¯nÂ Ipªn¡p«nb½bpsSbpw aI\mbn P\n¨p.kmam\y hnZym`ymk¯n\p tijw Be¸pg, s]m¶m\n, tImgnt¡mSv F¶nhnS§fnÂh¡oÂ KpakvX\mbn tPmen sNbvXp. 1938 Â CS¡n Pm\Inb½sb hnhmlw sNbvXp.s]m¶m\nbnse IrjvW¸Wn¡À hmb\ime tI{µoIcn¨mbncp¶p kmlnXy{]hÀ¯ \w.CXnsâ Øm]I\mbncp¶p At±lw. kzX{´`mcXw F¶ clky]{X¯nsâ{]NmcI\pambncp¶p. ae_mdnse tI{µ IemkanXnbpsS {]knUâv, kmlnXy {]hÀ¯IklIcWkwLw UbdÎÀ, tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan, kwKoX \mSI A¡mZan,kakvXtIcf kmlnXy]cnj¯v F¶o Øm]\§fnÂ AwKambpw {]hÀ¯n¨n«pv."iànbpsS Ihn' F¶t±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Imhnse¸m«v- F¶ Imhy kamlmc¯n\v 1969-Â tI{µ kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUpw Hcp ]nSn s\Ãn¡ F¶ Imhy kamlmc¯n\v 1971se tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUpw e`n¡pIbpmbn.

{][m\ ImhyIrXnIÄ þ AfImhen(1940), ]p¯³ Iehpw Acnhmfpw (1951),Imhnse¸m«v- (1966) ]qX¸m«v-, CStÈcnbpsS XncsªSp¯ IhnXIÄ (1966)

\mSI§ÄþIq«pIrjn(1950), Ifnbpw Nncnbpw(1954) F®n¨p« A¸w(1957)CStÈcnbpsS\mSI§Ä (2001) Iq«pIrjn \mSI¯n\pw "]p¯³ Iehpw Acnhmfpw' IhnXmkamlmc¯n\pw aZncmin Khs×ânsâ ]pckv-Imc§Ä. "A´n¯ncn'¡v 1979Â acWm\´c_lpaXnbmbn Bim³ss{]kpw e`n¨p.Iq«p-Irjn IYm-kw-{Klw

A¦w 1, cwKw 1IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {io[-\-c³\m-b-cpsS hoSnsâ ]qap-J-amWv BZy-cw-K-

¯nse kw`-h-§-fpsS CSw. thep F¶ Cugh Irjn-¡m-c³ {io[-cs\ ImWm³ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. {io[-c³ \mb-cpsS A½bmb e£van-b½ thep-hn\v Ccn-¡m³ ]mb- \ÂIp-¶p. ap¼v[mcmfw \nehpw hcp-am-\-hp-apÅ Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cp¶p AsX¶v Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-̄ nÂ sXfn-bp-¶p-v. Imc-W-h-·mÀ k¼m-Zn¨v apX-emWv Xd-hmSv \ne-\n-dp-̄ n-b-Xv. B kar-²n-ap-gp-h³Imc-W-h-·m-tcm-sSm¸w t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-tI-«p-sImv {io[-c³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. A½A\p-P³ kpIp-am-cs\ DtZym-K-̄ n\v ]d-ª-b-¡m³ {io[-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.F¶mÂ A\p-Ps\ Hcp Irjn-¡m-c-\m-¡-W-sa-¶mWv {io[-csâ a\-Ên-en-cn-̧ v. Ihn-X-sb-gp-¯nepw hmb-\-bnepw am{Xw XmÂ]-cy-apÅ sNdp-̧ -¡m-c-\mWv kpIp-am-c³. Ahs\ ]Wn-s¡ms¡ In«ptam F¶ thep-hnsâ kwibw tI«v kpIp-am-c³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Ah\pwDtZym-K-s¯-¡mfpw ]Wn-sN-¿p-h-\mWv B{K-lw. IpSn-bm-·mÀ¡v ]m«-̀ qan e`n-̈ n«pw henbP·n-IÄ Ct¸mgpw Ipep-¡-an-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. CS-̄ c¡mÀ At¸mgpw hnj-a-̄ nÂ Xs¶.IpSn-bm³amÀ¡v `qan-In-«m³ kacw sNbvXXpw Ah-cm-bn-cp-¶p. am¸n-f-¡p-Sn-bm-·m-tcmSv \mwtNcp-¶Xv icn-bÃ Fs¶ms¡-bpÅ kpIp-am-csâ A`n-{]mbw tI«v Ah³ BÀ FÊvFÊmtbm F¶v tPyjvT\pw Ip«p-Im-c\pw kwi-bn-¡p-¶p-v. AXv icn-sh-̈ p-sImv ktlm-Zcn ]mÀh-Xnbpw cwK-s¯-̄ p-¶p. am¸n-f-¡p-Sn-bm-·mÀ A[zm-\n-̈ mWv C{X-Im-ehpw \mbÀP·n-amsc ]peÀ¯n-bXv F¶mWv {io[-csâ A`n-{]m-bw. Ah-cpsS IpSn-bm-\mb A_q-_-¡Àam¸nf \Ã-h-\m-sW¶pw Abm-fpsS A[zm-\w-sIm-mWv Cu Xd-hmSv C{Xbpw Imew ]«n-Wn-bn-ÃmsX Ign-ªp-t]m-b-sX¶pw e£van-b½ HmÀ¡p-¶p-v. thep-hnsâ \new Xmgv¶mWv InS-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ shÅw Hgn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶n-Ã. sh¡p¶ s\sÃÃmw Noªp-t]m-Ip-¶p.sXm«-Sp-̄ mWv A_q-_-¡À am¸n-f-bpsS \new. AXn-eq-sS-bmWv thep-hnsâ ]mSs¯ shÅwHgp-¡n-¡-f-tb--Xv. AXn\v am¸n-f-bpsS ]mS-̄ nsâ Acn-In-eqsS Hcp tXmSv Iodm³ thep{ian-¡p-¶p. \ne-̄ nsâ bYmÀY A[n-Imcn {io[-c³ \mb-cm-b-Xn-\mÂ At±-l-̄ nsâ k½-Xw-th-W-sa-¶mWv A_q-_-¡-dnsâ \ne-]m-Sv. B k½-X-̄ n-\m-bmWv thep h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.A_q-_-¡À X\n¡v \ne-̄ nsâ Ah-Imiw In«m-\mbn {io[-csâ A½m-h-\p-ambn tIkn-em-Wv. CXp tI«-t¸mÄ "am¸n-fbpw lnµphpw F¶-XÃ {]iv\w, Irjn-¡m-c\pw Irjn-¡m-c\pwFt¸mgpw tNcpw. FXnÀI£n Ft¸mgpw P·n--bmWv ' F¶v {io[-c³ kpIp-am-cs\ KpW-tZm-jn-¡p-¶p. A_q-_-¡-dn-t\m-sSm¸w tNÀ¶v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ X¿m-dmtWm F¶v kpIp-am-c-t\mSv {io[-c³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. am¸nf acym-Z¡v s]cp-am-dn-bmÂ X\n¡p k½-X-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p kpIp-am-csâ adp-]-Sn. thepw {io[-c\pw IqSn A_q-_-¡-dns\ Ip kwkm-cn-¡m³]pd-s¸-Sp-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.



cwKw 2A_q-_-¡-dnsâ hoSmWv cwKw. 60 hb-ÊpÅ \mS³ am¸n-f-bmWv A_q-_-¡À. {io[-

cs\ I-bp-Ss\ Xssâ A½m-h-\mb Imc-W-hÀ ap«p-Ip-̄ n-̈ p-sh¶ ]cm-Xn-bmWv A_q-_-¡À ]d-bp-¶-Xv. am{X-a-Ã, aI-\mb _m¸p \mSp-hn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-bmWv A_q-_-¡À \nÂ¡p-¶Xv F¶v AhÀ¡v a\-Ên-em-bn. \mb-·m-cpsS ]m«-¡m-cmb X§sf \nc-́ cwD]-{Z-hn-¡p-I-bmWv Imc-W-hÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ct¸mÄ Xma-kn-¡p¶ hoSv Hgn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m³IqSn t]m¡À F¶-bmÄ tIkv \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \ne-sam-gn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\pÅ tIÊvthsd, t]m¡-cp-am-bpÅ IpSn-bn-cn¸v tIÊnÂ ]pc-sbm-gn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\pÅ hn[n DS³ hcpw.aIsâ \mSp-hn-SÂ, `mcy-bpsS tcmKw, hnhm-l-{]m-b-sa-̄ nb aIÄ, hÀj-¡m-e-am-bn«pw hn¯n-d-¡m³ ]äm¯ AhØ FÃmw-IpSn Bbn A_q-_-¡À BsI Akz-Ø-\m-Wv. AXn-Yn-IsfIv aIÄ Bbnj ]pd-t¯¡v hcp-¶p. A_q-_-¡-dnsâ tZjyw Iv ]cn-̀ -h-s¸« {io[-c-t\mSv ""R½fv tZky-s¸-«n-«n-Ã, tZky-s -̧Sq-ey. tZtkymw Xt´m-sjms¡ \n§-¡vÅ-Xm.PtaymÄ¡v.'' F¶m-bn-cp¶p A_p-_-¡-dnsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Abm-fpsS DÅnÂ \ndªk¦Shpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw apgp-h³ B hm¡p-I-fn-ep-v.

P·n-bm-bXv Xsâ Ipäw-sIm-Ã F¶mbn-cp¶p {io[-csâ ]£w. Imew amdn, X§fpwC¶v IjvS-̄ n-em-Wv. Ime-̄ n-\-\p-k-cn¨v tbmPn¨v hÃXpw {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\mWv {io[-c³hcp¶-Xv. {io[-c-sâbpw A_q-_-¡-dn-sâbpw \new cp Zn¡n-em-bn-«m-Wv. CS-¡mWv thep-hnsâ \new. FÃmw-IqSn tNÀ¯v Hcp-an¨v Irjn-bn-d-¡mw. A_q-_-¡-dn-sâbpw thep-hn-sâbpwIp«n-I-tfm-sSm¸w {io[-c\pw kpIp-am-c\pw IqSn tNÀ¶mÂ ]Wn¡pw BfmIpw hnfhpwIqSpw. AXmWv Iq«p-Ir-jnbpsS sa¨w. \ne-̄ nsâ Af-hn-\-\p-k-cn¨v hnfhv ]¦p-sh-¡mw.At¸mÄ Ahn-tS¡v \¼ymÀ IS-¶p-h-cp¶p. AbmÄ CXv A½m-hs\ XÀ¡m-\pÅ Hcp N¸-Sm-¨n(IphnZy)bm-sW¶v ]cn-l-kn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. A½m-h-\p-thn A_q-_-¡-dp-ambntIkp \S-̄ p¶ BfmWv \¼ymÀ. Ahsc X½nÂ XÃn-¡-emWv Abm-fpsS Dt±-iyw. {io[-csâ Bibw \¶m-sb¶v A_q-_-¡-dn\pw tXm¶p-¶p. ]t£, P·n-bpsS Irjn-bn-S-̄ nÂhnf-hn-d-¡n-bmÂ ]IpXn P·n¡p t]mtI-n-h-cp-sa¶v \¼ymÀ ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p-ap-v.Abmsf skbv¯m-s\¶v (]nimNv) Bbnj Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. \msf hn[n-]-d-bp¶ t]m¡-cp-am-bpÅ IpSn-bn-cn-̧ p-tIÊv H¯p-XoÀ¸m-¡m-\mWv \¼ymÀ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn\v XsâssIbnÂ Imin-sÃ¶v A_q-_-¡À ]dsªmgn-bp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX Bbn-j-bpsSame-sb-Sp¯v \¼ymÀ¡v sImSp-¡p-¶p. CsXÃmw Iv thep-hn\v ipWvTn-h-cp-¶p-v. Itm-cpsS Icfv sh«n-̄ n\v Xsâ s\©-t¯-¡-Sp-t¡ F¶v AbmÄ \¼m-tcmSv ap¶-dn-bn¸v\ÂIp-¶-tXmsS AhÀ _em-_-̄ n\v apXn-cp-¶p. {io[-c³ \Sp-¡p-\n¶v AXp XS-bp-t¼mÄcmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw 3.

Iq«p-Irjn Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. Bbn-jbpw kpIp-am-c\pw tNÀ¶mWv \ne-sam-cp-¡p-¶-Xv.AhÀX-½nÂ sNdnb ]cn-̀ -h-§-tfmsS Bcw-̀ n¨ ASp¸w {]W-b-ambn hnI-kn-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w {io[-c³ hc-¼p-S-¡p-Ibpw thephpw A_q-_-¡dpw I¶p-]q-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-v.kpIp-am-csâ s]§Ä ]mÀh-Xnbpw A½bpw tPmen-sN-¿p-¶p-v. FÃm-hcpw tNÀ¶v BËm-Z-t¯msS ]m«p-]m-Sn-bmWv Irjn-̧ -Wn-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv. aXþ PmXn kulr-Z-§-fpsS Iq«p-Ir-jn-IqSn-bmWv \S-¡p-¶Xv. AhnsS ]qÀh-ssh-cm-Ky-§fpw AI-e-§fpw CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶p. ]c-kv]ckvt\l-̄ n-sâbpw kulr-X-̄ n-sâbpw ]pXnb Xfn-cp-IÄ \m¼n-Sp-¶p.A¦w 2

cwKw 1\mS-I-̄ nse lmky-cw-K-am-Wn-Xv. ]d-t§m-S³ \mbÀ F¶ hr²\pw hmcn-b-cp-amWv

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Ft¸mgpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-¡p¶ Cu IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \m«nse aäpAh-Ø-Ifpw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§fpw \mS-I-Ir¯v hc-̈ n-Sp-¶-Xv. Iq«p-Irjn \¶mbn hnf-bp-¶pv F¶ hmÀ¯ AhÀ ssIam-dp-¶p. Ien-Im-e¯v ZpjvS³amÀ¡mWv KpW-ap-m-hpIF¶m-WA AXn\v \mb-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. AXn-shf B]-̄ m-sW¶v hmcycpw k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-¯n-\n-S-bn-te¡v \¼ymcv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. \mb-cpsS abn-e-½q-cnsbImWm-Xm-b-Xn\v tIkp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\mWv \¼ym-cpsS D]-tZ-iw. B kZ-Ên-te¡v \mS-I-̄ nseasämcp hnÃ-\mb t]m¡cpw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Iq«p-Irjn s]mfn-¡-W-sa¶v \mep-t]-cpw-IqSn XXz-¯nÂ k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS A_q-_-¡-dp-am-bpÅ H¯p-XoÀ¸v th F¶ t]m¡À Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. {io[-c³\m-bÀs¡-Xnsc tIkp-sIm-Sp-¡m³ hmcycpw X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p.



cwKw 2cp If-]-dn-¡m-cn-I-fmb N¡n-bp-sSbpw \oen-bp-sSbpw kw`m-j-Ww.\m«nÂ km[mcW

]Wn-Ø-e-s¯-¡m-tfsd kpJhpw Iqenbpw Iq«p-Ir-jn-bn-epv ]t£, Iq«p-Ir-jn-̧ -Wn¡vt]mI-cp-sX¶v t]m¡À Ahsc hne-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.am¸n-fbpw lnµphpw hyh-Ø-bn-ÃmsXCd-¡p¶ I-̄ nÂ ]Wn-¡p-t]m-I-cp-sX¶v Icp-Xp¶ If-]-dn-¡m-cn-I-fp-ap-v. Nne ]Wn-¡msc hmcycpw apS-¡n-bn-«p-v. HSp-hnÂ aq¶p-t]-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-̄ nse FÃm AwK-§fpw]Wn-¡n-d-§pI F¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw FÃm-hcpw Hcp-an¨v I-̄ n-en-d§n If ]dn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. At¸mÄ ]mSp¶ ]m«nÂ KmÔn-kvXp-Xnbpw tZiob t_m[hpw DW-cp-¶p-v.cwKw 3

A_q-_-¡-dnsâ hoSv Hgn-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ D¯-c-hp-ambn P]vXn-¡mÀ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. \mS-I-¯nse hnIm-c-̀ -cn-X-amb Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. A_q-_-¡-dn\v taÂ¡p-taÂ ]co-£-W-§-fmWv ]S-¨-h³ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. Bbnj hfÀ¯n-h-ep-Xm-¡nb sNSn-I-tfmSpw ]q¡-tfmSpw bm{X tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Ime-anÃm Ime-̄ p-s]-¿p¶ Hcp agbpw Dv. kpJ-an-ÃmsX InS-¡p¶ D½sb F´p-sN¿pw F¶ hnj-a-̄ n-emWv Bbn-jbpw A_q-_-¡-dpw. ]pXnb hoS-t\z-jn-¡m³ t]mb\¼ymÀ shdp-ssI-tbm-sS-bmWv Xncn-̈ p-h-cp-¶-Xv. AtXmsS B IpSpw_w BsI hnj-a-̄ n-em-Ip-¶p. IpSn-sbm-gn-̧ n-¡m³ Bao\pw t]m¡cpw cwK-s¯-̄ p-¶p. Hcp H¯p-XoÀ¸n\v \¼ymÀ{ian-¡p-¶p. {io[-c³ \mb-cpsS \new t]m¡À¡v hn«p-sIm-Sp¡pI F¶-XmWv H¯p-XoÀ¸v.AXn-½Â AbmÄ¡v C¯ncn I®p-v. am{X-aÃ Ct¸mÄ \S-¡p¶ Iq«p-Irjn XIÀ¡m\pwAXp-Xs¶ hgn. F¶mÂ AXv A_q-_-¡À k½-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã. {io[-c³ Xs¶ hniz-kn-̈ mWvAhnsS Irjn-bn-d-¡n-b-Xv. hnfhp Xocpw-apt¼ AXv asäm-cmÄ¡v ssIam-dp-¶Xv hnizm-k-h-©-\-bm-Wv. AXp k½-Xn-̈ n-sÃ-¦ntem Xma-kn-¡p¶ hoSv Hgn-tb-nbpw hcpw. BsI [Àa-k-¦-S-¯n-embn AbmÄ. t]m¡À A_q-_-¡À Hcp Im -̂dns\ klm-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \ockw ]d-bp¶p. AXp-tI-«v, Bcm Im^À Bcm CÉmw F¶v HSp-¡s¯ \mfnte Xncnbq F¶ ]cn-lm-k-amWv A_q-_-¡À ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Bbnj _m¸ms\ t]mIm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. Ft§m«mtamtf t]mhpI F¶ ]nXm-hnsâ tNmZy-̄ n\v D¯cw \ÂIp-¶Xv Ahn-tS¡v Ib-dn-h-cp¶{io[-c-\m-Wv. "\½Ä¡v Htc I-̄ nend§n Irjn-sN-¿m-sa-¦nev Hcp taÂ¡q-c-¡p-ÅnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw' F¶m-bn-cp¶p Abm-fpsS {]Jym-]-\w. D½sb sImp-t]m-Im³ a©-ep-ambn thep-hn-t\m-sSm-̧ -amWv {io[-c³ h¶-Xv. A_q-_-¡-dn-s\bpw ho«p-Im-scbpw kz´who«nse AwK-§-sf-t¸m-se-bmWv {io[-c³ sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. P]vXn-sN-¿m³ h¶ Bao³{io[-cs\ A`n-µn-¡p-¶p. AXn\v {io[-c³ ]d-bp¶ adp-]Sn {it²-b-amWv "kz´w ktlm-Z-cs\ s]cp-h-gn-bn-en-d-¡n-hn-Sp¶ P·n-Xz-amWv \oNw. \n§-fp-sSbpw Fsâbpw hb-änsâ Ip -̄I-¡m-c-\mWv P·n'A¦w 3cwKw 1

]d-t§m-S³ \mbcpw hmcn-bcpw hopw Ip-ap-«p-¶p. {io[-c³\m-bÀ I¶ns\tamjvSn¨p F¶ IÅ-t¡kv sImSp-̄ -Xnsâ t]cnÂ ]d-t§m-S³ \mbsc t]meokv Xnc-bp-I-bm-Wv. AXnsâ kq{X-[m-c-\mb \¼ymsc Xncªp \S-¡p-I-bm-W-bmÄ. Ahn-tS¡v t]m¡ÀIS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. IqsS \mSp-hn« _m¸p-hp-ap-v. ]pXnb thj-̄ nepw `mh-̄ n-epamWbmÄ._m¸p A{X-Im-ehpw t_mws_-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ahn-sS-sh¨v Nne Xo{h-hmZ hyàn-I-fp-ambnAbmÄ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«n-«p-v. AXnsâ Nne Bi-b-§Ä Abm-fn-en-t¸m-gp-v. {io[-c³\m-bÀXsâ _m¸sb ]än¨v hoSpw ]d¼pw X«n-sb-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶mWv Abmsf Btcm sXän-²-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ct¸mÄ t]m¡-cpsS IqsS-bmWv _m¸p-hp-Å-Xv. _m¸ms\ ]än-̈ -hsc Xm³shdp-sX-hn-SnÃ F¶ _m¸p {]Xn-Ú-sN-¿p-¶p. t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ \n¶v hcp¶ \¼ymscAhÀ Ip-ap-«p-¶p. IÅ-t¡kv sImSp-̄ -Xn\v aq¸À¡v t]meo-kp-Im-cnÂ\n¶v \Ã s]S In«n-bn-«p-v. ]t£, AXv hcpw-h-gn¡v hoWp ]än-b-Xm-sW¶mWv \¼ymÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv.cwKw 2

kpIp-am-c\pw thephpw kwkm-cn-̈ p-\nÂ¡p-¶n-S-t¯¡v _m¸p IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p.thephpw {io[-c\pw tNÀ¶v _m¸ms\ NXn-¨Xv tNmZyw-sN-¿m-\mWv AbmÄ hcp-¶-Xv. Ime³\¼ym-cp-sSbpw \cn-hm-b³ t]m¡-cp-sSbpw he-bnÂ s]«-Xp-sIm-mWv AbmÄ C§-s\-sbms¡ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv thep-hnsâ ]£w. _m¸p-hm-Is« lnµp- þ apkvenwsshcm-Ky-̄ nsâ Bi-b-]-c-amb `mj-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Iq«p-Ir-jn-b-S¡w _m¸sb]ä-¡m-\pÅ hnZy-bm-sW-¶mWv _m¸p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Xm³ Hcp bYmÀY apkven-am-sW¶pwX\n¡v Hcp lnµp-hnsâ ho«nÂ _m¸-bp-m-hm³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw _m¸p ]d-bp-¶p. apkven-an\v`b-an-sÃ-¶pw, Hcn¡te acn¡q F¶pw, X§-fpsS \nes¯ s\Ãv Xm³ kzbw sImbvsX-Sp¡pwF¶pw shÃp-hn-fn-¨p-sImv _m¸p t]mIp-¶p.



cwKw 3{io[-c³\m-b-cpsS hoSv. Bbnj ZpxJn-X-bm-Wv. A½ k¦-S-̄ nsâ ImcWw At\z-jn-

¡p-¶p. _m¸m-s\bpw D½m-s\-bp-saÃmw \Ã-h®w t\m¡-W-sat¶ Bbn-j¡p ]d-bm-\p-Åq.Bbnj B ho«nÂ X§Ä¡p In«p¶ ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw kuI-cy-̄ nepw kt´m-j-h-XnbpwkwXr-]vX-bp-am-Wv. am{X-aÃ X§Ä¡p-thn {io[-c³\m-b-cpsS ho«nse BNm-c-§Ät]mepwamän-sh-¡p-¶Xv Ahsf Akz-Ø-bm-¡p-¶p-ap-v. F¶mÂ _m¸p \m«n-se-̄ n-bn«pw Ah-sftbm _m¸-sbtbm ImWm³ hcmsX t]m¡-cnsâ ho«nÂ IqSn-b-XmWv Ah-fpsS k¦-S-§-fpsS bYmÀY Imc-Ww. Ah³ {io[-c³\m-bÀs¡-Xnsc kwkm-cn-¨Xpw aäpw AhÄ kpIp-am-c-\nÂ \n¶v Adn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. F§-s\-sb-¦nepw _m¸p-hns\ H¶p ImW-W-sa¶pw Ah-t\mSv Imcy-§-fpsS \nP-Øn-Xn Adn-bn-¡-W-sa¶pw AhÄ¡p-v. ktlm-Z-csâa\w amäp-hm³ Ah-t\m-sSm¸w Xma-kn-¡m-\mWv Ah-fpsS ]pd-̧ m-Sv. AXp-tI-«p-sImp {]th-in-¡p¶ A_q-_-¡dpw aI-fpsS ]£-̄ m-bn-cp-¶p. t]mIp-t¼mÄ _m¸p-hn-t\mSv CXp-IqSn ]d-b-W-sa¶pw A_q-_-¡À Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. ""Hm³ Ckvem-an-te¡v h¶Xv Fsâ tam\m-bn-«m-Wv.Adn-bm-\p-ÅXv Adn-ªn-«mWv HcnÉmw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I. ]ns¶ Hm³ shf sIm¿pw¶pw tI«p.Hm³ shX-¡m³ t]mW shf sIm¿m³Xs¶ Hm\v sIev¸n-Ã. aäp-tÅmcv shX-¨Xv shX-t¨mÀXs¶ sIm¿p-Åq¶pw ]d-t-tª¡v''cwKw 4

_m¸p-hnsâ GImw-Kkw`mjWw am{X-amWv Cu cwK-̄ v. _p±ns\ (hn{K-l-§sf)Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-h-tcmSpÅ ]I-bmWv Ahsâ kw`m-j-W-̄ nÂ apgp-h³. apkvenw-I-tfmSv t\cn«vGäp-ap-«m³ Ign-bm-̄ -Xp-sIm-mWv NXn-{]-tbm-K-§Ä \S-̄ p-¶Xv F¶v Ah³ Nnń-¡p-¶p.t]m¡À¡-bmWv Ahsâ ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ icn-bmb apkvenw. Xsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ Ckvem-anseFÃm bphm-¡fpw H¶n-¡p-sa¶v Ah³ kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. Ing¡p Nph-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ckvem-ansâ sImSn-b-S-bmfw Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS càw Nnń Øm]n-¡m³ t]mIp¶Ckvem-ansâ temI-amWv Abm-fpsS {]Xo-£. I¯n ssIbn-se-Sp¯v AXn-t\mSv Nncn-¡p-¶p.Ien-sImv hnd¨p hnd¨p t]mIp-¶p.cwKw 5

{io[-c³\m-b-cpsS hoSnsâ Ing-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ p-sh¨v cm{Xn _m¸phpw Bbn-jbpw Ip-ap-«p-I-bm-Wv. Xt¶mSv kwkm-cn-¡-cp-sX¶pw Xm³ \nsâ _m¸p-sh-sÃ-¶p-amWv Ahsâ BZy{]Xn-I-c-Ww. \nsâ aq¯p \c¨ B X´-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡m-\mWv Xm³ h¶-sX¶v Ah³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]t£, Bbnj XS-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ \ns¶ BZyw F¶p Bt{Im-in¨v Ah³ Bbn-j-bpsS Igp-̄ nÂ ]nSn-¡p-¶p. ap¼v Xm³ Ifn-¡p-t¶cw I¯n X«n Igp-̄ n-epmb hSpAhsâ ssIbnÂ XS-bp-¶p. Bbnj B kw`hw HmÀan-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah³ CXn-IÀ¯-hyXmaqV-\m-Ip-¶p. AhÄ D½m-bp-sSbpw _m¸-bp-sSbpw Zb-\o-b-ØnXn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS_m¸p ZpÀ_-e-\m-Ip-¶p. Bcpw klm-bn-¡m-\n-Ãm¯ Ime¯v klm-bn¨ {io[-c³\m-bscsXän-²-cn-¨p-sh¶pw CXn-s\Ãmw ]n¶nÂ Ifn¨ t]m¡sc \Ã-h-\mbn Icp-Xn-sb¶pw _m¸p-hn\v a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶p. Iq«p-Ir-jn-bpsS s]mcpÄ AhÄ _m¸p-hns\ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS_m¸p-hns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp¶ sNIp-̄ m³ hn«p-t]m-Ip-¶p. cp-t]cpw D½-sb-Im-Wm³ t]mIp-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.A¦w 4cwKw 1

B[m-c-sa-gp¯v Hmô-kv. \¼ymÀ Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-tS¡v t]m¡À IS-¶p-h¶v_m¸p ]än-̈ p-sh¶ hmÀ¯ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. _m¸p-hn\v hoSv Fgp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ thn-bpÅaps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä¡mbn AhÀ \S-̄ nb ]W-an-S-]m-Snsâ t]cnÂ XÀ¡-am-Ip-¶p. cp-t]cpwhg-¡p-IqSn ]ncn-bp-¶p.cwKw 2

hmcn-bcpw ]d-t§m-S³ \mbcpw. cp-t]cpw t]meokv tÌj-\nse ZpcnXw ]d-ªmWvXpS-§p-¶-Xv. _m¸phpw IqSn {io[-c³\m-b-cpsS ho«n-emWv Xmakw F¶-XmWv asämcphmÀ¯. am{X-aÃ ]d-

BA MALAYALAM14.139.185.6/website/SDE/III_Sem_BA_Malayalam_core... · 2019. 4. 19. · ba malayalam 2014 admission onwards iii semester core course (cu cbcss) university of calicut

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