B science 2 project 1

PROJECT 1:

LIGHTING AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION AND DESIGN

TUTOR : MR.SANJEH

GROUP MEMBERS:

CHEW WOAN CHYIN

CHUAH WEI HONG

KRISTINE YONG

PHANG JUNE EE

TOH CHEE CHENG

YAP ZHI JUN

YAP ZHONG LIN

0310797

0310900

0311954

0311954

0311122

0310738

0310557

Content

1. Introduction

1.1 Aim and Objective 1

1.2 Site Introduction 2

1.3 Architectural drawings 3-5

2. Lighting

2.1 Literature Review 6-8

2.1.1 Existence & Luminance

2.1.2 Illuminance

2.1.3 Calculation of Illuminance

2.1.4 Lumen Method

2.1.5 Calculation for Lumen Method

2.1.6 Daylight Factors and distribution

2.1.7 Lighting Standard MS 1525 (2007)

2.2 Precedent studies 9-16

2.2.1 Introduction of Seagram Building

2.2.2 Architectural Drawing

2.2.3 Design Strategies

2.2.4 Materiality

2.2.5 Performance and Analysis

2.3 Research Methodology of Lighting Analysis 17-20

2.3.1 Measuring Devices

2.3.2 Procedure

2.3.3 Data Collection Method

2.3.4 Limitation and Constraint

2.4 Identification of Existing Condition 21-32

2.4.1 Lighting Design Strategies

2.4.2 Identification of Existing Conditions

2.4.3 Light Reflectance of Materials

2.5 Lighting Analysis 33-68

2.5.1 Zoning of Space

2.5.2 Data of Lighting

2.5.2.1 Lux Reading

2.5.2.2 Interpretation of Data

2.5.3 Lux Contour Diagram

2.5.3.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram

2.5.3.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram

2.5.4 Calculation

2.5.4.1 Daylight Factor, DF

2.5.4.2 Illuminance Level and Number of Light Fitting Required

3. Acoustic

3.1 Literature Review 69-70

3.2 Precedent Studies 71-76

3.2.1 Introduction to Cisco Meraki

3.2.2 Architectural Drawings


3.2.4 Materiality

3.3 Research Methodology of Acoustic Analysis 77-79


3.3.2 Procedure



3.4 Identification of Existing Condition 80-94

3.4.1 Existing acoustic

3.4.1.1 External Noise Source

3.4.1.2 Internal Noise Source

3.4.2 Materials

3.5 Acoustic Analysis 95-143


3.5.2 Data of Acoustic

3.5.3 Interpretation of Data

3.5.4 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram

3.5.5 Calculation

3.5.5.1 Reverberation Time, RT

3.5.5.2 General Sound Pressure Level, SPL

3.5.5.3 Sound Reduction Index, SRI

3.5.5 Analysis and Evaluation of Data

4.0 Conclusion 144

5.0 References 145

1

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aim and Objectives

This report contains the details of the study conducted on Emkay Group, Wisma

Mustapha Kamal with regards to the lighting and acoustical performances. The

report is categorized into two major segments, lighting and acoustic included are

the technical data such as light contour diagrams, equations and calculation that

investigate both illuminance and noise levels in the building. All orthographic

drawings and diagrams were produced with data collected from measurement

done on site. A list of figures and tables used as well as references are provided

at the end of the report for ease of navigation.

Students are needed to conduct studies on how lighting and acoustic affects a

particular space. We are then required to choose a suitable site as a case study.

Site visits were done several times in order to measure the illuminance level and

sound level of the interior and exterior spaces using the lux meter provided. The

readings were taken and recorded during different time. Photographs were also

taken to identify different light and sound sources in the space and the

surrounding.

Once sufficient and completed data is collected, students are required to analyze

and identify the issues from the light sources, as well as the sound sources and

the effects of it on the site. Solutions are then to be provided by the students on

improving the illuminance level and acoustic level of the space, in order to achieve

better comfort. Calculations carried out on daylight factor and lumen method

calculations are required to show relationship between the existing and proposed

condition. Calculations regarding acoustic level is also to be conducted. In

addition to this, floor plans, sections, Ecotect, 3D models and other related

materials of the site is to be produced for further analysis.

2

1.2 Site Introduction

Figure 1.2.1 Wisma Mustapha Kamal

The building that was chosen for the lighting and acoustic analysis is Wisma Mustapha

Kamal, which is located at Neo Cyber, Cyberjaya. It is EMKAY Group’s purpose-built

Grade A office building. This office is an 11-storey building with one level at the ground

floor for office & retail followed by four levels of car parks and six-storey office towers

resting on top of the car park level.

The building is a MSC status building and equipped with modern design and facilities.

The excellent connectivity of Cyberjaya’s transportation system to this building plus

the convenient presence of retails shops and restaurants surrounding it makes it a

strategic location for businesses to expand.

The zones that were being analysed in the building was the office that was located in

2nd floor. The zone has two sides of façade of the building, which is the south and west

side. Therefore, the data will be affected during the evening because of the sunlight

entering directly through the west façade. The location of the building is in Cyberjaya,

a well-planned city. Therefore, the acoustic level is kept at a normal level as the

surroundings of the building doesn’t much affect the zones being analysed.

Figure 1.2.2 & 1.2.3 Spaces in the office that are being analyzed

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1.3 Architectural Drawings

Figure 1.3.1 Site Plan

4

Figure 1.3.2 Floor Plan 1:300 highlighted area being analysed.

5

Figure 1.3.3 Specified Floor Plan 1:200

Figure 1.3.4 Section B-B

Figure 1.3.5 Section A-A

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2.1 Literature Review

What is light? Visible light is defined as only a small section / portion of electromagnetic

spectrum / radiation which produces a sensation of brightness and colour in the human

eye or visually sensitive to our eyes.

Electromagnetic spectrum / radiation is a form of energy. The spectrum of such

redaiation provides information on its energy composition. The entire spectrum of

electromagnetic radiation ranges from X – ray radiation at the high – energy short-

wave end to radio waves at the low-energy, long-wave end.

Light is a primary element in architecture and interior design. Solid volumes, enclosed

spaces, color and texture can only be appreciated fully when they are imaginatively lit.

Successful buildings are those in which the lighting of the building itself and the lighting

of the activities it contains together make up a unified design concept.

2.1.1 Existence & Luminance

Luminance is the amount of light energy emitted or reflected from an object in a

specific direction or passing through a translucent surface. Luminance is the only light

we can see. (lm/m2)

2.1.2 Illuminance

Illuminance is purely a physical measurement value irrespective of the reflectance of

the surface. An illuminance of 1 lux occurs when a luminous flux of 1 lm falls evenly

on an area of 1 m2. The measure of light intensity striking / falling a surface. The

concentration of incident luminous flux, measure in foot-candles or lux (one lumen /

m2). The light energy arriving at a real surface is the illuminance -different from

luminousflux (light energy flow rate). Flux moves through a solid angle and is still

“spreading” while illuminance is that which is arriving at or intercepted by a surface at

a given distance. It is a value that is easy to calcylate. Luminance, on the other hand,

depends on the reflection properties and the reflectance of the materials illuminated

and these variables are often not known. Lighting designers therefore use illuminance

for planning indoor lighting systems.

2.1.3 Calculation of Illuminance

Illumination calculations are based on the principle of luminous flux transfer from the

light source or sources to a surface. Normally, the transfer is through clean air and is

assumed to have no loss.

Lumen Method: E = F / A

Point Method: E = I / d 2

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2.1.4 Lumen Method

The quantity of light reaching a certain surface is usually the main consideration in

designing a lighting system. This quantity of light is specified by illuminance measured

in lux, and as this level varies across the working plane, an average figure is used.

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Lighting Guides give

values of illuminance that are suitable for various areas. The lumen method is used to

determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a given area or room.

2.1.5 Calculation for Lumen Method

where,

N = number of lamps required.

E = illuminance level required (lux)

A = area at working plane height (m2)

F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)

UF= utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the

room surfaces.

MF= maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of

deterioration and dirt

2.1.6 Daylight Factors and distribution

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal

and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

Note : The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing.

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2.1.7 Lighting Standard MS 1525 (2007)

GENERAL BUILDING

AREAS

IES STANDARDS

ILLUMINATION

LEVEL

MS1525

RECOMMENDATION

PANDUAN TEKNIK

JKR

Office

General office with

mainly clerical task

and typing office

500 300-400 500

Deep Plan General

offices

750 300-400 300

Business machine and

typing

750 300-400 300

Filling Room 300 200 300

Conference Room 750 300-400 300

Lighting must provide a suitable visual environment within a particular space

conforming to the Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Energy. Sufficient

and suitable lighting should be provided to the office in order to achieve the desired

environment for the staffs to work in.

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2.2 Precedent Studies

2.2.1 Introduction to Seagram Building, New York by Ludwig Mies van der

Rohe

The Seagram Building is a modern office tower designed by famed German architect

Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with Philip Johnson. The Seagram Building is

positioned along the wealthy corridor of Park Avenue, between 52nd and 53rd

Streets. The building faces west-northwest. it was one of the tallest buildings along

Park Avenue at 515 feet, but now most surrounding buildings have surpassed its

height. Landmarked in 1988, the Seagram Building is also couched within a

movement, method and value system of preservation.

Figure 2.2.1.1 Exterior of Seagram Building which epitomizes elegance and the principles of

modernism.

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2.2.2 Architectural Drawing

Figure 2.2.2.1: Floor plan and elevation of Seagram Building.

11


For the Seagram Building, it came up with the concept of a "Tower of light”, a

landmark for architectural lighting. The magazine Architectural Forum honoured it as

"one of the best-illuminated buildings ever constructed." The lobby is dominated by

vertical lighting. A custom-made wall-washing system highlights the unpolished light

travertine surface. Additionally, rows of down lights create a welcome mat of light

around the building, giving the building the appearance of floating.

In contrast, the upper office floors are illuminated with a luminous ceiling in the

perimeter of the building. In the late 1950s when Kelly worked on the Seagram

Building with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, his hope was for the lighting to

appear uniform to those viewing it from the street. He wanted the building to glow

and look like a lantern. Now, the New York City Landmarks Preservation

Commission generally tends to protect a building's façade, Tobin explains that in this

case, it has designated not only the building exterior but also the luminous ceiling

that runs around the perimeter of each of the 38 floors.

Figure 2.2.3.1: The main lobby of the building is lit only with vertical light washing the walls to

create a gentle and welcoming atmosphere.

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Figure 2.2.3.4: Vacant tenant space.

For the "Four Seasons Restaurant" within the Seagram Building, this employed his

"Play of brilliants" strategy: Light reflecting metal curtains, a golden shimmering

sculpture and underwater lighting for the pool generate a highly sophisticated scene

for luxury dining. Due to the recessed fixtures, it is more concentrate on the effects of

the lighting and not the luminaries.

Figure 2.2.3.5 : Light reflecting metal curtains by apply "play of brilliants" strategy.

Figure 2.2.3.2 & 2.2.3.3: Different tenant spaces as featured in interior office design

publications.

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2.2.4 Materiality

Due to the fire law in force in 1954, at the time of concrete construction was used as

a structural material, both outside and inside.

Part of the expressive minimalist Mies van der Rohe in this work reaches its

maximum level of refinement: the "mullions of Curtain-wall" which are special I

double profiles have been added at both ends of the outer wing edges outgoing to

generate a subtle emphasis of shape.

The refinement showed that Mies on the Seagram extends to the choice of materials:

metal profiles and panels in bronze and glass light shades of pink, in the curtain wall

facade help to give this work a kind of charming New Yorker which lack the above

examples, more austere in its technological thoroughness.

Figure 2.2.4.1: Metal profiles and panels in bronze and glass light shades of pink as curtain wall

facade in Seagram Building.

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2.2.5 Performance and analysis

Aspects of the building’s shortcomings can begin to be understood via simulation.

Studies of sun radiation, wind movement, thermal bridges and daylight autonomy

begin to build the picture of the current thermal and spectral flows.

THERM was used to study the capacity of a typical mullion to conduct heat in or out

of the building. The results indicate that the mullion is highly conductive, as there are

no insulating components to the assembly.

Figure 2.2.5.1: Seagram Building plans, orange indicating bustle volume, gray indicating core area.

From left: Floors 1-4, Floors 5-10, Floors 11-38.

Figure 2.2.5.2: The capacity of a typical mullion of the Seagram Building.

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Solar radiation is another factor potentially contributing to the building’s poor energy

performance. Using Vasari, the summer months simulation found that the Park

Avenue facade receives the most solar radiation. Lower floors and the rear facades

of the building were shaded more, due to the adjacency of other buildings. A typical

floor plate was analyzed in Radiance/ DIVA for daylight autonomy figures. Upper

floors receive more daylight, understandably. However, aspects of interior design

such as partitions were not considered in this simulation. A perimeter office with

opaque partitions will alter these results dramatically.

Figure 2.2.5.3: Solar radiation of Seagram Building.

The office spaces above the lobby, furnished by Philip Johnson, have flexible floor

plans lit with luminous ceiling panels. These floors also get maximum natural lighting

with the exterior being glass panes of gray topaz that provide floor-to-ceiling

windows for the office spaces. The gray topaz glass was used for sun and heat

protection, and although there are Venetian blinds for window coverings they could

only be fixed in a limited number of positions so as to provide visual consistency

from the outside.

The images show that the skin releases a great deal of energy to the environment.

The induction units that line the perimeter are working overtime to buffer the

influence of the cold to the inside, and the single panel windows end up absorbing

and releasing a great deal of that energy. The lower right shows an image from the

lobby, which has revolving doors. Cold air creeps in through the bottom and there is

considerable thermal bridging above the revolving door unit.

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Figure 2.2.5.4: The ice water I enjoyed at the Four Seasons restaurant has a similar surface

temperature as the mullions of the windows.

Figure 2.2.5.5: The lobby’s revolving doors let in some cold air at the bottom of the entry way and

there is thermal bridging evident above the revolving door unit.

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2.3 Research Methodology


A. Digital Lux Meter

Digital lux meter is a device that is used to measure illumination. The device was

provided by Taylor’s University to allow students to record the intensity of light in the

selected site. The data recorded was at one of the office in Wisma Mustapha.

Features :

Sensor used the exclusice photo diode & multi-

color correction filters, spectrum meet C.I.E

standard

Sensor Cos correction factor meet standard.

Separate LIGHT SENSOR allows user take

measurements of an optimum position.

Precise and easy readout, wide range.

High accuracy in measuring. Figure 2.3.1.1 : Digital Lux Meter

Built-in low batteru indicator.

LSI-circuit use provides high reliability and durability

LCD display provides low power consumption.

Compact, light-weight, and excellent operation.

LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light.

General Specifications of Model Lx-101

Display 13mm (305”) LCD.

Ranges 0-50,000 Lux. 3 Range

Zero adjustment Internal adjustment.

Over - input Indication of “1”.

Sampling time 0.4 second.

Sensor Structure The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter.

Operating Temperature 0 to 50°C ( 32 to 122°F ).

Operating Humidity Less than 80% R.H

Power Supply DC 9V battery. 006P, MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent.

Power Consumtion Approx. DC 2 mA

Dimension Main Instrument : 108x73x23 mm (4.3x2.9x0.9 inch)

Sensor probe : 82x55x7 mm (3.2x2.2x0.3 inch)

Weight 160g (0.36 LB) with batteries.

Accessories Included Instruction manual..............1 PC

Carrying case ....................1 PC

Figure 2.3.1.2 : General Specifications of Digital Lux Meter

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Electrical Specifications

Range Resolution Accuracy

2,000 Lux 1 Lux ± ( 5 % + 2 d )

20,000 Lux 10 Lux ± ( 5 % + 2 d )

50,000 Lux 100 Lux ± ( 5 % + 2 d )

Note : Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856K temperature.

Figure 2.3.1.3 : Electrical Specifications of Digital Lux Meter.

B. Camera

Camera was used to capture photos of the site analysed.

Therefore, the existing condition of the site can be

recorded and later on being use as a reference towards

the data that is being recorded.

Figure 2.3.1.4 DSLR Camera

C. Measuring Tape

Measuring tape was being used to position the digital

lux meter at 1 meter and 1.5 meter. Besides, it was also

being use to position the data collector according to the

gridline that was being drafted on the plan.

Figure 2.3.1.5 Measuring Tape

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2.3.2 Procedure

Steps:

1. Draw out the gridline of 2x2m on the floor plan provided by the office for data

recording position.

2. Record the data using the digital lux meter by placing the device at the

intersection point of the grid line that was being drawn out.Two different data

was being recorded, one at the height on 1 meter, while another at 1.5 meter.

3. When data is being recorded, hold the device steady as to stabilize the data

being shown on the device.

4. Identify the variables that might affect the data recorded.

5. Repeat the steps at different time, as the data might change time to time,due

to different lighting condition at different time.

6. Arrange all the data being recorded and analyzed it by comparing the data

being analyzed to MS 1525.

Figure 2.3.2.1 Procedure of analyzing the data.

Identify 2x2m grid.

Position the device according

to the grid.

Record the data.

Identify variables.

Repeat steps for different time.

Arrange and analyze the data.

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Figure 2.3.3.1 Diagram showing Lux Device being placed at different heights

Plans were acquired from the office. Gridlines of 2 meter interval were then applied to

the plans for data collection. The data recorded are taken on 21th September 2015 at

10a.m. and 5 p.m. Two different data were being recorded. One at the height of 1

meter and the other at the height of 1.5 meter. Two different data that was acquired

from different height was recorded at the same position of each intersection point on

the gridline. Each recording was being done in the same direction to synchronize the

result.

2.3.4 Limitation & Constraint

Human Error:

Slight difference of positioning the device might cause a huge fluctuation in the data.

Besides, the shadow being cast on the device from the person holding the device will

also affect the data. Therefore, consistency and caution is required during the data

collection in order to increase the accuracy of the data.

Device Error:

The device takes a few seconds to stabilize the reading as it is very sensitive to the

exposure of the surrounding. Sometimes, the data on the device fluctuates a lot and

the data is hard to be determined. Therefore, readings of the data had to be double

check in order to acquire data that is more accurate.

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2.4 Identification of Existing Condition

2.4.1 Lighting Design Strategies

The intention of Wisma Mustapha Kamal was to address the reduction of the usage of

energy for electrical lighting. Therefore, some critical thoughts have been put in the early

design stages for the reduction of energy usage.

It was analyzed by the orientation according to the east-west axis to optimize daylight into

the building. The huge area of windows design on the east axis façade is to penetrate

natural lighting into the building for daylighting. (Figure 2.4.1.1)

Figure 2.4.1.1 Large open office space allow daylight to penetrate in the entire space.

The large open office spaces adjacent to exterior walls and locate enclosed offices in the

center of building improved and achieved the well penetration of daylighting. Meanwhile,

the vast majority of occupants are given access to daylight and views as the private office

do not block the daylight. Daylight received directly using huge panel of fixed window with

double glazing glass. (Figure 2.4.1.2) Most of the occupants were located at the large

open office spaces whereas the private spaces such as store room, meeting room,

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support function and mechanical transportation system are placed in the middle of the

space as it is less useable compare to staff who spend most of the time at the large open

office. This is one of the strategy to have more energetic atmospheric working area to be

more pleasant.

Fabric roller blind is used as the curtain of windows which help to reduce the intensity of

daylight and resist to UV rays. It features privacy and thermal performance as the fabric

curtain will blur this focus of the view and glare control. Naked space will feel

uncomfortably chilly to an occupant. The use of interior blinds drapes raise the mean

radian temperature (MRT) of a room to improve thermal comfort.

Figure 2.4.1.2 View from Emkay Group sits on the southwest.

The lighting design was a combined effort by the architect, electrical contractor, energy

consultant, and product sales representative. The lighting is design in an equal distance

of 2 meters each. (Figure 2.4.1.3) The distance from the ground to the artificial light is 3

meters. This design strategy take in consideration for the types of lighting, the energy of

the bulb, frame for reflection and bulb finishing. Cool white bulb finish which is around

5000 Kelvins (K) has been used for office purposes. The higher the Degrees Kelvin, the

whiter the color temperature. Whiter lights appear brighter thank those of a lower Kelvin

reading, the amount of Lumens does not change and true brightness is not affected.

Besides that, Color Rendering Index (CRI) is the measure of the ability of a light source

to reproduce colors of various objects compared to an ideal light source such as natural

light. It is important in an office to have lights with high CRI, as it is suitable for working

areas because of the positive effect on wellbeing and moods and helps to promote

concentration. It does permit work, reading without getting tired or straining your eyes as

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the light is bright, even and free of glare and authentic color reproduction. Moreover, cool

lighting is an energy saving bulb which does contribute to the environment and achieved

energy efficiency to be both user and environmentally friendly. The lighting that used in

office are fluorescent lamp for the entire floor of office.

All fenestration faces either north or south and the design incorporate louvers that face

north and south. The south-facing clerestory windows are equipped with motorized

sunscreens controlled by a photosensor to block direct-beam radiation. The overhangs

shade on the first floor which shades on the ground floor to provide more shading space.

Figure 2.4.1.3 Floor plan with section

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Figure 2.4.1.4 Section A1

The above section indicates similar lighting of the open space of office which using only

one type of artificial light which is compact light. These area employ compact lightings to

provide uniform general space lighting within these space.

Figure 2.4.1.5 Section A2

These section shows the uniform distance of compact lightings that used in the open

space office. Through observation, daylighting will be penetrate mostly to the right side

where the windows is. Whereas for the middle part of the section are artificial light

almost all the time as daylight could not been capture in to the space.

Facing window

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2.4.2 Identification of Existing Conditions

Daylight

Figure 2.4.2.1 Daylighting that penetrate into the building

26

Daylighting utilized as a design features in building is to create a more pleasing and

interesting atmosphere for people within, it usually provides a link upwards or sideward

to the outdoor environment while distressing the dynamic share of natural light. It’s good

that brought in daylight to a space. Although the result of daylighting is always visually

rich, but it is hard to ignore the fact that natural daylight might brought in an excessive

amount of heat in the process. But it is also impossible for architects to design without

using artificial lighting into consideration as a building shall be able to function both day

and night. Therefore material needs to be reconsider to reduce the heat gain to achieve

both thermal comfort and penetration of daylight.

Figure 2.4.2.2 Penetration of daylighting

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Artificial Lighting

Lighting Indication on Reflected Ceiling Plan

Figure 2.4.2.3 Location of the luminaries on reflected ceiling plan

Compact fluorescent light Reflector downlight trim

Open space office and storeroom Meeting room

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Artificial Light

Lighting Fixed Type

Fluorescent Lamp

Location

Lighting Produce Brand

Philips Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact Fluorescent 20w SLS20

Luminous Flux

EM 1200 lm

Rated Color Temperature

2700 K

Color Rendering Index

82Ra8

Voltage 120 V

Bulb Finish Cool White

Placement Hanging

29

The entire space use the same light bulb. It is suitable to use cool white in office. The

usage of artificial lighting usually employed in a specific spaces as it is great to create

atmosphere that is constant through a period which could not achieve by daylighting.

The brightness of artificial lighting and power energy needed have to be consider in the

early stage of design as it is primary factor which will influence the quality of illumination

of the space to achieve the best performing building. The hanging method help to

reduce the distance between table and light.

Figure 2.4.2.4 The entire open space of office use compact fluorescent light

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Lighting Fixed Type

Fluorescent Lamp

Location

Lighting Produce Brand

Philips Alto CFL Light Bulb Reflector Downlight Trim 20w SLS20

Luminous Flux

EM 1200 lm

Rated Color Temperature

2700 K

Color Rendering Index

82Ra8

Voltage 120 V

Bulb Finish Cool White

Placement Ceiling

31

Energy efficient. Downlights are low voltage doesn’t mean they use less energy. Less

power than low voltage MR16 downlights because no control gear, energy is lost during

the transformation process of 240V to 12V. The low voltage cable and lamp holder gets

hotter due to higher amperage.

Figure 2.4.2.5 Meeting room use the reflector downlight trim

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2.4.3. Light Reflectance of Material

Figure 2.4.3.1 Concrete screed floor reflect the artificial light

Interior finishes were selected to improve the quality of space by providing light reflection

and provide contrast. The floor materials that used in Emkay Group are concrete screed

and carpet. concrete screed that used widely at the open space of the office have a

reflectance of 0.7. Whereas the private spaces such as meeting room and discussion

room used carpet with reflectance of 0.15. Besides that, parquet has been used in rest

room with reflectance 0.35.

Coverage of rest area

Coverage of concrete screed floor

Coverage of private carpet

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2.5 Acoustic Analysis


Legend

Figure 2.5.1: Zoning of Space

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2.5.2 Data of Lighting

2.5.2.1 Lux Reading

Figure 2.5.2.1.1 Tabulated data of illuminance at 10am

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A (1m) 1700 500 134 65 48 32 26 35 18 20 80 94 87 92 89 (1.5m) 971 330 99 64 60 35 38 24 25 18 85 99 101 97 92

B (1m) 886 372 200 122 69 40 39 41 111 109 103 79 83 86 92 (1.5m) 331 272 145 111 70 36 42 30 138 139 110 93 88 89 95

C (1m) 213 200 165 125 110 59 51 50 110 118 95 96 97 85 87 (1.5m) 218 180 139 147 123 49 42 40 137 128 115 105 110 95 87

D (1m) 704 336 165 193 144 137 68 60 105 99 80 78 89 92 93 (1.5m) 550 319 187 213 130 176 68 50 103 101 85 82 94 97 94

E (1m) 594 283 200 220 157 170 78 70 98 87 85 85 89 91 81 (1.5m) 413 244 216 185 200 190 88 59 85 93 90 86 92 99 90

F (1m) 214 231 200 161 175 140 70 80 83 78 83 83 88 89 85 (1.5m) 232 213 200 152 145 160 74 62 83 84 88 92 93 91 87

G (1m) 330 310 170 139 109 160 109 111 105 133 127 127 200 180 120 (1.5m) 338 333 160 142 162 140 120 95 100 109 120 140 180 150 140

H (1m) 1570 838 227 191 205 265 140 176 158 230 230 230 280 255 266 (1.5m) 1041 787 264 179 180 200 133 147 145 180 188 130 276 255 249

I (1m) 1744 1950 1890 260 308 1000 355 322 142 245 245 750 1230 300 255 (1.5m) 1430 1450 1560 290 280 750 350 289 146 237 450 240 100 235 280

J (1m) 1680 1995 1970 350 349 1120 378 398 243 303 306 812 1350 320 298 (1.5m) 1510 1560 1620 319 305 798 378 301 178 265 479 278 115 275 390

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A (1m) 1409 476 129 57 45 32 26 35 18 19 89 90 88 91 79 (1.5m) 910 280 99 64 60 35 38 22 29 25 95 96 83 96 84

B (1m) 799 365 189 118 67 40 39 47 110 103 107 79 94 93 101 (1.5m) 329 264 145 111 70 38 45 26 129 137 109 82 99 89 107

C (1m) 224 189 163 115 105 59 51 52 99 113 89 83 86 96 97 (1.5m) 199 140 139 147 123 49 37 36 137 128 115 87 89 97 93

D (1m) 609 379 159 187 138 135 64 60 105 106 92 91 81 87 89 (1.5m) 492 301 187 213 130 176 68 50 103 102 93 97 96 95 90

E (1m) 567 267 187 215 154 178 73 72 92 97 101 90 80 77 98 (1.5m) 396 238 216 185 198 187 98 55 78 103 89 84 86 79 89

F (1m) 209 213 190 158 173 148 70 80 86 84 89 79 92 93 96 (1.5m) 221 209 200 147 139 153 86 64 79 85 84 104 96 91 92

G (1m) 356 270 168 136 99 162 103 104 105 133 127 135 180 180 120 (1.5m) 323 297 160 142 162 146 120 92 109 97 119 139 180 142 137

H (1m) 1378 760 226 189 194 273 134 179 158 230 230 130 257 249 221 (1.5m) 979 685 264 179 180 187 137 147 129 165 176 127 276 276 247

I (1m) 1645 1780 1800 259 280 967 327 337 142 157 715 200 1160 287 235 (1.5m) 806 1380 1400 290 280 750 350 276 139 157 398 220 70 278 254

J (1m) 1710 1820 1850 300 305 980 389 357 189 210 759 225 1280 315 249 (1.5m) 840 1423 1467 328 307 860 378 299 169 182 412 278 99 295 287

Figure 2.5.2.1.1 Tabulated data of illuminance at 5pm

The lux reading table above indicates the lux level of the Emkay Group’s office located

in Wisma Mustapha at 10 a.m and 5 p.m. Generally, natural lighting comes from

walkway 2 and walkway 3, which is the south and west façade of the building. (Located

at A 1,2 – I 1,2 and I – J, 1 – 15 ) Therefore, the lux reading at this zone will be higher

than other zone as it is affected by the daylight factor. Although natural lighting is well

received by the spaces in the office, but it is not enough to enlighten the whole space.

Therefore, artificial lightings are needed to enlighten the spaces in the office.

36

2.5.2.2 Interpretation of Data

Morning

In the morning (10a.m.), due to the

location of the space that we analysed

within the building, natural lighting doesn’t

enter to the space directly. Diffused

sunlight is well received by the space of

the office because of the material of the

façade of the building which is glass.

However, natural lighting only enlighten

walkway 2 and walkway 3 and gets

dimmer as it gets into the interior space of

the office. Therefore, artificial lighting is

being used to lighten the interior spaces.

Evening

In the evening (5p.m.), due to the location

of the space that we analysed within the

building, natural lighting enters directly to

the space. The north and south façade of

the office receives well in terms of the

natural lighting. Due to the direct sunlight

towards the space, curtains are being used

to screen off direct sunlight.

Figure 2.5.2.2.1 Sun path diagram at 10am

Figure 2.5.2.2.2 Sun path diagram at 12pm

Figure 2.5.2.2.3 Sun path diagram at 3pm

37

2.5.3 Lux Contour Diagram

2.5.3.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram

Figure 2.5.3.1.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram

Based on the analysis, Walkway 1 has a DF of 1.81%. According to the calculation, walkway 1 has an

average DF. Therefore, the lights along this zone is switched off during daytime. Walkway 2 has a DF

of 0.173%. It has a very poor DF and needs artificial lighting to help enlighten the space. Walkway 3

has a DF of 2.382%. Similar to Walkway 1, it has an average DF because the building façade is located

along the zone. Therefore, artificial lightings are not required during the daytime. Office Space 1 has a

DF of 0.458%. It is quite poor in DF and requires an amount of artificial lighting to help enlighten the

space up. Office Space 2 has a DF of 0.339%. Due to the location of the space, sunlight get dimmed

away as it enters. Therefore, it has a poor DF. Office Space 3 has a DF of 0.6%. It has a poor DF

although located near to the façade of the building. Private office 1 has a DF of 0.05%. As it is a private

space and it’s a space that is more enclosed, therefore it has a poor DF. Private office 2,3 and the

Conference Room shares the same DF of 0.27%. These are the spaces that are more privatize and

enclosed. Rest Area has a DF of 0.45%. Due to the reason of being screened off by a big projector

screen.

38

2.5.3.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram

Figure 2.5.3.1.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram

Walkway 1 and 3 has a poor illuminance of artificial lighting as the lights over the zones are being

switched off during the daytime. Walkway 2 has a stronger illuminance of artificial lighting as the

zones serves as a walkway in the office. Office Space 1 and 2 has an average percentage of

illuminance as artificial lightings are being fairly distributed at the area. Office Space 3 has a poorer

illuminance as compared to the office space 1 and 2 as the zone beside it has the artificial lights

offed. Private office 1,2,3,4 and Conference room shares almost the same illuminance as they are

private areas and only certain lightings are being switched on sometimes. The Rest Area also has a

poor illuminance of artificial lighting as it is located near to walkway 3 which the artificial lightings are

being switched off during the daytime.

39

2.5.4 Calculation

2.5.4.1 Daylight Factor, DF

Date: 21st September 2015

Time: 10.00 am

Weather: Clear Sky

Zone

Daylight Level in

Malayisa, Eo (lux)

Average lux

reading based on collected data, Ei (lux)

Daylight factor, DF DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

580

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=580 / 32000 x 100%

=1.81%

55.6

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=55.6 / 32000 x 100%

=0.173%

32000

762.2

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=762.2 / 32000 x 100%

=2.382%

146.78

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=146.78 / 32000 x

100%

=0.458 %

108.66

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=108.66 / 32000 x

100%

=0.339 %

Walkway 1

Walkway 2

Walkway 3

Office Space 1

Office Space 2

40

Zone

Daylight Level in

Malayisa, Eo (lux)

Average lux

reading based on collected data, Ei (lux)

Daylight factor, DF DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

192.8

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=192.8 / 32000 x 100%

=0.6 %

19

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=19 / 32000 x 100%

=0.05 %

86.5

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=86.5 / 32000 x 100%

=0.27 %

32000

87.4

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=87.4 / 32000 x 100%

=0.27 %

88.5

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=88.5 / 32000 x 100%

=0.27 %

145.25

DF

= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %

=145.25 / 32000 x 100%

=0.45 %

Office Space 3

Private Office 1

Private Office 2

Private Office 3

Conference

Room

Rest Area

41

2.5.4 Calculation

2.5.4.2 Illuminance Level and Number of Light Fitting Required

Figure 2.5.4.2.1: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 1

Figure 2.5.4.2.1a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 1

PICTURE LIGHT TYPE UNIT LIGHT DISTRIBUTION TYPE OF LUMINAIRE

Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

9

Accent Lighting

Position of Artificial Light.

42

Dimension of room (L x W) (m) 17 x 2

Total Floor Area / A(m2) 34

Type of lighting fixture Philips Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact

Fluorescent 20w SLS20

Number of lighting fixture / N 9

Lumen of lighting fixture / F (lm) 1200

Height of luminaire (m) 3.0

Height of work level (m) 0.8

Mounting height / H (hm) 2.2

Reflection factors

Ceiling : Concrete Screed (0.7)

Wall: Concrete (0.5)

Floor: Concrete Screed (0.2)

Room index / RI (K)

𝑹𝒍 = 𝑳 𝒙 𝑾

(𝑳 + 𝑾)𝒙 𝑯

𝑅𝑙 = 17 𝑥 2

(17+2)𝑥 2.2

= 0.81

Utilisation factor / UF

(based on given utilisation factor table) 0.47

Maintenance factor / MF

MF = LLMF x LSF X LMF X RS

MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41

Standard Illuminance (lux) 50

Illuminance level / E (lux)

𝑬 = 𝑵 𝒙 𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭

𝑨

𝑬 = (9 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.41)

𝟑𝟒

= 61.21

43


Figure 2.5.4.2.2a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 2.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

14

Accent Lighting


44

Dimension of room (L x W) (m) 11.6 x 3.3

Total Floor Area / A(m2) 38.28








Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 11.6 𝑥 3.3

(11.6+3.3)𝑥 2.2

= 1.17





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (14 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.41)

𝟑𝟖.𝟐𝟖

= 84.57

45


Figure 2.5.4.2.3a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 3.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

13

Accent Lighting


46










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 30 𝑥 2

(30+2)𝑥 2.2

= 0.85





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (13 x 1200 x 0.35 x 0.41)

𝟔𝟎

= 37.31

47

Discussion for Walkway 1, 2, and 3

According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Walkway 1, 2, and 3 is 50 lux.

Illuminance for Walkway 1 is 61.21 lux and for Walkway 2 is 84.57 lux which meets

the standard requirement.

However, illuminance for Walkway 3 is 37.31 lux which does not meet the standard

requirement.

Therefore, to meet the requirement, additional number of Fluorescent Light is required

to make up the insufficient illuminance.

Calculation as below:

𝑁 = E x A

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹

𝑁 = (50 − 37.31) x 60

(1200 𝑥 0.35 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 761.4

172.2

N = 4.42 (4)

Hence, additional of four (4) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required to meet the

standard illuminance for Walkway 3.

Besides, not only Fluorescent Light, more variety of light fixture for example LED light

with higher volt (Philips MASTER LED tube PERF 12W 840 T8 C 1200mm) is also

suggested to add at the Walkway 3 to make up the insufficient illuminance.

Figure 2.5.3.2.3b: Photo of Philips MASTER LED tube PERF 12W 840 T8 C 1200mm.

As Walkway 1 located beside the window where daylight can provide good light during

working hour. Only night time especially Overtime, more light fixtures should add on to

meet the standard of illuminance according to MS1525.

48

Figure 2.5.4.2.4: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 1

Figure 2.5.4.2.4a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 1.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

60

Accent Lighting


49










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 17 𝑥 10

(17+10)𝑥 2.2

= 2.86





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (60 x 1200 x 0.55 x 0.41)

𝟏𝟕𝟎

= 95.51

50

Figure 2.5.4.2.5: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 2.

Figure 2.5.4.2.5a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 2.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

6

Accent Lighting


51










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 4.6 𝑥 4.0

(4.6 + 4.0)𝑥 2.2

= 0.97





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (6 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.41)

𝟏𝟖.𝟒

= 75.4

52

Figure 2.5.4.2.6: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office Space 3.

Figure 2.5.4.2.6a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office Space 3.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

13

Accent Lighting


53










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 9.4 𝑥 5.3

(9.4+5.3)𝑥 2.2

= 1.54





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (13x 1200 x 1.54 x 0.41)

𝟒𝟗.𝟖𝟐

= 197.7

54

Discussion for Office Space 1, 2 and 3

According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Office Space 1, 2, and 3 is 160 lux.

Illuminance for Office Space 1 is 95.51 lux which does not meet the standard

requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (160 − 95.51) x 170

(1200 𝑥 0.55 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 10963.3

270.6

N = 40.51 (41)

Illuminance for Office Space 2 is 75.4 lux which does not meet the standard

requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (160 − 75.4) x 18.4

(1200 𝑥 0.47 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 1556.64

231.24

N = 6.7 (7)

However, Illuminance for Office Space 3 is 197.7 lux which meets the standard

requirement.

Therefore, for Office Space 1 and 2 to meet the requirement, additional number of

Fluorescent Light is required to make up the insufficient illuminance.

Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Office Space, for Office Space 1, additional

of forty one (41) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required while Office Space 2,

additional of seven (7) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required.

55

Figure 2.5.4.2.7: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Private Office 1.

Figure 2.5.4.2.7a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Private Office 1.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

6

Accent Lighting


56










Reflection factors



Floor: Carpet (0.15)

Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 4.8 𝑥 3.6

(4.8+3.6)𝑥 2.7

= 0.76





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (6x 1200 x 0.35 x 0.41)

𝟏𝟕.𝟐𝟖

= 59.79

57




Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

6

Accent Lighting


58










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 4.3 𝑥 4.0

(4.3+4.0)𝑥 2.7

= 0.35





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (6x 1200 x 0.35 x 0.41)

𝟏𝟕.𝟐

= 60.07

59




Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

15

Accent Lighting


60










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 9.4 𝑥 6.6

(9.4+6.6)𝑥 2.7

= 1.44





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (15x 1200 x 0.51 x 0.41)

𝟔𝟐.𝟎𝟒

= 60.67

61

Discussion for Private Office 1, 2 and 3

According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Private Office 1, 2, and 3 is 240 lux.

Illuminance for Private Office 1 is 59.79 lux which does not meet the standard

requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (240 − 59.79) x 17.28

(1200 𝑥 0.35 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 3114

172.2

N = 18.08 (18)


requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (240 − 60.07) x 17.2

(1200 𝑥 0.47 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 3094.8

231.24

N = 13.38 (13)


requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (240 − 60.67) x 62.04

(1200 𝑥 0.51 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 11125.6

250.92

N = 44.34 (44)

62

Therefore, for Private Office 1, 2 and 3 to meet the requirement, additional number of


Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Private Office, for Private Office 1, additional

of eighteen (18) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required while Private Office 2,

additional of thirteen (13) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required, lastly for Private

Office 3, additional of forty four (44) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required.

In Private Offices, the usage and activities going on in that space is different than open

office space where in private office, activities of reading, writing, typing, computer work

and etc are having in that space. So the Standard illuminance in Private office is higher.

In this office building, they use same lighting fixture in both Private office and office space.

To enhance worker working performance, working environment with standard quality

should achieve.

To overcome this problem, additional number of Fluorescent Light is one of the method.

Besides that, use of higher voltage of Fluorescent Light can increase the illuminance of

Private Office. Use of lighter floor, wall and ceiling material also helpful to act as better

reflector. Also, reduce the mounting height by lowered the light fixtures is one of the way

too.

63

Figure 2.5.4.2.10: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Conference Room.

Figure 2.5.4.2.10a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Conference Room.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

20

Accent Lighting


64










Reflection factors




Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 9.4 𝑥 5.6

(9.4+5.6)𝑥 2.7

= 1.3





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (20x 1200 x 0.51 x 0.41)

𝟓𝟐.𝟔𝟒

= 95.33

65

Discussion for Conference Room

According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Conference Room is 300 lux.

Illuminance for Conference Room is 95.33 lux which does not meet the standard

requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (300 − 95.33) x 52.64

(1200 𝑥 0.51 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 10773.8

250.92

N = 42.94 (43)

Therefore, for Conference Room to meet the requirement, additional number of


Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Conference Room, additional of forty three

(43) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required.

Besides, for Conference Room, I suggested the use of Sharp “Square” type LED Lighting

with average illuminance of 567 lux is more suitable for conference room.

Figure 2.5.4.2.10a: Light Fixture Sharp “Square” type LED Lighting

66

Figure 2.5.4.2.11: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Rest Area.

Figure 2.5.4.2.11a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Rest Area.


Philips Alto CFL

Light Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent 20w

SLS20

17

Accent Lighting


67










Reflection factors



Floor: Parquet (0.35)

Room index / RI (K)



𝑅𝑙 = 5.3 𝑥 8.0

(5.3+8.0)𝑥 2.2

= 1.45





MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95

= 0.41




𝑨

𝑬 = (17x 1200 x 0.49 x 0.41)

𝟒𝟐.𝟒

= 96.66

68

Discussion for Rest Area

According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Rest Area is 150 lux.

Illuminance for Rest Area is 96.66 lux which does not meet the standard requirement.


𝑁 = E x A


𝑁 = (150 − 96.66) x 42.4

(1200 𝑥 0.49 𝑥 0.41)

𝑁 = 2261.6

241.08

N = 9.38 (9)

Therefore, for Rest Area to meet the requirement, additional number of Fluorescent Light

is required to make up the insufficient illuminance.

Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Rest Area, additional of nine (9) numbers of

Fluorescent Light are required.

69

3.1 Literature Review

3.1.1 Architectural Acoustics

This is a study on how to design buildings and other spaces that have pleasing

sound quality with safe sound levels. It is the total effect of sound, especially as

produced in an enclosed space and the scientific study of sound, especially of its

generation, transmission, and reception. In architecture design, acoustic is concern

with control of sound in spaces and preserve and enhance desired sound. The

acoustic mood created in the spaces can be affected by the buffer from the building

exterior and the building interior design, as to achieving good quality.

3.1.2 Sound Pressure Level

Sound pressure level (SPL) can be used for acoustic system design. It is the

average sound level at a space caused by a sound wave, which can easily be

measured by a microphone. It is also a logarithmic measure of the effective sound

pressure of a sound relative to a reference value, that is calculated in decibels (dB).

Sound pressure formula given below:

SPL = 10 log ( P ) Po

Where, log is the common logarithm P = Sound pressure2

Po = Standard reference pressure of 20 microPascals

3.1.3 Reverberation Time

Reverberation is when a sound is created or signal is reflected causing large

number of reflection to build up to a level loader then direct sound. Reflected

sounds MASK direct sound. Late arriving reflections lend to SMEAR the direct

sound signal. The length of reverberation time is highly considerate in the

architectural design of spaces which requires specific timing to achieve optimum

performance for the related activity.

Reverberation time is affected by the size of the space and the amount of

reflective or absorptive surfaces within the space and also the use of the room.

Spaces with absorptive surfaces will absorb the sound and stop it from reflecting

back into the space, which would create a shorter reverberation time. Whereas

reflective surfaces will reflect sound and increase reverberation time. As for sizes,

larger spaces have longer reverberation time as compared to smaller spaces

which have shorter reverberation time.

70

Reverberation time formulas as follow:

RT = 0.161V

A

Where, RT = Reverberation time (s)

V = Room volume (m3)

A = Absorption coefficient

3.1.4 Issues of Acoustic System Design

It is essential to obtain acoustic comfort to a certain level of satisfaction amongst

users within the space. The two main aspects that contributes to acoustic comfort

are indoor and outdoor noise. Spatial acoustic may contribute to the productivity in

a particular space which depends on the function and type of users occupying the

space. This can be seen in spaces that require music setting, where proper sound

isolation helps create a musical space. Improper acoustic design may backfire if not

implemented properly as noise is an increasing public health problem. It can result

in following health effects such as hearing loss, sleep disturbances and

performance reduction. Therefore, proper acoustical design should be of

importance to ensure comfort in spaces occupied by users for prolonged hours.

3.1.5 Acoustical Comfort for Office

Good office acoustics is a key contributor to work performance and well-being in the

workplace. The ability to find quiet times and places is essential to support complex

knowledge work, while the ability to have planned or spontaneous interactions

without disturbing others is necessary for team work and relationship development.

Having speech privacy is necessary for confidential interactions and work processes.

“Acoustical comfort” is achieved when the workplace provides appropriate acoustical

support for interaction, confidentiality, and work.

71

3.2 Precedent Studies

3.2.1 Introduction Cisco Meraki, San Francisco by O+A Studio

Studio O+A created the interior for Cisco's primary San Francisco workplace, after

the company acquired WiFi firm Meraki in November 2012 and needed more space.

Located in the city's Mission Bay neighbourhood and overlooking the waterfront, the

110,000-square-foot office is split over two floors. It was designed to maximise

daylight and provide communal areas based on feedback the designers received

from staff.

At the outset, O+A surveyed Meraki’s employees to find out what they liked about

their old, much smaller headquarters. A consensus emerged for natural light, plenty

of collaboration space, and preservation of the company’s tightly knit culture. The

size of the new space and the prominence of its floor‐to‐ceiling windows made

collaboration and natural light relatively easy to incorporate. O+A’s design offers a

variety of meeting spaces—formal and informal, indoor and outdoor—many of them

bathed in the crystal line light of San Francisco Bay. The scale and the light support

a rich palette of colours and design elements: a wide staircase with integrated

stadium seating at its base, a meeting room with hanging till and sia plants, and an

outdoor deck offering views of the baseball park and Bay Bridge.

Figure 3.2.1.1: Interior of Cisco Meraki, San Francisco.

http://www.cisco.com/

http://www.o-plus-a.com/

http://www.cisco.com/

https://meraki.cisco.com/

72

3.2.2 Architectural Drawings

Figure 3.2.2.1: Fourth Floor Plan

73


Maintaining Meraki’s cosy ambience in the hangar-‐sized complex proved more

challenging. O+A’s solution was to create a medley of small gathering spaces within

the large footprint. Sunken seating brings intimacy to horizontal common areas while

preserving broad sightlines. Yurts, cabanas, and phone rooms offer varying levels of

enclosure. Throughout the office, colleagues can sit down and talk in informal lounge

spaces.

For Meraki’s 110,000-square-foot office in San Francisco, O+A used clear sight lines and

collaborative spaces to create a feeling of intimacy. They are very interested in exploring

how to create a space without using walls which may feels like a room. It’s set up like one.

And, acoustically, it works better than you would think, because the sound gets captured in

that felted ceiling, which is more than two inches thick.

Figure 3.2.3.1: Open plan of Cisco Meraki which has better acoustic as the sound reflected by more

than two inches thick ceiling.

74

There’s also a music room—a sort of total upgrade to the idea of work-as-campus—

with a piano and lots of unidentifiable instruments. Of course, there needs to be a

way of blocking all of that guitar, lute, and tabla sound from getting in the ears of

people busily trying to design and produce routers and manage the non ephemeral

parts of an ephemeral storage system. So sliding doors and acoustic curtains and a

thick, plush, pink carpet absorb the noise of the necessary breaks—necessary

because people are working such insane hours.

Figure 3.2.3.2: The music room at Cisco's 110,000-square-foot offices in San Francisco.

O+A used clear sight lines and collaborative spaces to create a feeling of intimacy.

They are exploring how you create a space without using walls which feels like a

room. It’s set up like one. And, acoustically, it works better than you would think,

because the sound gets captured in that felted ceiling, which is more than two inches

thick.

Figure 3.2.3.3: The Tectum ceiling panels (above) appear to be largely aesthetic. They make a

beautiful pattern, but it’s not a random one. By offsetting those vertical baffles, creating a series of

sound barriers, so they’re actually doing double duty.”

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3.2.4 Materiality

In order to improve the sound insulation, O+A Studio decided to use felt fabric as the

materials of the canopied cabana. Felt fabric is perhaps one of the most unique and

versatile industrial fabrics available. Its many properties are unrivalled by any other

single material. It is also lightly resilient, retaining its strength and unique properties

for decades. Thus, the felt fabric is an excellent sound insulator and also has superb

vibration damping qualities.

Figure 3.2.4.1: A felt canopied cabana inside the Giant Pixel offices in San Francisco. Since it is an

open-office fanatics, but it’s too simple to say a space is just open plan, because at the same time

they are creating ‘other’ spaces that mix with open-plan work areas.

A good example is the “yurts” they designed, with a layer of gray felt that insulates

for sound, a layer of smoked acrylic that allows some visual transparency but not so

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much that there’s the let’s-all-be-watched fishbowl effect, and another of white fibre

glass that lets through light but not a single specific peep into what the yurt’s

inhabitants are doing. The company had original Mongolian fabric yurts in its first

office, but when there’s only fabric which there’s no acoustic separation at all. So this

time they built them—ten split among three different types—for variations on visual

and acoustic privacy. They’re not scattered here and there randomly, but are

centrally located so that if and when you want to have a very quick non confidential

meeting, you can pop into one of these and it’s very adjacent to work areas.

Figure 3.2.4.2: The firm also designed three types of meeting “yurts." In each of the different

typologies, they get a little more private and insulated, depending on the kind of conversation you

want to have. The material is acoustic cotton ceiling, aids in sound absorption.

77

3.3 Research Methodology of Acoustic Analysis


a) Sound Level Meter

b) Measuring Tape

The tape is used to measure a constant height of the

position of the sound meter, which is at 1m. The height is

taken on one person as reference to obtain an accurate

reading.

c) Camera

The camera is used to record pictures on the sources

of sound in the cafe and its surrounding.

Standard

References

IEC 804 and IEC 651

Grade of Accuracy Not assigned

Quantities displayed Lp, Lp Max, Leq

Display: LCD /

Display resolution

1 dB

Frequency weighting:

A/Time weighting (Lp)

Fast

Time integration (Leq) Free or user defined

Measurement range 30-120dB/ Range: 30-90 & 60-

120

Linearity ± 1.5dB

Overload From (± 1.5dB maximum)

93dB and 123 dB Peak

Dimensions/Weight 160 x 64 x 22 mm/150g without

battery

Battery/ battery life Alkaline 6LR61) / min 30h

(20°C) Environment :

Relative humidity

Storage < 95% / measurement

< 90%

Temperature Storage < 55°C / 0°C <

measurement < 50°C CE marking Comply with: EN 50061-1 and

EN 50062-1

78

3.3.2 Procedure

1.) Identification of area for sound source were noted based on gridlines of 2.0m

x 2.0m produced.

2.) Data was obtained by using sound level meter. The device is placed on

each point according to the guidelines at a height of 1m.

3.) Measurement is then recorded by indicating sound level in each point

based on gridlines. Variables affecting the site is also noted.

4.) Steps 1 to 3 is repeated for morning, afternoon and night time as there

might be different sound condition.

5.) Tabulation and calculation of the data collected and determine the acoustic

quality according to Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

(CIBSE) standard.


Readings are recorded at two different time which is 10am and 5pm

respectively. In order to acquire the accurate reading. The sound level meter is

placed at the same height of 1m for each point in order to obtain an accurate

and reading. This is done to ensure the consistency of the measurements

taken. The readings were recorded on a plotted plan with 1m x 1.5m gridlines,

while facing the same direction to obtain the best result. During the recordings,

the person in charge of taking the measurement must not make noise as it

could affect the readings. Both ground floor plan and first floor plan were

measured at different times.

Figure 3.3.3.1 : The readings are taken on 1.5m high.

.

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Human Limitations:

The digital sound level meter device is very sensitive to the surrounding with

ranging of recording between data difference of approximately 0.2-0.3 of

stabilization. Thus, the data recorded is based on the time when hold button

was pressed. When operating the sound level meter, the device might have

been pointed towards the wrong path of sound source, hence causing the

readings taken to be slightly inaccurate.

Sound Source Stability:

During working period, sound from printer area has high influences to the

surrounding sound level. On the other hand, during non-working hour which is

5pm, the vehicles sound from the site surrounding varies from the site

surrounding varies from time to time, that might also the influencing the data to

be varies depending on the traffic conditions.

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3.4 Identification of Existing Condition

3.4.1 Existing acoustic

Wisma Mustapha Kamal is basically located beside commercial shop lots and surrounded

by the main road and also highway as shown in Figure 3.4.1.1. Thus, the external noise

such as traffic is the main critical issue to the building. However, Emkay office has some

strategies to overcome the issues.

Figure 3.4.1.1: External Sound Sources around Wisma Mustapha Kamal

Noise Source Location

Traffic Comes from the side and rear of the site

Neighbouring Human Noise Comes from the front of the site

Human Activities Sound Source

Traffic Sound Source

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3.4.1.1 External Noise Source and Site Study

Traffic Sound

The EMKAY Group office that situated at Wisma Mustapha Kamal is located in Cyberjaya

thus the site surrounding has an advantage of a quiet and peaceful surroundings. The

Wisma is surrounded by roads and highway, with a relative low density of vehicular

noises. Besides that, the traffic noise from the roads and highway will be reduce as the

height of the office from the ground floor is far enough to act as a noise buffer. The trees

along the highway also act as a noise buffer that filter and reduce the traffic noise.

Figure 3.4.1.1.1: Viewing out from the office space towards the far away traffic.

Moreover, the sound of the traffic that reaches the level of the office will also be insulated

by the tempered glass that use as the main material for the façade design. Tempered -

glass is a very good sound insulation material as it has a certain thickness at the same

time it reflects the sound waves very well.

82

Therefore, the sounds generated by the traffic surrounded the Wisma are generally at the

minimal levels. The sound does not have much effects on the office space and it is

shown in the following diagram.

Figure 3.4.1.1.2: Section showing the relationship between the roads and the site.

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External Human Noise

Apart from vehicular sounds, there are other sound which produced by the neighbouring

shop lots. The shop lots at the other side of the Wisma is a crowded place on peak hour

such as meal time. Human activities around that area produce noises such as low

volume of chitchat in restaurants and many more. There is also other shops that providing

services such as car repair services which produce more noises.

The height of the office from the ground floor is far enough to act as a noise buffer for

the external human noise from the shop lots. The tempered glass used as the façade

also help to reduce the sound that produced by human activities to a lower level.

Figure 3.4.1.1.3: Viewing out from the office space towards the shop lots.

Therefore, the sounds generated by the traffic surrounded the Wisma are generally

at the minimal levels. The sound does not have much effects on the office space and it

is shown in the following diagram.

84

Therefore, the sounds generated by the human activities surrounding the Wisma

are generally at the minimal levels too. The sound does not have much effects on the

office space and it is shown in the following diagram.

Figure 3.4.1.1.4: Section showing the relationship between the shop lots and the site.

As a conclusion, the external noises around Wisma Mustapha Kamal would not affect

the users inside of the office as they are all under human acoustic comfort level.

85

3.4.2.2 Internal Noise Source

The spaces in the office segregated into a few zones. The internal noise is basically

produced by the devices used and also the human activities. The main source of noise in

the office space of EMKAY is human noise, as the employee inside are always

communicate with each other and discussing on their work.

Sources Categories Noise Sources Location

Office Equipment Phones All over the office

Printing Machine At the edge of the office

Air Circulators Air Conditioners All over the office

Human Activities Employees All over the office

Cleaners All over the office, only at certain time

86

Office Equipment

Phone Ringing Noise

The phones are located all over the office. The phone ringing sounds and discussion

conversation with client through phone produced by the employees is impossible to avoid

in an office. But the sounds had become an acoustic issue to the other employees in the

office. When the employee is not at their seat during phone rings, the noise from the

ringing phone will affect the focusing of other employees while doing their work.

Figure 3.4.2.2.1: Employees talking to the client on the phone.

The partitions that separate the employees are not high enough to reduce the spread of

sound in the space. Besides that, the material of the partitions which made of

plasterboard, are not sound absorbing materials. The wall, ceiling and floor are all

concrete that reflects sound very well and that caused the ringing sound to spread to the

entire office.

Figure 3.4.2.2.2: Floor plan showing the phone location

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Sound Created by Printing Machine

The printing sound from the printing machine can be heard by the employees who seat

near the printing machine in the office. When the machines are printing documents, it

created sounds of buttons and printings. It distracts the attention of the employees while

working.

Figure 3.4.2.2.3: Printing machines created sound while printing documents.

Although the sound is noticeable when the printing machine are operating especially

when it is printing a lot of documents, the sound have yet significant enough to induce

an acoustic disturbance.

Figure 3.4.2.2.4: Floor plan showing the location of the printers

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Air Circulators

Air conditioners are used to regulate the air inside an enclosed space and to control the

air temperature of the room. The air conditioners are located all over the office to maintain

thermal comfort for the employees inside.

Figure 3.4.2.2.5: Air-conditioner noise

The air flowing noises create by Air-Conditioner system affected the surrounding in a

minimum level. It would not affect the workers but still need to be concerned for the user

experience.

89

Human Activities

Sound from Employees

The concentration of human activities are shown in the figure below, mainly at the resting

area and workstation. The most prominent sound is generated in the resting area where

the employees can gather around when they are tired.

The secondary sound contributor is the work station area. The employees produce noises

while discussing with each other, searching for documents on the table and other

activities.

Figure 3.4.2.2.6: Floor plan showing concentric human activities.

Figure 3.4.2.2.7: Employees chatting Figure 3.4.2.2.8: Employees searching for documents

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Cleaner Sound

The cleaners clean the office twice per day. While cleaning the office, they produced

furniture moving noise and cleaning noises. Those would distract the employees around

from their work.

The cleaners clean the office twice per day, and only consume a very short period with

very little sound produced. Thus, it would not affect the performance of the employees

surrounding them.

Figure 3.4.2.2.9: Cleaners cleaning near a worker.

91

Equipment Specification

Product Name Bizhub 283

Quantity 2

Weight 74kg

Power Consumption 1.5kW

Sound Pressure Level 27dB - 34dB

Dimension 623x794x700mm

Placement Near the corner

Product Name Panasonic KX-TS208W

Quantity 33

Dimension 250x150x70 mm

Placement Office Tables

Product Name Bizhub 283

Quantity 2

Weight 74kg

Power Consumption 1.5kW

Sound Pressure Level 27dB - 34dB

Dimension 623x794x700mm

Placement Near the corner

92

3.4.2 Materials

TYPE

MATERIAL

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT

LOCATION

125 HZ

500 HZ

2000 HZ

Wall Smooth Unpainted Concrete

0.01

0.02

0,02

Workspace 1

Workspace 2

Rest Area

Wall

Partition Wall

0,15

0,07

0.04

Workspace 2

Floor

Parquet

0.04

0,07

0,06

Rest Area

Floor

Carpet on Concrete

0,02

0,14

0,60

Private Office 1

Private Office 2

Private Office 3

Conference

Room

93

Window

Double-Glazing Glass

0,15

0,03

0,02

Walkway 2

Walkway 3

Workstation

Translucent Workstation

0,03

0,03

0,05

Workspace 1

Workspace 2

Workstation

Plasterboard

0,08

0,05

0,02

Workspace 1

Workspace 2

Furniture

Bean Bag (PU Leather)

0,40

0,58

0,58

Rest Area

94

Furniture

Mesh Chair

0,50

0,45

0,60

Rest Area

Furniture

Cloth-Upholstered Seats

0.44

0,77

0,82

Workspace 1

Workspace 2

Curtain

Fabric Roller Blind

0,05

0.25

0.30

Walkway 2

Walkway 3

95

3.5 Acoustic Analysis


Legend

Figure 3.5.1: Zoning of Space

96

3.5.2 Data of Acoustic

3.5.2.1 Noise Level Data (dB) Collected at Morning 10am,

Non-peak Period on 21st of September 2015

Figure 3.5.2.1: Noise level data for non-peak period

Figure 3.5.2.2: Noise level data for peak period

3.5.2.2 Noise Level Data (dB) Collected at Evening 5pm,

Peak Period on 21st of September 2015

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3.5.3 Interpretation of Data

Based on the readings we have collected, several observation are made and

discussions are stated correspondent with the observations. The average noise level

during peak hour is slightly higher compared to the data collected during non-peak

hour.

During 10am, which is one hour after the job starting in the morning at 9am. It was

relatively quiet as compared to 5pm because, early in the morning, employees are

preparing themselves to start the working day, there are seldom phone calls receive

in the morning, only at 11am, the office environment start warming up. At B/3-6 to

D/3-6 and G/2-9 to H/2-9, there are higher reading recorded as sound is mainly diffuse

to the centre of the office as there are minimal of partitions in the office.

During 5pm, which is the peak hour, the reading recorded is relatively higher as

employees are ready to go home in excited mode, there are more discussion and

chatting happen during that time. More people wander around the office socializing

with their colleagues.

The private offices are not affected by the flow and activities of employees in the office.

The noise level remains in between 50 – 54 dB, probably due to its constant occupant

and equipment in the private office, and the glass door are mostly closed to prevent

the diffusion of sound.

98

3.5.4 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram

3.5.4.1 Walkway 1

3.5.4.2 Walkway 3

Figure 3.5.4.1: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Printer)

Figure 3.5.4.2: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Printer)

Noise from printer transmit

to the surrounding, furthest

to 6m.

Noise from printer transmit

to the surrounding, furthest

to 6m.

99

3.5.4.3 Office Space 1


Figure 3.5.4.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Speaker 1)

Figure 3.5.4.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Speaker 2)

Noise from the radio and

speaker will spread to the

other zone up to 8m.



other zone up to 8m.

100

6 3.5.4.5 Office Space 2


Figure 3.5.4.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Radio)

Figure 3.5.4.6: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (air conditioning)



other zone straight in front

of office space 2.

Noise from the air condition

diffuser transfer throughout

the space.

142

3.5.5 Analysis and Evaluation of Data

The reverberation time of Emkay’s private office space is much higher than the

standard, the ideal range for private offices’ reverberation time should be 0.6s to 0.8s.

The reverberation time for private office in 125 Hz, 500 Hz and 2000 Hz of absorption

coefficient has exist the standard comfort reverberation. Reverberation time has exist

the standard comfort reverberation because of limited building materials and design

strategies that serve the sound absorption features. As compared to the precedent

study, Cisco Meraki by O+A Studio had done a good job in effort of reducing noise in

private office space, such as having acoustic curtain, thick carpet to absorb the noise

of the necessary breaks. They also have creatively explore to create a space without

wall which acoustically works better, because the sound gets captured in the more

than 2 inches thick suspended ceiling. Furthermore, Cisco Meraki used Tectum ceiling

panel that appear as aesthetically and also act as sound barrier.

Whilst, Emkay’s private office only uses clear tempered glass and bare concrete

flooring with painted partition wall without rock wool as sound insulation. Thus, noise

from the open plan office has diffuse into the private office space. Office workspace

with open concept causes noise to reflect freely in the space.

The transmission of sound is poor due to its nature of an open concept office, with its

rest area, office space, private office space interconnected and open to each other. In

that case, sound is usually diffuse to the centre of the office. On the other hand, the

reflection of sound inside the office should not poses as a problem as it has equally

wide length and width, with minimum number of corners, while the building materials

deployed are mostly in raw and unfinished texture.

Apart from that, it can be summarized that the noise control in the office is insufficient,

based on the study and calculations for acoustic during peak and non-peak hours. A

lot of design strategies could be done in order to control the sound transmission,

Function as an office, the noise is mainly generate from the electrical appliances used

in the office, such as, phones, monitor, CPU, air condition and printers. Whilst in the

private office room, only minimum of sound were made from discreet conversations.

In a conclusion, several facets of the design could be modified in order to improve the

acoustical quality of space in the office. Notably in the painting of walls and floors,

such as, having carpets flooring or parquets flooring instead of bare concrete floor.

Changing the finishing of furniture and cabinet top to a rougher one. The finishing of

some cabinet could be switch to a softer surface compare to the present aluminium

ones to have a better material absorption coefficient. Besides, having ceiling as an

acoustical barrier can also help to reduce the sound produced by mechanical and

electrical system. Lastly, having more rest area that kept a distance to the office

working area in order to provide a dedicated space for employees to chat and carry

recreational activities there for refreshment.

143

Comparison of Design Features between Cisco Meraki and Emkay Office

Cisco Meraki Emkay Office

Capture sound in 2 inches thick ceiling.

Use parquet flooring as sound absorption feature.

Soft material better sound absorption.

Sound reflectance material, tempered glass and

painted partition wall.

Tectum ceiling panel as sound barrier.

Open ceiling concept with rough concrete slab.

144

4.0 Conclusion

In a nutshell, we would conclude that lighting and acoustic performance lighting and acoustic

performance evaluation and design project is a challenging task as it requires a lot of analysis

through comparison, literature review then came out with an analysis report. It is a worth

learning skills that is very useful to architecture students, as it helps in enhancing the interior

spatial experience during th design stage.

Throughout this assignment, we had gain the knowledge of the calculations method for both

lighting and acoustics as well as data interpretation using software such as Ecotect Analysis

by Autodesk as ease for analysis to be done.

Identification of the existing condition of the site also stand a very important role in

designing a building and deciding the lighting fixture to use. With the balance of artificial

lighting and natural light.

145

5.0 Reference

Schiler, M. (1992). Simplified Design of Building Lighting. New York: John Wiley

& Sons.

Auliciems, A. & Szokolay, S.V. 1997. Thermal Comfort. Brisbane: The

University of Queensland Printery.

Cavanough, William J. & Wikes, Joseph A. 1998. Architectural Acoustics:

Principles and Practice. New York, Wiley and Sons.

Madan, M., Johnson, J. & Jorge, R. 1999. Architectural Acoustics: Principles

and Design. USA, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

McMullan, R. 1998. Environmental Science in Buildings. 4th. ed. Basingstoke:

McMillan.

Olgyay, V. 1963. Design with Climate. Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton

University Press.

Stein, Benjamin & Reynolds, John S. 2000. Mechanical and Electrical

Equipment for Buildings. New York. John Wiley.

Szokolay, S.V. 2004. Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of

Sustainable Design. Oxford. Architectural Press.

McMullan, R. 1991. Noise Control in Buildings. Oxford. BSP Professional Books.

B science 2 project 1

Data & Analytics