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2-:S JAt.J- 2.:2... FEB 1�88

UN 1\RCH\VES

SER\ES

BOX

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OFFICIELLt DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

EN AFRIQUE

5 - 22 FEVRIER 1988

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Fri. 5 F'eb.

Sat. 6 Feb.

Sun. 7 Feb.

Mon. 8 Feb

Tue. 9 Feb.

wea. 10 Feb.

'I'hur .11 Feb.

Fri. 12 Feb.

Sat. 13 Feb.

Sun. 14 r'eb.

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Mon. 15 Feb.

Tues. 16 Feb.

Wed. 17 Feb.

Thur.l8 Feb.

Thur.lB Feb.

7i. 19 Feb.

bat. 20 F'eb.

3 February 198 8 ·

l-'1F/acb

ITINERARY FOR THE SECRETARY-GE�ER�L

Itinerary

(JFK) Pa s (CDG)

Accra

Crillon)

Paris* Accra

LV: Accra ARR: Yaounde

Yaounde

LV: Yaounae ARR: Libreville

Libreville

LV: Libreville ARR: Brazzav1lle

Brazzaville

LV: Brazzaville ARk: Kinshasa

Kinshasa

LV: Kinshasa** ARI<.: Luanda

LV: Luanaa ARR: Paris* (Hotel Cr illon)

Paris

Par is

Time --

1300 2245

1130 1630

0900 1200

1100 1200

1500 1700

1000 1020

1000 1100

1500 2330

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-5 +l

+l 0

0 +l

+l +l

+1 +l

+l +l

+l +l

+l +l

Airline · �CJuipmt & Flt� Number

AF 002

Aircratt ot Ivory Coast

Cameroon

Cameroon

. Gabon •

terry Boat

Zaire

Angola

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G-4

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Stops

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Sun. 21 Feb. LV: Paris {COG) 1100 +l · 'AF 001 SSC 0 ARh: New York (JFK) 0845 -5

�BQurget Airport, Paris ** Sec,�tary-General, Mrs. Ferez a� Cuellar·, Messrs. Far�h� Liallo, Giuliani, Ferry, Levtchenko and Ms. Letelli�r .return to Paris via Luar:c.a. tvtr. Ripert a m .. Mrs. Pomes return to Paris a1re�t via UTA. ·

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COMPOSITION DE LA DELEGATION . .

LE SECRETAIRE GENERAL . . .. . ,

MME PEREZ DE CUELLAR .

M. JEAN RIPERT

DIRECTEUR GENERAL AU DEVELOPPEMENT ET A LA COOPERATION ECONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE

M. ABDULRAHIM ABBY FARAH

SECRETAIRE GENERAL ADJOINT AUX QUESTIONS

POLITIQUES SPECIALES

M. ADEBAYO ADEDEJI*

SECRETAIRE EXECUTIF DE LA COMMISSION ECONOMIQUE

POUR L'AFRIQUE

M. lSSA DIALLO

DIRECTEUR, CABINET DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

M. FRAN90IS GIULIANI

PORTE-PAROLE DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

MME FLORENCE POMES

ADMINISTRATRICE DE ltRE �LASSE

CABINET DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

M. MICHAEL FERRY

CHEF DES OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES

MME FRANCOISE LETELLIER

SECRETAIRE DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

M. GERARD LEVTCHENKO

OFFICIER DES OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES

* M. ADEDEJI REJOINDRA LA DELEGATION �U GHANA ET LA QUITTERA A LA FIN DE LA VISITE AU CONGO. . M. K. DADZIE REJOINDRA.LA DELEGATION A ACCRA ET LA QUITTERA A LA FIN DE LA'VISITE AU GHANA. :

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COMPOSIJIBN ;,.DE· .J,.A BE LEGATION . . .

LE SECRETAIRE GENERAL

MME PEREZ DE CUELLAR

M. JEAN RIPERT DIRECTEUR GENERAL AU DEVELOPPEMENT ET A LA COOPERATION ECONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE

M. ABDULRAHIM ABBY FARAH SECRETAIRE GENERAL ADJOINT AUX QUESTIONS POLITIQUES SPECIALES

M. ADEBAYO ADEDEJI*

SECRETAIRE EXECUTIF DE LA COMMISSION ECONOMIQUE POUR L'AFRIQUE

M. !SSA DIALLO DIRECTEUR, CABINET DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

M. FRAN�OIS GIULIANI PORTE-PAROLE DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

MME FLORENCE POMES

ADMINISTRATRICE DE !ERE CLASSE CABINET DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

M. MICHAEL FERRY CHEF DES OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES

MME FRANCOISE LETELLIER SECRETAIRE DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

M. GERARD LEVTCHENKO

0FFICIER DES OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES

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* M. ADEDEJJ REJOINDRA.LA DELEGATION A� GHANA ET LA QUITTERA A LA FIN DE' ·LA VI SITE AU CONGO • . M. K. OADZIE REJOINDRA.LA DELEGATION A ACCRA ET.LA QUITTERA A LA FIN DE LA VISITE AU GHANA.

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CON'I'ACT NUMBERS (Atrica)

PARIS (5 - 8 Feb. and 19 - 21 Feb.)

Hotel Crillon

UNIC �Marcel Martin Director

Ms. Michele Stemer-Sursock Deputy Director

ACCRA, Ghana* ( 8 - 10 Feb.)

Hotel:

UNDP Ms. A. Forrester Res. Rep.

· UNIC Mr. Alexander N. Titov Director

YAOUNDE, Cameroon (10-12 Feb.)

Hotel:

UNDP Mr. Paolo Coppini Res. Rep. & UNIC Director

LI BREVI LLE, Gabon (12-14 Feb.)

Hotel Sheraton:

UNDP: Ms. s. Drouilh Res. Rep.

Tel: (33 1) 42.65.24.24

Tel: (33 1) 45-68-10-00 (switchboard) (33 1) 45-68-16-64 (Direct line) (33 1) 45-25-21-70142-97-49-73 (hom

Tel: (33 1) 45.68.16.69 (Direct line) (33 1) 45.48.78.84145.4·4.62.91 (hom·

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Tel: 22141612214571221550 221319 (direct) 222244 (home)

Tel: 66-68-5115 Tel: 66-55-11 (direct line)

22-25-95 (home)

Te 1 : ( 2 3 7) 2 2 50 3 5 I 2 2 419 9 · · . . (237) 22-43-69 (direct) (237) 23-25-12 (home)

Tel: ( 241) 766161

Te 1 : ( 2 41) 7 4 3 4 9 71 7 6 2 218 . (241) 743499 (direct) (241) 732061 (home)

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NOTE: * after Country name indicates that cal ls· must· be made via the Operator - no direct dialling to these countri�s

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BRAZZAVILLE, Congo* (14-16 Feb.)

H otel:

UNDP T . Askwith Res. Rep.

UNIC �Isrnael Diallo Direct or

KINSHASA, Za ire* (16-18 Feb.)

UNDP & UNIC Mr. A . Doss Res. Rep.

ANGOLA, Luanda (18 Feb.)

UNDP Mr. J.-P. Gernay Res. Rep.

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Tel: 8118571810872

Tel: 81-50-90

Tel: 3040 0 30601128651 (airect)

Te 1 : ( 11 1 ) .. 3 71 7 0 0 I 3 71 7 3 6 I or 371712. ( 11 1) 3 7 0 9 54 (home )

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11.30

16.30

17.00

19.00

20.00

Monday, 8 February ·1988 w '

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Departure Paris (Le Bourget) by private airplane

Arrival Accra. Reception in VIP Lounge by senior government officials and diplomatic corps

Party proceeds to the Government State House

Interview for GBC-TV

Private dinner at the Government State House

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10.00

12.00 noon

13.30

15.00

16.15

17.00

18.00

Tuesday, 9 February 1988 11.

Forma l t a lks with Capta i n Koj o Ts ikat a , PNDC Member respons ible for Security and Fore ign Af fa irs ( venue : State House )

Secret ary-General ' s courtesy ca l l on PNDC Chairman Fl ight Lt Jerry Raw l i ngs (venue: The C a s t l e )

Lunch i n honour of the Secretary-Genera l hos ted by UN Res ident Coordi na tor (Ms. Ann Forrester ) . Among the gues ts , heads o f the FAO , UNICEF , WHO , WFP , and UNFPA Offi ces and Mr . A lexander Titov , Director of UNIC

Return to Government St ate House

Vi s i t to UN Of f i ces

NGO ' s Forum at Kwame Nkrumah Conference Centre w i th UN Associ a tion of Ghana and schoo l chi ldren . Ques t ions and answers on UN Key issues 2J

Return to Government St ate House It

19.00 St ate recept ion. The Secret ary-Genera l wi 'l l be

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accompanied by PNDC Member Mr . Just ice Danie l F. 0)��-, J Annan ( who wi l l make a speech on beha lf of the · ·

Government ) TOAST ·

20.30 Pr ivate d i nner at Government St ate House

�� Spec i a l program for Mrs. Perez de Cue l l ar 2/ Quest ions wi l l be provided in advance

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10.00

11.00

13.30

15.00

16.15

17.00

18.00

19.00

20.30

Mrs. Pe rez de Cue l l a r ' s program Tuesday , 9 February 1988

Meeting with representatives of women organiz ations

Vi s it to 31st Decembe r Makola Ma rket and Day Ca re Centre

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Lunch with Sec reta ry-Gene r a l and pa rty, hosted by the UN Re s ident Coordinator

Return to Gove rnment State House wi th the Secreta ry-Gene r a l

Vis it to UN of fices

Te a with Mrs . Rawl ings and the head of the , 31st Decembe r Women's Movement , Mrs. Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawl ings ...

Return to Government State House

State reception

Pr ivate dinner at Gove rnment State House ·.

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12 . 00

16.00

20 . 30

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Mercredi 10 fevr ier 1988

Depart pour Yaounde par avion pr ive

Arrivee Yaounde

Audi ence avec 1e Chef d ' Etat (tete-a-tete ) · .

Dine r au Pa la is presidenti el (Tenue de soi ree) TOAST

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09.15

10.00

11.00

Jeudi 11 fevrier 1988

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Rencontre avec les representants des institutions du systeme de l'ONU

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Depart pour la province de Foumbam en avion

Province de Foumbam : visite des sites historiques restores par !'UNESCO; dejeuner . offert par le Gouverneur de la province; visite de courtoisie au Sultan de Foumbam (TOAST)

Retour a Yaounde dans l'apres-midi

Diner prive

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09.00

10.00

11.00

Vendredi 12 fevrier 1988

Conference a l'Institut des Relations internationa1es

Conference de presse

Depart fOur Libreville -

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Samed i 13 fevr ier 1988

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17.00

17.30

"18. 30

19.00

20.00

Dimanche 14 fevrier 1988

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Depart Libreville

Arriyee Brazzayjl� (aeroport de Maya-Maya) 1Le Secretaire general est accueilli par le

Ministre des affaires etrangeres (M. Antoine Ndinga-Oba) et son epouse. Presentation des representants des organisations internationales .

a Brazzaville. Rencontre avec la presse

Installation a la Villa Maire

Visite de courtoisie au Premier Ministre, M. Ange Edouard Poungui

Retour a la Villa Maire

Banquet offert par le Chef d'Etat et preside en son nom par le Premier Ministre (Hotel Meridien) .. TOAST

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9."4 5

10.00

11.30*

12.15

12.40

13.00

13.15

16.30

17 .. 30

18.30

20.15

Lundi 15 fevrier 1988

Rencontre avec les representants des institutions du systeme de l'ONU a Brazzaville

Dep8t_gerbe de fleurs au mausolee Marien Ngouabi

Entretiens officiels

Visite de courtoisie au President de l'Assemblee nationale populaire, M. Ganga Zansou

Audience aupres du Chef d'Etat, le Col. Denis Sassou-Nguesso (tete-a-tete)

Presentation au Chef d'Etat de la delegation du Secretaire general et ceremonie de la decoration du Secretaire general

Aperitif

Dejeuner offert par le Chef d'Etat. Retour a la Villa Maire

Conference donnee au palais des Congres par le Secretair� general sur le theme " L'ONU aujourd'hui et demain"

Visite de ·l'ecole de peinture de Poto-Poto

Cocktail offert par le Maire de la Ville de .Brazzaville au PLM H8tel

Diner prive a la'Villa Maire .·

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Prog ramme de Madame Pe rez de Cue l lar Lund i 15 fevrier (mat inee ) . ·

Rencont re avec Madame la Pres idente su ivie d ' un entret ien sur "Congo ass i s tance" , une ONG pres idee par Madame Sassou-Ngue s so·

Vi s i t e a l ' Union revo lut ionnai re des Femme s du Congo suivie d ' une vis ite d ' une fab r i que de pagnes ind i go

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10.00

10.20

12.00

Mardi 16 fev r i e r 1988

Depar t Brazzavi l le

Arrivee a KinShijSa par fer ry-boat te Sec reta1re general est accue i l l i par le Premi er Commi s sai re d ' Etat ( Premie r Min i s t re ) , .

·c i toyen Mab i Mu lumba et par le Commi s sai re pou r les affai res et rangeres et la cooperation internationale , Ci toyenne Eki la Liyonda

Dej euner pr ive

Rencont re avec le Premie r Commi ssai re d'Etat et avec le Commi s sai re pour · les affai res et range res

D i ner offert par le Premi er Commi ssai re d'Etat

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Mercredi 17 fev r i e r 1988

Audience President de 1a Repub1 ique, le Marecha1 Mobutu Sese Seko

Depa r t pour le b a r r age de Ing a p a r avion Ar r i vee a Inga

Dej eune r o f fert par le Gouverneur de la Province a Inga .

Ent ret ien avec le Vice-Premie r e� charge des a f f a i res economique s

Rencontre avec le personne l de l ' ONU. REMARQUES p a r le Secret a i re gene r a l

Dine r o f fert p a r l e Res i dent-Coo rdonnateur du . PNUD

Jeudi 18 fevr i e r 1988

08.30 Conference de presse

10.00 Depart pour Luanda

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Renseignements generaux

Le climat tropical, chaud et humide.

Accra: Decalage horaire avec New York : + 5 heures Temperature varie entre 76° F et 98° F. (Humidite accrue a la tombee du jour)

Yaounde: Decalage horaire avec New York : + 6 heures Temperature varie entre 5 7° F et 86° F.

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Libreville: Decalage horaire avec New York : + 6 heures Climat chaud et humide tout au long de l�annee

Brazzaville: Decalage horaire avec New York : + 6 heures Vetements d'ete recommandes tout au long de l'annee

Kinshasa: Decalage horaire avec New York : + 6 heures Climat chaud et humide, vetements legers recommandes

Luanda: Decalage horaire avec New York : + 6 heures Climat chaud et humide, vetements legers recommandes

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MAP NO 30<1 -- 3 UNI�D NATIONS OClOI!ER 1985

ALGERIA

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G H A N A

A BRIEF FOR THE SOC'Rm'ARY-GENERAL' S VISIT

FEBRUARY 1988

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Location: West Atrica9 bordered on the south by the Atlantic Ocean9 on the vest by COt e d'Ivoire, on the north by &rkina la.o and east by Togo. The coast line region consist s ot lov-lyiq pli.ins, the ·

Volta Delta and a belt o� lagoons and svamps. Wooded hillranse• vide valleys and plaine characterize t he rest ot the count�.

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- --------------·------�0.---L----��--� M4P NO 30011 Row 2 UNITEO NA • ·v.-; J4NUARY 1M&

A.rl!a: Cap.

92,099112 Ac cra (946,879)

Pop. 14,409,000 Lang: English

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Objectives of Visit

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a) TO exchange views on the international situation especially on those issues of major concern to Africa am to eadl state visited.

- '!he African Econanic Recovery (including the effectiveness of United Nations Programmes) 1

- Southern Africa - Angola, South Africa, Namibia - Other African conflicts - Li1:1ja/<llad, Western Sahara - Other issues such as Afghanistan, Iran-Iraq, Kamp.1chea

b) TO exdlange views on the international· efforts to canbat Aln57

c) TO pay recognition to the role the country plays at the United Nations.

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GHANA

Executive SUmmary

Official I..an:Juage: . ED3lish

Basic Ecorx:mic Data: ·

GIP at 1985 $5.794 billion GNP per capita $390 ( 1985) Growth rate of the economy 5.3% Inflation rate 10.3% External debt $2.6 billion Defence expenditure $80.575 million Exports: Cocoa, gold, timber ( major foreign exdlange earners). - - -

cases of AIDS reported to \'liO: 145 cases in May 1987

AADU/88/1/Rev.l

Goverrunent: '!he nine member Provisional National Defence Council (PNOC) with Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry Jcihn Pawlings as Chairman and Head of State of the· country was established after the coup d'etat of 31 December 1981 "to exercise ·

the powers of Goverment" for an indefinite period. Political parties �re proscri1:ed.

Major issues of Concern to Ghana: - To stabilize the eco� and to obtain debt relief (African Econanic

Recovery Programme). '!he RaWings administration is taking measures to refa:m the econany as �11 as entering into bilateral and multi-lateral agreements.

- Political stability: Since 1981 there have been numerous coup attempts.

- Relations with neighbc>uring States: Ghana has very uneasy relations with its neigh.l:nlrs - Togo, the Cote d 1 Ivoire and IXM also Burkina Faso.

- Southern Africa: Ghana is strongly carmitted to the attainment of independence in Namibia and the eradication of �theid in South Africa as well as the maintenance and respect of the Terr1torial integrity of AD:30la.

- General African Questions: '!he leadership is carmitted to U}i'lolding what it calls African independence and ·identity, thus q::posing �t it regards . as foreign interference in African problems.

- Other international issues: SUR>OI"ts withdrawal of foreign trocp3 in African and As1an oountr1es.

Membershii? in International Organizations Ghana adm1tted to the united Nations in 19577 member of most of the United

Nations Specialized AgenciesJ fcurrling member of the mu, member of the camoonweal th, and ACP of the EEX: .

united Nations activities in Ghana ibe United Nations and its specialized agencies have camnitted $40,887,000

for projects in Ghana for the 1987-1991 programme period in fields such as transport, health, agriculture, trade and \\Olle1'l developnent. M:>re than seven united Nations agencies are involved (UNIP, FAD, UNIDO, NIO, um:IS, World Bank, II.D and other) •

Ms. Anne Forrester is S!!'-.11! Re!'id�t �jcator . ,........ . . -- - -.... . l

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Selected Data �at1.on: Estimated in 1987 at 14,402, 000. While English is the

officl.al language, the people of Ghana are divided aJOOl'l9 nore than SO linguistic � ethnic groups, such as the Akans ( including Fanti) Ashanti, Ga Ewe · and �si-Daganba. About 40% of the pcp.tl.ation is Christian, 12% Muslim am the rest follow traditicnal religions. '!here are small camnunities of resident Lebanese and Indians.

Government: 6 March 1957 Independence fran Britain under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah . Since 1966 Ghana has had four military coups d'etat: one palace coup, tw:> civilian GoVernments. Flt. Lt. Rawlings led the coups of June 1979 and December 1981 . He is the Olairman and Head of State7 adopts pcp.tl.ist image am strongly resents foreign interference in African problems.

Apart frari Flt. Lt. Rawlings there are six major officials that deserve special attention:

ca tain Ko ·o Tsikata, member of the PNOC in dlar far Forei Affairs and Secur �: captal.n KoJO Ts1.kata overseer o camtry s ore1.gn pol1.cy cperatJ.ng fran the PNOC . When Ghana wanted to seek reconciliation. with the new Burkinabe Goverment after the death of captain Sarikara, it was captain Tsikata �o led the delegation in November 1987 .

Mr. P.V. 01:?eng - Olairman of the Ccmnittee of Secretaries: Mr. Obeng is regarded as the Prime Minister of Ghana. He is one of the five civilian members of the nine member of PNOC and has played a role in assuring the Military of the continued ccx:peration between the PNLC and the armed forces. .·

Dr. Obed Asamoah, Secretary for Foreign Affairs: Dr. Asamoah, a lawyer by· training was a lecturer of eonstituticnal Law at· the University of Ghana7 one of the longest serving cabinet members of the Rawlings seccni administration, rated as one of the most intelligent foreign ministers in Africa am is knowri for his forthrightedness and frankness in meetings with other foreign ministers.

Dr. Kwesi Botchwey, Secretary of Finance am Econ:mic Planni�: Dr. Botchwey, a lawyer also by training was a lecturer in Canmerc al Law at the University of Ghana7 also one of'the lol'¥}est serving cabinet members of the Rawlings second Administration, the architect of Ghana's Econanic Recovery Programme, has successfully negotiated with the International r.t:lnetary Fund, the Federal :Republic of Germany, Britain, canada and many other States, has also succeeded in manoeuvering the expansion of private capital in Ghana .

Col. A.T.K. Ib'lkdl - Chief of Staff: Manages the day-to-day running of the Government.

Col. (Ret) J. A. Assasse, Secre� of the camnittees for the Defense of the :Revolution& '1be Colonel, a pro essional soldier until the coup d'etat of 1972 became the Director-General of Broadcasting in the Adleampc::ng GoverrJDent. He went back to military service after 1979 . In the Rawlings secald Administration he l:lecame Secretary of the Ccmnittees for the Defense of the :Revolution· \�those mission was inter alia to launch develqment projects such as health clinics am schools.- - ·

�i tion: All political parties are outlawe4 rut there are many cppos tl.on groups JOOStly based in Ialdon, the major one being the Ghana Deloocratic r-t:>vement led by Jose};il Henry Mensah �o is koown for attempting to acquire wea}X>llS for the attempted coups in Ghana .

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In April 1 9 87, the Secretary-General's Special Adviser, Mr. Stephen Lewis, held talks in Accra with Flight-Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlin gs on various matters, includinq Ghana's economic recovery programme. Mr. Lewis stated followinq the meeting that the programme had emerged more stronaly and fully in that country than the continent. He added that Ghana was increasingly being seen in the international community, and on the continent o f Africa as a who�e, as the centerpiece of the African recovery *

* information provided by Mr. Farah

- 3 -Notes on major issues of concern:

Eca'lanic Situation: When the PNOC , umer Lt. General RawliD;Js, tock power -

in Deceml::er 1981 the econcmy of Ghana was in shambles. Export production had massively declined, cocoa ,eoouc!J.oo had fallen fran 413 , 000 tons in 1971 to 258,000 tons in 1981 ana con£lnued to fall to a low of 158,000 tons in 1983� gold productioo had fallen by t�thirds, diamc:>rrls by SO% arrl timber production had fallen by 90% . Declines in exports had led to shortage of foreign exdlarge Which in turn had created import shortage in productioo, distribution and infrastructure. · ·

'!he sec<nj RawliD;JS • administration with its pcpulist image made the haltiD;J of the econanic decline its first priority. AvoidiD;J the execution of politicians which had marred the image of his first administration, RawliD;JS sought to IOObilize Ghanaians into People • s Defense Councils ( POC) and Workers Defense Councils (WOC). Using the POCs arrl the WOCs as the major institutions of radical change, a series of econanic reforms were instituted - e.g., to reduce price distortions, restore exports, reduce inflatiCXlazy bldget deficits, increase cocoa prices to farmers, raise interest rates and rehabilitate key productive sectors. Cocoa is Ghana •s chief .expoert acc::xx.mtiD;J for 60% to 70% of its yearly foreign earniD;Js. In 1986/87 Ghana was the third largest producer of cocoa after c8te d • Ivoire arrl Brazil, with an output of 225 ,000 tonnes.

1he above policies \\On praise frcm the IMF, the World Bank arrl Western dorx:>rs. In N:>vember 1987 Ghana arrl the Federal Republic of Germany signed a financial arrl technical co-operatioo agreement totalling over a-t 62 million representiD;J a 35% increase over the total aroount in 19861 it signed an agreement with canada for a develcpnent grant of bn. 18.9 millioo to be used specifically for iuporting food items fran canada, it signed amerments to 14 canadian developnent assistance loans for a five-year moratorimn C1'l the repayment of the loans as a first step in the process of cancelliD;J these debts totalliD;J bn. 77.6 millioo. Britain has provided Ghana in the 1987 financial year with a total of tlS million in aid and loans.

Debt relief is a major issue with Ghanaian leaders. . Ghana had lx>rr� $750 million fran the IMF . 'lbese loans �ld have been due for payment: $160 millioo in 1987 arrl $200 milliCt'l in 1988. But Ghana recently negotiated with IMF and was granted an exteooed fund facility coveriD;J over $500 million over 3 years. 'lhe Government w::>Ul.d like. dorx:>r comtries to write off Ghana's debts or turn them into grants-in-aid. At the end of 1987 World Bank sources announced that multilateral arrl bilateral dOl'X>rs had caranitted Us$747 million to Ghana out of the Us$818 million whieh they had pledged at a consultative ca1ference C1'l Ghana in May. 'Ibis was alloost double the US$390 millioo ccmnitted in 1986 . Fifty-five percent of the JOOney ccmnitted in 1987 was programme aid rather than project aid.

·

. Ghana has also begun divestiture of certain state enterprises which seemed

to drain so much of the bldget. Steps have been taken in this direction in canpanies in the gold productiCt'l sector. At the same time the Government has begun to enCCAll"a� the private sector with new trade and investment policies.

Political Stability: 'lhe RawliD;Js • administra tiCt'l has been a target of numerous attempted coups . Austerity measures have affected many Ghanaians, leadiD;J to discootent. Former military personnel with sane support of sane soldiers still in service have attempted t\\0 invasions fran neighbouring Togo arrl Cote D'Ivoire • . Arrests arrl trials after attempted ccops have tended to increase tensioo. Attempts have also been made to broaden the Government. 'lhus the present cabinet has many civilian members. Political stability will continue for a while to be Ghana • s elusive objective.

·--

- 4 -· Relat�ons with Nei�ing States: '!he Rawlings • administration has had uneasy relations with its ne1ghbours. . :

�: Ghana and Togo have oot always had C}X)d relations since the inoorporatioo of British Togoland into Ghana at the time of independence in 1957. '!hey have since then, frequently accused each other of subversion and attempted coups , and carried out smuggling cperations aimed at sabotaging each other • s econany. Since the beginning of the second Rawlings • administration these accusations have increased and intensified leading to periodic closings of the border.

OOte d'Ivoire: President H<:>uPx>uet-Boigny of OOte d'Ivoire, and Flt. Lt. Rawllngs have different styles and outlook on African problems.

I Flt. Lt. Rawlings has attacked the Ivorian President as being "anti-African", for allowing Cote D'Ivoire to be used "to destabilize progressive goverrments in Africa", for having been "instrumental in isolating the late President .} · Sankara of Burkina Faso and for contributing to his overthrow", for

·

reestablishing diplanatic relations with and of late, for granting landing ·

rights to the South African Airways at Abidjan airport.

Burkina Faso: Relations between Ghana and Burkina Fa8o were excellent when President Sankara was in pc:AEr. Fl t. Lt. Rawlings and President Sankara came fran the same political JOOld. 'lhus Ghana c::xn:lemned the recent ccup d 1 etat in Burkina F'aSO, and is re}X>rted to have Offered tO grant asyl\ID to . Mrs. Sankara and captain Kabore Boukary . Ghana is reported to have said oo requests for asylllll had been made ''rut if such requests were made, they wculd be given serioos consideration".

However, this position quickly changed on 24 November 1987 \tihen Ghana sent a delegation to Olagadouc;p.1 with a message fran Flt. Lt. Rawlings. � delegation anoounced that it was necessary to overcane the shock of the ccup so that Ghana and Burkina Faso wculd be able "to realize the aspirations of well being and freedcm of the t\teO revolutions". It also stated that both Ghana and Burkina Faso sho.lld oot allow "our cannon enemy to divide our t\teO pecples". '!his position enabled the Ghana - Burkina Faso joint border demarcation camnittee to meet in December 1987. '!he t\teO countries have far the past 18 years been trying to demarcate a border between them �ich once had been a source of tension.

On 20 Jamary 1988 the Ghanaian and Burkinabe Presidents met far several halrs at Tamale, Ghana, to discuss mutual relations. '!his was the first meeting between the Heads of State of the t\teO countries since the overthrow of the late President 'lhanas Sankara. In mid-Jaruary Burkinabe Foreign Minister,· Jean-Marc Palm, paid a goodwill visit to Ghana.

Other West African Ca.tntries: '!be relations between Ghana and other West African countries especially Nigeria, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leale and Senegal 1\ave tended to be affected by the close relati�pj.R_ �!. �1.9�.�� Ghana � Libuh Ghana has conclooed marlyagreemeiiti with Libya especially in ·the ·

area of trade, industry and finance. Flt. Lt. Rawlings and Libya's Colonel M. ()ladaffi find ccmoon ground on their dislike of �t they regard as foreign intervention in African affairs. Fran this position Ghana views Chad as being a victim of Western interventioo and would have liked the settlement of the issue to be dealt solely within the African context.

Sane of. the West African States have tended to view Ghana as being the instrllllellt thrQlgh which Libya can exert its influence on West African States. 'lhus relations between Ghana and JOOSt o.f these states have. tended to be strained.

- 5 -

Southern Africa: Ghana is resolutely CCJIIllitted to the implementation of Security council Resolut ion 435 (1978 ) on Namibia am to the eradication of apartheid in South Africa. It has often accused other African States at OMJ meetings of insincerity am lack of camni t.ment on the questions in whidl Sa.tth Africa is involved . It deuonstrates its C7folll camnitment by paying its assessment dues to the Liberation canmittee.

Ghana rejects the linkage between the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1975 ) on Namibia am the withdrawal of CUban troops fran AD;Jola.

It corrlemns Sa.lth Africa for the constant acts of aggression against Angola am· for acts aimed at destabilizing Southern African States. Ghana has very close relations with nearly all southern African States especially AD;Jola, M:>zambique am Ziltlbal:Me.

Other African conflicts : In Chad, Ghana corrlemns what it regards as foreign interference but supports the OMJ attempts to fim a solution to the problem. ,

On Western Sahara , Ghana recogni zed the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic but supports the current efforts by the United Nations - OAU to find a political solut ion to the problem.

Other International Issues : Ghana has supported resolut ions calling for the withdrawal of foreign trocps fran Afghanstan and Kampuchea .

On Iran-Iraq conflict, Ghana oolds the view that the fatricidal conflict must be brought to an end am it is supportive of the Secretary�neral ' s effort towards that objective . Ghana has been very active in the Securi ty Council on this issue . �ver , i t seems relu:::tant to support the. idea of sanctions against Iran and �uld like the t� belligerents to be treated equally.

. '

On the Middle East , rejects the resumption of diplomatic relations between African States and Israel until Israel has withdrawn fran the territories it Cx:cupied in 1967.

The role la ed Ghana at the United Nati ons : , an act ve member o the United Nations since its admissi on in

1957 7 despite the political am econanic problems it has gone through it has always exerted great influence with the other African States at the United Nati ons . It occupied the Presidency of the nineteenth General Assembly sessi on (Alex Quaison-Sackey ) am just in September 1987 it occupied the Presidency of the Security Council and played a major role in the oorxiuct of the debate on the Iran-Iraq conflict7 contril:utes to UNIFIL. Ghana also serves as the Chairman of the sub canmittee on the Implementation of Resolution against apartheid of the United Nations Special Ccmnittee Against Apartheid.

<lianaian ci tizens have made an important contril:ution to the United Nations system. There are eighty-nine Ghanaians in the United Nations Secretariat, 20 in the Professional categccy and above, many of them oolding i!Ip)rtant positions, for example the Secretary�neral of mcrJ\0 (Mr. Kenneth Dadzie) , Assistant Secretary-General of Personnel in the United Nations (Mr. Kofi Annan) to mention a few.

Annex

Members of the PNDC as at �il 1987*

1 . Flt . Lt. Jerry John Rawlings 2. Mr. Ebo Tawiah 3. Mrs. Aana Enin 4. Mr . Justice Daniel F. Annan 5 . Al.haj i Mahama Iddrisu 6 . captain (rtd.) Kojo Tsi'k:ata

7 . Mr . P . V. Obeng

8. Major-General Arnold ()lainoo 9 . Brigadier w. M. �nsah-�

Secretaries Agrirulture Catmittees for the Defense of the

Revolution Defense (also member of PNDC) Education and CUlture Energy (Fuel arXl Power) Finance � Econanic Planning. Foreign Affairs Health Industry, Sciency ani Technology Information Interior (Tenpxary Respcnsibility)

(also member of PNDC) Justice ani Attorney General ·

Lands and Natural Resali'ces Local Government am Rural Developnent �ilization and Productivity Roads am Highways Trade and Tourism Transport am Ccmnunicatioos �r'k:s and Iblsing Yooth am Sports Chief of Staff of the Chairman ' s Office

Chairman and Head of State Member Member Member Member and Secretary far Defence Member (resp::>nsible far Security

am Feceign Affairs) Member (Chairman of the Ccmnittee

of Secretaries) Member Member

Ondr . Steve Obirrpeh Col . (Ret.) J. A. Assassie

Alhadj Idrissu Dr . f.t:)hamma.d Ben Abdallah Ato Ahwoi Dr . Kwesi Botdn�y Dr . Obed Asmoah Air Ondr . (ret .) F . W. K. Klutse Dr . Francis Aoquah Kofi Totobi ()lakyi Brig. W. M. Mensah-wood

G .E.K. Atkins Kwame Peprah Jayoe Aryee George Adamu Lt. Col . �nsah Gbedemah Kofi Dj in Yaw Dc:l'lkor E . Appiah-Korar.:J Ato Austin A.T.K. I:bn'k:oh

* Provided by the Permanent Missic:n of Ghana to the United NatiCI'lS .

..

•

C A M E R 0 0 N.

A BRIEF FOR·THE SFCRETARY-GENERAL'S VISIT

FEBRUARY 1988

"» z

Location: West Africa, just north of eqwator, bordered by Nigeria on the vest, Chad and Central AFrican Republic to the east, and by Congo and Gabon to the south. Extends from coastal plain to high interior plateau.

o·

CAMEROON

Province boundary 0 National capital <t Province capital o Town, village

� Railroad ·Road

0 100 200km

50 100 150mo

The boundarMs •nd n•mes Vlown on this m., do not ;mply off;c;.J•ndorsemenr o� •cc•pr•nc� by thtl Unittld N•tionr.

fi

0 ;( �\ ' j . • /"- • ..J -o,�{

,., .I '-r . .r' · I NORD - OUESTJ·

/ ) . '\ /. . Bamcnda J . . (

12•

MA,. NO. 305& llov. Z UNITED NAnOI'j$ 4 4 2 JANUAIIY 1- Area: 75 t 42}Cm Cap: Yaounde

160

12•

s•

E S T

Pop: 10,191 million (1985) Lang: English+P'rench

.•

Objectives of Visit

a) To exChange views on the international situation e�ially on those issues of major ca1oern to Africa am to each state visited.

- '!he African F.cor¥:mic Recovery (inclu::UB;1 the effectiveness of United Nations Programmes),

- Southern Africa - Angola, South Africa, Namibia - Other African ca1flicts - Libja/Olad, Western Sahara - Other issues such as Afghanistan, Iran-Iraq, Kampuchea

b) To exdlaB3e views on the international efforts to canbat AII);J

c) To pay recognition to the role the oountry plays at the United Nations .

--

Official languages:

Basic Econanic Data:

REPUBLIC OF �

Executive SUmmary Frendl arrl Erx;Jlish

GDP 1984/85 - US$7,934 billion GNP per capita 1985 - Us$810 Growth rate of the ecarx::my - 5. 3% - RR3 - 5 .1% Tbtal budget 1987/88 - CF.A francs 650 billion . Defence bldget 1985/86 - CFA francs 49.064 billion (Us$125.668 million) External debt - Us$3. 5 billion

·

Exports: Oil arrl primary carmodities

cases of AIDS reported to WIJ): 25 at 18 November 1987

Refugees: 53, 500 fran Chad

Government: Independence proclaimed 1 January 1960. On 1 October 1961, followutg a United Nations plebiscite, the Federal :Rep.lblic of cameroon was inaugurated and on 2 JUne 1972 a one-party unitary state was declared. 'lhere is a strong executive President elected directly by uni versa! suffrage for a five-year term, Paul Biya since 6 November 1982. 'lhe cabinet is drawn fran the civil service rather than the legislature. 'Ihe President of the National' Assembly succeeds the President in the event of a vacancy, following abolition of the post of Prime Minister in 1984.

Major issues of concern to camerOCX'l Tb stabilize the econcmy thrcugh austerity measures witln.lt recoorse to

the IMF and to reduce dependence on the oil industryr Internal issues: to maintain a balance between the Mlslims/Christians and

anglq.hone /franc:x:.'lf.hone carmuni tyr Relations with neighbours: the maintenance of i.Jrproved ties with �,

Gabon and Nigeriar Southern Africa: stron;Jly ccmnitted to the independenCe of Namibia, the

eradication of �theid in South Africa and rejection of "linkage" r Other interna�anal issues: ties with France, relations with Israelr

supports the withdrawal of foreign troc:p3 fran Kamp.1chea and Afghanistanr Efforts to canbat AIOO.

Membership in international o�izations camerOCX'l admitted to the unit�tions in 1960J member of troat UN

specialized agenciesr fc::x.lOOing member of <WJr member of: the PCP of Eel: , the Comoonwealth, the FrallC.'qiloni.e, and the African Petrole\.111 Producers Association (APPA) •

United Nations activities in canterOCX'l UNDP has allocated US$22,800 million over 1987-1991 for agricultural and

industrial developnent in the country, with a view to lessening dependence on the oil iOOu&try. In Jaiuary 1987, UNFPA began its first programme amounting to us$2.4 million over four years to help cameroon achieve ,its developDent . and pc:::pllation objectives. UNICEF has a five-year programme in primary health . care and maternal arrl child health amounting to us$3.193 million. IIJJ and FAD are involved in the information and education aSpects of population growth in camerocn. ·

'lhe UN Resident Co-ordinator is Mr. Paolo Coppini.

- 2 -Selected Data:

Populatioo: A diverse pcp.1latioo mix of Negroid, Hemitic am Arab (Chao} peopieS:'Hlle awroximately 100 tril::es speak 24 major languages . '!he only African COlmtry \<il'lere both �lish am Frendl are official languages. A German protectorate put under French and British marxiates after World War I , am subsequently as United Natioos Trust Territories after World War II . 'lhe potential · problems arise fran the racial, tribal, religious am political · · diversity. <llristians represent 40% �.l,.�tioo, M::>slems 20% am the remaining 39% are anfilllstS": ··---- _ c ' , •

Government: On 1 Jarruary 1960 indepeooence was proclaimed in the French Trust-Territory of Cameroons . Fbllowing a United Nations supervised plebiscite, the southern part of the British camerooos Trust Territory joined the farmer French Terri tory in the Federal Iepublic of Camerooo on 1 Octol::er 1961. A refereooum in JUne 1972 eooorsed unioo, am the United Republic of Cameroon was proclaimed. · In 1984, the name was changed to the pre-merger " Iepublic of camerooo" .

'lhe NatiCXlal Assembly is elected for a 5-year term �idl can 1::e adjusted at the discreti on of the President.

camerooo is divided administratively into 10 provinces eadl headed by a Governor appointed by the President.

'1he only officially recognized party is the camerooo Pecple • s · Democratic M:>vement , CPIM - Passemblement Democratique du Peuple Camerounais, RrFC, formerly the camerooo NatiCXlal Unioo (Unioo NatiCXlale camerounaise - �} .

9'J?Oeitioo Parties: '!here are exile groups based in Paris, notably the camerooo Pec:ple1s Unioo (UPC} with centr ist am Marxist-Islinist elements , am . the Cameroonian Organization to fight for Democracy (a:LD - Organisation

·

cameroun de Lutte pour la nemocratie} . A grouping, the camerooo Democratic Front (CDF} , was formed in IDndon in November 1987 incorporating a number of exile groups.

-3-

Notes on major issues of concern:

Ecorxlmic situatioo - Primarily based on agriculture , �idl provideS half the export earnlngs am enq:>lays three quarters of the pcpllation. wanen account for 40% of the local work force am produce more than half the food ·

crq>e . '!he main products are coffee•· s:;oc;QA· g:>ttoo.,. ,t;hnQ!aJ;, Jx:uxu;�1.;.x�r am palm oil. Industrial deveiQiinent focusses on processing of agricultural prcx:ltlcts�' and altJUinium smelting using both imported and local bawcite. 'lbe ecorx>my has been dependent oo oil for the past 10 years, with sane 35% of its revenues kept separately in a dollar account overseas . '!he ecorrmy of the country has been affected this year by the drop in prices for primary products, the decline in oil revenues and the fall of the dollar . For the time being cameroon does oot wish to seek assistance of the International r-t:netary F\lnd and has applied its cwn austerity measures . '!he 1986-1991 five-year plan seeks the wise use of oil wealth, arxi will continue the improvement of internal camnunications and transportation. '!he President has Characterised the period as being one of "Rigor, efficiency am pragmatism" . '!he inflation rate for 1984/85 was 13% .

Cameroon i s suffering economic difficulties like· all the other African countries , altb:lugh until the end of 1986, the situation did oot appear to give rise to serious concern. In 1986, despite ca1cern over depressed oil prices , cameroon continued to be viewed as r:ossessing one of the healthiest ec:orxxuies in Africa. 'lbe problem of liquidity arose in 1986 , �en private sector contractors fO\mi difficulty in obtaining payments for state contracts. To the reductioo in oil prices, am the fall in the value of export camnodi ties was added the decline in the value of the US dollar , in �ich a large part of cameroon oil revenues was held . 'Ibis led to a reduction of the country ' s budget fran 800 billion francs CF2\ in 1986, to 650 billion francs· CFA for 1987-88. At 1 March 1987 305 francs CFA = us$1. '!he Government is said to ' be facing difficulties in paying its 160,000 civil servants, Whose salaries amount to some 30 billioos francs CFA per month, am include generous benefits. 'lbe public debt is Us$3 - 3 . 5 billion, soort-term debt Us$1 .5 billioo with debt servicing set at Us$380-t:E$400 millioo for 1987 , �idl in 1986, amounted to 14% of declared export revenues.

To cope with the situation President Biya anrx>unced a series of austerity measures, �ich seek to make savings through greater efficieocy in acoounting, the recovery of owed furxis, am in reduction of benefits to civil servants . 'lbese , hc:Mever , are limited in scope and fall short of a structural adjustment programme. It is felt that President Biya is seekir¥3 to prevent panic am to keep his options open, sil'lC.'e his measures did oot meet the approval of all members of his Government, some of 'Aban are � to cuts. He has cane out str�ly against seeking IMF help for reasons of "sovereignty" , alt:l'n.lgh both Paris am Bonn have said that they will actively support cameroon' s co-cperation with the F\lnd to overcane the balance of payments problem. In March 1987 , �en Prime Minister Chirac stepped briefly in Yaourrle, he pranised an increase of 12-15% in aid rut in the form of structural adjustment loans • .

France is the major trading partner although aid has been sought fran other Eur� countries, the USSR, Japan and China so as to minimize dependence oo one power . '!he visit to cameroon by Federal Republic of Germany 's Chancellor Kchl. in November 1987 is in keeping with this

-4-

diversification. '!he Federal Replblic of Germany is cameroon ' s fifth largest trading partner, am has premised $US 51 millioo in grants over the next two years . In September 1987·, camerOCXl benefitted fran canada ' s decision to make a partial wri te-o££ of debts � by several African cam tries to a total of ·

bn. 325 millioo in its case.

Internal issues - Attempts have been made umer the previoos President to hold a d'iiistian/l-llslim balance in the tc:p leadership as well as a linguistic balance . President Biya has sought to play down the dcminance of the Fulani Kincpcms and Slltanates in the rx:>rth by appointing Governors fran the southern am western regions am increasing the overall number of provinces to 10 . It is largely fran the rx:>rthern provinces that the presidential guard was drawn �lidl attempted to overthrc:M Biya in .April 1984.

Reference has already been made to two attempted coupe against President Biya - in .August 1983 am April 1984 . '!he latter coup was re:ported to have been one of the most bloody in Africa, causing IOC>re than 1 , 000 deaths , mainly civilians caught in crossfire. 'lbose implicated in the coops were said to be fran the rx:>rthern, IOC>Slem areas , and death sentences were handed down ( former President Ahidjo was sentenced in absentia) after secret military trials . '!he President rejected protests by Amnesty International atout the trials and there are repccts that same detainees are still being held despite acquittal by military trib.mals . In 1986, sane detainees Whose plight was ,PUblicised in France were released, rut the Government is still accused of repressioo of dissenters . President Biya had pranised liberalisatioo of demc::x::ratic . processes beginning in 1985 , rut despite an increase in the amotmt of freedan of expressioo, censorship continues and rx:> other :political parties have been all� because of their :potential divisiveness in this natioo. 'lhe Anglqilone camnuni ty has teooed to feel neglected am in May 1985 lnlght the establishment of quotas in government, state corporations and the private sector . 'lhe President held the 4th Party Congress at Bamema in a shc:M of SURXlt't for the aB]l� camnunity in March 1984, aOO ag:x>inted 10 anglqbones to his 40-member Cabinet in August 1985 .

Relations with the neighbouri� States - cameroon has taken part in regional efforts to solve the �Lipya dispute, it is currently a member of the ON.T .Ad Hoc CQnmittee widl has the task of seeking a settlement through negotiations . '!his Camnittee which met at IJ.lsaka in September 1987 , made several recamneooations to be acted on by 30 October 1987 , including the strengthening and contiruation of the ceasefire, and the provision by the two parties of relevant documentatioo in SURXX't of their cootentions . cameroon • s position on the issue is shewn by its allowing France to use its territory as a 9URXli't :point for Frendl assistance to the Habre Government . Cameroon, at the 42oo session of· the General Assembly expressed its hOpefulness at the progress made since the previoos year , rx:>ting that the questioo of the Acuzou strip was the outstaOOing issue. '!here are sane 53, 500 Chadian refugees in Cameroon' s oorthem provinces .

Relations with the other neighbours have been uneven. Relations with the l?eq)le ' s Replblic of the Congo , strained Ul'Xier former CoiX30lese President Nguoabi have been oormalise<fSince 1982 . Dlring the early 1980 ' s there were incidents with GaOOn and Nigeria which brought the exp.tl.sion of cameroonians fran these countries . '!here are slightly mistrustful relations with Nigeria,

. .

r------==--·�-·----�" . --· . ,.. ___ - ·" - ----

)

-5-despite the signing of a treaty of friendship am co-cperation, as well an economic, scientific and technical co-operation agreement, in Lagos in �il 1983 . General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida paid a state visit to cameroon fran 8 to 11 December 1987 at the invitation of President Biya, during which both sides pledged to take steps to prevent the recurrence of border skirmishes , by means of joint border patrols . '!here are sane 700,000 Nigerians in Cameroon. While generally regarded as a little "aloof" by its neighbours , there has been an improvement in relations with the franCOJ:hone countries following the SecCI'ld Conference of Heads of State arrl Government of the Ecax:lnic Camnunity of Central African States at Ya0l.U'X3e in 1986 . cameroon is a member of the recently formed African Petroleum Producing Associatioo (.APPA) airl attended the ministerial-level meeting held at Luanda fran 21-23 January 1988.

Southern African Issues - Cameroon is firmly against aF.theid am South Africa's illega]_.occupation � Namibia. It supports Secur1ty Council Resolution 435 am rejects the concept of "linkage" . It supports SWAPO as the sole, authentic representative of the Namibian people . It also is in favcur of canprehensi ve mama tory sanctions against South Africa .

Other African Conflicts S1nce the attempted coup of August 1983 , in whidl former President Ahidjo

was implicated, President Biya has sham a distrust of the Arab �rld in general am of Africa north of the Sahara in particular . His position oo the question of Western Sahara has evolved fran that of his predecessor 1 s support for the M=>roccan K1ng7 in its address to the 42m General Assembly, cameroon stated that the solution of the problem of Western Sahara required the holding of a referendum for the Sahraoui pecple urrler United Nations auspices . It does not recognize the SADR.

Other internatia1al issues Relations with France - Since his assumption of office , President Biya has

paid three official visits to France 7 in 1983 he received President Mitterrand in Yaoume am Prime Minister Chirac in March 1987 . Former President Ahidjo lives in exile in France and a number of cpposition groups are based there. 'lhese factors affect the relationship, JIOSt recently, early in 1987 , when the French press played up reports that a French journalist was hired to " track" the activities of the exiled former President, am to write articles favourable to the Biya Government . Relations with France provide a reference point for Cameroonian nationalism7 since independence Cameroon 1 s approadles to West Germany have 'teen regarded by France as trying to "play the German card" rather than a true search for ecornnic diversification. Attempts have also been made to lessen dependence on France by opening up to the United States , the USSR, the United Kingdan, Japan am China . 'nle relationship

- remains good, but President Biya tends to keep a slight distance fran France with regard to francq:ilone co-cperation am attendance at franco-african smmnits . During his 1985 visit to France, President Biya signed an agreement for the strengthening of military co-operation l:ut there is no defence agreement between t� countries . cameroon, h�ver , does serve as a staging grourrl for Frendl support of Chad in the Chad/Libya disp.1te.

Relations with Israel - camerooo became the fourth African State to re-establ1Sh relat1ons w1th Israel since 1982 after the rupture in 1973 following the Ar�Israeli war . ('!he others are Zaire, Li'teria and c8te d 1 Ivoire ) . 'lhe formal resumption todc: place in August 1986 when Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres visited Yaounde . President Biya stated that the resumption was an evolutioo in the ties with Israel over the past few years which had encanpassed trade relations , secret ties and the establishment of an Israeli interests section in the Belgian embassy since 1983 . Israel had also

I ,

Re giona l re la t ion s *

Cameroon i s a member of t he Lake Cha d Bas in Commi s s ion whi c h a l so compr i se s Chad , N i g e r a n d Niger ia . At a me e t i n g o f t he Commi s s ion in June thi s year , the fo ur count r i e s dec ided to undert ake a proc e s s of permanent and acceptable demarcat ion of the i r borde rs ove r 1 , 3 8 6 km , so a s to remove tot a l l y or minim i z e t he recurrent bor der c la sh e s between the neighbouring count r i e s

* in forma t i on prov i ded by Mr . Farah

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-6-

played a role in the equipping and training of a new presidential guard, loyal to Biya, after the uprising led 1::1j the Guard in April 1984. During the Peres visit, agreement was reached on bilateral co-c.peration in agriculture, caiununications, ccnstruction, defense and security and trade and tourism. 'Ihe Israeli Ambassador took up residence on 23 December 1986 . In August 1987 CamerCXXl cpened an embassy in Tel Aviv.

On Af�istan, camercx:>n supports the resolution calling for the witMrawai O all foreign forces fran Afghanistan and the efforts of the Secretary-General · to a solution.

On I<ampuchea, Cameroon in recent years has supported the seating of the Coalition Goverment of Demcx::ratic Kampuchea and votes in favour of the resolution.

Iran-Iraq - It supports the efforts of the Secretary-General towards a settlement.

'Ihe role played 1::1j cainerCXXl at the United Nations camercx:>n joined the United Nations on 20 September 1960. It has played an

inportant role in the drafting of the Law of the Sea Convention. It held the Chairmanship of the Fifth Committee during the difficult 41st General Assembly, am participated in the Group of 18 and more recently in the Committee for Programme and Co-ordination (CPC: ) . At the 42nd General Assembly Cameroon was elected one of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly. It has held the Chairmanship of one of the Ccmnittees on the camcil for Namibia for many years . 'Ihere are 35 Cameroonians on the staff of the United Nations . Secretariat, 9 at the Professional Level and above, as well as Mr . Michel J:k)o ,Kingue, uoo, Executive Director of UNI'l2\R. Owing to its biliB3UCtl status·, cameroon served as a member of the United Nations Observer Mission at the referendum for Varruatu 1 s (New Hebrides) independence.

Social CcnUtions: · '!here are rx:> welfare services covering the wb:>le country. In 1981, there were 24, 541 hospital beds in 1 , 003 hospitals, health.

centres and dispensaries. 'lbere were 640 .{ilysicians . In the 1986/87 budget, 27 ,755 million francs CFA were allocated to health. On 22 Jaruary 1988, the Belgian Goverment gave a loan of Us$400,000 to be used to finance the training of medical and para�ical personnel at Yaourne 1 s specialist hospital . Social data: Life expec-tao=y: 52 years r infant oortality: 105 per thousand7 llteracy rate: 46 .2% (1985).

Statistics on the extent of AILS in Cameroon made available 1::1j WHO give 25 cases as of 18 November 1987 . A medical expert in Yaoume stated in Jarl.lai'y that 29 of 47 patients suffering fran the disease had died in Yaolllrle, arid that the disease was spreading rapidly to the provinces . camerCX>l'l has taken a positive attitude to dealing with the disease through its participation ' in the Syup::lsium on AILS in Paris, 22-23 October 1987 . At a recent ceresoony, accepting the gift of laboratory equipment to detect the virus, dalated 1::1j France, the camercx:>n Minister of Public Health called on the iOO\lstrialised countries to help the developing eotmtries in the fight against AIDS.

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Emergency assistance

In August this year , toxic gases emanating from a volcanic lake in north-west Cameroon ( Lake Nios ) killed an estimated 1, 5 0 0 people and incapacitated another 3 0 0 in the vicinity . Fo llowing the incident , the Secretary-General expressed his profound sympathy to the Government of Cameroon and the families of the victims . The Secretary-General also contacted the Co-ordinator of UNDRO , which set up an emergency programme o f assistance for the country . The people who had fled the disaster area then have now returned and resettled, although according to scientists there is no absolute gua rantee that a similar gas leakage will not recur in future . Resettlement in the area, however , has been made away from the stricken slopes of the volcano and the win d currents , in such way as to avert another tragedy .

* information provided by Mr. Farah ·

. .. Annex

List of cabinet

Head of State: Pres1dent of the National Assembly: Minister of Fbreign Affairs :

Director of the Civil cabinet Deputy Director of Civil cabinet

Ministers Delegate to the Presidency

canputer Services and Public Contracts Defense State Inspection a.OO Administrative

Reform Stabilization Planning

Minister Delegate to the Secretary of State

Relations with the Assemblies

Ministers

Agriculture Animal Husbandry, Animal Industries

a.OO Fisheries Public Service Trade am Irxiustry Equipnent Finance Fbreign Affairs Delegate Higher Education a.OO Scientific

ResearCh Information and CUlture Justice Labor a.OO Social Security Mines a.OO Power Missions at the Presidency

National Education Planning and Territorial Development Post am Telecamnuncatians Public Health Social Affairs Territorial Administration Transport urbanism and Habitat 'Wanen ' s Affairs Youth and Sports GovernoF, Central Bank

President Paul Biya Solcm:>n Tardeng Muna Philippe Mataga

Samuel Libock Rene Sadi

Paul Kamga Nj ike Michel Meva Meboutou

r.t:hamadou Labarang Emnanuel Zoa Oloa

Francis Nkain

Jean Baptiste Yooke

Hamadjoda MjoOOj i Andre Boota N • gon Tsanga Abarx:3a Herman Maw Hayatou Sadou Sale Mahamat Papa

Abdoulaye Babale Ibrahim l-n:xxnbo Njoya Benjamin I toe MolP'le M:>miki Michael Kima Tabong Titus Edzoa JoseP't Charles lbumba Georges Ngango Rene Ze Nguele Ieanard�aude Mpcuna. Victor Ananah Ngu Rose Zang Nguele Jerane Abondo Arxire Bosco Checua Ferdinand leq)old-Qyorx> Boubakary Yaou Aissa tou Dr . JoseP't Fbfe casimir Oye Mba

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•

. \ '·

G A B 0 N

A BRIEF FOR '1'HR SECRETARY-GENERAL 'S VISIT

FEBRUARY 1988

.. Locat ion : Bordered on the vest by the Atlantic , on the northwest

by Equatorial Guinea ; north by Cameroon ; and east and south by Congo .

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Objectives of Visit

a) TO exChange views on the international situation especially on those issues of major concern to Africa am to eaCh state visited.

- '!he African Econcmic Recovery ( inclooirg the effectiveness of United Nations Programmesh · ,

- Southern Africa - Angola, South Africa, Namibia - Other African conflicts - Lit¥a/Olad, Western Sahara - Other issues such as Afghanistan, Iran-Iraq, Kamp.lChea

b) TO exdlarge views on the international efforts to canbat AI�J

c) TO pay recognition to the role the country plays at the United Nations.

Executive SUnunary

Official language: French

Basic Econanic Data: GDP 1984: 1 , 455 .6 billion francs � GNP per capita 1985 : · us$4, 150

AAfiJ/88/4/Pev. l . ·

Total regular l:udget 1988: 310 billioo francs � (360 billioo-1987 ) (670 billion-1986 )

Debt servicing: 45 billioo francs CF7\ Defence budget 1985 : 35 billion francs CF7\ = US$73,232 ,000 External debt (1986 ) : 400 billion francs CF7\ Exports : oil , manganese, timber

cases of AIDS reported to WHO: 13 at ' 18. N:>vember 1987

Goverl'JIIent: Independence obtained 17 August 1960. A one-party state prcxlaimed MarCh 1968. An executive presidency headed by El Hadj ODar (formerly Albert-Bernard ) Bongo since 1967 , elected by direct suffrage for a seven-year term. '!be President a,RX>ints the Prime Minister, \tloho is head of goverl'JIIent, and the CoUncil of Ministers. '!be National Assembly is elected for a five-year term.

Major issues of ooncern to Gabon To improve the sociC>-eCOl'X:mic situat ion of the country and to prcmote

the n:n-oil sector J Pelatioos with its neighbc?urs: '!be improvement of ties with Angola,

cameroon, COngo, Equatorial Guinea, and Zaire. African guestioos: '!be solutioo of African problems in the context

of the President's Chairmanship of the �u .Ad hex Cammittee on the Chad/Libya >( disputer

Other international issues: SUpports United Natioos efforts .

Membership in international organizations Gabon was admitted to the united Natioos on 20 September 1960r member

of IOC>St specialized agencies J foonding member of ON.Jr member of African-caribbean-Pacific group of states of the �J the Francc:px:xrie, the organisation of the Islamic Conference, CP�J Union Iblaniere et Econanique d 'Afrique Central (tJDF'.AC ) J and the African Petroleum Producers Association (APPA) .

United Nations activities in Gabon 'the UNlP has established an IPF for 1988-1990 for Gabon of slightly

JOC>re than $2 millioo, \tlohidl will be used to assist in rural develcpnent, and agr icultural production, eoonanic planning and management and natural . resources . Other priority areas have been ooted l:ut these canoot be looked at unless further resc:xJrces becane available.

'!be UN resident Co-ordinator is Mrs . SUsanne Drouilh.

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Selected data

P?pulatian '!here are more than 40 distinct ethnic groups, the largest carrponents bein:J the Fang and Fshira tribes . '!here is a large European canmunity, 25 , 000 of Whan are FrenCh. A variety of Bantu laD3Uages are used with Fang predaninating in the North . '!be pcp.1lation is 60% Olristian the rest being animist with a small Muslim minority. Wcmen are active in subsistence agriculture, trading and healthJ their representation in party and government structures is low.

Government: 'lhe President has served since November 1967 7 normally elected for a seven-year period, he is eligible for re-election and was returned un:>ppased for his fourth term on 9 November 1986 . He is the fourrler and Secretary�neral of the Gabonese Democratic Party (POO) Which was declared the sole party in 1968. 'lhe political rureau of the pr:x:; is empowered to issue decrees having the force of law and there is an advisory central camnittee. 'lhe President appoints the Prime Minister, Who is head of goverrment, and the COUncil of Ministers . One hundred eleven of 120 members of the unicameral Natia1al Assembly are elected for a five-year term, the nine remaining are appointed by the President. All candidates are approved by the party before the balloting takes place .

Administratively, Gabon is divided into 9 provinces and 37 departments, each headed by an executive appointed by the President.

- President, Secretary�neral of the Party - Prime Minister

President of the National Assembly - Minister of Faceign Affairs and Co-operation

E1 Had j anar Bongo Leal Mebiame Augustin Boumah Martin Bongo

9'JX?Si tion nmties: '!he Union oemocratique et Sociale Gabonaise (UDOO) I

existll'lg at the t e of independence was banned in 1964. t-blvement de Renaissance Nationale (MJRENA) , based in Paris, and operating clandestinely in Gabon. It aR'9ars to have the support of the FrenCh Socialist Party. Leaders are Max A. Ko\JillbEH.1badinga, Flavien Edou and Marcel o. Renanl::o.

President Bongo has taken a stron:;J line against dissent or protest in Gabon and sympathizers of MJRENA found guilty of e�riD;J state security were inprisoned in 1982 . Pressure has been exerted on the FrenCh government to deny recognition to MJRENA.

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Ecaromic si tuatioo - '!he ecorony of Gabon has been heavily dependent oo r:t}... I the �rc*mm i pifust;nr which in 1984 provided 83% of export earnings am 65% of gC? rnment revenue . Production grew in the early 1970 • s arrl kept pace with price increases of that period. '!he GNP per capita figures of Ga.1:x:>n over the years show this increase . '!here were declines in productioo subsequently with 1981 marking the lowest outp.It . 'lhrough increased exploration and exploi tatioo, productioo has row stabilised at 8 millioo tons per amum. Gabon • s earnings fran the irrlustry have declined as a result of the decline in world prices . As an example, Government earnings fell fran 400 billioo fra�s � in 1985 to 311 .500 billion francs � in 1986 with estimates of 60 billion fra�s CFA in 1987 .

More than half of the pcpulatioo is engaged in subsistence agriculture and there is little camnercial production. Agriculture contriooted only 4% of the gross danestic product in the mid-1980 ' s canpared with 14% in 1966 . 'lb meet its food requirements Ga.1:x:>n relies on imports of 85% for its needs . In 1984 imports of food am agricultural products amounted to 72 billioo fr�s CF"- or 22% of the total import bill , canpared with 11 .7% in 1981 . Tift" is ""--2_ the second major export camoodity, or 6.4% of the total earnings in 1 1 the develqment of the forest irrlustry has been hampered l:7.f a lack of internal outlets, transportatioo infrastructure arrl canpetitioo internatialally fran Asian hardwco3s . Timber productioo has therefore stagnated at 1 , 300,000m2 per year , and earnings declined in 1986 to 30 billion francs CF"- fran a record high of 37 .6 billioo francs CFA in 1984.

Gabon is rich in minerals, it has one quarter of the. warld ' s knc:7-m � 3 reserves of JDa.l!lanese am is the fourth largest producer in the world. '!here are iron ore am uranuiin depos1ts, as well as diamc>rrl, c:q:>per , gold, lead am zinc. It is expected that exploitatioo of the i� 95e deposits will take place when the Transgabonais railroad is cauplet •

In September 1986, Gabon suspeooed its payments on official am ccmnercial debts to meet the econanic crisis , and sought rescheduling through the IMF. Previoosly, in 1978 , it had sought IMF assis� to cc:pe with its external debt. In December 1986, the IMF a starrl- r nt of ...-

1 · ed in a Stru · tment Progranrne, to last for X LJ two years , which woUld entail complete revision of the deve opment programme drawn up in the years of plenty. '!he 1987 OOdget was set at 400 billion francs CF"-, canpared with 720 billion francs CF"- in 1986, am the capital investment b.ldget was slashed to three times less than in 1986.

In addition, the Gabon governnent adopted certain measures such as the systematic collectioo of incane taxes7 a 20% reductioo in furrls allocated to goods arrl services J the sale to civil servants of the ha.lses they cx::cupied except those tied to certain functioos1 the reductioo in the number am staffing of diplomatic missions abcoadJ a reduction of expatriate staff , i .e. "Gabonisatioo" of certain sectors 1 the awlicatioo of a ievy on salaries above certain amounts .

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'lhe Goverrunent plans to urxiertake .diversification of its econany so a� to set the basis for lasting growth by agricultural developnent, the reduction of depeooence on imported food stuffs and pranotion of fisheries and tourism.

'lhe Goverrnnent a�s to have an q>timistic attitude towards the econanic situation, because of the discovery of large dep:>Si ts of oil and the impetus which the canpletion of the Transgabonais railroad will have. Gabon is a member of the newly formed African Petroleum Producers Association (.APPA) �ich recently held a ministerial-level meeting in I.llarxia 21-23 January 1988. Gabon and Congo are the camidates for the seat of the Organi zation.

Relations with neighl?ouring States

Gat:on is the Chairman of the �u Ad Hoc Ccmnittee on the border dispute between Chad and Jtibfa· Within the context of the OAI.J , Gabon also heads the Human Rights CoomlSSlOO, urxier Isaac Nguema. Relations with its neighbours have varied. With Benin, relations have been cool since Gabon ' s alleged involvement in an attack by mercenaries on Cotonou in 1977 , followed in 1978 by the expllsion of sane 6, 000 Beninese \«>rkers over civil disturbances . In the late 1970 ' s likewise , relations w1th B:JUatorial Guinea were strained until the overthrc.::M of President Macia in August 1979 r at that time there were more than 80, 000 �atorial Guineens in Gabon. 'lhe elqXllsion of 10, 000 cameroonians 1n 1981 caused 11«:>rsening relations between YaourKle and Libreville , am the problem of foreign nationals has continued through 1985 and 1986 to cause the Gabonese Goverrunent problems . 'lhe 11«:>rsening econanic situation has exacerbated the problem, and in response in 1986 , President Bongo introduced new inmigration and visa requirements, and high residency fees . F\lrther, foreigners have been accused of causing 11SOCial ills11 such as proeti tution. '!he budget changes arunmced in November 1987 will include cuts in the salaries of expatriates as well as local employees.

Other African Questions Southern Africa In a speech to the 'lhird COngress of the POO on 17 September 1986,

President Bongo reiterated his Goverrunent ' s suppoct for all the resolutions of the ONJ and the Ncn-Aligned M::>vement on southern Africa, adq>ting them on behalf of Gabon. He also stated that in conformity with those resolutions, Gabon would not resume relations with Israel . On Namibia, it considers Security Council resolution 435 the only frame11«:>rk for the decolonization process in the Territory and rejects the concept of linking the withdrawal of CUban trcx::ps fran Arpla to Namibia ' s imepemence .

On Western Sahara, Gabon does not recognize the SM>R. It is in favour of a referemum on the Terri tory to lead to a final settlement of the conflict, aoo we leaned the initiatives of the Secretary-General in this respect •

'lhe Chad/Libya conflict: As noted above , Gabon is the Chairman of the OAI.J Ad Hoc Coomittee on the Chad/Libyan conflict. At the 4200 General Assembly the Foreign Minister-of Gabon reported that the camtittee had met in Lusaka, Zambia fran 23-24 October 1987 with the participation of both parties to the conflict. '!he Camlittee called on the t\«> parties to make available to it all relevant documentation in support of their claim, by 30 October 1987 r to maintain and consolidate the ceasefire at all levels and to refrain fran any action Whid'l \«>uld internationalize the conflict . A timetable for a series of meetings was established Which it was hcped \IO.lld advance the progress to a settlement. 'lhe ONJ Ad Hoc Ccmnittee met at Libreville on 13 Jamary 1988 to prepare a report on the Aouzal strip question for calSideration by the Foreign Ministers of the Coomi ttee at the end of Janlary. Reports in the press of a discussion of this issue between President Bongo aoo visiting French Minister-Delegate for Transportation, Jacques Douffragues , gave rise to criticism fran Libya of interference by France in African affairs .

·

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Relations with the United States: Gabon ' s relations with the United States appear to be on a good footing as shown by the official 8-day visit to WashiD;Jton of President Bongo 30 JUly- 6 August 1987 . Prior to the visit, the State Department said that bilateral relations between the tftO were of great importance in view of the important . role played by President Bongo in the political scene in Central Africa1 particular reference was made to the . President ' s role as head of the OAU Ad Hoc Committee on the Chad/Libya dispute. President Bongo was received at the White House am held discussions with a number of financial institutions in washington.

Relations with France: Since indeperrlence, Garon ' s relations with France have been extremely close1 it is throogh the intervention of the French military that a coup attempt by the Uil93 was thwarted am Gabon ' s first president retained his :position in February 1964 . President Bongo has tried to reduce the coontry ' s heavy reliance on France by expanding am diversifying its relations internationally although in same instances as with CUba and Libya in 1981 , he has reduced the status of the relationship. 'lbere are thousarrls of French nationals emplO:fed in Gabon in all areas of activity. Gabon • s recent calls for "Gabonization" in view of the ecorlOOlic decline is likely to affect same of the French expatriates . The ambivalence of Gabon ' s relations with France can be characterized by President Bc:n;10 ' s statement in early 1985 that "Gabon is oot a French game reserve" . In April 1985 , the President visited Paris arrl signed a military co-operatioo agreement. France, followed by the United States , is Gabon ' s principal trading partner .

The illegal cpposi tioo party MJRENA, based in Paris , has affected French/Gabonese relations . Harsh sentences handed dam in 1982 against MJRENA activists brought a reb.lke fran President Mitterrand, while the formatioo of a "government-in-exile" by MJRENA in August 1985 caused Gabon to accuse France of "serioosly canpranising" their relations .

On 12 Jamary 1988, the Minister-Delegate for Transportation, Jacques Duffragues, said that France was "grateful to Gabon for the receptioo "given to the Iranians and Turks who were exiled to Gabon late in November 1987 . The refugees departed Gabon on 14 Jamary. Minister Duffragues discussed assistance to Gabon for the transportation sector , particularly the Libreville airp:>rt am the Trans-Gabonese railway.

Other international issues On �a, Gabon recognizes the Coalitioo Goveormnent of Democratic

Kampuchea<riDK and supp:>rts the annual resolution which calls for the withdrawal of foreign forces .

On Afghanistan, Gabon supports a search for a political solutioo guaranteeiD;J the withdrawal of foreign forces and the free determination of their future by the Afghan people .

On Iran-Ir� Gabon supports the actions of the Secretary-General umer resolutioo 598 o 1987 and all efforts aimed at the beginning of negotiations .

'lbe role played by Gabon at the United Nations Gabon joined the United Nations oo 20 September 1960. It has held the

vice-presidency of the Assembly at the 21st, 31st arrl 40th sessions 1 served on the Security COUncil during 1978/79, and has served on the EX::.'C:>OCC for three sessions . 'lbere are tftO Gabonese on the staff of the United Nations and one awaiting placement, all at the P-2 level and recruited as a result of national canpetitive examinations in 1985 . 'lbere are 17 Gabonese serving with the UNIP .

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In 1986, at the third party �ess, President Bc:n:Jo remarked on the inability of the superpoWers 11to organize a more just a00 equitable WJrld order11 • It was therefore incumbent on young countries , he said, to 11provide themselves with a more efficient means of international ce>-cp:!ration, ., one of �idl should be to ootain the right of veto at the Uni ted NatictlS Security Council.

Social caxlitions

In 1981 , there were 16 hospitals am 87 medical centres with 4, 815 beds , a00 258 local dispensaries . At 1980, there were 265 doctors . Social data: Life expectarcy: 50 years 7 infant mortality 114 per thousarr:i (1982) .

- - --.,....;.._. ANNEX REPUBLIQUE GABONAISE . . .

: .· AMBAS S ADE DE LA REPUBLIQUE GABONAISE -----------------. AUPRES DES ETATS- UNIS D ' Al.fERIQUE UHION - TRAVAIL - JUSTICE

: . · . ;· 2034 20nt S TREET , N .W .

WASHI NGTON, DC 20009

COMPOS ITION DU GOUVERNE�ffiNT CABONAIS

EN DATE DU 6 JANVIER 1 98 7

Premi er Hinis t re , Chef d u Gouvernement tt . Leon riEBIAME

. .

l e r V i ce P r emier Hini s t re , Hin i s t re des Transpo r t s , des Eaux e t For� ts et de la Communica t ion Sociale

· H . Georges RAWI RI

2eme Vi ce-Premier �fini s t re , Hini s t re des Hines e t des Hydraucarbures H. Guy-Etienne HOUVAGHA-TSIOBA

3cme Vi ce-Premier Hini s t re , Hini s tre de la Fonct ion Pub l ique e t de la Re forme Admini s trative I f . Emi le KAS SA. HAPS I

lteme Vi ce:-Premier Hinis tre , tHnis t re d e l ' Habi tat , de l ' Urbani sme e t du Logement H. S imon ESS IHENGANE : ·

Hinis tre d ' E t a t , Hinis tre des Af faires E trangeres e t de la CoopErat ion : H . Har tin BONGO

Hini s t re d ' E ta t , Hinia tre des Doma ines , du Cadas t re e t du Dro i t de la Her H . Henri �II NKO , . :

Hi ni s t re d ' E t a t , Secre ta i re General de l a PrEs idence de la Republ ique : H . Rene RADEHBINO CONIQUET ·

Hini s tre d ' Eta t , tiinis tre de l ' E�sei8nernent SupErieur et de la Recherche Scienti fique : ' · •

H . Jules BOURDES OGOULIGUENDE

Hini s tre d ' E ta t , Uini s t re de l ' Indus trie et de la Consonmation !1 . Etienne HOUSSI ROU

Hini s tre d ' Etat , Hinis tre de ! ' Adminis tration du Terri to i re , des Collectivi t es Locales e t de l ' Immigra tion H. Richard UGUEHA BEKALE

. . . / . . .

./

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Mi ni s tre d ' Etat , Mi nis tre d u Comme rce , du Tran s f e rt de s �e chnol ogies et de la Rat i o na l i s at i on : M . gean�Fran�o i s NTOUTOUME - EMANE

Mi ni stre d ' Eta t , Char ge de la Culture , de s Arts et de L ' Education Popul a i re : M . Fran�oi s OWONO-NGUEMA

Min i s t re D ' Eta t , Mi nis tre De l e gue aupr�s du Premie r Mi n i s tre Cha rg� du Touri srne , De s Loi s i r s e t de s Pares Nat ionaux : M . Sambat ALE XANDRE

Mi ni s tre de la De fense N a t i o n a l e , des Anc iens Cornbattants et de l a Securite Publ ique : M . Ju li en MPOUHO-EP I GAT

Min i s tre de la Justice , Garde des Sce aux : Mme Sophi e NGWAMASSANA

Mini stre de L ' In fo rmation , d e s postes e t T� l�commun i c a t i on s : M . Zacharie MYBOTO

Min i s t re des Fi nances , du Bud get et des Parti c i pa.tions : M . Jean-Pie rre LEMBOUMBA-LEPANDOU

Mi n i s t re de s Travaux Pub l i c s , de l ' Equipernent , de l a · constructi on e t de l ' Am�nagement du Terr i to i re ; Gene ral Je an-Bon i face AS S ELE

Min i s tre de la Plani f i c a t i o n et de l ' Economie : M . Pascal NZE

Mini stre de L ' Agricul ture , de l ' Elevage e t de l ' Economie Rura l e : M. Mi che l ANCHOUEY

Minis tre de ! ' Education Nationale : M . Guy, N Z OUBA NDAMA

Mi ni s t re du Travai l , de l ' Emploi et des Re s sources Humaines : M . Loui s -Gas ton MAYILA

Mini s t re de ! ' Aviation Civi l e e t Commerciale : M . Mi che l ESSONGHE

Mi n i s t re de la Sante Publ i q ue et de la Population : Dr . Jean-Pierre OKIAS

Mini stre des Af faire s Soci a l e s , des Calami tes Nature l l es et de la Secur i t� Soci ale : M . Sylve stre OYOUOMI

Mi nist re de la Jeune sse et de s Sports : M . Victor AFENE

-. . . . . Hi nis tre Charge du Con t r o l e d ' E t a t H . EMil e HBOT

Hini s tre de l a Fo rma t ion P ro f e s s ionne l l e e t de l ' Ar t i s ana t : H . Jo se-Joseph AHIAR NGANGA

Hini s t re de l ' Energie e t des Re s sources Hyd raul iqu e s H . DlVUNGUl D l D I NGE .

Hini s tre de P e t i tes e t Hoyennes En trep r i s e s H . Emmanue l NZE- BEKALE

Hini s tre de 1 1 Envi ronnement e t de la Pro tect ion de la N a ture Dr . Herve HOUTS INGA

�fini s t re Del egu� au prh du Premi er Uinis t re , c hars� de la Ma rine Harchande : t-1 . llathieu tiGUEUA

Hini s tre De l e guc aupres du l er Vic e-P remier Hini � t re , Mini s tre des Transpo r t s , . des Eaux e t Fo re ts e t de la Commu n i c a tion Soc i a l e : Dr . Pau l in OBAUE-NGUEUA

Hini s tre De legue aup ri s du 2�me V ic �-Pre�i e r Hini s tre , Hini s t re des Hines e t des ' Hydrocarbures :

�

M . Bonjean Fran�o i s ONDO

. Hini s t re Del egue aupre s du 3eme Vi ce-Premier H i n i s t r e , Hinis t r e de la Fonc t ion Pub lique e t de l a Re forme Admin i s t r a tive H. Antoine tmoutmou-HIYAKOU

SECRETAIRES D ' ETAT -

Secre tai re d ' E tat l la Promo tion Feminine e t aux Dro i ts Humains �fme Ro se ROGotfBE

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Secre tai re d ' E ta t , aupris du Hinis t r e d ' E tat , Hini s t re des Af faires E t range res et de la Cooperation chargee de la Coopera t io n Mme Honorine DOSSOU NAKI

Secre tai re d ' E tat aupres du Uini s tre de l a P lani fica tion e t de l ' Economie H. Cas ton Fi l i c ien OLOUNA

Secr� taire d ' E tat aupr�s du H i n i s t r e d ' Etat , Secr� t a i re General de la P res i dence de la Republ ique , Direc teur Cen�ral des Recherche s , Coo rdina teur Gene ral des Services Speciaux H. Samue 1 HBAYE

Secr�tai re d ' I tat aupr�s du tfi n i s tre des Travaux Pub l ics , de 1 ' Equ ipement , de la Cons truc tion e t de l ' Amenagement du Te rri t�ire &

M . Claude DAUAS-OZltfO . . . / . . .

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S e c r e t a i re d ' E t at · aup res d u H i n i s t r e d e s Af f a i r e s Socia l e s , . d e s Ca l ami t e s Nature l l e s e t de l a Sccur i t e So c i a l e tme P au l i ne NY I NGONE

S e c re t a i re d ' E t at aupres du J tinis tre de l ' Ens e i gnement Supe r i e u r e t de l a Reche rche Scient i f ique Mr . Pau l i n NG UEHA OBAM

Secre tai re d ' Etat aupr�s du Minis tre d e s F i nance s , du Bud ge t e t de s P a r t i c i ,, a t i c �me Chan tal LIDJI -BADUIGA

S e c re t a i r e d ' E t at aup ris du P r enier Vi ce-P remief Minis t r e , Minis t re des Trans po r ts , des Eau x et Fore t s e t de la Communica t ion S o ci a l e : Mr , J ean-Fe l ix AUBAME.

S e c r e �a i re d ' E t at aup res du H i n i s tre de ! ' Ag r i culture , de l ' E l evage e t de l ' Economie Rurale : H . Dan i e l AFmiE-NZE

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C O N G .O

A BRIEF FOR THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ' S VISIT

FEBRUARY 1988

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Location : Bounded by Cameroon and Central African Republi c

to the !orth ; Zaire to the East and South ; the

Cabinda proTince o t Angola , and the Atlanti c to

the South-ve st ; and Gabon to the We at •

� CAMEROON

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CENTRAL AfRICAN

REPUBLIC

t:QVAToaALI (.. ('

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G A B O N

Area : 3h2 ,0001cft 2

· 3razzaTille

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Z A I R E

CONGO .. o.. ..... ...... -..

0 'MttOftali caottll

0 Orttuct �l•

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Pop: l ,912 : , v.+.:Udi'U

L&ag: French , Lingala and · · · Moumazi Koutou��..s-'Vi;fJJifi��d - �

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Objectives of Visit

a) To exchange views on the international situation especially on those issues of majar concern to Africa and to eadh state visited.

- 'nle African Econanic Recovery (inchx3inq the effectiveness of Uni ted Nat ions Programmes ) 1

- Southern Africa - Angola, South Africa , Namibia - Other African conflicts - Lit7ja/Chad, Western Sahara - Other issues such as Afghanistan, Iran-Iraq, Kalnplchea

b) To exchange views on the international efforts to canbat AIOO;

c) To pay recognition to the role the country plays at the United Nations .

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PEXl?LE I s REPUBLIC OF 'mE C<:)roO

Executive Summary Official laJ'9Uage: French, Lingala an1 � Koutouba widely used • .

Basic Econanic Data: Gil? 1985 : US$2, 160,000,000 GNP per capita 1985: us$1 ,230

· Total regular l::udget 1985: 311 000 billioo francs CPA Defence budget 1985: 25 billion francs CFA External public debt: 86.5% GNP = Us$1 , 500 millioo Exports: Petrolel.ml, \iloOOd..'� .�<lr.. �� .m;:snil.liP•-�£S cases of AIOO reported to WHO: 250 at 18 November 1987

Goverrnent: Iooepeooence fran France proclaimed on 15 August 1960. A "peq:>le 1 s republic" proclaimed in December 1969 . Colonel Dennis Sassou-Nguesso, Chairman of the Central Ccmnittee of the Congolese Laboor Party (PC!') , the sole legal party, is President aoo Head of Government . He· has held the presidency since 5 Febcuary 1979 . The President of the National Assembly is second ally to the President.

Major issues of concern to the � To iuprove the soci�ic s tuation of the country an1 to pranote

the l'Xrl-oil sector 1 Relatioos with its neiw.urs : '!he maintenance of improved ties with

Cameroon, Central African Rep.lbl c, Gabon an1 Zaire African questioos: the solutioo of African problems in the context

of the President's recent Chairmanship of the CAD: JUly 1986-1987 Other internaticral issues : supports United Nations effortsr Efforts to canbat AIDS

Membership in Internaticral Organizatioos ihe Congo joined the United Nations on 20 September 1960, member of

most UN specialized agencies, fourxiing member of <:Y\U, member of the Africa-caribbean-Pacific group of states of the � , the Fra.ncc::JPlonieJ an1 the African Petroleun Producers Association (APPA) •

United Nations activities in the Conc;p For its Fourth cycle UNIP has allocated US$6 ,050, 000 over 1988-1991 ,

to be used to reflect the priori ties set by the Government under its Structural Adjustment Programme of the productive sectors particularly in food self-sufficiency. Other UN specialized agencies active in the Congo are WHO, UNES:O, WFP, UNFPA, aoo European Develcpnent FuOO.

'!he UNIP Resident Representative is Mr. T. Askwith .

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Selected Data

�tioo: A multi-tribal society, the major group being the BakOngo, Mateke , i and Vili as well as pygmies . French is the official language, rut Lingala and M::>uman Koutouba serve as lingua franca. Sane 54% of the pop.llation is Ranan Catholic, 24% Protestant, 3% M:>slem, and the remaiooer follow animist beliefs . Because of 6alsiderable rural-urban rovement nearly 50% of the pc:p,ll.atioo can be found in the urban centres of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire .

Government: uoo.er the 1979 Constitutioo the COngolese Labour Party (PCT) was establlshed as the sole legal party7 it followed Marxist-Leninist principles . Elected for a five-year term by the NatiCI'lal Ccxlgress of the PCT, the President is also the Chairman of the Central Camnittee of the Party. By coostitutional revisioos made in 1984, the President is the Chief of Governnent as well as Head of State, and names the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers . '!he 153-member Peq>le • s National Assembly is elected fran a list of PCT naninees 7 the judges of the Revolutionary Court of JUstice are aRX>inted by the Central carmittee of the PCT. Electioos to the Assembly were last held in August 1984 . 'lhe country is divided into 9 regions administratively, eadl with an elected regional co.mcil and executive camnittee, oo which carmissars , named by the Central Camnittee of the PCT, represent the na tiona! government .

Head of State {President ) diairman of the PCT Central Ccmnittee COlonel Denis Sa�Nguesso

Prime Minister : Ange Edouard Poungui

President of the National Assembly: � Za-nzou (se<iiid in rank only to the President)

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Co-q?eratioo Antoine Ndinga Oba

Basile Ikooebe, Director of the Presidential Office, 41 years old, aRX>inted to that post oo 20 August 1987 , in successioo to M. JC>Selil Elenga-Ngaporo. At the time the appointment was made, Ikouebe was said to have served as diplanatic adviser to the President since 1982 , and is regarded as one of those whose advice the President rost listens to. Mr . Ikouebe is a graduate in Political Science of the University of Bordeaux, and a former student at the Institute of Public Administration in Paris , in 1972 . He becanes the third holder of the posi tioo since President Sassou-Nguesso came to power in 1979.

Fuye Edouard P�i , born 4 Jamary 1942 , Prime Minister since 11 August 1984 1n a reshuffle aimed at 11Strengthening the revolutionary process11 • He was a member of the Central Ccmni ttee of the Party. He succeeded Major Ialis Sylvain Gcma . Po.mgui was previoosly a managing director of the Congolese Camnercial Bank , and has held positioos with the IMF and the African Develc.pnent Bank as Goveroor for the COngo. As presently set up, the post of Prime Minister is one of ec>-ordinator .

�itioo �ties: Reportedly, two external formatioos exist, M)uvement PatrlOtlque COngo ais (MPC) and Parti nemocratique Congolais {POC) I a free-enterprise group, both based in Paris.


Economic situation S1nce 1ooeperrlence in 1960, the ecorx:>my of the Ccn;JO has been closely

linked to the performance of the petroleum industry, which in 1984 accounted for 40% of the GIP, 70% of government revenue am represented 90% of export earnings . Before the oil industry assumed such importance, forestry was the most important eccnanic activity7 however , a lack of an adequate transport system has hiooered the growth of this sector . Agriculture has never played a major role, only 2% of laoo is cultivated am the cantril:ution by agriculture, forestry am fishing to the GDP declined fran 17 . 6% in 1978 to 7% in 1984 . '!he main cash crops are sugar cane, cocoa , coffee, tobacco am palm oil . 'lhe Congo is not self-sufficient in food supply, importing 75% of its requirements in 1984 at a cost of 46 ,000 million CFA francs ( in March 1982 , Us$=305 CFA francs . ) Industry is based on the processing of agricultural am forest products, textiles, cement, metals a00 chemicals .

'!he decline in petroleum prices during the early SO ' s , and the international eccnanic crisis seria1Sly affected the ecaxrny of the ecn;p. Since the Congo is a not a member of CP:OC , it has to take a flexible approach am adjust its spending to production policies by CP:OC members . 'lhe Government therefore decided to revise its development plan for 1982-1986 since projected revenues would not be sufficient to meet proposed expenditures . It was also faced with heavy l:urdens of salaries for plblic officials, plblic investment am scb::>larships . Steps needed to be taken to halt the rural-urban exodus, the decline in agricultural production, to reduce the deficit l:uilt up by state-amed enterprises, am to improve the balance of payments situation.

In J'uly 1985 , faced with a total external debt of Us$1 . 5 to 2 . billion (at the eoo of 1984 ) with debt servicing aJOOUnting to approximately US$455 million annually, or 40% of foreign earnings, the Congolese Government decided to adopt a Structural Adjustment Progranme alcn;J the lines of the IMF plans . An action whidl has been noted as not being in keeping with the Marxist approach of the Government . '!his progranme , planned originally to last 2 1/2 years , entailed staff reductions in the civil service am the state-amed industries, am a levy on salaries of plblic officials , abandonment of certain developnent projects, reductions in state ownership of iooustries , am revival of the agricultural sector . Developnent planning has thus focussed on inprovement of the transport infrastructure to bring about developnent of the forest industry am pranotion of agriculture in place of industrial projects . SUbsequently, in J'uly 1986, Congo obtained rescheduling over 10 years of Us$500, 000, 000 debt servicing payments owed to its major creditor countries - France, United Kingdan am the Federal Republic of Germany - with a grace period of four years . '!be IMF then approved a staOO-by arramgement of SDR' s 22 ,400,000 (SDR

· 1 = Us$1 .2121 at September 1986 ) to support the Government ' s progranme.

President Sassou-Nguesso has made a number of minor cabinet changes since October 1986 in response to the ccxmtry ' s "persistent ecannic crisis" . In ·

late October 1987 it was reported that the Cabinet had discussed prcp:>sals aimed at establishing a balance between �ating expenses am receipts fran . the non-oil sector by 1991-, which wculd have the effect of reducing the CoD:Jo' s deficit to near zero by 1992 , clearing arrears while generating no new liabilities . On 3 November the President told Parliament that 1988 wculd see · another austerity bldget adding that the difficult eocrx:mic situation had forced the country • s recourse to the IMF in spite of its ideological principles.

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Internal stability

In 1987 , there have been two publicized threats to the Government of President Sassou-NguessoJ one concerniB,;J an attempted coup planned for the absence of the President at the OAU summit in Addis Ababa in August. Its discovery led to a change in the leadership of the 'knlr:f, whose Chief has been brought into the Cabinet as Minister of Defence am Security, a portfolio previously held by the President. '!be director of Presidential security was given the duties also of General Director of Public Security, am a new Army Chief, Col . Jean�ie Nokoka, named .

'!be second incident involved a former president, General Yhanby� and former army captain Pierre Anga , who is close to Yhanbi� am formerly served on the Military Committee �idl gover.ned the Corgo between 1977-1979 . After the events �ich led to the installation of Sassou-Nguesso as leader of the country, General Yhanby� (Who was accused of followiB,;J a right-wiB,;J line and of a personality cult) and Pierre Anga were detained and placed urxler house arrest in 1983 . Pierre Anga is reported to have armed members of his tribe - the Kouycus - and clashed with members of the Presidential guard including CUbans am Zaireans in the town of Owamo, 400 kms . north of Brazzaville. 'Ihe President canes fran the same region in the north. Anga has apparently distril::uted documents discreditiB,;J the President by accusiB,;J him of contrib.ltiB,;J to the "elimination" of former President Ngouabi in 1977 . Speaking in the Assembly on 2 November , the President referred to events in owarx:io, statiB;J that those involved 1«X1ld be penalized "\\hatever their status" am called on all to struggle against the dis-information campaign initiated by "right-wiB,;J am liquidationist revandlists" .

From Paris, the leaders of the cpposition r-t::>uvement Patriotique Corgolais (MPC) Mr . Ekondy-Akala and Mr . M:::>udeleno-Massengo, claimed that there had been a "massacre" by elements of the presidential guard in Ol«n:k> in September, am denounced the Marxist experiment �ich the Congo has C.'Ol'¥iucted since 1963 as a failure . '!hey called for an end to the one-party state, freedan of cpinion and the departure of the CUban trocps , which MPC says aroount to 2 , 000 men based at Pointe-Noire .

Relations with the neighl?ouring States Ccxlgo is generally on good terms with its neighbours . At the suggestion

of the Togolese President, the Congolese am Zairean Presidents met at Kinshasa on 6-7 July 1986 , to discuss the situation alc:o;J the river (called variously the Congo or Zaire river by the respective ccxmtries ) am to discuss a shootiB,;J incident \oilidl had occurred on 1-2 June alc:o;J the river . '!be two Presidents then agreed on the need for increased surveillance am the stricter applicatic:n of the 1970 manifesto signed between the countries . '!he Congo has signed a m.wber of econanic cooperation agreements with Zaire.

Relations with camerOCI'l, strained urxler former President Ngouabi , were normalised in 1982 .

During visits to Mali , Burkina Faso am TOgo in 1986, the CorxJOlese President discussed the lx>rder conflict between Mali and Burkina Faso. After the fall of Captain 'lhanas Sankara in Burkina, with whom Pres1dent . Sassou-Nguesso had a close relationship , it is reported that the Corgo offered . ·

a hane to Mrs . Sankara and her children. ·.

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Relatioos with other African States - Seratal i1'ie Congolese President visited Senegal ate in February 1986 , at the

invitation of the President . The visit was considered as restoring relatioos to their former level and establishing a balance in francq:i'lone Africa . Relatioos between Congo and Senegal had been strained since 1977 when then President Yhanbi-obango expelled thousands of Senegalese residents accused of "trafficking" and "parasitism" . The majority returned secretly to Congo with

. false identification, Chadian or Gabonese or Zairean papers , rut oontinued to remit furrls to Senegal. The furrls, however , never left the Ccngo Post Office and over several years annmted to several -billion CFA francs . Following a brief visi t by · President Dioof to Brazzaville in October 1987 , _it was agreed that 150 million francs � �ld be transferred monthly to Senegal , that no reprisals would be taken against clandestine Senegalese and that their situations �ld be regularized. The two leaders discussed also the Chad/Libya dispute on whidh they had _ taken a joint diplomatic initiative earlier .

African Questions

Relatioos with Olad took a new directioo with the accreditatioo of C<:n]o' s first ambassaoor to Olad on 4 J\lly 1986 . C<:n]o ' s positioo had thus changed fran its initial su�t of former President Goukl'x:>uni Oleddei , to a neutral stand in which it tried to achieve a peace settlement and subsequently to su�t for President Hissene Habre . The new envoy caweyed his President ' s hcpes for a "free, united and prosperoos Chad", and his accreditatioo was considered to be a diplomatic coup for the Chadian regime .

Congo has been associated with mediation efforts . to settle the Chad/Lipyan dispute, and in February 1986 the Foreign Ministers of the Congo and Senegal made a joint demarche to Libya in this respect. While he held the Chairmanship of the <::17\U, President Sassou-Nguesso was delegated the · task of mediating the catflict and t:cx>k steps to oo so, discussing the issue during ·

his visit to Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal in 1986 .

During his official visit to Paris from 9-12 February 1987 , the President is reported to have discussed mainly the Chad/Libya catflict, although this was intended to be ooly one of the topics for discussion . He planned to raise such issues as the African debt and the struggle against apartheid , and Congo ' s restructering problems . The congolese President ' s observatioos that any solution of the Chadian ca1flict had to include the wi tbkawal of all foreign forces from that country - whether French or Libyan appeared to displease both Paris and Tripoli .

The camnitment of the C003olese Government to the major issues facing Africa - the econanic crisis , �theid, Angola, Namibia, etc. are all reflected in the chairmanship othe <WJ by President Sassou-Nguesso fran JW:y 1986�ly 1987 . During this period, the President visited more than half the oountries of the cootinent, and more than fifteen outside the cootinent, to try to bring movement to African problems.

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On SOUthern Africa President Sassou-Nguesso tried to robilize the governments an:! �les in varioos countries in the struggle against a�theidJ He stated that the man in the street, mt only governments , shcA.lld be 1nvolved in the struggle . He was instrumental in the establishment of the Africa Flmd (set up in Harare in September 1986 } which by May had amassed US$110 millioo (200 millioo CFA francs fran Congo} to help the frontline States develop canmunications and transportation infrastructure to reduce dependence on SOUth Africa.

On the critical economic si tuation in Africa, the President explained to . the United States and the European nations as well as to the World Bank, the IMF am the � that AFrican decline could mt cc.ntinue in the name of improving the war ld econany, pointing to the serioos consequences of the decline in the prices of primary products . He sought a camnitment by them in the implementation of the UN Progranme of Action for African Eoonanic Recovery.

On Western Sahara: the President discussed the questioo with the Secretary-General of the UN in September�tober 1986 and _agreed with him on · the despatch of a technical missioo to the TerritoryJ he also held talks with . the parties in question in Alc;Jeria and M::>rocco. 'Ihe COngo recognizes the SADR.

On SOUthern Sudan: Shortly after assuming the Chairmanship, the President met in J\ddis Ababa with Stmnese Prime Minister Sadek El�i and John Garang am offerd his services as mediator . ais efforts were more successful in the Horn of Africa, as his contacts led to direct talks between Ethiopia and ·

Saoalia.

Ang<?la: 'lhe President served as liaison between United States Assistant Secretary of State Chester crocker and Angolan Interior Minister Ki to far their meeting in Brazzaville, whidl led to talks at Luarx1a on 14 July 1987.

Namibia: Congo supports strongly resolution 435 (1978 } en Namibia and calls for mama tory sancti<XlS to lring SOUth Africa to canplianoe . On his official visit to washington in O:::tober 1986, the first in 20 years of a Ccngolese leader , Sassou-Nguesso was present at the vote by Cc::ngress to impose sanctions against SOUth Africa.

During Sassou-Nguesso ' s chairmanship, t11110 major internatiaml meetings ·

were hosted in Brazzaville' the Writers ' Syqx:>sium in May 1987 , which sought to mobilize African opinioo against a�theid an:! led to the creaticn in SOUth Africa of an association of writers aga1nst aentheidJ 'Ihe First Congress of Scientists in Africa fran 25-30 June 1987 , as 1rst set oot years earlier in the Lagos Plan of Action, out of which was founded the Pan-African Union of Science am Technology. Brazzaville will be the Headquarters am the COngolese Goverrment has already provided a wilding and US$150,000 �ds . it. 'lhe CCilference benfitted fran assistance by the UNIF am UNE&n. ecn;o is a member of the newly formed African PetrolelDll Producers Association (APPA} \<ilidl recently held a ministerial-level meeting in illarx1a 21-23 January 1988. COngo and Gabon are the c.aOOidates for the seat of the OI'ganizatioo.

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Other international issues

General relations Generally, the Cor¥]o has maintained close relations with the ccmnunist

nations, inclu:iing China, CUba , and the USSR, with which it has a Treaty of Friendship signed in May 1981 . It withkew from the FrenCh Ccmnunity in 1973, rut maintains strong econanic links with Paris. Diplanatic ties with the United States were restored in 1977 rut ambassadors were oot exchanged until May 1979 .

On Afghanistan, the Cor¥Jo stated at the 42nd General Assembly that there a�ed to be sane evolution in the situation and agreement had been reached on a fair m.unber of issues . It supports the efforts of the Secretary-General wi th a view to the settlement of the problem in the interests of the Afghan pecple as a whole . CCDJO abstained on resolution 42/15 . It will be recalled tht there are sane 500 CUban troc:p3 in the Congo and that it signed a 2Q-year Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union in May 1981 .

On the Middle East, the Conc;p StJAX)rts resolution 41/62 A of 4 December 1986 , whiCh stated that oo just and lasting settlement could be aChieved without the participation on an equal footing of all parties to the conflict, including the PID1 it was }'q:)eful that a conference on peace in the Middle East cc:old be convened.

On �ea the CCDJo does oot recognize the Coalition Government of Democra� Kampuchea (cnDK) and votes against the resolution calling for the withka��el of foreign forces from Kalrplchea. At the 42nd General Assembly Conc;p stated that it hoped that the agreement of 29 JUly 1987 between the Vietnamese and Indonesian Foreign Ministers would lead to a solution in the best interests of the peq>les of the area.

On Iran-Iraq, the CoD.;Jo . supports the diplanatic activity of the Secretary-General, and resolution 598 (1987 ) and appeals to the t� parties to end the conflict. 'Ihe CoD.;Jo and Iran resumed diplanatic relations on 25 November 1986.

'1he role pla�ed by the �o at the United Nations 'nle Congo jo ned the Unted nations on 20 September 1960 . It is a member

of the IMF and the \'k:>rld Bank Group. A fouming member of the �u, CoD.;Jo ' s President held the Chairmanship fran JUly 1986�ly 1987 . 'there are 11 Cbngolese serving at the United Nations Secretariat, 8 at the Professiooal level and above.

At 30 September 1987, the CoD.;Jo was in arrears of Us$132 ,696 .

Brazzaville hosts the WHO Office for SUb-Saharan Africa, the Central African Developnent Bank, the African Post and Telecarmunication Union. FAO, WFP , UNICEF and UNIC are also located there.

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Social conditions Atteaq:>ts are presently umerway, with the assistance of the WHO to improve

the health situation in the COngo by settin;J up health centres in rural areas providing primary health care , am training health workers . At 1978 there were 274 doctors, 2 dentists, 28 pharmacists arxi 473 oospitals arxi dispensaries with 6, 876 beds. Social data: life expectancy: 57 years r Infant mortality rate: 122 per thousand7 arrl literacy rate 56% among adults.

'!be COngo has reported 250 cases of AIDS to WHO at 18 November 1987, which for a population of a�oximately 2 million, gives a relatively high rate canpared with Zaire - 335 cases reported in a population of afP:'oximately 30 million. Other reports irrlicate that up to 1 , 200 persons are kncwn to suffer from the disease . '!be first national symposium on AIDS in the COngo was held in Brazzaville in December 1987 arxi a financial dooors ex>nference is being sponsored by WHO in February 1988 . '!be total number of reported cases in Africa is 6,298.

Annex .

List of Cabinet

Head of State and Government Prime Minister

Rural Developnent Territorial administration Trans�t and Civil Aviation Planning and Finance Foreign Affairs and 0>-<::peration Health and Social Affairs

Denis Sassou-Nguesso Ange Dblard Poungui

Itihi OssetOllllba I.ekoumzou Raymond Damase Ngollo Hilaire Mounthault

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Pierre M:lussa Antoine Ndinga-oba Bernard canbo Matsiona

Public Works Construction, Urbanism, Housing Beoort J.l.t:>urrlele Ngollo Secondary and Higher Education, Culture, Arts Jean-Baptiste Tati-Loutard Irxlustry, Fishing and Crafts Ambroise Nounazalaye Minister at the Presiderx::y for Defence

and Security Mines and Energy Primary Education and Mass Literacy Lahoor , Social Securi ty, JUstice

and Keeper of the Seals Ccmnerce and Slnall and Medium Enterprises Forest EconaDy Scientific �seardh and the Environment Information, Post and Telecamnunicatians Talrism, Sports and Leisure

Emmanlel Elenga RoOOl}Xle Adada Pierre-Damien Boussoukou Boumba

Dieudonrle Kimbembe Alfb:>nse Poaty-SOUchlaty Ossebi Douniam Christq)he Bourcuooue Christian Gilbert Bembet Jean-Clame Ganga

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CCMPa:;ITICN 00 CXNSEIL EXECl1l'IF

IE lA

REPUBLI� 00 ZAIRE *

Pr�ident-Forrlateur du Ma.Ivemmt Pcpllaixe de la Mvo1utioo, President de 1a �1ique

Catrnissaire d ' Etat a 1a DMense Natianal.e, a 1a Skurit� du Territoire et aux Anciens Catbattants .

1 . • Premier CCmni.ssaire d 'Etat : Ci toyen Mi\BI MJiil.mA.

2 . • Vice Premier camrl.ssaire d'Etat Ci toyen � PII:Ii\ M 'BAGJI

3 . . Carm.i.ssaire d ' Etat a 1 ' Mninistration du Territoire et a 1a �tralisation :

ci toyen LtJGA KtrnE roro

4 . • C..amlissaire d ' Etat aux Affaires Etran.3'eres et a 1a Cooperation Internationale

Ci toyenne EKIIA LIYCNDA

5 . . camri.ssai.re d ' Etat aux Droits et � des Citoyens Maitre Nn-tY MAYIDIKA �IMBI

6 . • Camrl.ssaire d I Etat a 1 ' Infannation et a 1a Presse : Ci toyen .MANI:XJWJ BUIA NYATI

* ProTided b7 the Mi aaiono t Zaire to the United !&tiona

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: . . 2./

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7. • camd.ssaire d'Etat �� aux Finances Citoyen I<INZCmi MVtJrulCIDI trnNOO

8 . . Coimi..ssa.ire d'Etat �1� au Plan Ci tajen MIJlli.1B.1\ I1.Jl(OJ1

9. • camdssaire d ' Etat �1� au Bld}et Citoyen KAMITMU MASAMBA

10 . • Carmissaire d 'Etat �1� A 1 'Ecrironi.e Nationale et a 1' Industrie :

Ci toyen NYn.m SHABANI

11 : . Camrl.ssai.re d'Etat �1� au Portefeui11e Citc:1jen '.IliAMrH:: �

12 . • Ccrrm:issaire d'Etat au Ccrrroorce Exta'ieur : Ci tajen KASEREKA KASAl

13 . • Camrl.ssa.ire d 'Etat A 1 ' Agriculture Ci tajen KAYnQ �I NDrlli ·

14 . . Carmissa.ire d'Etat au 00ve1�t Rural Ci toyen D' ZBO :I<AI.roi

15 . • Ccrrrnissaire d I Etat aux Mires et a l ' Energie Ci toyen ILID ITAMBAI..A

16 . . Ccmnissaire d ' Etat aux Travaux Publics et a 1 ' .Amlfulagarent du Terri toire :

Ci tajen M:>KOID WA .MPG1BO

. / . .

..

:· ... ..

3 ./

17 . • Ccmni.ssaire d ' Etat aux Transports et aux Carm.mications :

Ci toyen SAMPASSA KAWErA MII.O-BE

18 . . Ccmni.ssaire d' Etat. aux Affaires Fonci&es , a 1 'Enviroi'll'lStel'lt et A 1a Conservation de la Nature :

Ci toyen PENXJE DFMDEI'OO YMD

19 . . Camrl..ssaire d ' Etat A l ' Enseignarent SUp&ieur et Universitaire et A la :Redlerdle Scientifique

Ci toyen M::>KCNDA a:NZA

20 . . Camrl.ssaire d ' Etat a l ' Enseignenent Pri.mai.re et Secordllre :

Ci toyen NZEXiE AIAZIAMBINA

21 . . Ccmnissaire d ' Etat a la Jeunesse du M:>uvem.:nt Populaire de la �lutian, aux Sforts et aux Loisirs

Citoyen 'l'SiiiiOm KJKUNA

22 . • Ccrrm.i..ssaire d I Etat a 1a Corrli. tion Faninine Ci toyenne MAYUM1\ KAlA

23 . • Ccrrm.i..ssail:e d ' Etat A 1a sante Publique et aux Affaires Sociales :

Docteur tG\IDU KABEYA

24 . . Carrnissaire d ' Etat a la Fonctic-1 Publique Ci toyen �Wl.NOO NSD1BA

25 . • Camrl.ssaire d 'Etat au Travail et a la Prevoyanoe Sociale :

Citoyen KISOI.OKELE �

./ . .

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.�.

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26 . . Carmissaire d ' Etat aux Pcstes , aux 'Mlephones et aux �l�catioos :

Ci tcyen 'fOKWAIJW OOLAMBA

27 . . Carmissaire d ' Etat a la CUlture , aux Arts . et au Ta.lrisrre :

Ci toyen BEYEYE nm.1A

* *

*

. .

. . .. '• . .

"\:.'

5 ./

1 . . Secretai.re d ' Etat ! 1a �fense Nationale et ! 1a Skuri � du Terri toire :

G&l&al LIKULIA oor.arn

2 . . Secretai.re d ' Etat aux Anciens Carbattants : �ral SASA t-Hl\KA

3 . • Secr�tai.re d'Etat a 1a Justice Ci toyen WASO ll.IKlM3INA

4 . • Secr�taire d' Etat a 1 'Mninistration du Territoire et ! 1a OOcentralisation :

Ci toyen M.JJIN3A SWANA mlJKASA

5 . . Secretaire d 'Etat aux Affaires Etrangeres Ci toyen I<ABAI.A KISEKE SEKA

6 . . Secretaire d ' Etat a 1a �atioo Intemationale : Citoyen MJBUl'U NYIWA

7 . • Secr�taire d ' Etat au Plan Citoyen �orA M ' ATSHIA

8 . • Secretaire d ' Etat aux Finances Ci t.oyen KA� YAMlm.J'MBA

9 . . . Secretaire d ' Etat au Budget : Ci toyen SEill1ANI r.�"JANA YIIE

10 . . Secretaire d I Etat aux Mines et a 1 I Energie : Ci toyen 'I'SHCt1BE DI'l:'EN;

./ . .

. _ :t e a

·.

. ·�

� :

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6 ./

11 . • Secretaire d ' Etat aux Travaux Publics et � 1 I .Afnl§nagemmt du Terri toire :

Citcyen KJlW.G.JLA KIA �

12 . . Secretaire d ' Etat a 1 ' Enseignarent Sup&-ieur, Uni versi taire et � 1a Pecherche Scientifique

Ci toyen a:nJA MAKELI

• 13 . . Secretaire d ' Etat � l 'Fnseigrerent Primaire

et Secorrlaire : Ci toyen NZALI LOPEM3E

14 . . Secretaire d ' Etat � 1 'Agriculture Ci toyen NZlJt'OJ Il.JNmDI

_ $ - .

15 . . Secretaire d ' Etat aux Transp::>rts et aux Ccmtunications : Citoyen M.ULAMBA MLJSAMBAYI

16 . • Secretaire d ' Etat au Travail et a 1a Praroyance ·Sociale Ci toyenne KJDUKA INYANZA

* *

*

..

.. •

•

. . . .

PECPLE I s REPUBLIC OF AOOOI.A

A BRIEF FUR THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ' S VISIT

FEBRUARY 1988

t .

. ..

Location : Angola is bordered by Zaire on the north , Namibia to the south , Zambia to the east , and by the Atlantic Ocean to the 1est . Cabinc!a i s pb;ysically · separated trom the other proYinces by the oceanic outlet or Zaire and the Congo River·.

!0"

A TLANTIC

OCEAN

...

MAP N0.2897 Rev.4 UNITED NATIONS 2 NOVEMBER 1985 �: 1 , 246 , TOOlal Capital : Luanda

A N G O L A 0 Narional capiral • Oisuicr capiral

ZAI RE Oisrricr boundart

,.-

Railroad Road

.. r-.J· . _,. 0Cudo Z A I R E LUNDA NORTE

NAMIBIA t "t;a

j . i Cazombo ,

) I

·----�

., ..... ':• I f '

...

. ...

. '· .. · . .. .....

, ......., ._ .. . ., .. . .,""" .... ...._ • ....,...., ., lll lkirtl .......

PoPulation : 8 . T . million ( 1985 eat . ) . .

Langu&se : Portuguese , other · languages like Bakongo , Kimbundu ,

· oVimbundu and Chokwe are also s�ke.n .

Official language:

AA00/88/AF/10

PEX:PLE I s REPUBLIC OF AmarA

Portuguese, other lan;JUages like Bakongo, Kimbundu, OVimbundu , Chokwe are also spoken.

Selected Data PcpllatJ.on: An;ola 1 s total pcpulation is about 8. 7 million scattered over an area of

about 481, 351 sq. miles and canprising six distirx:t groups , the Bakongo in the oorth west, the Kimbundu in the oorth-central region1 the OVimbundu in the south central region� '!he rest of the pcpulation is canprised of other small tribes like the Cllokwe in the east and the Qvambo in the south, while the Mestico and the Portuguese are mainly in the environs of IJ.landa .

Portuguese colonial assimilado policy tended to be concentrated in the area around the capital , IJ.landa, to the total disregard of the rest of the country. 'lhus, the An;olans arolll'rl the capital tended to receive educational facilities far better than those Who were distant from the capital . 'lhus , more Kimbundus received education than any other tribal group.

Further , the policy of assimilado led to mixed racial marriages which resulted in off-spring \lbo came to be koown as the Mesticos and mainly lived in IJ.landa.

Membership in International organizations Angola admitted to the United Nations on 1 December 1976J member of the ·

aw since 11 February 1976, member of the Southern African Developnent Coordination COnference (SAIXX:!) J member of the Frontline States - OMJ canmittee. An;ola has been seeking membership in the International M:>netary Fund (IMF) , the World Bank, the International Finance COrporation and the International Developnent Association, An;ola has close relations with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) .

Government iffie Popular Liberatioo �vement of An;ola (MPIA) adcpted a constitution

for independent Angola in November 1975 , under which the Government is headed by a President \t.ho is also the Chairman of the MPIA and Party of Labour . In the event of a vacarx:y, the central camnittee of MPIA-Pl' is autrorized to designate a successor . On 10 September 1979, President Neto died at M:>scc:M, where he had been undergoing medical treatment , and on 21 September was succeeded as chief of state, head of government, MPIA-PT chairman, and camnander-in-chief by Minister of Planning, Jose Eduardo dos Santos . The positions of prime minister and deputy prime minister were abolished in December 1978, and in 1980 a National Peq:>le ' s Assembly became the "supreme organ of state paer" . It is chosen through an electoral college system. '!he country is divided into 18 provinces administered by centrally appointed camnissioners whose legislative autOOrity is vested in provincial assemblies .

· . .

- 2 -

President and Head of Government, am Olairman of the Party:

National Pec?ple • s Assembly: First Secretary:

Minister of State, Production am Ccrardination (also Energy and Petrole\Dil} :

Minister of Defense:

Minister of External Relations:

Minister of Foreign Trade

Minister of the Interior :

Minister of JUstice:

Internal issues

Jose Eduardo nos Santos

Lucio lara

Lt. Col . Pedro de Castro van :ounem

Col . Pedro Maria Tonha

Alfooso van n.mem

Ismael Gaspar Martins

Lt. Col . Manuel Alexandre Duarte Rodrigues

Fernando Franca Van n.mem

ihe major issue is the civil war . 'lhe liberation struggle against the 500-year old portuguese oolom.allsm was fought by three groups: the l?cpllar M::>vement for the Liberation of Angola (lti?IA) formed in 1956J the National Front far the Liberation of Angola (mLA) formed in 1962J and the National Unioo for the Total Irrleperrlence of Angola (UNITA) formed in 1966. �ver, each of the three movements operated fran a regional and tribal base. 'lhe MPIA, led by Agostinho Neto, had its base in the Bakongos in the oorth west, arrl UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi , had, and still has , its base in the ovi.Jnrun:lus in the south arrl the south central regioos . Between 1961 am 1966, Savimbi held the position of Fbreign Secretary of the FNrA.

'!he beginnirr of the civil war In Apr 1974, a coup t:odt> place in Portugal leading to a military

Goverl'Jtlent which ilmnediately a.nrnmced its intention to withdraw fran, inter alia, Angola . Negotiations for sudl a withdrawal were urrlertaken with a:I'1' three movements whidl had been fighting Portugal far the indeJ:errlence of Angola.

On 15 Jaruary 1975, the three leaders: Agostinho Neto, Jonas Savimbi arrl Holden lbber to, signed the Alvor Agreement with Portugal calling far the indeperrlence of Angola oo 11 November 1975 ( the 400th anniversary of the fourrling of lllanda ) . 'lhe Agreement provided for an interim rule by a Portuguese High Ccmnissia1er am a Presidential Collegiate coosisting of one representative from each of the liberation movements .

At the time of signing this Agreement, the MPIA farces controlled much of the central region inclooing lllanda as well as cabinda. UNITA oontrolled the eastern arrl southern regioos, arrl FNLA controlled much of the oorth.

- 3 -

In the power struggle Which ensued am led to the civil war of 1975-1976, each novement found its a.m foreign supporters who, for their a.m interests, h<::ped the novement they SUR'OJ:"ted would win the power struggle . 'n1e alignment is indeed perplexing and demonstrated that. the interests of Angola were the least of ccnsiderations in t:l'leir SUR'OJ:"t. MPIA was supported even before imepemence by the USSR, CUba , Yugoslavia, Sweden, Deruna.rk and Nigeria. '!be tenuous alliance Which FINA am UNITA formed in 1975 was supported by the United States , China, Zaire, North Korea, Ranania and Imia, and later by Salth Africa.

It may be worth ooting that after Savimbi troke with FNIA in 1966 to form UNITA, he had stated that "oo progressive action is possible with men who serve American interests • • • the ootorioos agents of imperialism" . He had acaJsed MPIA of being a party of whites , mulattos am portuguese-assimilated Africans . He had a visible revolutionary, anti-capitalist am anti-American posture which wen him support fran leaders like General Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria, Nguyen Giap of the then North Vietnam, Che Guevara and Mao Zedong , as well as Malcolm X, the American black-power activist.

'n1e FNIA am UNITA alliance formed during the nonths that followed the signing of the Alvor Agreement was aimed at weakening the MPIA hold on lUanda .

'!be involvement of Salth African am CUban forces By August 1975 , the MPIA forces which were in control of lUanda appeared

to have an U}:Pei" ham in the p::>wer struggle . 'lhus in August, the Salth African troops which had been massed on the Namibia/Angola l::order, entered into southern Angola . Slortly thereafter , CUban tr<:q)S began to be massed in neighbouring COngo.

'n1e Salth African forces marched into CUnene province around the CUnene River irrigation and hydro-electric schemes which also served Namibia. But as the transiticnal government in Luanda was collapsing, Salth African forces joined UNITA-FNIA forces in Q::tober 1975 , am began capturing cities in southern Angola, noving towards Luama.

en 10 �vember I the Portuguese High Ccmnissioner departed Luanda, and at midnight Dr . Neto announced the establishment, on 11 November , urder MPIA auspices , of the Pecple 1 s Republic of Angola and invited the CUban forces into Angola.

On 23 November , the FNIA-UNITA announced the formation of a rival Democratic Pecple 1 s Republic of Angola with the central highlands city of HUamlx> ( formerly Nova Lisboa) as its capital . 'lhus, the Angolan civil war began in earnest, each side supported by strong powers who were "fighting" each other using Angolans as proxies.

By 1976, both CUba am Salth Africa had becane intensely involved in the Angolan civil war with military personnel as well as with materiel . IONever , in the search for peace in Angola there has been much speculation about \tbich foreign force, CUban or the South African, went into Angola first. 'Ibis is an

- 4 -

academic arglmlent and, as Gerald Bender states in his article, 'lbe Ea«Jle and the Bear in Angola (Annals, MPSS. JaiUlary 1987 } , has only served to 1nhibi t efforts toward national reconciliation. "'lhe MPIA and its supporters view UNITA as a p.Ippet or creature of South Africa and assume that it will wither away once its umbilical link to Pretoria is severed. UNITA and its supporters portray the MPIA as a Soviet or CUban puppet that will collapse as soon as Havana • s trCXJpS leave Angola. "

In early February 1976, the MPIA launched a southern offensive Which resulted in the capture of Huaml:x> and other key cities . 'lbe FmA and UNITA thereupon declared that their forces would henceforth revert to guerrilla warfare. M:>st of the 5 , 000 South African trCXJpS which had intervened in S\lfP)rt of the FNr.A-t.NITA, had been witb:lrawn by JaiUlary 1976 . On 11 Fel:ruary 1976, the OAU anrx>UnCed that the MPIA Government had been admitted to membership, following formal recognition of the Government by a majority of 01\U member States .

'lhe FNI.A forces coo.tinued to wage guerrilla warfare fran Zaire While UNITA did the same fran its bases in southern Angola . 'lhe MPIA Government decided in March 1977 to let Zairians rebels, remnants of the Katangese gendarmes of the 1960s , invade Shaba (formerly Katanga} province in retaliation for Zaire • s support of FNr.A rebels. Slortly thereafter , roth Zaire and Angola signed a lX>ll-aggression pact in which they agreed to end rebel activities against eadl other . But, in 1978 When FNIA reswned operations fran Zaire, the MPIA Goverrnent permitted the Katangese dissidents to resume action against Zaire . SUbsequently, Zaire and Angola agreed oot to allc:M dissidents to use their terri tory for attacks against the other . In ·

October 1979, a trilateral oon-aggression pact was signed at Ndola , Zambia, by Presidents Agostinho Neto, M:>rutu Sese Seko and Kenneth Kaunda. 'Itolsands of former FNIA supporters were sent back to Angola umer the 1979 amnesty provision, bringing alx>ut the virtual dissolution of the FmA. 'lbe agreements between Angola and Zaire as well as the 1979 trilateral agreement were strengthened by an Angola-Zaire security pact signed in early 1985 .

Since UNITA was firmly entrenched in the south aJOOng the OVimbamu, it continued its guerrilla warfare openly aided by South Africa and clandestinely by the U�, Which began to support it after 1981 . 'Ibis is the war that has continued to this day.

It is interesting to oote that both MPIA and UNITA have been very much in favour of ending the civil war by negotiation. On 20 August 1975 , it is reported that Savimbi told the Chief of ciA •s Angola task force that "the ultimate hope for Angola still lay at the oonference table rather than the battlefield" . (Bender , Angola left, Right and WrO?J. Foreign Politl, Surraner 1981 } . It is said, however , that the CIA had oot planned on negot ations and that it "urged Savimbi toward military coo.frontation, even though it had calculated that Whereas UNITA CCA.lld raise the number of CUban and MPIA casual ties, it could never win the war . ..

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Relations with its neighl?ours Angola-Zaire : In CCX1Sidering the Angolan Civil War, it is vi tal to

reflect on the strategic ooncerns of the super powers and of South Africa which ca1trols Namibia. Salth of the Sahara, the two largest camtries , Zaire and Angola, are neighl:ours and are both endowed with rich natural resources . It follows then that the super powers shall always vie for influence , or deny each other influence in one or both of the <X>Untries . At this time the United States • influence in Zaire is inca1testable . '!be influence of the USSR in Angola is also presently entrenched, rut as long as Angola is denied political stability, the USSR' s influence in Angola will remain of limited value .

�la�amibia-South Africa . Nudhever super power has greater influence in a politically stable

Angola wo..1ld be able to extend its influence to the minerally-rich Namibia, with its vast dianK>oo am uranium resources , and ca.1ld either J:XlSe a challenge to South Africa or make the latter feel militarily secure. It is in keeping with this strategic thinking that the Reagan .Administration in 1981 established a linkage between the solution of the Namibian question throogh the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and the withdrawal of CUban troops . '!be major aim was to �aken Soviet influence in Angola While at the same time seeking to deny the Soviet Union any influence in an imeperxlent Angola.

Salth Africa, seeking to have Namibia as a ruffer between itself am Angola, famd the linkage theory of great service. By using it, South Africa calld delay as long as possible the implementation of Security COUncil resolution 435 until such time that those Namibian factions it pranotes can win the elections called for under the United Nations plan for Namibia, meanwhile the United States wo..1ld have increased its influence on the Government of Angola by inducing the Angolan Government to accept the withdrawal of the CUban forces and the infusion of those Angolan factions it SUI=POI"ts into sane sort of a na ticnal government.

South Africa has sought to achieve those aims not by a policy of destabilization, which it uses in other neighbouring African states, rut by sheer aggression. South Africa has dEl!IOOl'lStrated that it has oo regard for Angola • s sovereignty. President Botha, accanpani.ed by a number of his ministers, _ visited SOuth African troops in southern Angola on 14 November 1987 , and then anrx:>uncing this visit after he had returned bane .

Relations with Portugal 1987 saw an improvement in Angolan/Portuguese relations . In June 1987,

in a meeting of the five foreign ministers of the Lu80,!ilone <X>Untries with the Portuguese President, assurances were given that Portugal would oot allow itself to be used as a sanctuary by those groups" seeking the destabilization of Angola (am M::>zambique) . "

Relations with Angola took an \.l{Mard turn �n the then Portuguese Foreign Minister, Pedro Pires de Miranda, visited Angola in JUly 1987 for the third session of the Angolan/Portugal Joint canmission. An accord providing aid to Angola of US$140 million was signed and the Foreign Minister assured

- 6 -

Angola that Portugal had IX> intention of interfering in the latter ' s internal affairs . Subsequently, the state visit to Lisoon by Angolan President, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, in September/CX:tober 1987, the first ever by an Angolan leader, was seen as beginning a new Chapter in I..uscrAngolan relations . Relations with Anc;pla featured in the discussions between the Portuguese President an3 General Secretary Gorbadlev in � in November 1987 .

Relations with the United States '!he united States does rx>t recognize the MPIA Government, Dlring the

1975-76 civil war it S\JRX)I"ted the F'I.& - UNlTA alliance. When the MPIA won the civil war am declared Angola independent on 11 November 1975 , the United States proceeded on 23 June 1976 to veto the admission of Angola into the United Nations. '!he stated reason for the veto was the presence of CUban trcx:,ps in Angola. On 1 December 1976, the United States relented citing "a�als fran African friends" an3 Angola was admitted into the United Nations .

Fbllever , the United States has oontinued to provide UNITA, oovertly or overtly with military aid including the Stinger missiles While at the same time it has been negotiating with Anc;pla for the withdrawal of CUban troops fran Angola am linking suCh withdrawal to the implementation of Security Council Resoluticn 435 (1978 } on the independence of Namibia (see AAJXJ/88/AF.lO } .

'!he Reagan Administraticn While ccntinuing to deny the Angolan Government recognition, gave Savimbi head-of-state treabnent when he visited the United States in 1987. It has also rx>t prevented American oil canpanies fran exploiting the offshore oil dep:>si ts in cabinda while the CUban forces provide security.

Relations with Eurcp:an States '!he Government of Angola has excellent relations with all the East

European States . While it is recognized by virtually all West European States , it had rx>t until recently paid muCh attention to Western Eur� as the demands of the civil war increased its reliance on Eastern European States . In the secood half of 1987 , President dos Santos visited Brussels, Lisbon, Paris and Rane.

Savimbi has also been touring Western Eur� trying to galvanize supp::>rt. On 25 Jaruary 1988, Savimbi met with the West German Bavarian leader , Dr . Franz-Josef Strauss , together with the South African Foreign Minister, Mr. Roelof Botha, "in a secret place in one of Kalahari Desert areas " of Namibia. Savimbi is also planning to visit the United Kingcbn in February 1988 . A number of African countries like , Zambia and Zimbabwe have requested the United Kingdom to cancel the visit .

Relations with China Because of Sinc>-SOViet problems , China supported UNI'm. during the war of

liberation against Portugal and continued to do so after Angola had becane imependent. China withheld diplanatic recognition of the Angolan Government until late 1983 .

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Relations with other African States During the war of national liberation as well as the civil war of

1975-76 , African States were divided in their support of the three Angolan liberation movements .

However , when a majority of African States had recognized the MPIA Governnent, Angola was admitted into the aro.J on 11 February 1976 and most of those states like Zambia arrl Ugama whiCh had supported UNI'm. threw their supp::>rt to the MPlA Government . Zambia and Uganda have cane through time to be some of the closest allies of Angola . Senegal did oot recognize the MPIA Governnent until February 1982 arrl is up to r01 suspected by Angola of giving assistance to Savimbi . M:>rocco is also suspected of having close relations with UNITA .

As stated above, relations between Angola arrl Zaire were extremely had before 1979 . After that the two countries have maintained fairly good relations with eaCh other with occasional outl::ursts against eaCh other .

Angola has always had excellent relations with the other !J.lsophone African countries , M:>zambique, Guinea Bissau, cape Verde arrl Sao Tane arrl Principe and with the COngo.

At the end of January 1988, President Sassou-Nguesso canpleted a visit to Angola during whiCh he re-affirmed solidarity with that country and called for the witbkawal of Sa.lth Africa ' s trocps .

'!he emrx:my Angola ' s major products are coffee, diamc::>rrls am sisal and exports of

petroleum whiCh provided 85% of incane in 1984/1985 . Wheat, maize, millet and groum-nuts are also grown arrl peasant farming has been officially enca.Jraged and subsidized following abandonment of the policy of state farming in the late 1970 ' s . '!he long civil war contril:utes to the stagnation of Angola ' s e<X>l'XJIIYJ �ver , in the past two years the President has adopted measures aimed at the prcm:>tion of danestic growth by reducing the level of state intervention in the ecorrmy. 'lbese include reorganization of the diamc:nd mining industry7 liberalization of the foreign investment code7 reduction of subsidies to inefficient and unprofitable state canpanies and farm payments in the form of imported goods rather than local currency, whose value is declining. Brazil has just anrn.mced that it will sign a contract for the prospecting of diamc::>rrls in Angola in February 1988. '!he mainstay of Angola ' s economy i s the offs�e oil industry whiCh, in spite of falling �ld prices , has given Angola lines of credit with Western investors . MuCh of the oil is exploited by American canpanies protected at cabinda by the CUban troops in Angola . Angola is a member of the recently formed African Petroleum Producing · Association {APPA) , whiCh held a ministerial-level meeting at !J.landa, 21-23 January 1988.

ANNEX I

List of cabinet*

Head of State

COUncil of Ministers Mim.ster of State

Min�ster of State in charge of IrXiustrial and Consumer Gocxls Production

Minister of State in Charge of

H.E. Mr . Jose Eduardo dos Santos

Pedro de castro Van Dunem

Ins:pection am Control of State Kun:li Payama

Minister of State in <llarge of Social Welfare am Ecorx:mic Planning

Ministries Minis� of Agriculture

Minister

MinisA?rl,of Construction

n�ster

Minis;ry of Defence Minister

MinisWni of Education ster

MinisB;Y of Energy Minister

Minis;ry of Finance Minister

MinisB;Y of Fisheries M�nister

Minis� of External Relations Minister

MinisB;Y of External Camnerce Miilister

Minis� of Health Minister

vacant

Fernarrlo Faustino Mutera

Joao Garcia

Col . Pedro Maria Tonha

Augusto l..q)es Tei�eira

Pedro de castro Van-Dunem

Augusto Teixeira de Matos

Afonso Van Dunem Mbima

f.breira Rangel

Antonio Jose Ferreira Neto

* Provided by the Mission of Angola to the United Nations .

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Minis� of Internal Trade Minister A. Guerreiro

Minis� of Irxhlstry Minister Lt. Col . Henrique de carvalho

Santos OrlaJntMe

Minis� of Interior Minister Alexamre Rcx1rigues

Minis� of JUstice Minister Fernarrlo Jose de Franca Van Dunem

Minis;t:;Y of Labor and Social Security Minister Diogo Jorge de Jesus

Minis;t:;Y of Petroleum Minister Pedro de castro Van Dunem

Minis;t:;Y of Petroleum Minister Antonio Henrique da Silva

Minis� of Planning Minister Antonio Henrique da Silva

Minis� of State Security VJ.oe-Minister Fernarrlo da Piedade Dias

Dos Santos

Minis;t:;Y of Transportatioo am Cclmnunicatioos Minister . carlos Fernandes

Angola - The Search for Peaceful Settlement

AADU/88/10 ,11 2/II/88

• I

.• .

-. . .

AA00/88/AF .11

A11gola - '!he Search for Peaceful Settlement

Brief summary of the AD:lolan conflict

On 15 Jaruary 1975 , the three Angolan leaders , Dr . Agostinho Neto,

(Popular r-t:>vement for the Liberation of AD:lola (t-PIA) ) J

Dr . Jonas Savimbi , (National Union for the Total Iooeperxience of Angola

(UNITA) ) 1 am Mr . Holden Roberto, (Natialal Front for the Liberation of AD:lola

(FNrA) ) , signed the Al vor Agreement with Portugal calling for the irxiepeooence

of AD:lola on 11 November 1975 ( the 400th anniversary of the fouming of

lllanda ) . 'lhe Agreement provided for an interim rule by a Portuguese High

Commissioner am a Presidential Collegiate consisting of one representative

from each of the liberation movements am elections to follow.

'lhe arr�ts did rx>t \«>rk, as a civil war erupted in AD:lola,

( see bac'kgroum wte - AAW/88/AF.lO ) with each movement being supported by some foreign countries . 'lbe MPIA attained an upper haOO am declared

indepemence on 11 NOvember 1975 .

By 1976, both South Africa, on the side of UNITA, am CUba on the side of

the MPIA Goverrnent, had becane intensely involved in the civil war with

military personnel, as well as materiel . '!he FNLA ceased to exist as a major

factor , apart from its occasional activities , in 1978, as a result of the

AD:lola-zaire wn-aggressicn pacts .

During the 1975/76 civil war the United States provided the FNLA-UNITA alliance with war materiel . After the indepeooence of Angola, the United

States refused to recognize the MPIA Government arxi continued its �t of

the UNl'l'A forces 1 this has remained so up to the present.

'lhus, fran 1978 to the present, the major participants in the AD:10lan civil war have been the Angolan MPIA Government supported by CUba,with Soviet

war materiel am UNITA supported by South Africa with American war materiel .

'lhere have been many efforts to settle the civil war, rut these effortS have

failed for many reasons including the linking of the peace settlement by respective parties to the withdrawal of South African am CUban trocps fran

AD:lola to the question of the iooependence of Namibia as well as different

concepts of the parties as to what constitutes national reconciliation.

-2-

The willingness to attain a peaceful settlement

On the basis of their respective interests arxl objectives, there is a

willingness by both the MPIA Goverment and UNITA to firxl ways to settle the

civil war that has caused the Angolan pecple untold miseries arxl has delayed

all attempts to exploit the ridh resources of the country for the benefit of

the pecple. 'lhe MPIA Government is prepared to continue discussioos with the

Uni ted States Goverment in an effort to firxl a peaceful settlement . For this

purpose Mr. Chester Crocker, the us Assistant Secretary of State for African

Affairs has just conclooed yet another round of talks with the AD;Jolan

Government. 'lhe Government is even willing to hold direct talks with Scoth

Africa if South Afr ican trcq>S are wi thdrawn fran AD;Jola. UNlTA insists on

holding talks directly with the MPIA Government representatives with the hcpe

of forming a national goverrment . As of r¥:)W, the MPIA Government has refused

to negotiate directly with UNI'm. However , Scoth Africa insists that UNI'rn. be

inclooed in any negotiations .

In his 1988 New Year 1 s address to the nation, President Jose Eduardo

dos Santos , stated 11N::>body 'knc:7.tls how long this climate of war in southern

Africa will last , but the most rational idea is to adapt_ ourselves to this

situation, seeking for every possible solution to our problems . We will. not

cease, however , our diplanatic efforts in order to bring_ about a global

solution aimed at p.Itting an end to the colonial occupation of Namibia by the

racist Scoth Africa, solutioos which can bring peace to our Pecple . We shall

continue the conversations with the United States arxl we do not exclooe the

possibility of direct negotiatioos with the Scoth African Government , provided

that a previoos withdrawal of its armed forces fran our terri tory takes place.

The general trend of world politics is to substitute gradually the military

confrontation by negotiated political solutions • • • 11

The Government has also decreed a national reconciliation progrcurme. It

was in the context of this progranme that the President of AD;Jola received in

audience on 4 Jaruary 1988, Mr . Daniel Olipenda, a former MPIA military

leader , Who had later left the M:>vement.

'lhe UNI'rn. leader, Dr . Savimbi , has always taken the position that 1 1 the

ultimate hcpe for AD;Jola still lay at the conference table rather than the

battlefield . 11 Dr . Savimbi stated also in his 1988 New Year message 11 • • • that

it is necessary to erxl the civil war and reconcile all AD;Jolans both inside

arxl outside the country in order to unequivocally affirm Angola 1 s sovereignty

against all foreign forces be they a.tssians , CUbans , South Africans or

Americans . "

0 •

-3-

Issues to be resolved

With the passing of time, the racial catiposi tion of the MPIA leadership

which Dr . Sa.vimbi had CXXlSistently used to whip up emotional support for his

brarrl of 11nationa.lism11 has chan;ed arrl is oo lon;er an issue.

Apart fran fear , suspicion arrl distrust generally en;endered by a civil

war, two major issues remain central in the AD;Jolan civil war: (a) 'lhe foreign

element in the oonflict canplicates the settlement efforts . As one scb:>lar

put it 11'1he MPIA arrl its supporters view UNITA as a p.tppet or creature of

South Africa (arrl the United States ) arrl assume that it will wither away

once its umbilical link to Pretoria (arrl the United States ) is severed. UNITA

arrl its supporters portray the MPIA as a Soviet or CUban IXJPPet that will

collapse as soon as Havana ' s trocps leave AD;Jola . 11 J (b) 'lhe major parties do

not agree on what oonstitutes national reconciliation. '!he MPIA goverrment

has declared an amnesty arrl stated that 11Sa.vimbi arrl a harrlful of his close

associates are the main culprits we ought to reject. Yet, we rust be prepared

to pardon all the Others �0 WiSh to join US tO 00i ld in peace 1 the happineSS

for all Angolans. 11 ( 1988 New Year • s message of the President) • '!he emphasis

is on UNITA members joining the MPIA. UNITA holds the view that the interests

of the Angolan pcpul.ation are urgent arrl superior arrl that an alternative was

to be fourrl through the formation of a goverrunent of national unity whidl will

tolerate divergent political, patriotic arrl progressive sentiments. 11

( Sa.vimbi • s. 1988 New Year • s message) • '!he eq:ilasis is on the two sides form in;

together a governnent.

'!he enviroment within ..tlich the search for peace has been urrlertaken

Since the signing of the Alvor Agreement on 15 January 1975 , referred to

above, many efforts have been made to reconcile the contending forces in

Angola. 'lhe period betWeen 1975 arrl 1977 is one that witnessed the gradual

increase of foreign involvement in AD;Jola, as well as the invasion of Shaba in

Zaire in 1977 by former Katangese gerrlarmes based in Angola as a retaliation

for Zaire ' s being used by FNLA arrl UNITA forces against AD;Jola. Arx>ther Shaba

invasion occurred in 1978 . Fran 1981 onwards Scuth Africa consistently

invaded AD;Jola on the pretext of "hot pursuit" of the &WAPO forces �ating

in Namibia fran Angola arrl of late explicitly to support UNITA forces. '111e� ·

invasions have always had three purposes: (a) to weaken SWAPO in its war of

liberation in Namibia before the SWAPO forces entered Namibia, (b) to �en

'

•.

-4-the MPIA Goverrment in its war against UNITA7 arXI (c) to provide logistical support to UNITA am to ensure that UNITA was oot defeated am remained a force to harass the MPIA Government.

With the failure of the Pre-Implementation Geneva Conference in JaiJ.Jary 1981 aimed at the implementation of Security Cconcil �solution 435 (1978) on the iooependence of Namibia am the introduction in February 1981 by the �agan Administration of the linkage issue calling for the witl'rlrawa.l of the CUban forces fran Argola before the implementation of Security Council �solution 435 (1978 ) , the settlement of the Anc}:>lan oonflict became tied to the resolution of the Namibian problem. South Africa began to view S'lAPO the way Angola viewed UNITA7 i .e. as terrorists7 Cuban forces in Argola began to be viewed by South Africa am sane other states as foreign forces interfering in internal affairs of AB.;pla just as South African forces in Namibia are viewed by man;y as illegal forces in that Territory. As far back as 1981, South African forces using the "hot p.1rsuit11 argunent began to maintain 100re or less permanent presence in Argola itself , thus further cauplicating the situation. UNITA began to cperate with imp.mity especially after the repeal of the Clark Amendment 1:¥ the United States in Whidl it had proscribed American oovert support of irregular forces in AB.;pla. After this repeal American weap::ns began to flow to UNITA including the Stinger Missiles . While the United States supports UNITA it has refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the MPIA Government. All these factors have made UNITA 100re intransigent. It is within this environment that the search for peace in AD;ola has been am continues to be umertaken, the tw:) issues being: (a) the witl'rlrawal of foreign forces fran Angola arXI the cessation of foreign support to irregular forces in An:J0la7 (b) the establishment of national reconciliation among all the Angolan parties.

Efforts towards peace (a) '!be issue of foreign 8\lfP?I't: A bird ' s eyeview summary of efforts

to bring about the witl'rlrawa.l of foreign forces in AB.;pla arXI the cessation of foreign support to irregular forces in Argola is provided in Table 1.

. .

Date

· n

Venne ,!Event

Brazzaville Ccxlgo

Parties

Angola, Zaire delegatioos

- 5

Angola : '!be Search for Peace

Table 1

Objective/Activity

To terminate across the 1::x:>rder rebel activities against each other

CXJtcane

'Ihe signing of Non-Aggression Pact pledging to terminate rebel activities against each other from each other ' s terri tory. 'Ihe pact oollapsed when FNIA forces invaded Angola arrl the Katargese gendarmes invaded Shaba in 1978 .

79 OctOber Ndola , Zambia Angola , Zaire , Zambia Presidents

To terminate across the 1::x:>rder rebel activities against each other

'!be signing of the Trilateral NonAggression Pact. Thousands of FNIA supporters were sent back by Zaire to Angola under the 1979 Amnesty. 'lhis pact 100re or less ended the FNIA al together .

79-Jan 81

81. 7 Feb

82 April

us

mtg

Attention was focussed on trying to implement Security Council resolution 435 on Namibia. 'Ihe emplacement of the military canponent of UNI'J\G am the independence of Namibia would have � the Angolan si tuatation but the Geneva PreImplementation COnference on Namibia oollapsed in Jaruary 1981 .

Chester Crocker , Anrx>unced shortly after Pres Beginning of linkage on Namibia . Assistant Secretary- !eagan took of fice that UNITA ' s position hardened on the of State for African implementation of oc res 435 settlement of the Angolan Affairs would necessitate wi thdrawal oonflict .

of the CUban tr<::q)S from Angola .

Pres Kauilda-' (Zambia) To discuss southern African Pres Botha (�) issues •

.. ·.

Date Venue/Event Parties

82 18 June letter cont.

Pres Botha to �

June statement Angolan Planning Minister

23 June Washington talks

Contact Group - Chester crocker

SAn Ambassador to US

82 10 Nov

18 Nov

8 Dec

9 Dec

83 13 Jan route to

15 Jan

12-day tour US VP G. Bush cape Verde, Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia ZiJIIbab.le, Kenya Zaire

Pretoria

fwbsccw mtg

crocker/SA Foreign Ml:n.

Chester crocker Dep.lty Soviet Foreign Minister

cape Verde mtg Angola, SA

Map.lto crocker

Harare oonf. crocker {African/American

·Institute spons. )

- 6 -

Objective/Activi!Y

Wi tb:lrawal CUban troops from Angola IOC>St important part of the settlement

''We reject those who give themselves the right to determine when and how CUban troqle should wi tb:lraw. "

Garner support for Reagan ' s insistence on CUban withdrawal

Discuss third power military guarantees for AB;Jola + SA once N gains indeperx)ence.

Attempt to \toOrk out a withdrawal agreement.

Meets few ha.lrs with Pres . s. MaChel

At end of conference

83 23. June San Francisco speech

Lawrence Eagleb.lrger . · us \JOOer-Secretary· of· State for POliti�l Affairs

�tcane

United States and South Africa ' s positions becane one.

AB;Jolan sovereignty became an issue an the question of Namibia and hardened the MPIA posi tian on settling the Angolan conflict. CUban troqle WOlld leave when SA withdrew from N, only there to protect against SAn attack.

All refused. Kenyan Pres . identified linkage as delay tactic

No success

States that US is continuing talks with Angola

Reiterates parallel between CUba and Namibia - decision is up to Angola .

Introduced recipcocity requirement · withdrawal of CUban troops as -a

separate sovereign act in return' for. wi tb:lrawal of SAn forces fran

,,. __ ,: '- .: -

Date

26 Aug 8-G visit to JID;Jola after visting SA

Parties

29 Oct camnunicatia1 SAn Gov' t to 8-G

84 8 Jan anrn.mcement SAn Defence Min.

10 Jan UN, NY

Jan

16 Feb

18 Feb

Mi.ndelo Act Cape Verde

High-level talks in lllsaka: IDiaka Agreetaent

Radio sA Jdlannesrurg

Malan

8-G ccntacted Angolan Perm Rep

signed btw US + Angola. PR JID;Jola held successive talks with US Gov ' t delegation + SA

Angolan Min.of Int . ROOrigues Kito, R. Botha, Crocker signed bebleen Aojal.a + �

Crocker

- 7 -Objective/Activity

pos 'n: Choice of electoral

OUtcane

Angola proposed Caldi tialS for a gradual withdrawal of CUban trocp;

system not important " • • • oo settlement plan can be implemented unless a firm agreement is reached on CUban withdrawal fran Angola . "

Trusts Angola will cease supporting + protecting &W\PO "terrorists"

verification

Maintain SA's commitment to keep its troops out of Angola

Obstacles : Abstract date, oo sequence of stepe ,ocnditional a1 p:'i<r wi t:bdrawa.l of OJban fcroes frc:. Aojal.a , ocmtradicts MiDJel..o Act.

Interview

No SAn pullout . On the ccntrary Angolan Defence Ministry claimed "Operation Askari " incursions aimed at destabilizing the Gov' t .

Disengagement SAn forces fran Ang. Cessation - acts of aggression

against Angola J - support to UNITA

Ceasefire in N btw SA + SWAPO Announcement - date 435 impl . ·

- gradual withdrawal CUban forces fran Angola

Created Joint Military ec.rlssia1 (SA, Angola ) to 1101itor the withdrawal process fran Kunene province as a first step towards favorable conditions for 435 impl . am installation of UNI'.AG . None of the conditions fully met .

States that US/SA/Angola talks successful • • • regional efforts of joint military commission in disengagement process

..

v&/Event - 8 -

Objective/Activi!Y Parties Outcane

2 5 Feb CUVelai , s 1 n AD30la mtg

� + Ang . officials Discussed SAn-alleged inf iltration of � guerr illas into area bein;;J vacated. SiAPO refuted this .

11 March

84 19 Mar calt

- May

Havana joint . , 101�e

Presidents castro ani doe Santos

South Africa Savimbi/Botha/ crocker

28 May Lusaka Min. Kito ani Crocker

fr.-7 Sep Lusaka talks Angolan Gov 1 t US Gov I t Reps

'•

called for a .W.ti-plrty cxmference of all involved in Namibia/Angola ca1flict to discuss withdrawal of c. forces inter alia

Agreed to gradual withdrawal of Cuban forces once following condi tions realized: - Uri lateral withdrawal of �

trocps fran Angola - 435 impl . , withdrawal of �

trocps fran Namibia - Cessation of any threat or

act of aggression against Angola

" secret meeting"

Contiruatian of talks on bilateral issues

Angola proposed a S;x>int Platfona to US to convey to 5.1\: 1 . Canpletion of withdrawal of

s.zm Fbr Min objected to S'lAPO bein;;J called "sole ani legitimate representative" of the N. people. � challenged the statement as repudiating Lusaka Agreement, requested clarification on Whether Angola wished to terminate the "cbjective"- Joint M:lni toring CCmnission since it had taken sides with SWAPO. No Change in CUban poe 1 n since 4 Feb 82 , Angolan since .26 Aug 83

canmunique issued

� forces fran Angolan territory lbrder oontrol by FAPIA. 2 . s.zm statement of canmitment to implement 435 . 3 . Ceasef ire agreement btw � + StlAPO. 4. Angolan statement of intent to start withdrawal of Cuban trocps as soon as inplenentation of 435 is in progress . 5 . Signature of an int 1 1 acoord btw Angola , �, CUba + StlAPO, wi th Security council as guarantor , defining the responsibility of each to ensure N 1 s ind, Arigola 1 S secur ity + durable peace in , southwestern Africa.

Date Ve.Event 84 �t lJ.landa e<nt

1 Nov cape Verde

17 Nov letter to s-<;

23 Nov letter

85 2 Jan washiD:Jton

85 early

18 April statement to Parliament

26 April UN

Parties Frank Wisner bilateral talks

Wisner 1 S1\

dos Santos

S1\ For Min to &<;

crocker /Chi tunda leading member of UNITA

Angola 1 Zaire

- 9 -Ob�ective/Activity reJeCted linkage US Deputy UnderSec ' y of State for

relayed Arr;Jolan proposal to S1\

OJtcane

reaffirmiD:J joint Arr;J-cuban poe 'n of March 84 For Aff + Angola

Formalized acticn proposals in the Platform for the negotiation of a global peace agreement for southwestern Africa ( S/16838 )

Wi tbkawal of C . forces must be si.tmll tanea.ts with withdrawal of SAn forces frcm N.

MeetiD:JS

To terminate rebel activities Angola-Zaire Security Pact fran each other ' s terri tory

Pres Botha As long as there was a possibility for int ' 1 negotiations to bring about withdrawal of c . forces fran Arr;Jola1 S1\ \«Uld not cxntradict int ' 1 settlement plan.

SAn Amb informed s-<; All SAn troo_ps out of Arr;Jola.

, •

Joint Monitoring OOmmission would stay on until 16 May.

30 May talks I PC!XiS <llester crocker Soviet officials

86 · 9 Jan

. . . . I..uarrla talks Chester crocker pursue previous constructive

AD:Jolan Min of the pr<:p:)Sals Interior 1 Alexanlre

,lbirigues Kito_ . . . .,; . . � . . ..... .. ... . . .

Frcm Aug 83 to June 85 no cbaD!Je in SAn pos ' n vis-a-vis c . troops . Therefore impossible to implement 435 .

Reagan Administration repealed 10 year-old Clark Amendment which banned aid to UNITA: OVert CCIIIIli tment to provide UNITA �ilitary. financial + other asst.

�

'

r

.·

- 10 -

Date Venue/Event Parties Objective/Activi!Y OUtcane

86 27 Jan cont.

M::>scow USSR, AD;Jola, CUba consultations

In compliance with treaty and Unanswered offer of dos Santos to Sept Oct 85 S: res, USSR + CUba engage in constructive dialogue advocated drastic measures to ( sttmts 8 + 23 Jan) implied that halt aggressive encroacbnents oontiruation of the apartheid

29 Jan Washington Reagan/Savimbi

12-13 Feb

consultations during 10 days

Geneva SA FOreign Min secret talks Chester Crocker

3 March reply to s-G S\ FOr Min letter of 26 Nov 85 ·

24 March

28 July reply . . SA FOr Min to s-G

on AD;Jola 1 s sovereignty and regime would endanger AD;Jola and territorial integrity the other southern African States.

Obtain support

A massive CUban expeditionary force still inside Angola after 10 years , in contravention of the Alvor Agreement.

Receives aid

SA violated Lusaka Agreement btw SA + Ang: oontinued occupation of s. AD:Jola .

CUban force keeping Angolan regime in power still a threat to the safety of the Terri tory. By 5 pt platform AD;Jola recognized connection btw pres 1 ce CUbans + difficulties in achieving N. ind . Same pos 1 n: still wants 1 Aug provided MPIA addresses CUban issue .

7 Sep lllanda mtg castro, . dos Santos castro stated at Harare Non-Aligned Summit iumediately preceding this mtg that CUban troc:ps 1rt0.1ld remain in AD;Jola as long as apartheid remained in SA.

27 Jan letter AD:Jolan. Pres ·to S: Pres

•

. .

Massive SAn troq> buildup in Unanswered 1 84 Platform offer $till CUnene Province. SA has held stands . AD;Jolan territory under military occupation since 1981, ostensibly in pursuit of SWAP(} nationalists.

..

. Date '\ --Parties

- 11 -

Objective/Activi� outcane

· rn June cont.

calSUltations Slm Amb Manley, s-G pos ' n: SA. Gov ' t remained canmitted to 435 , provided that firm agreement on CUban wi tlrlrawal was readled �i� to implementation

• '

16 June

1 Aug

New York

Havana joint camnunique

Min. of Trade Van n.mem am Crocker

dos Santos castro

14 Aug SA. Parliament Pres Botha

18 Aug Missicn Mr . Ahtisaari - t� cape ToNn For Min Botha

27 Aug - to Luarrla Pres dos Santos

to discuss trade and establishment of relations between 'both camtries

4 pt flexible ·prc:p:>eal :

- SA. + us stop aid to UNI'm (Soviet provision of arms to Angola C<Xltinues) - Namibia independent according to 435 in cme year - CUba must take part in settlement talks btw US + Angola - 20,000 out of 35 ,000 CUban troops wi tlrlrawn over t� years fran south of the 13th parallel . UNITA estimates ooly 6 , 000 in that location. Previa1sly Angola had suggested a 3-year period Whereas the US requested 1 year .

Re-prq:xJSed a rulti-party Contradicts Angolan prqx:>eal ca1ference (first time: 11 March 84) rut must incl\Xle UNITA

pos ' n: Presence of c. troops in Angola oonsti tuted a serioos threat to N. , making free + fair elections impossible. SA. still prepared to attend multi-partyconference

reaffirmed 84 platform, rut updated timeframe for c. tr� witlrlrawal

. .

· I

Date

9 Sept.

12 Sep

1988 � Jamary

Venue/Event Parties

Pres. Ibs Santos/ crocker

Afonso Van-Dunem, Angolan Foreign Min. Chester Crocker as mediator + · 8.1\

crocker+Cohen, van runem+ Franca Ndalu, Risquet (CUba)

I ' f ' •

12 -

Objective/Activity Clltcane

Discussions centred on AD}:>lan Crocker stated that Angola was oot proposals re solution Nam.prob. serious. Slortly thereafter .Ao;Jola

invites Crocker for further talks

confirmed . .Ao;Jolan proposal: gradual withdrawal of 20, 000 CUbans over 2 yrs following N. irXiependence as _part of four party deal to be signed by Angola, 8.1\, Cuba, SWAPO.

Continued discussions on on withdrawal of CUbans.

Global agreement, rx>t an exdlange. Basically same as Mindelo Act of Jan 84 . Signed btw US + .Ao;Jola + relayed to 8.1\.

Angola for first time accepts necessity of withdrawal CUban troops in context of settlementJ Cuba co�urs in this.

..

- 13 -

(b) 'n1e issue of national reconciliation: National reconciliation in an envirol'lllent in Whidl there is exoessi ve foreign intervention is generally difficult . '!he MPLA GoverrJnent managed to absorb FNLA supporters am remer Holden Rcberto ineffective because , by am large, the FNrA was cperating fran Zaire . 'lhus, once Angola had reached the 1977 am 1978 rx>n....aggression pacts . with Zaire am the 1985 security pact with Zaire, am declared an amnesty, the FNr.A ceased to be a force to reckon with on the Angolan political and

military scene . '!he situation is different with UNITA am Jonas Savimbi . '!hey are

firmly based in Angola within a terrain am a tribal setting favourable to them. '!he MPIA Government has declared amnesties to attract UNITA soldiers am has even sought discussion with sane UNITA elements other than Savimbi . Unconfirmed reports toward the end of 1987 iooicated that MPIA representatives had arranged meetings with sane UN:I'm members saoewhere in Europe without the koowledge of Savimbi . When Savimbi got to know about it, the UNITA members are said to have been sl.llUllar ily executed.

In December 1987 , Nigeria stated that . during its civil war in the late 1960 ' s , it had used many intermediaries in an effort to settle the war am had foum such intermediaries useful . With that experience in mioo, it was

ready to offer its services to mediate between the warring Angolan parties provided lx>th parties accepted its offer . '!he MPIA Government plblicly rejected the offer while Savimbi accepted it.

General Olusengun Obasanjo, former Nigerian Head of State ·( 1976-1979 ) , paid a personal and private visit to lllanda on his way to SWan where he was attempting to mediate between the warring Sudanese parties. He stated that he had visited Angola to inform himself of develc:pnents there. Nigerian officials have been cpick to point out that General Obasanjo has an abiding interest in Angola. '!hey recall that the Nigerian Government of 1975-1976, in Whidl General Obasanjo was Chief of Staff of the Army am deputy to the Head of State , General Murtala Ramat M.lhammad, had first called for negotiatioos between the MPIA am the FNr.A-tNITA alliance . It is recalled that when the South African armed forces invaded Angola in 1976, the Nigerian Government, with General Obasanjo as the major champion of the issue , strOD;Jly threw its support to the MPLA GoverrJnent am campaigned for its early recognition by the �u. 'lhus, General Obasanjo enjoys a high degr� of .

. -14-

.. respect within the MPIA leadership, but he is also knc:wn as a champion of .,

negotiated· settlements , towards whidl he has been working in the SUdan. The visit by General Obasanjo to Luanda and his disposition towards

negotiated settlement, together with the willingness of the Nigerian Government to assist the Angolan parties to week out a settlement have sparked nnnours that indeed the General may be involved in bringing together MPLA representatives and same UNrTA elements .

'lhere is also a thought that probably General Obasanjo' s presence in Angola could be associated with the idea that the time had cane for States other than those of CUba and Eastern Europe to offer military training to Angola on the pattern that the United Kill91an has offered to M:>zambique. If this idea is accepted and implemented, it is hq:)ed that the issue of the presence of Cuba in Angola could be diffused. 'lhese speculations are caused by the presence in Angola of a personality with an abiding interest in resolving many of the southern African problems.

Prospects for settlement '!here seems to be a convergence of views that the settlement of the

Angolan conflict could be found within a general settlement of southern African problems. President dos Santos in his New �ear message spoke of "the atioc>s}ilere of war " in southern Africa, of the need to search "for a general solutioo to end the colonial occupatioo of Namibia by racist � Africa and

to bring peace to the Angolan peq:>le. " He spoke of "the general tenderx::y of international policy" today "to gradually replace military corifrontatioo with the search for negotiated political solutions" and went on to say "we believ� ·

that sooner or later southern Africa will also follow that path · • • • · we Africans in this region must act in a pragmatic and realistic manner withOut haste. "

On 12 September 1987 , the Angolan Minister of �eign Affairs , Mr . Afonso Van nmem, while in washington D.c . , reiterated a prc:posal that an . agreement for the gradual wi tbkaw:ll of 20,000 Cuban troops fran Angola within two years be signed by An9:>la, South Africa, Cuba and SWAPO. South Africa had suggested oo ll March 1984 that a multi-party conference be held which wculd inclooe UNITA. South Africa reiterated this prc:posal on . 14 AugUst 1987 .

-15-The awareness that the general trend today in international relations is

to replace confrontation with the seardh for negotiated political solutions cculd create a heal thy envirorment within whidh the search for peace cculd be undertaken. Ironically, some d:>servers are of the view that the South African military activities whidh have been taking place in Angola since October 1987 could help the seardh for peace since, according to reports, the Angolan military has demonstrated a high level of efficierq in the military engagement with South Africa. It is also said that the willingness of CUba now to have its forces directly engage the South African forces in Angola creates the urgent need to resolve the crisis before it further escalates .

On 28 and 29 Jaruary 1988, Mr . Chester Crocker, the United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs , accanpanied 1:ly officials fran the United States National Security Council, met in IA.landa with an �lan delegation led 1:ly the Minister of Foreign Affairs , Mr . Afonso van n.mem, and the Chief of Defense Staff , Mr . Antonio dos Santos Franca Ndalu. At some of the meetings concerning the withdrawal of CUban trCXJpS fran Angola, they were joined by a CUban delegation led by Mr . Jorge Risquet, a member of the CUban Poli truro.

At the end of these meetings �la "affirmed its acceptance of the necessity of the withdrawal of all CUban trCXJpS fran Angola in the context of a settlement. " CUban officials are said to have concurred . . Arx]ola has. subnitted "new prcp::>sals" to the United States whidh it is hoped ·could lead · · ·

to the achievement of a · regional peace settlement�

Note for the Secretary-General

Angola - United States Talks, 28 - 29 Janua;Y 1988

On 28 am 29 January 1988, Mr . Chester Crocker , the United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs am officials fran the

" . National Security Council of the United States visited Luama, Angola, for th� prrpose of continuing the talks on the wi thdrawal of CUban and SOUth African troops fran AD;ola as well as the implementaticn of Security COtmcil Resoluticn 435 (1978 ) on the �ooependence of Namibia. '!he Afl9:>lan delegation was head� by Foreign Minister Mr . Afonso van Dunem Mbinda . While in Luanda, Mr . crocker . also was received by President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos and the Chief of Defense Staff, Mr . Antonio dos Santos Franca Ndalu.

In the meetings concerning the withdrawal of CUban forces fran Afl9:>1? the representatives of Angola aoo those of the Uni ted States were joined by representatives of CUba led by Mr . Jorge Risquet, a member of the CUban

Poli truro. As far as is generally known, this was the first time the three parties held talks together .

'!he United States anrx:>l.mced shortly after the meetings that " the AD;olan : delegation for the first time affirmed its acceptance of ·the necessity. of . � withdrawal of all CUban troops fran Angola in the cont�t of a set�l�t" . -

'!he a.IU'X)Ullcement proceeded to state that "CUban officials co�red in this decision" .

'!he AD;olan Government has subnitted "new proposals" to the United States which the latter will study and meet with the Angolans and presumably with the SOUth Africans , aoo hqlefully "proceed with the achievement of a regional peace settlenent" .

Close observers point out that the general feeling within the Frcintline States is that it was time that a solution be foum to �e Afl9:>lan problem and

that the presence of CUban forces should oot be a himranee ·to the proeess . It is believed that it was time that enp,asis be placed on the . . fact that the CUban forces were in Angola to assist AD;ola in safeguarding its sovereignty am territorial integrity against oontirmal SOUth African inVasion. 'these observers state that if this idea is accepted then the assistance Angola

. • •

·.

. '

....

\ • •

- 2 -

requires in the safeguarding of its sovereignty arrl territorial integrity 1

not necessarily be provided by CUban forces . It is believed that the Frontline States are prepared to see a multi-lateral force move into AD:]ola r replace the CUban forces. .

'!be agreement reaChed in .Angola on 29 Jaruary had already been heralded by the AngOlan President whe� he stated in his New Years message that· AngOla was seeking a general settlement leading to the independence of Namibia and

peace in 1\n<;10la. FUrther , both 1\n<;10la and South Africa have cane to accept the idea of holding a peace conference attended by AD:]ola, South Africa, the United States and CUba . South Africa insists that UNITA .be represented at � conference While .Angola rejects this. I

'Ibis agreement has cane at a time of intense military activity in AD;JOla, with the South African forces banbarding CUito cuanavale , two hundred miles fran the Namibian border, and CUban-piloted fighter banbers strafing long-range South African artillery emplacements. '!here are conflictiD; re};Xlrts as to \okliCh forces control cui to cuanavale , a very important forward staging-post for the Angolan forces .

'!he arrival possibly on 3 February 1988 of the new Permanent Representative of 1\n<;10la to the United Nations, Ambassador Manuel P�o Pacavira, the former AD:]olan Ambassador to CUba , is being a\lai ted by a number of Permanent Representatives who believe he wculd be able to assist in clarifying �e .Angolan prcp:>sals \oklen they becane available .

2 February 1988 - - � ----. 0 L- I v ... -

James o.c . Jonah Assistant Secretary-General

Office for Research and the Collection of Information

Note for the Secretary-G ene ral

A. Visit o f t he Secretary-General to Luanda at the end of January 1988

1. The Secretary-General has ac cep t ed an invit at ion from Pre sident Dos S anto s of An�ola to make a stop-over in Luanda , a t the conclus ion o f h i s African tour a t the end o f January 1988 . The invitation wa s conveyed to the Secretary-General by Mr • . Omayad , who me t with President Dos Santo s in Luanda on 14 December 198 7 .

2 . President Dos Santos ha s reque sted that the date o f t he Secret ary-General ' s visit be conveyed to him as soon a s possible , in order to enable him to make adequate prov i s ion to rec eive the Secretary-General . I t is rec ommended that Pr es ident Do s Santos be advised of the date of the Secretary-General ' s visit at the lat est by the end of December 1987 .

3 . I t is propoRed that the Sec retary-Genera l make provision f or a st op-over o f four hour s dura tion at Luanda , which will include one hour of subs tant ive d i sc ussions wi t h Pre s ident Dos Santo s . T he rema inin� three hour s will cover :

( a ) Airport formal it ies (arr ival and d epar ture) .

( b ) Pre s s confer enc e.

(c) Tr avel time airport/Luanda /airport (arrival and depar ture) .

( d ) Miscel laneous ac tiv i t ies to be or gani z ed b y the Government of Angola .

· B . Meet ing with Hr . Sam Nujoma

4 . The S ecre tary-General ha s also agrP.ed to me et wi t h Mr . Sam Nuj oma , Pres ident of SHAPO , in one of the African cap itals dur ing M,s Afr icrtn. tour in January 19ti8 .

5 . The purpose of t h e me et in� wi t h Mr . Nu1 at'1a will be to _discuss Securi t y Counc il re solution 601 (1987) on the cea se-f ire be tween ·

SWAPO and South Afr ic a . Mr . Ben Gur irab , Secre tary f o r Fore ign Affairs of SWAPO , h n s c on f irmed to the S ecretary-General that ?-f.r . Nu.1 oma will be ava ilable t o me et wi t h the Secretary-General dur inR the la t t er ' � ·

. • • I • • •

- � -

Afr ican t our in January 1988 . SWAPO ha s proposed Bra zzavi lle ( Congo) for the me e t ing wi th t he S ecr etary-General .

6 . SWAPO should be advised well in advance of the date and rendezvou s for the meeting wi th Mr . Nuj oma . The host c oun try for t he me eting mu st also be advised about the arrangemen t s for the meet ing . The date for t he mee t ing be tween the S ecre tary-General and Mr . Nuj oma should be arranged on the last day of the Secretary-Genera l ' s v i s i t to Brazzaville , in ord er no t to get SWAPO involved in t he S ecre tary-Generai. ' s official programme .

C . South African Non-Paper on Cease-Fire

7 . Amb as sador Manley of Sou t h Afr ica ha s a greed to provide the Secre tary-General with a non-paper rela t ed to Security Counc il resolut ion 601 (1967) for his considera tion . I have asked Amba s sador Manley to submit the non-paper to the Secret ary-General : not la ter than the f i r s t week of January 1988 , in ord er. to g ive the S ecre tary-G en er al t ime to study i t . The non-paper is expected to feat ur e in t he S ecretary-G eneral ' s d i scussion s wi th Mr . Nuj oma , as well a s with Pres ident D o s Santo s .

8 . Mr . Aht isaari ha s agreed to follow up this ma t t er with Amb a s sador Manl ey , in order to en sure that i t is rec e ive

·d by the Secretary-General well

in advanc e of his v i sit to Afr ica .

u . Meet ing with Mr . Che s t er Crocker

9 . I t is r ec ommended that the S ecretary-General meet with ·

Mr . Crocker b efore his visit to Africa next mon th . This would enable the S ecretary-General to br in� hims elf up-to-d a t e on d evelopment s b ef ore his mP. e t ing with Pre s ident Dos Santo s in Luanda .

22 December 1987

cc : The S ecretary-G eneral Mr . v . Dayal , Room 3800E Mr . M . Aht isaar t , Room �! 7 OOA Mr . A. A. Farah , Room 33�7� · Mr . I . D ia llo , Room 3802

(: ·: . . ·. :z.(. �� · . . .

Note for the Secretary-General

Angola - United States Talks , 28 - 29 January 1988

On 28 am 29 January 1988, Mr . Chester crocker I the United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs and officials fran the National Security Council of the United States visited Luama , An:Jola, for the p.IrpOse of continuing the talks on the withdrawal of CUban and South African troc:ps fran Angola as well as the implementaticn of Security Council Resolution 435 { 1978 ) on the indeperxience of Namibia. '!he Angolan delegation was headed

by Foreign Minister Mr . Afonso van Dunem Mbinda . While in Luanda , Mr. crocker also was received by President Jose Eduardo Ibs Santos and the Chief of DefenSe Staff, Mr. Antonio dos Santos Franca Ndalu.

In the meetings concerning the withdrawal .of CUban forces fran Angola the representatives of Angola aoo those of the United States were· joined by representatives of CUba led by Mr . Jorge Risquet, a member of the CUban Politruro. As far as is generally known, this was the first time the three parties held talks together .

'!he United States anrx:>unced shortly after the meetings that "the Angolan delegation far the first time affirmed its acceptance of the ne'cessi ty of the

. . . withdrawal of all CUban troc:ps fran Angola in the context of a settlement" . 'lhe aniX)Ullcement proceeded to state that "CUban officials concurred in this decision" .

'!be Angolan Government has sul:mitted "new proposals" to the Unlted States which the latter will stlrly and meet with the Angolans and presumably with the South Africans, and hopefully "proceed with the adlievement of a regialal peace settlement" .

ClOse observers point out that the general feeling within the Frontline . . States is that it was time that a solution be found to the Angolan pr�lem and

that the presence of CUban forces should rot be a hindrance to _the process. It is believed that it was time that eq:hasis be placed on the fact that the CUban farces were in Angola to assist Angola in safeguarding its sovereignty and terri tarial integrity against continual South African invasion. 'lhese observers state that if this idea is accepted then the assistance An:Jola

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.. a

requires in the safeguarding of its sovereignty and territorial integrity need

not necessarily be provided by CUban forces . It is believed that the

Frontline States are prepared to see a multi-lateral force 100ve into Angola to

replace the CUban forces .

'lhe agreement reached in Angola on 29 January had already been heralded

by the Angolan President when he stated in his New Years message that Ar¥30la

was seeking a general settlement leading to the .irxleperxlence of Namibia arx1.

peace in Angola. FUrther , both Angola and South Africa have cane to accept the idea of holding a peace conference attended by Angola, South Africa, the

United States and CUba . South Africa insists that UNITA .be represented at the

conference �ile Angola rejects this .

'Ibis agreement has cane at a time of intense military activity in Angola,_

with the South African forces banbarding CUito CUanavale, t\110 hundred miles

fran the Namibian border , arxl CUban-piloted fighter banbers strafing

long-range South African artillery emplacements . 'Ibere are conflicting

reports as to �ich forces control CUi to CUanavale , a very important forward

staging-post for the Angolan forces .

'lhe arrival possibly on 3 February 1988 of the new Permanent ·

Representative of Angola to the United Nations , Ambassador Manuel Pedro

Pacavira, the former Angolan Ambassador to CUba , is being awaited by a number

of Permanent Representatives who believe he \ID.lld be able tc? assist in

clarifying the Angolan proposals When they becane available .

2 February 1988

- -.-0 '- -� v .., -

James o.c. Jonah . Assistant Secretary-General

Office for Research and the Collection of Information

•

2 5 j anv i e r 1 9 8 8

Note sur ! ' application du Programme d ' action des Nations Unies pour le

redressement economigue et le developpement de l 'Afrigue. 1986-1990

Renseignements generaux

Le Prog ramme d ' act ion des Nati ons Unies pou r le red ressement economique et le developpement de l ' Af r i que , adopte par l ' As semblee gene r a l e a s a t re i z i eme sess ion ext r a o rdina i re , cons t i tue un engagement mutue l p r i s par · les pays d ' Af r ique de met t re en oeuv re les mesures et reformes nece s s a i res pou r ga rant i r un proce s sus s a i n de red ressement et de deve loppement v i s ant a ame l i o re r leu r s i tuat ion economique , et p a r la Communaute inte rnat iona le de leur fourni r l ' appui accru dont i l s ont beso in .

Pendant toute l ' annee 1 9 8 7 , les gouve rnement s des pays d ' Af r i que se sont dec l a res de plus en p lus preoccupes p a r le f a i t que , ma l g re leu rs effor t s , l a communaute internationa le n ' ava it pas su f f i s amment reag i . Cette preoccupat ion e t a i t ref letee dans les conc lus ions de la Confe rence inte rnat iona le sur l ' Af r ique tenue a Abuj a (Nige r i a ) en j u i n 1 9 8 7 , dans le bi l an presente p a r l ' OUA a l ' Assemblee genera le lors de sa qu a r ante-deuxieme sess ion en septembre 1 9 8 7 et dans l a Dec l a r a t ion adoptee en novemb re 1 9 8 7 par l a t r o i s ieme sess ion ext raordina i re de la Confe rence des chefs d ' Etat et de gouvernement de l ' OUA .

Votre rappo rt a l ' As semblee gene r a le lors de s a qu a r ante-deuxi eme sess ion met t a i t l ' accent s u r l e s po ints suivants :

La determinat ion avec laque l le les pays d ' Af r i que ont ent rep r i s d ' executer le Prog ramme , met t ant en pl ace des reformes po l i t i ques et prenant des mesures d ' a j us tement s t ructure! de gr ande impo rtance , souvent au prix de g r aves r i sques soci aux et po l i t i ques ;

Le f a i t que · la commun aute interna t i ona le ava i t commence a prend re un ce rtain nombre de me sures comme en temoi gna ient , p a r exemp l e , ! ' augment at ion de l ' a ide bi latera le a ins i que diver ses dec l a r a ti ons ( sommet de Ven i s e ) et propo s i t ions qui et a i ent a lo r s a l ' etude , pour fai re face a u probleme des f lux de

· res sou rces ;

Toutefo i s , au moment de la redaction du r apport , les · mesures pri ses par la communaute interna t i onale

n • eta ient pas suffi santes ; les effets conj ugues des problemes de la dette et des produ i t s de base a i n s i que d e l ' insuff i s ance du vo lume tot a l d e s f lux de res sources (y comp r i s les f lux pr ives ) ava ient ent r a i ne des d i f f icultes en matiere de b a l a nce des pai ement s a in s i qu ' une ba i s se des impo r t a t ions et des i nves t i s sements , ce qui r i squ a i t de c"omp romettre les efforts de red ressement et . de deve loppement ;

, .

- 2 -.. .__

I l f a l l a i t avant tout ag i r rapidement pou r deg ager des res sources f inanc i e res supplement a i res et permett re une p lus g rande l a t t i tude d ans leur ut i l i s at ion .

La reso lut i on 4 2 / 1 6 3 de l ' As semblee gene r a le concorde dans une bonne mesure avec cette eva lua t ion d ' ensemble . Ce qu i est p lus impo rtant , cette reso lut i on def init les d i spo s i t i ons a prend re en vue de l ' examen et de ! ' ev a luation a moyen te rme du Programme d ' action , ce qu i sera une activite p r io r it a i re pou r ! ' Organi sat ion en 1988 .

D ' import ants f a i t s nouveaux se sont produ i t s au cou rs des derniers mo i s , et not amment :

A l ' occ a s ion d ' une reunion internationa le de

. ir=n 5

donateurs convoquee sous les auspices de l a Banque ·· �

mond i a le , les pays dona teurs ont annonce , pour les annees 1988 a 1990 , des cont r i but ions d ' un mont ant tot a l de 6 , 4 mi l l i a rds de do l l a r s , au t i t re du f i nancement des a j us tements , pour les pays d ' Af rique a f a ible revenu ayant de g r aves p roblemas d ' endettement . Ces fonds qui doivent etre vers es rapidement v iennent s ' aj oute r aux engagement s prevus pou r ces memes pays p a r la Banque mondi a le , d ' un mont ant de 2 , 9 mi l l i a rds de do l l a r s en p rets a des cond i t ions de f aveur , acco rdes p a r l ' inte rmed i a i re de ! ' Associ a t i on internat i ona le de deve loppement ( IDA) au cou rs de l a meme per iode . ( I l est a noter que 5 0 \ du tot a l des res sources de l ' IDA i ront a l ' Af r i que . ) ;

Le Fonds monet a i re internationa l a c ree une f ac i l ite d ' a j ustement st ructu ral renfo rcee qui do i t fou rni r des ressou rces supp lement a i res d ' un mont ant tot a l de 8 , 4 mi l l i a rds de do l l a r s pour a ide r les pays pauv res qui sont membres du FMI a ent reprendre des p rogrammes d ' a j ustement mac ro-economique st ructu ral sur une pe r i ode de t ro i s ans . On prevoi t que l a mo i t ie de ces res sou rces sera mi se a la d i s po s i t ion des pays d ' Af r ique ;

Le r a ppo r t du Groupe consultat i f des appo r t s f inanciers a l ' Af r ique que vous avez c ree dev r a i t pa r a i tre vers l a f i n d u moi s d e fev r i e r . C e rappo rt. . met t r a not amment l ' accent sur le f a i t que , ma l g re les . . effets not ables qu ' ont eus les mesures dec r i tes

·

c i -des sus , d ' importantes lacunes subs i stent . Le r a pport p ropose des mesures conc retes v i s ant a combler ces l acunes . En outre, i l fera resso rt i r l a neces s i te d ' une act i on dans des domai nes connexes , tels que celui des p rodu i t s de base .

. . �

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.. .

Ces f a i t s recents donnent a penser qu ' en 1988 , on se t rouvera f ace a un p robleme que lque peu d i f ferent de celui qui s ' est pose j usqu ' ici . Bien qu ' i l f a i l le poursuivre les efforts v i sant a mobi l i ser des res sou rces supp l ementa i res , le p robleme cons i stera a a s surer le ver sement et ! ' ut i l i s ation des fonds d i s ponibles avec p rompt i tude ef e f f icac i te . Cel a exi gera des pays d ' Af r i que une p lus g r ande capac i t e de p rend re les d i spo s i t i ons appropr iees pour l ' emp l o i de ces fonds .

Points a evoguer au cours d 'entretiens

Au cour s des erit r etiens que vous aurez avec des che f s d ' Et a t e t aut res hauts fonctionnai res pend ant vot re sej our en A f r i que , vou s j ugerez peut-et re bon d ' evoquer les po ints suivants :

Combien vous etes sens ible aux ef forts f a its p a r les pays d ' Af r i que pour redres ser leur economie ma l g re les d i f f icultes rencont rees . L ' O rg ani s a t ion des Nat ions Unies leur fou rni r a l ' a s s i s t ance neces s a i r e , not amment e n mett ant e n oeuvre le Prog r amme des Nations Unies pour l ' Af r i que ;

Vous j ugez encou r ageante l a sens ibi l i te acc rue de l a communaute internationale aux besoins de l ' Af r i que , comme en temo ignent les toutes dernie res dec i s ions p r i ses dans le c adre de la Banque mond i a le et du FMI . Le p robleme est cependant de conc ret iser ces engagements p a r une act ion ef f i c ace . I l conv ient de note r que ma lgre ces f a i t s pos i t i f s , les ressources demeurent t res insuf f i s antes , et qu ' i l f aut s ' att aque r d ' urgenc� a ce probleme ;

Ces dec i s ions ob l i geront p lus encore les p ays interes ses a poursuivre leu r s efforts d ' a j ustement , ma i s aus s i a vei l le r a t i rer le me i l leu r p a r t i pos s i b l e des ressources mises a leur d i spos i tion;

Le r appo rt du Groupe consu l t a t i f des appo rts f i nanc iers a l ' Af r ique que vous avez cree cont iendr a des recommandat i ons prec i ses a cet eg ard . Vot re intent ion est de prend re des mesures appropr iees pour f a i re en sorte que ces recommand a t i ons soient etud i ees ser ieusement . On espere que les representant s des pays d ' Af r i que aupres des instances internat iona les ( Banque mond i a l e et FMI ) agi ront ega lement dans ce sens ;

Comme i l est i ndique dans vot re bi l an de l ' annee 1987 , les perspec t i ves de l ' economi e i nternat iona le ne sont p a s encourageantes . S i ce prono s t ic . s ' avere exact , les p ays a f r i c a i ns cont inueront de conna i t re de g r aves di ff icu l tes . I l f aut redoubler d ' efforts pour p romouvo i r une action internat ionale dans des doma i nes te l s que les p rodu i t s de base . ( Cette quest i on f igure a l ' o rd re du j ou r de la CNUCED . ) ;

., .• -

- 4 -• •

L ' examen et ! ' eva lua t i on a moyen te rme du Pro g r amme d ' act ion des Nat ions Unies pour le redressement economique et le deve loppement de ! ' Af r i que , que l ' As semb lee gene r a l e do it ent reprendre en 1988 , revetent l a p lus haute impo r t ance . I l est essentiel que les pays d ' Af r i que p a r t ic i pant activement a ce t r ava i l , en fourni s s ant les donnees neces s a i res demandees p a r le Sec retai re execu t i f de la CEA , M . Adedej i , pour ! ' e l abo rat ion du r appo r t du Secreta i re gene r a l et , ce qui est tout aus s i impo rt ant , en formu l ant leur p rop re point de vue sur les diverses quest ions a t r a iter ;

La dimension huma ine du deve loppement de ! ' Af r i que est un element cent r a l de tous les efforts v i s ant le progres economi que . La p rocha i ne confe rence sur la dimens i on " ressou rces huma i nes " du Programme d ' act i on des Nat ions Unies pour le red ressement economi que et le deve loppement de ! ' Af r i que ( Kha rtoum , 5 -8 ma r s ) qui se t i endr a sous les ausp ices de la CEA � o f f re une bonne occ a s ion d ' exp lorer ces ques t ions .

Annex I

OAU pos it ion on the Afr ic an Debt

The OAU Heads of S tate and Governmen t meet ing in an ext raordi na ry

economic summit in Add i s Ababa f r om 29 November to 1 December 1 98 7 adopted a

f i nal dec la rat ion wh ich proposed t he follow ing :

i ) commerc ial loans be resched uled with a 50-�ea r time-limit and a

grace per iod of 10 yea r s ( "wh ich can be v iewed as a morato r i um because there

wo uld not be any interest r a te " ) ;

i i) cred i to r s m us t not ask Afr ican debto r coun t r ies to implement

measur es and economic doct r i nes for the recovery of thei r econom ies wh ich

m ig ht be opposed to the i r econom ic and social system s ;

i i i ) the IMF should incr ease loan r epayment time-limits and cr eate a

special f und for c red i t ing unde r the most favourable cond i t ions those Afr ican

countr ies fac ing econom ic collapse ;

iv) the Wor ld Bank should g ive loans under the " 50 m inus 10 yea r s •

scheme with interest no h ighe r than 0 . 75 % , and that i t should double i t s

ma in capital to increase loans to developing coun t r ies ;

v) �eveloped countr ies wh ich s t i ll d id not gr ant 0 . 7 % of GNP as

aid to developing coun t r ies wer e c r iticised , and Eastern E uropean

countr ies in par t ic ula r were asked to fulf il the i r obl ig a t ions by 1990 .

At the end of the s ummit , P r es ident Kenneth Ka unda , the c ur rent OAU

Cha irman stated • a 10-year s uspens ion of payments is only a proposal whose

application would depend on the outcome of f uture talks with c red i to r s • • •

The refore , it i s out of the quest ion for some Afr ican countr ies to dec la re the

morato r i um immed iately . "

...

TO: A:

U N I T E D N AT I O N S INTEROF FIC E M EMORA N D U M

Mr . I s sa D i a l lo Princ ipal O f ficer

N AT I O N S U N I E S M EMORA N DU M INTERIEUR

DATE: 3 February 1988

Execut ive O f fice o f the Secret ary-Gene ral REFERENCE: ---------------THROUGH:

� · JL) S/C DE:

Ph i l ippe B��..)L-- /

Pr inc {pal O f f��)f f ic e o f the D i rec tor-Gene ral , DIEC FROM: DE:

SU BJECT: Important informat ion for the Secretary-General ' s v i s i t to Africa OBJ ET:

I have jus t been handed over a copy of the a t t ached document on the l a s t meet ing of the Africa Fund Committee .

As you know , th i s Committee , cha i red by Ind i a , met in Brazzav i l le from 14 to 16 January 1988 to rev iew the progress of act i v i t ies of the Fund . S ince th i s Fund is important pol i t ic a l l y as it embod ies the e f fort s o f the non-al igned c ountries to support the f ight against invas ion , co l onia l i sm and apartheid in Afr i c a , I .thought you migh t wish to brie f the Sec ret ary-General on i t as th i s is indeed a mat ter wh ich c an be addre s s ed with the Congolese autho r i t ie s dur ing the forthc oming visit o f the Secret ary-Gene ra l to this count ry .

Meetings o f the Fund are now used exc lus ive ly to provide a forum for s upport fe activities by the Front-Line S ta t es in Afric a . The Fund re s ources wh ich now s t ands at about $300 , 000 are not large enough to warrant the fund ing of spec i f ic pro j e c t s but there is hope that the re s ources of th e Fund wi l l quickly increase •

·.

1 2 l le 3 February 1988

Ta lking Points

Sub j ect : Report of the Advisory Gr oup on F inanc ial F lows to Africa

( 1 ) In carrying out my res pons ib i l i t ies to monitor the imp lementat ion of the

Uni ted Nat ions Programme of Ac t ion for African Ec onomic Rec overy and

Development , 1986- 1 990 , I bec ame increas ing ly concerned about the

deter iorat ing financ ial situa t ion in many countries in Afr i c a .. Offic ial

deve lopment a s s i s tance flows appeared to be st agnat ing , the debt s i tuat ion was

wors ening , · and commod ity pr ices were not rec overing . Under these

c ircumstances , it was d i f ficu l t , if not impo ss ible , for many c ountr ies to

c arry out the ir reform programme s .

( 2 ) According ly , I took the init i a t ive to es tabl i sh an Advisory Pane l o� .

Financ i a l Flows to Africa compo s ed of out stand ing financ ial expert s . (Afr ican

part ic ipants were : Mr . Leon Naka , the D i rector Gene ral o f Caisse Aut onome

d ' Amort i s s ement in Cote d ' Ivo ire ; Dr . Ph i l ip Ndegwa from Kenya ; and Dr . Alwyn .

Taylor of S ierra Leone ; formerly D i rector of African Centre for Monet ary

S tud ies and current ly with the IMF ) . I asked the Group to rev iew the

s i tua t ion and make prac t ic a l recommend at ions on what should be done . The

Chairman o f the Adv i sory Group is to submit its final report immed iate ly upon

my re turn to New York .

( 3 ) Some important measures were taken toward s the end of las t yelJ."r by the .

Wo rld Bank , the IMF and the Afr ican Deve lopment Bank . If ful ly imp lemented ,

the s e wi l l improve the s i tua t ion of resourc e flows to Afr i c a . But I bel ieve

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that the Advi sory Group has found that however we l c ome the se me asure s , they

wi l l no t be enough and wi l l make a number of propo s a l s for the ir addi t iona l

ac t i on .

( 4 ) I w i l l make the report ava i l ab l e t o al l Member S tates as s oon as I

receive i t . I hope that you w i l l examine it c arefu � ly and would apprec iate

your sugges t ions on spec i f ic ac t ions wh ich might be ini t iated to imp lement

tho se recommendat ions of importance to you . In th is c onnec t i�n , I would urge

that your Government p l ay an ac t ive role in br ing ing the various i s sue s and

rec ommendations contained in the report to the a t t ent ion of a l l re'tevant

inte rgovernmental bod ies to inc lude , in par t icular , the Deve lopment C ommittee •

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amnesty internat·ional INTER NATIONAL SECRETARIAT 1 Easton Street London WC 1 X 8DJ United Kingdom

Mr Issa Dia l lo Special As sis tant to the Secretary General Executive Of fice of the · secretar� General Room 3 8 0 2 C United Nations New York NY 1 0 0 17

Our reference :

Direct line:

. 8 January 1 9 8 8

Dear Mr Diallo ,

I unde rstand that the Secretary General wi l l shortly be trave l l ing to five countries in Afr ica and should be mos t . grate ful i f you could draw his a�tention to the documents which I am enclos ing about pri soners in three .o f �hese countries : Cameroon , Congo and Ghana .

The cases described are ones about which Amne sty International has already appea led to the government s of the countries concerned , but there have so far been no responses to our apprsache s . We would ther$fore appreciate anything which the Secretary General could do d*ring his visits to impress upon the authorities of these three countries the impor tance of respecting the bas ic rights of the pr isoners whose cases are de sc ribed .

I am a lso enc los ing , for your own in formation , some additional background documents �bout Amnesty International ' s concerns in Cameroon and Ghana .

I am most grate ful for your own assistance in this matter , as we l l as very much appreciating , of course , anything which the Secretary Genera l himse l f can do .

Yours sincere ly ,

I an Martin Secretary General

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amnesty international INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIAT 1 Easton Street London WC 1 X BDJ United' Kingdom

SEVEN PR I SOOERS (f CrnSCI ENCE IN GHANA

8 January 1988

Seven known cr i t i c s of the Ghana i an government were arres ted i n May and Ju l y 1 987 and are sti l l deta i ned wi thout cha rge or tr i a l . Amnesty I nternat i ona l consi ders that they are pri soners of consc i ence , i mpri soned for the non-v i o l ent expres s i on of thei r pol i t i cal opi n i ons , who shou l d be rel eased i mmed i ate l y and uncond i t i onal l y . Amnesty I nterna ti onal i s a l so concerned that no spec i fi c re� sons for the detenti 6ns .have been provi ded i n these cases and , i n parti c u l a r , that the pri soners appea r · to be den i ed the opportu n i ty to cha l l enge thei r detenti on or to answer any accusati ons aga i nst them i n a court of l aw .

Four of the pri soners were deta i ned o n 17 May 1987 : Kwesi Pratt , a journa l i st , former Pu bl i c Rel ati ons Offi cer at the Mi ni stry of Fuel and Power and S ecreta ry Genera l of the Kwame Nkrumah Revol uti onary Guards ( KNRG ) , and three l ead i n g members of the New Democrat i c Movement ( NOM ) Kwame Kari kari , a jou rna l i st , l ecturer at the School of Journa l i sm and Ma ss Commu n i c a t i on s of the Un i versi ty of Ghana a nd former D i rector- Genera l of the Ghana Broadcast i n g Corporati on , Tony Akoto-Ampaw , former head of the Al l Afr i c a Students ' Un i on from 1979 to 1983 , and Akwa si Adu-Aman kwah , head of the Po l i ti ca l Depa rtment of the Trades Un i on Congress ( TUC ) . Kwame Kari kari was reported l y rel ea sed on the same day as hi s arrest .

On 1 5 Ju l y 1987 Kwame Kari kari was re-arrested and three further peopl e were deta i ned : Yao Graham , a l awyer , and Ra l p h Kugbe , both former government off i c i a l s on Commi ttees for the Defence of the Revol uti on and l ea d i ng members of the NOM . and John Ndebugre , former Mi ni ster of Agr i cu l ture i n the ea r l y 1980s and acti ng Secretary Genera l of the KNRG .

They are hel d under the Preventi ve Custody Law . of 1982 ( PNDC Law 4 ) , whi c h a l l ows the ru l i ng Provi s i onal Nati ona l Defence Cou nc i l to order the i ndef i n i te detenti on wi thout tri a l of any person i f . i t i s · sa t i s f i ed that the detent i on i s i n the i nterests of nati ona l securi ty . Thi s l aw has been u sed on previ ous occas i ons to deta i n peopl e wi thout tri a l for per i ods varyi ng f rom severa l months to more than a yea r . The Habea s Corpus ( Amendment ) Law of 1 984 ( PNDC Law 91 ) prec l udes the courts from i nqui ri ng i n to the spec i f i c grounds of a detent i on under PNDC Law 4 , thereby removi ng an i mportant l egal safeguard agai nst arbi tra ry detenti on .

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The seven deta i nees a re bei ng he l d at vari ous pl aces of ·detenti on and. some are curren t l y d�tai ned i n hospi tal due to thei r i l l - heal th . · I t i s bel i eved that they are bei ng al l owed vi s i ts from fami l y members .

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amnesty international · SECR ETARIAT INTERNATIONAL 1 Easton Street Lond res WC 1 x" 8DJ G rande-B retagne

Republ i q ue popu l a i re du Congo janv i er 1 988

Pri sonni er d ' opi n i on M . l ' abbe Joseph ND I NGA

M . l ' abbe Joseph ND I NGA , ressorti ssant congol a i s age de 35 ans , est un pretre cathol i que roma i n de la paro i s se d ' Owa ndo , . au nord-est du pays .

1 1 a ete arrete l e 4 septembre 1 987 a l ors qu ' i l qu i tta i t Owando pour se rendre a Brazzavi l l e , l a capi ta l e , quel ques jours apres avo i r prononce une home 1 i e devant ses paro i ss i ens , pa.r 1 a que 1 1 e i 1 1 eur recommanda i t de ne pas prendre part a un confl i t qui ava i t l i eu a Owando et dans l es env i rons entre l es sympath i sants de l ' anc i en pres i dent Joac h i m Yhomb i -Opango et l es forces armees . Des barri cades avai ent ete dressees autou r de l a vi l l e _ pour empecher l es representants du gouvernement d ' y entrer af i n d ' arreter l ' anc i en presi dent Yhombi - Opango et p l u s i eurs de ses a l l i es . Les autori tes l es sou p�on na i ent d ' avo i r parti c i pe a un compl ot decouvert en j u i l l et 1987 v i sant a renverser l e gouvernement du pres i dent Den i s Sassou-Nguesso . Les a f f rontements en tre forces de secur i te et sympath i sants armes de l ' anc i en . . c hef de l ' Etat ava i ent fa i t des morts et entra i ne l ' arrestati on de 60 a 70 personnes , dont l ' anc i en pres i dent Yhomb i -O�ango . M . l ' a bbe Joseph ND I NGA ava i t demande a ses paroi ss i ens de se reun i r dans l ' eg l i se l orsque l e conf l i t ava i t ec l ate . Les autori tes aura i ent i nterprete l es consei l s donnes a ses paro i s s i ens de ne pas prendre �art au con f l i t comme une sorte de souti en aux rebe l l es armes . 1 1 n ' a pas ete arrete i mmed i a tement , ma i s p l us tard , l orsqu ' i l a essaye de pa rti r d ' Owa ndo .

M . l ' abbe ND I NGA est detenu a l a Ma i son d � arr�t . i Owa ndo . 1 1 n ' aura i t pas ete i nc u l pe d ' un del i t prec i s , et l es autori tes jud i c i a i res n ' aurai ent pas ete sa i s i es de son affai re pou r enquete .

Amnesty I nternati onal l e consi dere comme un pri sonn i er d ' opi n i on , empr i sonne pour l ' exerc i ce non vi ol ent de son dro i t" [ Ta l i berte d ' express i on .

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amnesty international SECRETARIAT I NTERNATIONAL 1 Easton Street Londres WC 1 X 80J Grande- Bretag ne

Repu b l i que du Cameroun j a nvi er 1 988

Amnesty I nternati ona l est preoccupee de ce qu ' un certa i n nombre de personnes reconnues coupabl es pour moti fs pol i ti ques en 1984 , en Repub l ique : du Cameroun , sont toujours empri sonnees , bi en que l es per i odes d ' empr i son- · · nement auxquel l es l es tr i bunaux l es ava i ent condamnees a i ent expi re et qu ' e l l es a i ent du etre l i berees en 1985 ou 1 986 . Les s i x personnes nommees c i -dessous eta i ent soup9onnees d ' avo i r parti c i pe a l a tenta ti ve de coup d ' Etat en avri l 1 984 et ont toutes ete reconnues coupabl es . Apres cette tentati ve de coup d ' Eta t , un nombre i mportant de personnes , dont des c i vi l s , ont ete a ccusees d ' y avoi r parti c i pe e� ont ete j ugees par des tri bunaux mi l i ta i res s i egeant a hui s c l os . Amnesty I nternati onal est consci ente de l a vi ol ence et de la gravi te · de l a tentati ve de coup d ' Etat d ' avr i l 1 984 contre l e Gouvernement camerouna i s , ma i s e l l e est preoccupee . par l e statut juri di que de nombreuses personnes qu i sont toujours detenues a l a sui te de cette tentati ve de coup d ' Etat : certa i nes sont detenues sans j u gemen t ou a pres des proces . i nequi ta b l es , d ' autres s ont ma i ntenues en detenti on bi en que l es tri bunaux mi l i ta i res l es a i ent acqu i ttees , et d ' a u tres encore bi en qu ' el l es a i ent purge l eurs pei nes :

Amnesty I n ternati onal conn a i t l e cas de s i x personnes detenues a pres avoi r purge l eurs pei nes . Arretees pour avoi r pretendument parti c i pe a l a tentati ve de coup d ' Eta t , reconnues coupabl es et condamnees , el l es ont purge l eurs pei nes d ' empri sonnement , ma i s restent en detenti on sans que l es autori tes n ' en donnent l es moti fs . 1 1 s ' agi t des personnes sui vantes

Le commanda n t Mohamadou DJ I DJ I , economi ste , dont l a pei ne a pri s f i n l e 4 decembre 1986 ;

Nana HAMADOU , admi n i strateur c i vi l , dont · l a pei ne a pr i s f i n l e 8 aout 1986 ;

S a n i HAMMAN , empl oye de banque , dont l a pei ne a pri s f i n l e 8 a out 1 985 ;

Moudi o H I LD I NA , admi n i strateur c i vi l , dont l a pei ne a pri s f i n l e 4 decembre 1 986

Abdou l aye TAMBOUTOU , foncti onna i re de po l i ce , dont l a pei ne a pri s f i n l e 8 aout 1986 ;

Al i YOUSSOUFFA , admi n i strateur c i vi l , dont l a pei ne a pr i s f i n l e 8 aout 1986 .

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Amnesty I nternati o n a l a demande au Gouvernement camerouna i s de l ' i nformer· des moti f s de l eur ma i nti en en detenti on apres que l eurs pei nes d ' empri sonnement sont arri vees a terme et a pri e i ns tamment l es autori tes de l es ·

f a i re ·l i berer sans de l a i a mai ns que de nouvel l es c h a rges soi ent portees contre ces personnes . Toutefoi s , a ce jour , Amnesty I nternati ona l n ' a re9u a ucune prec i s i on des a utori tes sur ces affa i res .

EXTERNAL ( fo r gener a l di stri buti on )

14 December 1987

9-m\: BACKffiruiD TO rnsE BEN EPHSOO

' A I I ndex : AFR 28/1 5/87 Di str : CO/GR

Amnesty I ntern ati ona l I n ternati ona l Secretari a t 1 Ea ston Street London WC1X 8DJ Uni ted Ki ngdom

Ben E p h s on , a free l ance journa l i st and publ i c re l a ti ons offi cer , wa s arrested by po l i ce o f f i cers from the Bureau of Nati ona l I nvesti gati on ( BN I ) on 2 2 September 1987 and has si nce been deta i ned wi thou t . c h a rge . He i s bel i eved to be he l d at the B N I headqua rters i n Accra , the c a p i ta l , a nd h a s been refused contact wi th a ny l awyer or member of h i s fami l y .

Accordi ng to a n a rti c l e i n the Peop l e ' s D a i l y Graph i c , a government- owned newspaper , he wa s bei ng i nterroga ted on suspi c i on of gather i ng economi c i n tel l i gence . Hi s i mpri sonment ap pea rs , however , to be more di rec t l y due to the content of a rti c l es he has wr i tten as a journa l i s t , i n wh i ch he has been cri ti ca l of the Ghana i a n government . H e works on a free l ance basi s for fore i gn news medi a such · a s West Afri ca maga z i ne i n London a nd the Bri ti sh Broadca sti ng Corpora t i o n ( BB C ) Wor l d S ervi ce .

H e i s proba b l y bei ng hel d under the Preven t i ve Cus tody Law of· 1982 ( PNDC Law 4 ) wh i ch provi des for the i ndef i ni te detenti on wi thout c h a rge or tri a l of a ny person su spected by the ru l i ng Provi s i on a l Nati ona l Defence Cou nc i l of harmi ng nati ona l securi ty . Many deta i n ees hel d u nder PNDC Law 4 are hel d i ncommu n i cado , wi thout access to thei r rel a t i ves or l awyers . At l eas t seven other cri ti cs of the government have been hel d wi thout charge s i nce May and Ju l y 1987 u nder t h i s l eg i s l a t i ve provi s i on ( s ee Ghana : Recent Deten ti ons , AF R 28/ 1 2 /87.) . Under the H a beas Corpus ( Amendment ) Law of 1 984 ( PNDC Law 9 1 ) , the deta i n i ng authori ti es are not obl i ged to prov i de the spec i f i c rea sons for a detenti on .

Ben Ephson suf fers irom s i ck l e cel l anaemi a �nd ha s ap pa rent l y been den i ed the opportu n i ty to b e attended by hi s own doctor . H e has a l so been den i ed vi s i ts from any l awyer or re la t i ves .

Amne s ty I nternati onal bel i eves that he i s a pri soner of consc i en c e , detai n ed on account of the non-vi ol ent expres s i on of h i s pol i ti ca l vi ews , a nd consi ders that he shou l d . be rel ea sed i mmedi a te l y a nd uncond i ti onal l y .

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.... EXTERNAL ( for genera l d i stri buti on ) A I I ndex : AFR 28 / 1 7 /8 7

D i str : GR/CO/rel SC

Amnesty I n ternat i on a l I nternati ona l Sec retari at 1 Ea s ton Street London WC1X 8DJ

22 December 1987 Un i ted K i ngdom

GHANA : DETENTICN WITHOJT TRIAL OF PRISCNERS OF CCNSCIENCE

S even known c r i t i c s of the Ghana i a n government were a rres ted i n May and Ju l y 1987 , a pparentl y on susp i c i on of i nvol vement i n sed i ti ous activi t i es . They are s t i l l deta i ned but have not been charged wi th any offence and o f f i c i a l sources have g i ven no i ndi cati on that they a re to be brought to

. tri a l . Amnesty I nternati ona l con s i ders that they a re pri soners of consc i ence , i mpri soned for the non-vi ol ent express i on of thei r pol i ti ca l o p i n i on s , and h a s a ppea l ed to the authori ti es i n Ghana to rel ease them i mmed i a te l y a nd u ncond i t i ona l l y .

Four o f the pri soners were deta i ned a t about one o ' c l oc k on the morn i ng on 17 May 198 7 at the i r homes i n Accra , the cap i ta l . They a re Kwes i Pratt , a journa l i st , former Publ i c Rel ati ons O f f i cer a t the M i n i stry of Fuel a nd Power and Secretary Genera l of the Kwame N kruma h Revo l uti onary Guards ( KNRG ) , and three . l ead i ng members of the New D emoc ra t i c Movement ( NOM ) - Kwame Kari kari , a journa l i st , l ecturer at the Schoo l of Journa l i sm a nd Ma ss Commu n i cati ons of the Uni vers i ty of Ghana a nd former D i rector-Genera l of the Ghana Broadcasti ng Corporati on , Tony Akoto-Ampaw , former head of the Al l Afr i ca Students ' Un i on from 1979 to 1983 , a nd Akwa s i Adu-Aman kwa h , head of the Pol i ti ca l Department of the Trades Un i on Congress ( TUC ) . Kwame Kari kari wa s reported l y rel eased on the same day of h i s arrest .

I n the ear l y hours of 15 Ju l y 1987 Kwame Kari kari wa s re-arrested and three further peopl e were deta i ned by the securi ty pol i ce at the i r homes . They were Yao Graham , a l awyer , and Ra l ph Kugbe , both former government o f f i c i a l s on Comm i ttees for the Defence of the Revo l uti on a nd l eadi ng members o f the NOM , and Joh� Ndebugre , former Mi n i ster of Agr i cu l ture i n the earl y 1 980s and acti ng Secretary Gener a l of the K�RG .

Fol l owi ng the a rrests i n May 1987 , offi c i a l sources reported that those arrested were s u spected of i nvol vement i n sed i t i ou s acti vi ti es . Al l seven a re members of the Kwame N kruma h Revol uti onary Guards a nd the New D emocrati c Movement , l eft-wi ng pol i ti ca l grou p i ngs estab l i shed i n a bout 1 980 . Al though these organi zati ons i n i ti a l l y su pported F l i ght-Li eutenant J J Rawl i ngs and the m i l i ta ry government , the Provi s i ona l Nati ona l Defence Counc i l ( PN DC ) , wh i ch came to power a s a resu l t of a coup i n December 1981 , they have become i ncrea s i ng l y c r i ti ca l of what they see a s a betraya l of the pol i ti c a l a nd econom i c i dea l s of the new government . · I n 1 986 Kwe s i Pratt , Tony Akoto-Ampaw , Ra l ph Kugbe a n d o n e other person were deta i ned wi thout c h a rge for over three months ; they were adopted at that t i me a s pri soners o f con s c i ence by Amnesty "i nterna t i ona l.

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Betwee n March and June 1987 there were student demonstra t i ons at G h a n a ' s th ree u n i vers i ti es to protest agai nst government pl ans to cut educ at i on expendi ture and i ntroduce fees for students , and over the arrest o f Er i c K a k r a ba Cromwe l l , a l ead i ng member of the Nati onal Uni on of Gha na Students , who wa s accused of i l l ega l posses s i on of drugs . E i ght student l eaders were subsequent l y expel l ed from the Un i vers i ty of Ghana and the ·

u n i vers i t i es were c l osed . F i ve peopl e were ordered to report to the pol i ce - Tony Akoto-Ampaw , Arthur Kenn edy , Bedu Ansa h , Amoah Larbi a nd Augusti na Agyi ri ga . On 9 May 1987 the government-owned Ghana i a n Ti mes reported that the secu r i ty forces were i nvesti ga ti ng c r i mi na l and su bvers i ve acts c ommi tted by peop l e wor k i ng under the cover of student pol i t i c s , and that a government sta tement had apparentl y cri ti c i zed what i t termed " i nfan ti l e l ef t i sts" who were see k i ng to para l yse and destroy government i nsti tuti ons . On 1 1 May , i n the Peopl e ' s Dai l y Graph i c , another government-owned n ews p a per , Tony Akoto-Ampaw , John Ndebugre a nd Yao Gra ham were descri bed as the " rea l po i soners ' ' beh i nd the student unres t . They were a l s o accu sed of l i n k s wi th the a l l eged i nsti gators of a coup attempt jn November 1982 and of undermi n i ng the work of defence commi ttees set up i n p l ace of l oc a l government coun c i l s to def end t h e PNDC ' s system of government . O n 1 4 May 1 987 the KNRG and the NOM i s sued a sta tement denyi ng these accusati ons and c r i ti c i z i ng the government ' $ economi c pol i c i es , in parti cu l a r l oan a g reements wi th the Worl d Bank and I n terna t i on a l Moneta ry Fund .

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Fol l ow i ng the i n i t i a l a rrests on 17 May 1987 , press attacks c onti nued . on the KNRG , NOM , and unnamed sta ff and students at the Un i vers i ty of Ghana a s wel l as on the Po l i t i ca l Department of the TUC . · On 4 June 1987 government supporters reported l y bes i eged the Ha l l of Trade Uni ons in Accra to protes t aga i nst the a l l eged control of TUC pol i cy by the NOM and the KNRG . On 6 June s i x students were a rres ted fo l l ow i n g a student . demonstra t i on at the Un i vers i ty of Ghana , cha rged w i th h o l d i ng an . i l l egal demonstra t i on outs i de the uni vers i ty campu s and rel eased on ' bai l ; f i ve of them were c onvi cted i n l a te Ju l y and sentenced to 14 days ' i mpri sonment . On

' 2 2 June the Ghana i a n T i mes named trade uni oni sts a l l eged to be man i pu l a t i ng · TUC pol i cy and p l anni ng str i kes to c o i nc i de wi th student unrest . I n l a te June press reports l i n ked the NOM and others to. an a l l eged p l ot orga n i zed by expatri a te Ghana i a ns to overthrow the government . The NOM and KNRG a ga i n i s sued a den i a l and expres sed the i r fear that · the authori ti es i ntended to suppress the i r organ i zati ons .

The seven pri soners detai ned i n May and Ju l y 1987 are forma l l y h e l d under the Prevent i ve Cu stody Law of 1982 ( PNDC Law 4 ) . Th i s provi s i on a l l ows the PND C to order the detent i on wi thou t tr i a l o� a ny person , for an i ndefi n i te peri od , i f i t i s sati s f i ed that the detent'i on i s i n the i nterests o f nati onal sec uri ty ; it has been used on previ ous occa s i ons to d eta i n peopl e wi thout tri a l for peri ods vary i n g from severa l months to more

· t h a n a yea r . I n August 1984 the PND C amended the Ha bea s Corpus Ac t of 1 964 a nd effecti ve l y removed the courts ' powers to i nqui re i nto cases of admi n i stra t i ve detent i on . The Habeas Corpus ( Amendment ) Law of 1984 ( PNDC Law 9 1 ) sti pul ates that , in the case of a deta i nee h e l d under the Preventi ve Cus tody Law , the H i gh Court may not order the deta i n i ng authori t i es to spec i fy the grounds for the deten ti on ;· the l a tter may justi fy the detenti on by s i mp l y stati ng that i t i s i n the i n terests of nati o n a l securi ty .

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Amnesty I nternati ona l i s concerned that no speci f i c reasons for the detent i ons have been provi ded i n these cases and , i n parti cu l a r , tha t the pr i soners a ppea r to be den i ed the opportun i ty to cha l l enge the i r detent i on o r to a n swer any a ccu sat i ons aga i nst them i n a court of l aw . Leg i s l ati on prov i d i ng for detenti on wi thout charge or tri a l a ppears to have been used to deta i n pri soners of consci ence for the non-vi o l ent exerc i s e of the i r · ba s i c r i g h t to freedom of expres s i on .

The s�ven deta i n ees are bei ng hel d a t vari ous pl aces of detenti on and . some are currentl y deta i ned i n hospi ta l due to thei r i l l - hea l th . I t i s b e l i eved that vi s i ts f rom fami l y members are bei ng a l l owed .

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APPEND I X A I I ndex : AFR 28/1 7/87

GHANA : DETENTION WITHOUT TRIAL OF PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE L I ST OF DETAI NEES

Akwa s i ADU-AMANKWAH , head of the Pol i ti ca l Department of the Trades Un i on Congres s (TUC) , l eadi ng member of the New Democrati c Movement , former pol i ti c a l deta i nee .

Tony AKOTO-AMPAW , former head of the Al l Afr i can Students ' Un i on from 1979· to 1983 , Genera l Sec reta ry of the New Democrati c Movement , deta i ned wi thout t r i a l for over three months i n 1 986 and adopted by Amnesty I nternati onal a s a p r i soner of consci ence at that t i me .

Yao GRAHAM , l awyer , former government of f i c i a l on a Commi ttee for the Defence of the Revo l uti on , Secretary for Press and I nformati on of the New Democ rat i c Movement . Reported to be i l l at the t i me of h i s arrest and i s curren t l y h e l d a t 3 7 Mi l i tary Hospi tal .

Kwame KAR I KAR I , journa l i st , l ecturer at the Schoo l of Journa l i sm and Mass Commu n i cati ons of the Un i vers i ty of Ghana , former D i rector-General of the Ghana Broadcast i ng Corpora t i on , Nati ona l Cha i rma n of the New Democrati c Movement . He i s ma rri ed wi th two c.h i l dren .

Ra l ph KUGBE , former government of f i c i a l on a Commi ttee for the Defence of the Revol u t i o n , l eadi ng member of the New Democrat i c Movement , deta i ned wi thout t r i a l for over three months i n 1986 and adopted by Amnesty I ntern a t i ona l a s a pri soner of consc i ence at that t i me .

John NDEBUGRE , former M i n i ster of Agr i cu l ture i n the ear l y 1 980s , acti ng Secretary Genera l of the Kwame N kruma h Revo l uti onary Guards . As a resu l t of a l ong- sta nd i ng chest condi ti on , he i s now hel d at 3 7 Mi l i ta ry Hosp i ta l for med i ca l treatment . He i s marri ed wi th chi l dren .

Kwe s i PRATT , journa l i st , a former Publ i c Rel ati ons Offi cer at the Mi n i s try of Fue l and Power , Secretary General of the Kwame Nkruma h Revo l uti onary Guards , deta i ned wi thout tri a l on three occa s i on s s i nce 1 982 , prev i ou s l y adopted by Amnesty I nterna ti on a l a s a ,pri soner o f con.soi ence . H e su ffers from a s thma and i n J u l y 1987 he i s sa i d to have tempora r i l y suf fered f rom menta l probl ems . He i s curren t l y hel d at Nsawam pri son . He i s marr i ed wi th c h i l dren .

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Yao GRAHAM, GHANA

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· EXTERNAL ( fo r gene r a l ·d i s tribution ) A I I ndex : AFR 1 7 /03/87 Dist : CO/GR

Aug u s t 1 9 8 7

Amne s ty I nternat ional Internat ional Secretariat 1 Ea ston Street London WC 1X 8DJ Uni ted Kingdom

CAMEROON : AMNESTY I NTERNAT I ONAL ' S CONCERNS AR I S I NG FROM THE

APR I L 1 9 8 4 COUP ATTEMPT

I ntrodu c t i o n

Amnesty I n t e rnati ona l i s concerned by the cont inuing impri sonment o f at l e a s t 34 people in Came roon who were deta ined in conne c t i on with the Apr i l 1 9 84 c o u p a t tempt . Thi s document whi ch deta i l s the i r cases , brie f l y e xp l a in s the po l i t i c a l background t o the mut iny . I t i s broadly based on previous Amnesty Interna t ional do cuments on Cameroon including : " SuDUDary T r i a l s And Se cret Execut ions in the Republic of Cameroon " ( AFR 1 7/08/84 ) pub l i

.shed in Augus t 1 98 4 and " Cameroon : People Imprisoned After the Apr i l

1 9 84 Armed Mutiny - I n f o rmat ion Re lat ing t o Possible Pri soners o f Con s c ience " ( AFR 1 7 /0 5 / 8 6 ) pub l i shed i n May 1 9 86 . However this document a l so contains new informa t i on and is a comprehensive summa ry of Amne sty I nt e rnational concerns r e l a t ing to people impri soned in 1 9 84 in connec t ion wi th the coup a t tempt .

Background

The Repub l i c of Cameroon is composed of territories whi ch were f o rme r ly under both British and French colonial administrat ion , der ived f r om a Uni ted Nati ons ' mandate .

On 1 October 1 9 6 1 , the Federal Repub l i c o f Cameroon c ame into exi s tence , compr i s ing both Eng l i sh and French-speaking territorie s . The fede r a l con s t i tution was amended in 1 97 2 . Three years later the country be came the Un ited Republ i c of Came roon . In 1 984 , it became the Republ i c o f Cameroon . I t now h a s a n ent irely unitary consti tution .

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The f i r s t Pre s i dent o f Came roon was El -Hadj Ahmadou Ahidj o , a Mu s l im

f rom the n o r thern town o f Ga roua . He was Pr ime Minister o f the French t e r r i to r y of Came roon f rom 1 9 5 8 to 1 9 6 0 , and then Pres ident of Came roon un t i l h i s r e t i rement in 1 9 8 2 . Both be fore and a f ter independence , the gove rnment of E l - Hadj Ahmadou Ahidj o faced armed oppo s i t i on f rom a banned po l i t i c a l p a r ty , the Union de s popu l a t i ons du Cameroun ( UPC ) , the Union o f Cameroonian Peop l e s . The UPC was e s tabl i shed in 1 9 4 8 as Cameroon ' s f i r s t na t i ona l i st p a r t y , but wa s o u t l awed b y the French c o l o n i a l admin i s t r a t ion in 1 9 5 5 . The UPC fo ught a g a i n s t f i rst the French c o l o n i a l admin i s t r a t ion , and then the independent gove rnment o f President Ahidjo , un t i l the i n s u r r e c t i on wa s l a rge l y de fea ted by the e a r l y 1 9 6 0 s . Howeve r , o c c a s iona l a c t s o f po l i t i c a l v i o l ence by suppo rters of the UPC cont inued througho ut the 1 9 6 0 s . In 1 9 7 1 one o f the l a s t principal UPC leade rs , Erne s t Ouand ie , was exe c u t ed a f ter be ing c a p t ured , tried and sentenced to dea th .

Dur ing the e a r l y 1 9 60s , President Ahidj o ' s gove rnment created a f o rmidable l e g a l and s e c u r i t y appa ratus to suppress the vio l ent oppo s i t ion of the UPC . Many o f the l aws crea ted in this period st i l l ' rema in in force . For exampl e , Ordonnance No . 6 1 OF- 5 of 4 Oc tober 1 9 6 1 , ( and Ordonnance No . 7 2 / 1 3 o f 2 6 Aug u s t 1 9 7 2 , wh i ch repla ced i t ) pre s c r ibing powe r s whi ch may be taken by the a uthor i t i e s in a state o f eme rgency , have been enforced continuo u s ly in some p a r t s o f Came roon since the i r promu lgat ion The gove rnment has continuously exercised the power to det a i n wi thout f o rma l charge , f o r inde f i n i t e l y renewa ble peri ods o f two months , any person '�hom i t s uspe c t s o f threaten ing pub l i c orde r . Some pri soners are known to have been held under t h i s pro cedure for up to e ight years wi tho ut be ing cha rged or tr ied . . Of fences for '�h i ch peop le are known to have been held '�i tho ut t r i a l under the de c ree i n c l ude the possess ion or distr ibut i on of l i terature c r i t i c a l of the gove rnment ; membe rship o f the Jehovah ' s W i tne s s e s rel i g i ous S e c t , whi ch i s banned in Cameroon ; suspected membership o f a proscribed po l i t i ca l organ i z a t i on ; and membe rshi p o f a non - recogn i z ed trade union . S u s p e c ted membe rs or sympathi zers o f proscr ibed po l i t i c a l p a r t i e s have been de t a ined , de s p i te a r t i c l e 3 of the Cons titut ion , whi ch a c c o rds to Came roon i a n c i t i zens the right to form mo re than one po l i t i c a l party . I n p r a ct i s e , howeve r , only one po l i t i c a l party is permi tted , the Ra s semblement demo c ra t i que du peuple camerouna i s ( RDPC ) , Cameroon Peop l e s ' Demo c r a t i c Movemen t , t h e name adopted in 1 9 8 5 b y i t s prede c e s sor , t h e Union nationa l e came r o un a i se ( UNC ) , the Cameroon Na tional Union .

I n November 1 9 8 2 , Pres ident Ahidj o announced that he was r e t i r ing from the p r e s iden c y . He was rep l a ced , as the con s t i tution prescribed , by P r ime Min i s t e r P a u l Biya . Howeve r , e x - P re s ident Ahidjo rema ined President of the s o l e pe rm i t t e d po l i t i ca l party ." From November 1 9 8 2 , there thus e x i s t ed a form o f dua l l e ade rshi p : forme r Pres ident Ahidjo continued to take maj o r po l i t i c a l de c i s ions and , a c c o rding t o some report s , rese rved the right t o be con s u l ted on a l l impo rtant matter s . Howeve r ,· President Biya ' s un i la t e r a l announcement o f a g"ove rnment reshu f f le on 1 8 June 1 9 8 3 . s igna l led a ma j o r break with fo rme r President Ahidjo . The latter wa s reported to have s ubseque n t l y s ummoned a mee t ing of senior min i s ters and to have a sked them to r e s ign en ma s s e in protest against Pres ident Biya . Howeve r , none did so . I n July 1 9 8 3 e x - Pres ident Ahidjo l e f t Cameroon of his own a c cord . On 2 2 August 1 9 8 3 , P r e s ident Biya announced pub l i c l y tha� the a uthor it ies had unc o ve red a conspiracy to overthrow the government and. ·to a s s a s s inate

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himse l f , wh i ch imp l i cated a t least two o f f i cers of the armed forces who were on the p r i v a t e s t a f f o f forme r Pre s ident Ahidj o . Ex - P res ident Ahi djo de n i e d knowl edge o f any such plot . On 27 August 1 9 83 he res igned the p r e s idency o f the rul ing UNC pP.rty .

On 2 8 February 1 9 84 , Squadron Leader I brahim Oumarou and Captain Adamou S a l a t o u , two o f f i c ers deta ined si nce August 1 9 83 in connec t ion with the a l leged a t tempt to overthrow the gove rnment , were con v i c ted by a Yaound� m i l i t ary t r i buna l on charge s of p l o t t ing to overthrow the g o ve rnme nt and to a s s a s s in a t e the Head of State and tvere sen tenced to d e a t h . Fo rme r Pres ident Ahi dj o , who was t r i ed in absent i a , was a l s o sen tenced to de a t h a f t e r be ing convi cted of s imi lar o f fen ces . The death s en t en c e s impo s ed on the three men were subsequen t l y commuted to terms � f l i f e i mp r i s onment by Pres ident Biya . Amnesty I nterna t i ona l tvas concerned that t he m i l i t a ry t r i buna l which heard the cases f a i l ed to mee t recogn i zed interna t i o n a l s t andards of f a i r t r i a l in that i t did nri t perm i t any r ight o f a p p e a l to a highe r t r i bunal , and apparen t l y did not inv� s t i g a t e a l lega t i ons t h a t t h e t w o de fendants who w e r e present in court had been t o r t ured in pre - t r i a l cust ody .

The A t t empted Coup o f 6 Apr i l 1 9 8 4

O n 6 Apr i l 1 9 8 4 , un i t s o f the Repub l i c an Guard and Gendarme r i e s t a t i oned in the c ap i ta l , Yao unde , a t t a cked t h e pres iden t i a l pa l a ce and key i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n an a t t empt to over throw President Biya ' s governmen t . The re was f i e r c e f ight ing in Yaounde on 6 and 7 Apr i l 1 9 8 4 , espec i a l l y around the p re s i dent i a l p a l a ce , the rad i o s t a t i o n and the a i rport . The i n surrect ion w a s even t u a l l y que l l ed by t ro o p s loya l to the government .

The autho r i t i e s have g i ven several d i f f e rent a c counts of the responsibi l i t y for the coup at tempt . For examp l e , Pre s i dent B i ya was r e p o r ted t o have s t a ted in a radio broadcast on 10 Apr i l 1 9 8 4 that ' the r e spons ibi l i ty f o r the abo r t i ve coup does not lie w i th any parti cular p r o v i n c e o f Came r o on o r w i t h Cameroonian s of any g i ven re l i g i on ' . Howeve r , Armed Fo rces M i n i s t e r Andze Tso ungui subsequent l y c l a imed that " 9 9 . 9 9 % o f the mutineers were f rom the north " . Seve r a l gove rnment min i s te r s a r e r e p o rted to ha ve a c c used e x - P re s ident Ahidjo of hav ing p l a nned the coup a t t empt f rom h i s f o r e i gn exi l e in France . It was a l s� wide ly said by g o ve rnmen t o f f i c i a l s that the mi l i tary leader of the coup a t tempt was Co l o n e l I b rahim S a l eh , the second- i n - c ommand of the Republ ican Guard , and that I s s a Adoum , c i v i l i an d i re c t o r of the Fonds national de deve l oppement � ( FONADER ) , Na t i o n a l Fund f o r Rural Deve lopmen t , wa s int ended to r e p l a ce P r e s ident Paul Biya i f the coup a t tempt had suc ceeded .

The a u tho r i t i e s announced sho r t ly a f ter t�e . coup a t tempt .t hat the c a s ua l t i e s amounted to 70 de ad , of whom . four were c i v i l ians , and tha t 2 6 5 . . . people were m i s s i ng . However , uno f f i c i a l sources e s t imated that the c a s ua l t i e s were h igher , p o s s ibly total ! i ng over 1 , 000 dead , and that they i n c l uded man y c i v i l ians . Moreove r , according to some repo r t s , troops loyal to Pres ident B i ya s umma r i l y executed people whom they suspe c ted o f i mp l i ca t i o n i n the a t t empted coup when they retook po s i t ions o c cupi ed by . the f o r c e s o ppos ed to Pres ident Biya .

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I n Ap r i l 1 9 8 4 the government announced that it had de ta ined a total o f 1 , 053 people in connec t ion w i th the at tempt t o ove rthrow the gove rnme nt . A comm i s s i on o f inquiry was esta�li shed to inves tigate the cou p and to examine the de tainees with a view to the i r eventua l trial ; i t apparen tly began i t s pro ceedings on 1 1 Apr i l 1 9 84 . According to pres s repo rts , s e ve r a l j un i o r s o ldiers who appe ared be fore the commiss ion o f inqu iry and who had parti cipa ted in the coup at tempt under orders of the i r senior o f f i c e r s were freed by order o f the commi s s ion . Many o the rs we re apparent ly recommended for prose cution .

Acco rding to uno f f i c i a l repo r t s received by Amne s ty I nterna tiona l , the f i r s t t r i a l s o f people accused o f o f fences arising from the attempted coup o f 6 Ap r i l 1 9 8 4 began on 25 Apr i l 1 9 84 at a m i l i t ary camp ne ar Yao unde . Over the f o l lowing days there were increas ing l y freq uent repo r t s tha t several mi l i t ary t r i buna l s were in session . There have been persi stent uno f fi ca l r e po r t s tha t 3 5 or more people were exe cuted a t Mbalmayo on 1 May 1 9 8 4 a f ter they had been sentenced to death by mi l i tary t r i buna l s .

On 1 6 May 1 9 8 4 the gove rnment , whi ch had hitherto made no sta tement e i the r to conf irm or deny repor t s of secret t r i a l s and execut ions , i s sued i t s f i r s t s t a tement in regard to the tria l s . I t stated that the Yaounde M i l i t ary Tr ibuna l· had been convened to try people chaEged w i th o f ferices a r i s ing from the at tempted coup , and that the court had pun i shed the de fendants according to the gravity of each cr ime . The sta temen t announced that , o f the 1 , 0 53 people deta ined a f ter the coup attempt , 6 1 7 had been re lea sed f o l l owing prel iminary investigat i ons . A further 1 8 3 were a cqui t ted at the· t � i a l s before the Yaounde Mi l i tary Tribuna l , and a further 1 8 5 were sentenced t o terms of imp r i s onment including l i f e impr isonment . i t s a i d t h a t forty - s i x o the rs had been sen·tenced to death inc luding three sentenced i n absent i a . The government s t atement d i d n o t name any o f tho se de t a i ned on t r i a l , nor did it men t i on the cha rge s on whi ch the accused had been fo und gui l t y , nor the nature o f the legal proceeding s tak en against them . I t did not say whe ther any o f the 46 people sentenced to de ath had been executed .

I n Novembe r 1 98 4 , after at least six sets of t r i a l s had been he ld b e f o r e a m i l i t a r y t r i buna l i n Yaound� in camera , Pres ident Biya announced a total o f 1 , 2 0 5 people had been de t a ined on susp i cion o f invo l v eme�t in the coup a t t empt . He s a i d that a total o f 4 9 1 of them had been tr ied by that da t e , o f whom 2 3 2 had been acqu i t ted , 51 had been sentenced to dea th , and 2 0 5 had been sentenced to vari ous terms of impr is onment . He acknowledged that one pe rson had died wh i l e �n cust ody but the Gove rnment gave no further de ta i l s . He indi cated that a further 52 people we re s t i l l to be t r i ed .

Nei ther on that o c c a s i on or subsequent ly have the autho r i t i e s s t ated publ icly the name s o f any o f those tr ied by the mi l i tary tr ibunals or d i s c l osed o the r info rma t i on concern ing the trials or the unt r i ed det a inees . I t ha s a l s o been ext remely di f f i cult for Amnesty Interna t ional to verify the fate o f the s e pr i soners f rom uno f ficial accounts . It seems highly

·; pr.obable that the 51 pe ople sen tenced to de ath. w� re exec.;uted and that up to 2 50 o r mo re people maybe s t i l l �mpr isoned , ei ther serv ing p r i son sentenc es impo sed by mi l i ta�� t r i bun a l s or de ta ined without trial .

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Amne s t y I n terna t iona l concerns

Amne s t y International i s concerned tha t some of the people s t i l l deta ined i n the wake o f the coup a t tempt may be pri s one r s o f consc ience , imp r i soned be cause o f the i r po l i t i c al opinions or connec t i on s , their ethn i c o r ig i n , o r f o r be ing r e l a ted to p e o p l e a l l egedly invo l ve� in t h e coup a t t emp t wi t hout having themse lves used or advo cated v i olence . S ome o f the d e t a inees were reported l y the vict ims of anonymo us and appa ren tly unfo unded denunc i at i ons . Amn e s t y I nt e rnat ional is conce rned that some have been d e t a ined f o r an appare n t l y inde f i n i t e per iod wi thout charge or tri al . Othe rs ha ve been conv i c ted by courts ( m i l it ary tr ibuna l s ) whi ch did not conform t o i n t e rnat iona l l y - re cognised standards o f fair t r i a l . Defenda nt s had no r i ght o f appe a l to a higher court ; some of the accused had no legal r ep r e s e n t a t i on o r we r e . represented by state counsel ( " commis d ' o f f i c e " ) a s s i gned j u s t a f ew hou rs be fore the i r t r i a l s . Some o f thos� convi c ted by m i l i tary t r i buna l s have now se rved the i r sentences but rema i n imp r i s oned beyond the e x p i ry of the i r t e rm . The organ i z a t i on is concerned by reports tha t some o f the deta ine e s were i l l - treated and that they may have been conv i c t ed on the ba s i s of e v i dence extrac ted unde r dure s s .

Amn e s t y I n t e rna t i ona l , whi ch i s uncond i t iona lly opposed to the de ath • pena l ty , is a l s o conc e rned that many dea th sentences were impo sed and

e v idently carr ied out a f t e r t r i a l s whi ch did not con form to . i nt�rna t i ona lly a c c ep t ed s tanda rds o f f a i r t r ia l .

Amne s t y I n te rnat ional i s current ly inve s t igat ing the c a s e s of 34 p o l i t i c a l p r i soners deta ined in 1 9 84 in the wake of the Apr i l 1 9 84 coup a t t empt and who rema in in de tention . Of at least 2 50 people sentenced to v a r i o u s terms o f imp r i sonment or de ta ined wi thout trial in relat ion to the c o u p a t temp t , Amn e s t y I n te rnat ional has only been able to obt a in i nde pendent l y con f i rmed informa t ion that 34 of these are s t i l l he ld . The 34 come under the f o l l owing categorie s :

A . People detained since 1984 who were either not tried or received

ailitary trials which did not confora to internationally accepted standards

of fair trial . notably in that the accused were tried in ca.era . did not

have access to legal counsel of their choice . aud were not peraitted to

appeal to a higher court against the sentences �posed on the• :

1 . Colonel Mamadou ABDOULAYE . MASSA , forme r Head o f the M i l i t a ry I nt.e l l igence Serv i ce , S � c u r i t � mi l i taire ( SEM I L ) . He is repo rted to have been sent enc�d to 20 years ' imp r i sonment on charg e s n o t known to the organ i za t i on .

2 . BAKARY , a f o rmer emp loyee of Cameroon Airl ines in Yaound� . Legal s t a tus no t known .

3 . I s s a BAKARY , a d i re ctor of the gendarmerie who wa s sentenced t o f i ve yea r s ' imp r i sonmen� . charges not known .

. 4 . Co lone l Ngoura BELHADJ I , former Head of the F i r s t Mi li t a ry Region .

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He i s reported to hav� been sentenced to 5 years ' imp r i sonment on unknown charge s . Leg a l s ta t us �ot known . Currently be l i eved held at the Brigade Mixt e Mobi l e , Nkondeng u i , Yao unde .

5 . Ahmadou BELLO , fo rmer Director Genera l o f Came roon Ai r l ines , CAMA I R . Lega l s ta t u s not known .

6 . Roger BOL I MO , a former Cus toms I nspector cur rent ly held in the P r i s on de produc t i o n , Labour Camp , at Yoko . Lega l status not known .

7 . Da i s s a l a DAKOLE , f o rmer D i rector Gene ra l of the S o c i ete de s t r a n s p o r t s urba ins ( SOTUC ) , Urban Transport Company . Leg a l sta tus not known .

8 . L i eutenant Mou s s a DAMADOU , f o rme r Commandant of the Limbe Naval Base , S o uthwe s t Province . Legal s tatus not known .

9 . L i eutenant �o lone l Ousmane DAOUDA , forme r Che f d ' Etat Ma j o r Part i c u l i e r d u Che f d e l ' Eta t . H e i s repor ted to have been sentenced -to f i ve years ' imp r i sonment f o r unknown r e a s ons . Legal s tatus not known . '

1 0 . Bobo HAMATOUCOUR , former Director Gene ral o f the Of f i ce n a t iona l de comme r c i a l i s a t ion de produits de base , ( ONCPB ) , National Raw Ma ter i a l s M a r k e t ing O f f ice . Leg a l status not known .

1 1 . Army C a p t a i n Mou s s a MAHOUDE . Fur ther de t a i l s unava i lable . Lega l status not known .

1 2-. Abdo u l a ye MAZOU , a former mag i s trate , Secretary -Gener a l at the Minis try of Edu c a t i o n and Pres ident o f the Conse i l nationale de sport ( CNS ) , N a t i ona l S p o r t s Counc i l ; he s u f fers f rom c r i pp l ed legs , and i s b e l i eved deta ined at Yaounde central p r i son . He has been sentenced to f i ve years ' imp r i s onment .

1 3 . Mey A l i MEGA ! . No further de ta i l s . Leg a l status not known .

1 4 . Ai r F o r c e Capta in Mohamadou Aoudou MOKTAR . No further det a i l s . Leg a l s ta t u s n o t known .

1 5 . Habouba Mous s a , f o rmer European Representat i ve o f Came roon a i r l i n e s , CAMA I R . Legal s tatus not known .

I n a l l o f the above 1 5 cas es , Amnesty I nternational has appea led to the autho r i t i e s t o con f i rm the in forma t i on g iven above . The organi z a t i on has sought an exp l anat ion of the �easons and leg a l bas is for the impri sonment o f these p r i sone r s . Amnesty I nternational has urged that un l e s s they are to be f a i r l y t r ied for a recogn i zably c r imina l o f fence , they be re leased

wi thout de l a y . Amnesty I n t ernat iona l has rece ived no response to these appea l s .

B . Reports received by · �esty International indicate that the following people were arrested in Apri l 1 984 . were tried by ailitary tribunal for offences related to the coup atte�t . were acquitted but subsequently redetained ; tbey continue to be �prisoned without charge or trial .

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1 . ABBO , a ho t e l emp loyee

2 . Ahmado u ALFAKI

3 . Oumarou AMAH , no det a i l s , lega l status not known .

4 . Arabo BAKARY

5 . Mon s ieur D I AWE

6 . Yanga I BRAH I M , a fo rmer bu s ines sman and manager at the Office nat ional de commer c i a l i sat ion de produits de base ( ONCPB ) , National Raw Ma t e r i a l s Ma rket ing O f f i c e . Le gal st atus not known .

7 . Mademo i s e l l e S u zanne LECA I LLE , an execut ive of the Societe na t i onal d' e l ect r i c i t e ( SONEL ) , the Na tional Elect ricity Company ..

8 . Nana MAMADOU

9 . Al ain Touf f i c OTHMAN

10 . Army Capt a in I s sa OU SMANOU

1 1 . Bouba SAMBO , a po l i c e o f ficer formerly based in Wum , Northwe s t province .

1 2 . I s s a TCH I ROMA , an engi ne er and former emp loyee of the Reg ie nat ionale de chemins de fer ( RNC F ) , Na tiona l Ra ilway Office .

1 3 . Mademo i s e l l e Rose Z I A , an execut ive of the Fond nat i ona le de deve lo ppement rura l e ( FONADER ) , the Nat iona l Fund for Rural Deve lopment .

I n a l l o f the 1 3 cases above , Amnes t y Internationa l has appealed to the gove rnment of Came roo n to prov ide de tails of the reasons and l egal bas is for the cont inued de tent ion of the se prisone rs . The or gani zat ion has appealed tha t unl e s s they are to be charged and fairly tried 1� ith a recogn izably criminal o f fence they be released immedi ate ly . Amne s ty .Interna t i ona l ha s not recei ved any response f rom the government on these · case s .

2 . Nana HAMADOU ( s entence ended 08 . 08 . 86 ) tS . .

3 . Sani HAMMAN ( sentence ended 08 � 08 .11 )

7

OS 4 . Mo udi o H I LD I NA ( sentence ended ta . 1 2 . 8 6 )

5 . Abdoulaye TAMBOUTOU ( sentenre ended 08 . 08 . 8 6 )

6 . Al i YOUS SOUFFA ( sent ence ended 08 . 08 . 8 6 )

I n a l l o f the s i x abo v e - no t e d cas e s , Amnesty I nt e rna t i onal ha s a s k e d why they w e r e n o t r e l e a s e d on e xp i ry of the i r sen tences and ha s appea l ed tha t un l e s s they a r e h e l d on any fur the r re cogn i z ably c r imin a l charge , they be r e l ea s e d w i th o u t further �e l a y . However , the organi za t i on h a s rece i ved n o re sponse f rom the gove rnment .

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TO: A:

U N I T E D N AT I O N S N AT I O N S U N I E S

INTEROFFICE M EMORA N D U M MEMORA N D U M INTERIEUR

Mr . Abdulrahim A. Farah, under-Secretary-General Special Political Questioos , Regiooal Cc:K:peration

Decolonization and Trusteeship

DATE: -�2�5�J,��Jl�9�8 REFERENCE: ------+

THROUGH: S/C DE: · �

Muni {._; . Charles H. La ere , D1rector

FROM: DE: office for Emergencies in Africa

suBJEC�te on the emergency situation OBJ ET: 1n Angola, Ethiopia and r-bzambique

Ar9ola

1 . 'Ihe emergency si tuation in Angola is worseniD:j due to increased f ightiD;J in the southern part of the cc:untry where Kwito carnavale , the capital of Kwarrlo Cl..1ban3o province, is reported to be uOO.er siege by South African troops and members of the UNITA rebel novement . In the rest of the · COlmtry, acts of destabilizatioo by UNITA rebels have increased in intensity ani frequency. 'Ihe proportion of roads whidl can be travelled without military escort is decreasiD;J steadily;. '!here are at least 600,000 war-displaced pecple in the country. Half of the urban pcp.1lation is totally destitute and a growiD;J number of rural farmers are unable to cultivate their lanis aoting to internal strife and the widespread U:se of anti-personnel mines by rebel groups . 'Ihe country • s eccn:my, except for oil exploitation in cabinda in the north, is at a virtual starrlstill .

Transport of any Jdoo is getting increasingly difficult ani a growing ru:unber of provincial capitals are now reachable , as far as emergency ani COIIliiOdities are ca1cerned, mainly by air .

2 . In this context, on 14 October 1987 , an ICRC Cl30 transport plane crashed after takeoff 18 km. south of Kui to , JdlliD;J its passengers ani crew. 'Ihe ICOC suspects that the plane was shot dcwn or sabotaged and as a result has suspended its very important f<:::X:rl ani seed distribltion progranune in the Huambo central highlands . It is likely that the ICRC will IX>t start its operaticns up again until it can receive assurances fran Government and rebel forces alike that its neutrality 'filile carrying out humanitarian missicns will be respected . 'Ihe Secretary-General may wish· to call the Head of ICOC to indicate -United Natioos SUAX>rt for the excellent work Which the canini t tee has been doiD;J in AB30la and to encourage it to resume operaticns . Note that because of transport CCl'lStraints ani with a view to preserving its neutrality, the ICRC has always declined to nove emergency aid camoodi ties by road.

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3 . '!he UN interagercy mission, which the SeCretary-General sent to AD:3ola in October 1987 , has canpleted its work am its report is !'Xh7 in the hands of the Goverrunent for clearance. Logistics calStraints arxl means to overcane these are strongly stressed in the report. In order to assist . the Government in caning to grips effectively with the emergency situatiOn facing the country, the UNpP has sent one of its most senior staff members , Mr . Oto Denes , to assume responsibility for the UNDP office until such time as a new Resident Co-ordinator arrives in Luarrla . UNICEF similarly has sent one of its top people to manage its important prograrrrne. WFP and UNHCR have also strengthened their field offices in Luari::ia. ·

r-bzambique

4 . A situation of extreme arxl complex emergency continues to plague r-bzambique. · Drought is again affecting the country. Parts of the south are dry arxl unless the oorthern }lrovinces of Niassa, Namp.lla, cabo Delgado and zambezia receive . significant rainfall before the end of Jaruiary, they will · also be considered drought affected . In spite pf increased · efforts of the Government, the security si tuatioo has oot improved arxl has in fact deteriorated in several parts of the country. Widespread attacks l:!f armed baOOits frc::m RENM-D have succeeded in destabilizing the economic life of the entire country. As a result, out of a population of 13 millioo people . 3 , 211 , 845 (24. 7% ) are affected arxl displaced, 2 , 987 ,952 (22 .9% ) are urban affected arxl fed through market-supplied · focd aid1 the remaining 6,800,203 (52 .4% ) are all short of basic camriOdi ties . Accessibility remains one of the main problems facing the emergercy effort as many of the affected people

·

cannot be readled because of insecure ca¥ii tioos .

5 . '!he emergercy structure put in place in Maputo ·has

resulted in improved co-c:::peratioo between the Government, the UN system and the international donor camnunity. D.lring 1987 ; dorx:>r response was encouraging except in the sectors of water supply am essential agricultural inputs where it has been minimal .

6 . '!he Government is oow in the process of preparing a new assessment of its 1988 emergercy assistance requirements, whidl will be presented to the internaticmal caom�.mity at the erxl of March/ beginning of April 1988 in Maputo. In agreement with the Government, a UN interagency missioo, led l:!f the Director for Emergencies in Africa, will be fielded in mid-February oot cnly to help the Government in finalizing its assessment in the field of food aid, logistics , health, water , essential agricultural inputs arxl relief survival items but also to provide a clearer qefinition of the linkages between these requirements am the rehabilitaticn am recovery needs of the population, inclooing the provision of basic services . To ensure the credibility of the appeal , the missioo will �ocus its recaqnendations on the .needs of the people who can be readled effeetively with emergency am rehabilitation assistance.

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Ethiopia

.l: L

7 . Ethiopia is in the midst of a canplex emergency induced by a renewed severe drought and canpourrled by belligerent armed activities in the most affected oorthern provinces of Eritrea and ·Tigray. Seven million people currently are estimated at be at risk .

8. '!he Government ' s Relief and Rehabilitatiat Ccmnissiat (ROC) estimates that total emergenzy food requirements aJOOUnt to 1 , 046 milliat tons of grain equivalent, a figure Whidl has been ccnfirmed by the � nul tidooor crop assessment mission fielded in December 1987 . Confirmed pledges stand at 622 , 286 tans , leaving a Shortfall of 332 , 919 tons . It follcws that food requirements for the first quarter and part of the secald quarter of 1988 are covered . HQever, as pointed out to dooors several times by the ROC and the Special Representative of the Secretary�ral, these forecasts can ally cane true if dooors expedite shipping arrangements . · ·

9. '!he major obstacle ccnfronting the <:D3Qing emergency cperatioo arises out of the alarming increase in insurgenzy activities in Eritrea and Tigray. Fran September 1987 to date, over 00 vehicles belonging to commercial and relief organizations, tr�ting relief food, have been destroyed , including 23 UN/WI'OE and CRS trucks carrying 450 tons of cereals. 'ltle latest attack is r$ported to have taken place on 15 January in Whidl 17 canmercial vehicles carrying 175 tons of relief aid were destroyed. In the wake. of the 23 O::tober 1987 attack against a UN ccnvoy, the United NatialS issued a strong condemnation, warning of the devastating consequences suCh actions entailed for the emergency. In this regard, it sb:>uld be ooted that the truck position in the BXth has been seriously affected deapi te an excellent dorx:>r Cattritutiat to this sector , in line with the reccmnendations of the r-lll tidon:Jr Tr�t Missioo whidl studied Ethiopia • s overall transport and logistics capacity to � with the ongoing emergency.

10. '!he United Nations also spelled out the "cpen road, aom risk" policy which shalld apply in this context, whose aim is to ensure that unescorted humani tarian ccnvoys; clearly identified by UN emblems , be allCMed free passage in the conflict and drought affected provinces of Eritrea and Tigray. 'lhe Special Representative of the

·

Secretary-General again raised this matter of the cpen �road in a meeting with the Prime Minister of Ethiopia at 14 January. '!he latter pranised to seek an improvement in this area •

11. In recogni tioo of the aforementia'led reality l:ut also in order to speed up the transport and subsequent prepJSitioning of urgent relief supplies to the main warehouses closer to the most inaccessible districts, airlift cperations have been na.inted, jointly· co-ordinated by ROC and the Emergency Preventiat � Prei:>aredness Group (EPPG) . Five Cl30 He�cul�s planes and· tnree Anbonov aircraft are currently shuttling relief goods betweer;t the port o£ Massawa and .the towns of · Asmara and Mekelle. Generoos o6ntribltions have also been made to UNDRO ' s $US 4 millioo a�· for medium-scale and limited airlift of 11 ;000 tOils of focxf.per nonth . UNDOO, in agreement with the main ccntribltors to the airlift operatiat ·.- ICR::, CARITAS, EEX::: - will issue a new $US 5 million appeal in the near future.

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12 . Other outstarrling sectoral emergency requirements are as follows :

water suwly Health

COst in millions $Us 16.25

Agricultural inputs Trucks, vehicles,

spare parts

16.76 99.7

40.00

Contrirutions rec 'd 6.870 2 .15 oone

18.97

Concerned UN entities, in close co-operation with the EP!IG, are in calStant contact with the dax:>r canmunity in order to mobilize · resources to fill the gaps outlined above.

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28 January 1988

Secr etary-General ' s v i s i t to Afr ica

Br ief summary of the f inanc ial s i tuat ion of the Un i ted Nat ions .

Status of contr ibut ions of the f ive countr ies the Secretary-General intends to v i s i t (Cameroon , Congo , Gabon , Ghana , za ire) .

Other relevant po i nts .

Summary of the f inanc ial s i tuat ion

The General Assembly approved a budget for 1988-1989 in the amount of $1 , 76 9 b i ll ion , with a vote , but , contrary to wha t happened in the recent past, only thr ee Member States absta ined (Austral i a , Japan and the uni ted States) and one country voted aga inst ( I srae l) .

Th is approved budget resulted in a net assessment of Member States of $758 . 0 mill ion for 1988 .

Contr ibut ions totall ing $1 4 2 . 6 mill ion have been received s ince the beg inn ing of January - total outstand ing contr ibut ions to date amount to $968 . 8 mill ion ( see attachment 1) .

• . The f inanc ial s i tuat ion of the Organ izat ion i s st ill uncertain and preoccupy ing . A deplet ion of the cash-r eserve can be expected for October 1988 , unless the major contr ibutor meets its obl igat ions . ·

Contr ibut ions of the Afr ican countr ies concerned

Ind ividual statements on the status of contr ibut ions ( assessed and voluntary) for each of the f ive countr ies the Secretary-General intends to v is i t ar e attached ( see attachment 2 ) .

I n summary:

Cameroon :

Please note that , wh i le in 1987 assess ed contr ibut ion to the r egular budget was pa id in full , part of the 1987 UNI FIL assessment is st i ll ou tstand ing , and noth ing has been pa id agai nst the 1987 CERD assessment. Payment for all 1988 assessments i s ou tstand ing as well .

In the area of voluntary contr ibut ions , payment of all 198 7 pledges i s ou tstand ing .

I . . .

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-2-

Please note that no payment was r eceived in 1987 aga inst assessed contr ibut ions for that year and outstand ing amounts for pr ior year s . Includ ing the 1988 assessments , total ou tstand ing assessed contr ibut ions amount to $258 , 0 0 0 at present.

In the area of voluntary contr ibut ions , payment is outstand ing for pledge s made for 198 5 and pr ior year s . No new pledges have been made s ince 198 5 .

Gabon :

Please note that the 19 8 7 assesed contr ibut ion to the r egular budget was pa id in fu l l . However , s ignif icant amou nts are ou tstand ing for UNDOF and UNIF I L . Includ ing the 1 9 8 8 assessments , total outstanding assessed contr �but ions amount to $294 , 745 at presen t .

I n the area o f voluntary contr ibut ions , a 19 86 pledge i s outstand ing and no new pledges have been made since then.

Ghana :

P lease note that all 1987 commi tments wer.e · met in ful l . For 1988 , the assessed contr ibut ion to the regular budget and the UNDOF ass essment up to 3 1 May 1988 are outstand ing ( see attachment A) .

With regard to peace-keep ing , it should be noted that Ghana is a troo�contr ibuting countr y . At present , UN recor ds show unpa id obl igat ions to Ghana for troop costs for UNIF I L in the amount of $2 1 , 781 , 870 and for UNEF in the amount of $938 , 5 0 0 · ( see attachment 3 ) .

There are no ou tstand ing payments for ·voluntary pledge s . However , no new pledges have been rece_ived . s ince 198 5 .

zair e :

Please note that the 1987 · ass essed contr ibut ion · to the regular budget was pa id in fu l l , wherea$ UNDOF ; UNIFIL and CERD assessments for 1987 and pr ior year s _are st ill ou tstand ing . Includ ing the 1988 assessments , total· outsta�d ing assessed contr ibut ions amou nt to $126 , 43 7 at· present .-

I n the area of vo luntary contr ibut ions ,· a tota l of $53 , 5 0 0 i s outstand ing .

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Other points

A report of the Secretary-General on the implementat ion of the UN Programme ot Action for Economic Recovery and Development of Afr ica is be ing pr epared for submiss ion to the for ty-th ird sess ion of the General Assembly . Pend ing the cons iderat ion of that repor t , the secretary-General will ensure that ECA i s streng thened for· the· implementat ion of its work progr amme and pr ior i t ie s . I n th i s �egard approval has already been g iven for necessary action to reduce vacancy s i tuat ion in the ECA secretar iat .

Also :

Cameroon : has been elected Member of the Comm i ttee for Progr amme and Co-ord inat ion (CPC ) . Mr . Tommo Monthe was Cha irman of the CPC a few years ago , and also Cha i rman of the 5 th Comm i ttee �

za ire: Mr . Bagben i Ade ito Nzengeya has been appo inted member of the ACABQ .

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' Attachment 1 2 5 January 19 8 8 .,

Status of payments b� Member States to the Re9ular Bud9et ( M i l l ions of US Dollar s )

19 8 8

Member scale Ar rears as 19 88 January Unpai d State % at 3 1/12/8 7 Assessment Payments Amount

1 . u . s .A,..., 2 5 . 00 2 5 2 . 9 214 . 9 0 . 9 . �6 . 9 2 • ,. .!_a pan__, 10 . 84 7 8.5 .... 15 . 0 ..§J_2_ 3 . U . S . S . R . 10 . 20 10 . 5 2h2.. - §4 . 4 4 . Germany , Fed . Rep . of 8 . 26 � 5 9 . 8 5 . France "!- 6 . 3 7 4 . 4 4 6 . 1 50 � 5 6 . � 4 . 86 35 . 2 9 . 0 2 6 . • 2 7 . I taly 3 . 7 9 .· 2 7 . 4 2 7 . 4 8 . Canada .X 3 . 06 . 2 2 . 2 2 2 . 2 9 . Spain 2 . 0 3 14 . 7 14 . 7

10 . Nether lands 1 . 74 12 . 6 12 . 6

11 . Austr a l i a 1 . 66 12 . 0 12 . 0 12 . BraziL 1 . 4 0 7 . 8 10 . 1 __17 .·9 13 . German oem. Rep . 1 . 3 3 3 . 6 ' 9 . 6 9 . 6 3 . 6 14 . �R 1 . 28 2 . 5 9 . 3 11 8 -..:.......,.. 15 . Sweden ">' 1 . 2 5 9 . 1 9 . 1 16 . Belg i um 1 . 18 8 . 5 8 . 5 17 . Saud i Arabia . 9 7 7 . 0 7 . 0 18 . Mex ico . 8 9 0 . 4 6 . 4 6 . 8 19 . C h i na . 79 5 . 7 5 . 7 2 0 . Aust r ia . 7 4 5 . 4 · 4 . 9 0 . 5

2 1 . Denmar k :X. . 7 2 5 . 2 5 . 2 2 2 . C zechoslo vak ia . 70 0 . 3 5 . 1 5 . 4 23 . Poland . 64 5 . 6 4 . 6 3 . 0 7 . 2 24 . I r an . 6 3 7 . 6 4 . 6 12 . 2 2 5 . � . . 6 2 2 . 3 4 . 5 6 . 8 Argent 1na 2 6 . Vene zuela . 60 4 . 3 4 . 3 2 7 . Norway ).. . 5 4 3 . 9 3 . 9 2 8 . F inland >< . s o 3 . 6 3 . 6 29 . Yugosla via . 4 6 2 . 3 3 . 3 5 . 6 3 0 . Greece . 4 4 3 . 2 3 . 2

Gabon . 0 3 0 . 2 0 . 2 Cameroon . 0 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 Congo . 0 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2 Ghana . 0 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 zaire . 0 1 0 . 1 0 . 1

..

Other s 6 . 4 4 53 . 1 4 6 . 8 5 . 7 9 4 . 1

Monthly total 14 2 . 6

C umulati � total 100 . 0 0 3 5 3 . 4 . 7 5 8 . 0 14 2 . 6 9 6 8 . 8

0 19 8C

·. ' . . . ..

CAMEROON STATUS OF ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY CONTRI BUTIONS

AS OF 2 5 JANUARY 1988

Asse ssment 1987

Name o f Fund

Outstanding assessed . and voluntary contr ibutions for 1 9 8 6 and or Payment

A . ASSESSED CONTRI BUT IONS - Rate of Assessment

Reg ular B udget

Un ited Nat ions D i sengagement Obser ver Force (UNDOF ) up to 3 1/5/8 8

Un it ed Nat ions I nter im Force in Lebanon ( UNI F I L ) u p t o 3 1/ 1/88

9omm i t tee on the E l imination of Rac ial Disc r im inat ion (CERD )

B . VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUT I ONS

TarAL

Uni teq Nat ions Reg ional Center for �e ace and D i sarmament in Afr ica

wor ld Campa ign for · D i sarmament ·

Uni ted N at ions Fund for o�;ug Abuse· ·control ,.

unit ed Nat ions I n s t itute for Training and Research

Un it ed Nat ions In st itute for Namibia

I n ter nat ional Research and Tr a ining I ns t itute for the Ad vancement of women

Un ited Nat ions Peace-keeping Forces in Cypr us for the per iod 16 J une 198 5 to 15 December 19 8 5

0 1 3 8C

•

TCYI'AL

' ' •

pr ior years

CFAl , O O O , O O O

CFA 8 0 0 , 0 0 0

CFA3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

CFA 4 2 7 , 6 08

CFA 5 0 0 , 0 0 0

CFA1 , 500 , 0 0 0

CFA7 , 2 2 7 , 6 0 8

Pledge

0 . 0 1%

$ 7 2 , 4 54 $ 7 2 , 4 5 4

6 8 9 6 8 9

3 , 2 9 3 2 , 5 20 . .

5 0 7

$ 7 6 , 9 4 3 $ 7 5 , 6 6 3

. .

CFA 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

CFA12 , 00 0 , 0 0 0

CFA 5 0 0 , 0 0 0

CFA13 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0

. .

19 8 8

. ,

' ' '

Asse ssment

$

$

or Payment Pledge

0 . 0 1%

7 2 , 4 13

3 2 8

3 , 18 9

346

7 6 , 2 7 6

CONGO STATUS OF ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY CONTRI BUTIONS

AS OF 25 JANUARY 198 8

Name of Fund

• A . �SE�ED CONTRI BUTI ONS - Rate of Assessment

. . '

Reg u lar Budget

Outstanding assessed and voluntary contr ibutions for 19 86 and

prior years

$ 6 0 , 24 2 $

Un i tetl Nat ions D i sengag ement Obser .ver For ce (UNDOF) u,p to 3 1/5/8 8 23 , 7 5 3

Un i ted Nat ions I nter im Force i n Lebanon ( UNI FI L ) u p t o 3 1/ 1/8 8

B . VOLUNTARY CONTRi ijUTIONS

Un i ted' Nat ions I nsti tute for Training and Researcl)

TCYrAL

I nternat ional' Resea�ch and Train ing I ns t i tute for the Ad vancement of women

TCYrAL ( local cur rency)

( US dol lar s)

0 13 8C

2 1,620

$ 105 , 6 15

$ 15 , 0 0 0

CFA3 ,00 0 , 000

CFA3 , 000 , 000

$ 15 , 000

$

19 8 7 Assessment

or Payment Pledge

0 . 01%

7 2 , 4 5 4

6 8 9

3 , 2 9 3

76 , 4 3 6

·-

198 8

' , -,tJ

Assessment

$

$

or Payment · Pledge

0 . 0 1%

7 2 , 4 13

3 4 7

3 , 189

7 5 , 9 4 9

GABON STATUS OF ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY' CONTRI BUTIONS

AS OF 25 JANUARY 1988

. •. .

N�e of Fund

Outstanding assessed and voluntary contr ibut ions for 198 6 and

pr ior years

· A . A&SI!:SSED CONTRI BUTIONS - Rate o f Assessment

Regu.lar Budget .

• tfni ted Nations D isengag ement Obser ver Force (UNDOF) • ' up to 3 1/5/8 8 $ 13 , 4 69

. Un lted Nations I nter im Force in Lebanon ( UNI FI L ) . : up t o 3 1/1/ 8 8

Cornmitte.e o n the E l imi nation o f Rac ial Discr imination (CERD)

. .

. · ..

· a . VOLuNTARY CO�I BUTIONS . .

TOTAL

Uni ted Nat ions I nst i tute for Training and Research

TOI'AL

013 8C

3 5 , 67 0

4 , 510

$ 53 ,64 9

CFA20 , oo o· , ooo CFA20 , 000 , 0 0 0

$

$

198 7 Assessment

or Payment Pledge

0 . 0 3 %

2 5 9 , 124 $ 2 59 , 12 4

2 , 0 5 2

9 , 3 13

526

2 7 1 , 0 15 $ 2 59 , 124

198 8 Assessment

or Pledge

•

r \

. lllf .

. . .

'\ . . �.. . ..:

Payment

0 . 0 3 %

$

$

2 17 , 2 3 8

2 , 0 4 1

9 , 5 67

3 59

2 2 9 , 205

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A .

, . .

Name of Fund

GHANA STATUS OF ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY CONTRI BUTIONS

AS OF 25 JANUARY 1988

outstanding assessed and voluntary contr i- Assessment

but ions for 19 8 6 and or pr ior year s Pledge

ASSESSED CONTRI BUT I ONS - Rate of Assessment

Reg li��r Budget $ 7 2 , 4 54

un i ted. Nat ions D i sengagement Obser ver Force ( UNDOF) · up to 3 1/5/88 6 8 9

uni ted Nat ions I nter im Force in Lebanon ( UNIFI L ) . up to 31/l/8 8 3 , 2 9 3

Committee on the E l iminat-ion of Rac ial •. D iscr iminat ion ( CERD ) 5 0 6

T<JrAL $ 7 6 , 9 4 2

At tachment 1

1987 Assessment

Payment or Pledge

0 . 0 1%

$ 7 2 , 4 5 4 $ 7 2 , 4 13

6 8 9 3 4 2

3 , 2 9 3 3 , 18 9

506 3 4 6

$ 76 , 9 4 2 $ 7 6 , 94 2

B . VOLUNTARY CONTRI BUTIONS ··

UN Nat ionhood Progr amme for Namibia - Trust Fund for Public ity aga inst Apar the id

UN Fund for Nam ib ia - Trust F u nd for the I nst i tute for Namibia - UN Trust F und for South Afr ica - UN Educat ional and Tra ining Progr amme for

· Southern Afr ica

0 13 8C

Note : 1985 pledges for the funds . l i sted ha ve been paid in full. No pledge of contr ibut ions has been made· for any fund since 1985 .

. \

1988

Payment

0 . 0 1%

3 , 189

346

$ 3 , 5 3 5

> · " " Ill () ::r S · � " >

ZAI RE STATUS OF ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY CONTRI BUTIONS

AS OF 25 JANUARY 19 8 8

Name of Fund

A . ASSESSED -CONTRIBUT I ONS - Rate of Assessment

Regular �udget

Outstand i ng assessed and voluntar y contr ibut ions for 19 8 6 and

pr ior year s

Un i ted Nat ions D isengagement Obser ver Force (UNDOF)· _.up·. to. 3 1/5/8 8 $ 7 , 8 8 7

B •

Un i ted . Nat ions I nter im Force in Lebanon (UNI FIL) . up to 3 1/1/8 8

Committee on the E l imination of Rac ial · . D i scr iminat ion (CERD )

TOO'AL

VOLUNTARY CO�RI BUTIONS

. Trust Fund for S9<:.ial-� Qefence

I nternational Y ear fo.i:: D i sabled Per sons

u n i ted Nat ions Fund for Drug Abuse Control

uni ted Nat ions I nst itute for . Tr a i n i ng · a nd Research

Uni ted Nations Center for Transnational Corpor a t ion

Un i ted Nat ions T r u s t Fund for Ag ing

. I nternat ional Research and Training I ns t i tu te for the Ad vancement of women

TOO'AL

0 1 3 8C

33 , 4 7 6

4 , 2 9 6

$ 4 5 , 6 59

$ 5 0 0

5 0 0

1 , 00 0

4 2 , 0 0 0

1 , 00 0

5 0 0

1 , 00 0

$ 4 6 , 50 0

19 8 7 Assessment

or Payment Pledge

0 . 0 1%

$ 7 2 , 4 54 $ 7 2 , 4 5 4

6 84

3 , 2 9 3

5 0 6

$ 7 6 , 9 3 7 $ 7 2 , 4 5 4

$ 5 0 0

. 5 0 0

' 1 , 00 0

5 0 0

5 0 0

$ 3 , 0 0 0

!tachment 1.

1988 Asses sment

or Pledge

0 . 0 1 %

$ 7 2 , 4 13

3 4 7

3 , 18 9

3 4 6

$ 7 6 , 29 5

$ 500

500

500

1 , 0 0 0

5 0 0

5 0 0

500

$ 4 , 000

. ... . \

. ' '

Payment

. .

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Attachment 3

united Nations Inter im Force in Lebanon . Payments and <l:>ligations to the Government of <llana

Following the latest payrrent on 27 January 1988 for the monthly period ended 31 Decerrt>er 1987, payments to the Government of <llana since the inception of UNIFIL , were as follows :

Basic pay and allowances for troops Depreciation of contingent-owned

equipment and cost o� supplies

'Ibtal

$

49 , 841,150

7 , 000 ,000

56 , 841,150 y

unpaid obligations to Ghana for troop costs were as follows : $

Basic pay and allowances for troops Supplementary allowance for specialists usage factor _ for . clothing and personal gear

14 , 916 , 550 1 , 908 , 480 4 ,956 , 840

'Ibtal 21, 78i, 870 y

1/ In addition , payrrents totalling $1 , 217 , 540 .91 have been made for death and disabili ty awards ($275 ,489 . 46) and letters of ass ist ($942 , 051 . 45) .

2/ Claims for depreciation of contingent-owned equipment of approximately $12 million have been received against which , payments totalling $7, 000 , 000 have been made .

0310p2 .

• • - �. 0

. .

UNIT FOR PEACE-KEEP!� MATI'ERS AND SPEX::IAL . ASSI�TS

27. January 1988

.. .

•

At tachment- 3

UNITED NATIONS EMERGENCY roRCE (1973) Payments and obligations to the Government of Ghana

Paynents to the Government of Ghana from 23 .May 1974 through 13 .May 1982 were as follows:

· Bas ic pay and allowaoces for troops Usage factor for clothing and ·

personal gear Depreciation of contingent-owned

equipment and cost of supplies

'It> tal

$

21 , 774 ,550

2 , 007 ,010

831 ,696

24 , 613 ,256 y

As at 30 Decent>er 1987, unpaid obligations to Q'lana for troop costs were as follows:

BaSic pay and allowaoces for troops Usage factor for clothing and

personal gear

'It> tal

282 ,430

656 , 070

938 , 500 y

y In addition, payments totalling $720 ,884 . 39 have been made for death and disability awards ($141,944 .35) and letters of assist

·

($578 , 940 .04) .

y An additional amount of approximately $525,000 is due for depreciation of contingent-owned equipment ($310 ,000) , letters of assist ($86 ,000 ) and rotation of �ntingents ($129 ,000) .

0478

' ..

• . .

UNIT FOR PEACE-KEEPir-13 MA'ITERS AND SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS

27 January 1988

•

•

•

TO: A:

THROUG H : S/C D E :

FROM: DE:

SUBJECT: OBJ ET:

U N I T E D N A T I O N S . t-Ill �

INTEROFFICE M EMORAND U M

.·

N A T I O N S U N I E S

M E MORANDUM I N T E R I E U R

DATE: 29 January 1988

: R E F E R E N C E : -------

Status of assessed and voluntary contr ibutions - Secretary-Gener a l ' s tr ip to Angola

P lease note that assessed contr ibutions to tne regular budget are outstand ing for both 1987 and 1988 . UNDOF and UNI FIL contr ibutions are outstand ing since 197 9 .

No pledge of cont r i but ions has been made to any trust fund •

. .

' ,.� .. ..

. .

•

B . VOLUNTARY CONTRI BUTIONS

ANGOLA STATUS OF ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY - CONTRI BUTIONS

AS OF 2 9 JANUARY 1988

No pledge of contr ibut ions has been made to any trust fund .

0 1 3 8C

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aywc. - United Nations Archives

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