B science project 2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Project 2:

Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5

Contemporary Food Market

Elaine Bong Poh Hui

0310432

Tutor: Mr Sanjay

Content

1.0 Lighting Proposal

1.1 Natural Daylighting

1.1.1 Space 1 – Ground Floor Café

1.1.2 Space 2 – First Floor Outdoor Area

1.1.3 Space 3 – Second Floor Seating Area

1.2 Artificial Lighting



1.2.3 Space 3 – Second Floor Office

2.0 Acoustic Proposal

2.1 External Noise Sound Intensity Level

2.2 Sound Transmission Loss

2.2.1 Space 1 – Ground Floor Café Kitchen


2.3 Reverberation Time


2.3.2 Space 2 – Ground Floor Café Kitchen

3.0 Appendix & References

1.1 Natural Daylighting

Daylight Factor

𝐷𝐹 =𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑥 100%

Where,

DF = Daylight Factor (%)

𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = Horizontal illumination of reference point indoor (Lux)

𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = Horizontal illumination of unobstructed point outdoor in an overcast sky condition

(Lux)

The table below shows the standards of daylight factor as set by Malaysian Standards.

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very bright > 6 Very large with thermal and

glare problem

Bright 3 - 6 Good

Average 1 - 3 Fair

Dark 0 - 1 Poor


The café is located on the ground floor is very near to the street as the attract people to

go inside and dine in. The space is exposed to sunlight due to the façade which is

main of glass and is not fully covered. The daylight shining into the space is sufficient

and could have save energy from artificial lighting.

Daylight Factor, DF

Total Floor Area = 120.38 m²

Area of Openings = 75.6 m²

Daylight Factor = 75.6

120.38 𝑥 100% 𝑥 0.1

= 62.8 x 0.1

= 6.28%

Natural Illumination Calculation

Daylight Factor = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟


6.28% = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

32000 𝑥 100%

𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 6.28 / 100 x 32000

= 20009.6 Lux

Conclusion

The space has a daylight factor of 6.28% which exceeded the standards set by

Malaysia Standards and there will be a slight thermal and glare problem. According to

MS 1525, the café should have a standard illuminance level of 200 lux, which the

space has already exceed by having an illuminance level of 2009.6 Lux. The

uncovered is due to the idea of allowing public to be able to see what happening in the

space. A sunscreen is added to the façade to reduce the sun glare problem.


The outdoor area on the second floor is for event to take place. This event space is

located on a high floor due to the level of the monorail track. By having the

happening space on the upper floor enable passer-by to view in the building and

getting hold of what is happening.

Daylight Factor, DF

Total Floor Area = 81 m²



81 𝑥 100% 𝑥 0.1

= 75.7 x 0.1

= 7.57%





32000 𝑥 100%

𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 6.28 / 100 x 32000

= 2422.4 Lux

Conclusion

The area has a daylight factor of 7.57% which the zone is very bright with thermal

and glare problem. The standard illuminance level for this area is 500 Lux. The

calculation for natural illumination for indoor is 2422.4 lux. The concept of being able

to view from outside causes the resulting illuminance to be higher.

1.1.3 Space 3 – Second Floor Seating Area

The seating area on second floor is exposed to sunlight since it is nearer to the façade

on the upper floor. The space is partly screened by aluminium strips preventing

overheat. By introducing daylight into the space, les energy can be used on the

artificial lighting.

Daylight Factor, DF

Total Floor Area = 143.4 m²



143.4 𝑥 100% 𝑥 0.1

= 61 x 0.1

= 6.1%





32000 𝑥 100%

𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 6.1 / 100 x 32000

= 1952 Lux

Conclusion

This space has a daylight factor of 6.1% which slightly exceeded the standard

illuminance level causing the area to be too bright and has thermal and glare problem.

The natural illuminance for the interior is 1952 which is more than the standard set by

the government, 200. The problem is reduced by having sunscreen in front of the

façade to block some of the daylight.

1.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

1.2.1 Ground Floor Café

According to MS 1525, the illuminance level of café is 200 lux. The main activities in the

café is dining and serving so the type of lighting used in this area will be the ambient lighting.

Material Location Texture Surface

Type

Colour Reflectance

Value (%)

Concrete Floor Matt Absorptive Grey 20

Timber

Finishing

Wall Smooth Absorptive Brown 50

Plaster

Ceiling

Ceiling Matt Absorptive White 70

Product Philip Master LED Spotlight PAR

Luminous Flux(lm) 900 Lm per lamp / 5 lamps per luminaire

Colour Temperature,

K

2,700 K

Colour Rendering

Index

80

Beam Angle 250

Voltage 220-240 V

Bulb Finish Nil

Placement Ceiling

Location Café

Dimension of Room (m) L = 11.4, W = 10.56

Total Floor Area (m²) 120.38

Type of Lighting Fixture Ambient Lighting

Standard Illuminance Required (lux)

According to MS 1525

200

Height of Ceiling 4.2

Height of Working Level 1.0

Height of Luminaire 3.2

Mounting Height (h) 2.2

Room Index (K)

=𝑳 × 𝑾

𝒉(𝑳 + 𝑾)

11.4 × 10.56

2.2(11.4 + 10.56)

= 2.49

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.54

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8

Lumen Calculation

𝑵 =𝑬 × 𝑨

𝑭 × 𝑼𝑭 × 𝑴𝑭

200 × 120.38

4500 × 0.54 × 0.8

= 12.38 = 13

Spacing (SHR = 3:2) 3/2 = Spacing/2.2

Spacing = 3/2 x 2.2

=3.3 metres

Number of Luminaires Across

(Width/Spacing)

10.56 / 3.3

= 3.3 = 4

Number of Luminaires Along (Total no.

of Luminaires/ No. of Luminaires

Across)

13 / 4

= 3.25 = 4

Conclusion

The café operates during evening and night time. The ambient lighting can help to create a

comfortable dining experience by achieving the standard illuminance and attract more public

to visit the place.

1.2.2 First Floor Outdoor Area (Event Place)

According to MS 1525, the illuminance level of outdoor area is 500 lux. There will only

activity happening here when there is an event. Therefore, the type of lighting used in this

area will be the ambient lighting.


Type

Colour Reflectance

Value (%)

Concrete Floor Matt Absorptive Dark Grey 20

Timber

Finishing


Plaster

Ceiling


Product Philip Master LED Spotlight PAR


Colour Temperature, K 2,700 K

Colour Rendering Index 80

Beam Angle 250

Voltage 220-240 V

Bulb Finish Nil

Placement Ceiling

Location Outdoor Area (Event Space)

Dimension of Room (m) L = 12, W = 6.75

Total Floor Area (m²) 81

Type of Lighting Fixture Ambient Lighting



500





Room Index (K)

=𝑳 × 𝑾

𝒉(𝑳 + 𝑾)

12 × 6.75

2.6(12 + 6.75)

= 1.66



Lumen Calculation

𝑵 =𝑬 × 𝑨


500 × 81

4500 × 0.51 × 0.8

= 22.06 = 23


Spacing = 3/2 x 2.6

=3.9 metres


(Width/Spacing)

6.75 / 3.9

= 1.73 = 2



Across)

23 / 2

= 11.5 = 12

Conclusion

Based on the calculation, 23 lightings is needed in this space. The number of luminaires

across is two rows but 2 x 12 does not satisfy the uniformity requirement. But an array of 3 x

8 is acceptable.

1.2.3 Second Floor Office

According to MS 1525, the illuminance level of office is 500 lux. The main activities in the

café is clerical task and typing so the type of lighting used in this area will be the task

lighting.


Type

Colour Reflectance

Value (%)

Carpet Floor Rough Absorptive Grey 20

Timber

Finishing


Plaster

Ceiling


Product Philip T8 TL-D Standard Colours


Colour Temperature, K 4,100 K

Colour Rendering Index 63Ra8

Beam Angle Nil

Voltage 59 V

Bulb Finish Frosted

Placement Ceiling

Location Office

Dimension of Room (m) L = 5.365, W = 3.6

Total Floor Area (m²) 19.31

Type of Lighting Fixture Task Lighting



500





Room Index (K)

=𝑳 × 𝑾

𝒉(𝑳 + 𝑾)

5.365 × 3.6

2.6(5.365 + 3.6)

= 0.83



Lumen Calculation

𝑵 =𝑬 × 𝑨


500 × 19.31

3600 × 0.47 × 0.8

= 7.13 = 8


Spacing = 3/2 x 2.6

=3.9 metres


(Width/Spacing)

3.6 / 3.9

= 0.92 = 1



Across)

8 / 1

= 8

Conclusion

Based on the calculation, 8 lightings is needed in this space. The number of luminaires across

is one rows but 1 x 8 does not satisfy the uniformity requirement. But an array of 2 x 4 is

acceptable.

2.0 Acoustic Proposal

2.1 External Noise

Sound Intensity Level

SIL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼

𝐼𝑜

Where,

SIL = Sound intensity (dB)

𝐼 = The intensity of the sound being measured (W/m²)

𝐼𝑜 = The intensity of the threshold of hearing taken as 1 × 10−12

External Noise Source

a. Site A = 80dB

80 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼1

1 × 10−12

8 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼1

1 × 10−12

Antilog 8 = 𝐼1

1 × 10−12

𝐼1 = 1 × 10−4

b. Side alley = 70 dB

70 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼2

1 × 10−12

7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼2

1 × 10−12

Antilog 7 = 𝐼2

1 × 10−12

𝐼2 = 1 × 10−5

c. Back alley = 67 dB

67 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼3

1 × 10−12

6.7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼3

1 × 10−12

Antilog 6.7 = 𝐼3

1 × 10−12

𝐼3 = 5.01 × 10−6

Combined intensity, 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

= 1 × 10−4 + 1 × 10−5 + 5.01 × 10−6

= 1.15 × 10−4

SIL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝐼𝑜

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1.15 × 10−4

1 × 10−12

= 8.06 × 10

= 80.6 dB

Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008

Type of Interior, Task or Activity dB

Small Auditorium (<500 seats) 35-39

Large Auditorium (>500 seats) 30-35

Open Plan Classroom 35

Meeting Room 35-44

Office (Small, Private) 40-48

Corridors 44-53

Courtrooms 39-44

Restaurants 48-52

Shops and Garage 57-67

Circulation Path 48-52

Open Plan Office Area 35-39

The sound intensity level for a restaurant is 57-67 dB similar to a café. Due to the location

near the street, the sound intensity level has exceeded the requirement which is 80 dB. This is

caused by traffic that is constant on site. To reduce the sound, vegetation can be planted in

between the interior of building and the street.

2.2 Sound Transmission Loss

Sound Transmission Loss

𝑇𝑜 = (𝑇1 × 𝐴1) + (𝑇2 × 𝐴2)

𝐴1 + 𝐴2

Where,

𝑇𝑜 = overall transmission coefficient

𝑇1 = transmission of coefficient one component

𝐴1 = area of that component etc.

Sound Reduction Index

𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

R = Sound Reduction Index. Unit = decibel (dB)

T = Transmitted Sound Energy / Incident Sound Energy

2.2.1 Ground Floor Café Kitchen

Transmission Loss, TL

Site Noise 80 dB

Required Noise Control for Kitchen 52 dB

Required Transmission Coefficient 52 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

Antilog 5.2 = 1

𝑇

T = 6.31 × 10−6

Brick Wall

Timber Door

Wall type: a. Brick Wall

TL of brick wall = 40

𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

40 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 =1

𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘

𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 =1

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 4

𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 1 × 10−4

Wall type: b. Timber Door

TL of timber door =14

𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

14 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 1.4 =1


𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 =1

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 1.4

𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 3.98 × 10−2

Surface Material Surface Area, A

(m²)

Transmission

Coefficient, T

A x T

Brick wall 57.1 1 × 10−4 5.71 × 10−3

Timber door 1.8 3.98 × 10−2 7.16 × 10−2

𝑇𝑜 = (𝑇1 × 𝐴1) + (𝑇2 × 𝐴2)

𝐴1 + 𝐴2

𝑇𝑜 = 5.71 × 10−3 + 7.16 × 10−2

57.1 + 1.8

= 7.73 × 10−2

58.9

= 1.31 × 10−3

𝑆𝑅𝐼𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

1.31 × 10−3

= 2.88 × 10

28.8 dB

28.8 dB of noise will reduced during the sound transmission from the traffic on the street to

the kitchen area. The selection of material to reduce unnecessary noise transmission is

enough the isolate the space from adjacent noise source.


Transmission Loss, TL

Site Noise 67 dB

Required Noise Control for Office 48 dB

Required Transmission Coefficient 48 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

Antilog 4.8 = 1

𝑇

T = 1.58 × 10−5

Brick Wall

Timber Door

Wall type: a. Concrete Wall

TL of concrete wall = 46

𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

46 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒


𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =1


𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 2.51 × 10−5

Wall type: b. Timber Door

TL of timber door =14

𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

14 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1




𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 =1


𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 3.98 × 10−2

Surface Material Surface Area, A

(m²)

Transmission

Coefficient, T

A x T

Concrete wall 66.2 2.51 × 10−5 1.66 × 10−3

Timber door 1.8 3.98 × 10−2 7.16 × 10−2

𝑇𝑜 = (𝑇1 × 𝐴1) + (𝑇2 × 𝐴2)

𝐴1 + 𝐴2

𝑇𝑜 = 1.66 × 10−3 + 7.16 × 10−2

66.2 + 1.8

= 7.33 × 10−2

68

= 1.08 × 10−3

𝑆𝑅𝐼𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇𝑜

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

1.08 × 10−3

= 2.97 × 10

29.7 dB

29.7 dB of noise will reduced during the sound transmission from the activities in the back

alley to the kitchen area. The selection of material to reduce unnecessary noise transmission

is enough the isolate the space from adjacent noise source.

2.3 Reverberation Time

Reverberation time is calculated based on Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz.

Reverberation Time

𝑡 =0.16𝑉

𝐴

Where,

t = reverberation time (s)

V = volume of the room (m³)

A = total absorption of room surfaces (m² sabins)

= ∑(Area × Absorption Coefficient)


Room Height = 4.2 m

Standard Reverberation Time for Office = 1s

Peak Hour Capacity = 3 people

Volume of Office = 81.1 m³

Materials (Wall) Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A)

Plastered brick wall

with paint

66.2m² 0.02 1.32

Materials (Ceiling

and flooring) Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A)

Carpet, thin, over thin

felt on concrete floor

19.31m² 0.3 5.79

Gypsum plaster tiles,

17% perforated,

22mm

19.31m² 0.65 8.58

Materials

(Furniture) Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A)

Adult office furniture

per desk

3 0.60 1.80

Solid timber door 1.8 m² 0.10 0.18

Total Sound Absorption 17.7

Reverberation time

𝑡 =0.16𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 x 81.1

17.7

= 0.734s

The reverberation time for the office during peak hour is 0.734s which has met the standard

reverberation time (1s) according to the Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008). The selection of

material is suitable for the office area for a comfortable working environment.

2.3.2 Ground Floor Café Kitchen

Room Height = 4.2 m

Standard Reverberation Time for Kitchen = 1.2 – 1.5s

Peak Hour Capacity = 3 people

Volume of Kitchen = 55.6 m³

Materials (Wall) Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A)

Standard brickwork 58.8m² 0.05 2.94

Ceramic tiles with

smooth surface

58.8 m² 0.02 1.18

Materials (Ceiling

and flooring) Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A)

Floor tiles 13.2m² 0.05 0.66

Gypsum plaster tiles,

17% perforated,

22mm

13.2m² 0.65 8.58

Materials

(Furniture) Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A)

Aluminium working

table

4.5 0.45 2.03

Solid timber door 1.8 m² 0.10 0.18

Occupants Area, A (𝒎𝟐) Absorption

Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption

(S x A) People 3 0.5 0.75

Total Sound Absorption 16.3

Reverberation time

𝑡 =0.16𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 x 55.6

16.3

= 0.546s

The reverberation time for the kitchen during peak hour is 0.546s which has met the standard

reverberation time (1.2 – 1.5s) according to the Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008). The

selection of material is suitable for the kitchen area for a comfortable working environment.

3.0 Appendix

MS 1525 Lighting Standard

Light Reflectance Table

Utilization Factor Table

Reference

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from

http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf

CMS Danskin Acoustics,. (2015). Absorption & Reverberation - CMS Danskin

Acoustics. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from http://www.cmsdanskin.co.uk/general-

construction/absorption-reverberation/

Khan, A. (2015). Acoustics: Room Criteria (1st ed.). Retrieved from

http://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-

affairs/Academic%20Resource%20Center/pdfs/Workshop_-_Acoustic.pdf

Lightcalc.com,. LightCalc Lighting Design Software Glossary. Retrieved 4 July 2015,

from http://www.lightcalc.com/lighting_info/glossary/glossary.html

http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf

http://www.cmsdanskin.co.uk/general-construction/absorption-reverberation/

http://www.cmsdanskin.co.uk/general-construction/absorption-reverberation/

http://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-affairs/Academic%20Resource%20Center/pdfs/Workshop_-_Acoustic.pdf

http://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-affairs/Academic%20Resource%20Center/pdfs/Workshop_-_Acoustic.pdf

B science project 2

Education

floor outdoor area

event space

floor office

floor seating area

standards of daylight

high floor

upper floor

zone daylight factor