AVAILABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES M.CHAITHANYA KUMAR ECE- ‘B’- 13121A04A6 “ WATER = LIFE CONSERVATION = FUTURE ”
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AVAILABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES
M.CHAITHANYA KUMAR ECE- ‘B’-13121A04A6
“ WATER = LIFE CONSERVATION = FUTURE ”
A GLIMPSE OF CONTENTS• Introduction• Water resources • Hydrological cycle• Water resources in india• Availability of water in india • Conservation of water • Impacts with out water• Proverbs
INTRODUCTION• Water is essential for human civilisation, living organisms, and natural
habitat. It has supernumeary applications in both domestic and industrial purposes .
• Due to its multiple benefits and the problems created by its excesses, shortages and quality deterioration, water as a resource requires special attention.
• On a global scale, total quantity of water available is about 1600 million cubic km. The hydrologic cycle moves enormous quantity of water around the globe.
• However, much of the world’s water has little potential for human use because 97.5% of all water on earth is saline water.
• Out of the remaining 2.5% freshwater, most of Which lies deep and frozen in Antarctica and Greenland, only about 0.26% fish in rivers, lakes and in the soils and shallow aquifiers which are readily usable for mankind.
WATERA UNIQUE RESOURCE• LIQUID• (0C-100C)
• HIGHEST SPECIFIC HEAT
• HIGH SURFACE TENSION AND COHESION
• HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURISATION
ANAMOLOUS EXPANSION BEHAVIOUR
INDISPENSABLE NATURAL
RESOURCE ON EARTH
VERY GOOD CARRIER OF NUTRIENTS
EXCELLENT SOLVENT
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
• Solar energy drives the water cycle by evaporating it from various water bodies , which subsequently return through rain or snow.
• Plants absorb the groundwater from the soil and releases into atmosphere by the process of transpiration.
• Ignoring such long-term effects as the changes in atmospheric storage conditions, run-off filling the ocean basins etc., hydro-logical cycle is merely the re-cycling of water between land and oceans
“THE WATER WE USE KEEPS ON CYCLING ENDLESSLY THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH WE CALL AS ”HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE””
DISTRIBUTION OF GLOBAL WATERGLOBAL WATER FRESH WATER READILY AVAILABLE FRESH WATER
OCEANS AND SALTS AND LAKES 97.4%
ICE CAPS &
GLACIERS
1.984%
GROUND WATER 0.592%
LAKES
0.007%
HUMIDITY
0.005%
BIOTA0.0001%
RIVERS
0.0001%
ATM0.001%
Ground Water Exploitation
Rainfall
Average Annual Rainfall - 1170 mm
Maximum Average Annual Rainfall - 11000 mm(Cherrapunji)
Minimum Average Annual Rainfall - 100 mm(Western Rajasthan)
Sources of Irrigation
2.89 (5%)
2.53 (5%)
11.55 (21%)
15.98 (29%)
21.72 (40%)
Canals Tanks Tube Wells
Other Wells Other Sources
Irrigation Sources
39%
13%
48%
Major & Medium IrrigationMinor (Surface Water)Minor(Ground Water)
TABLE: LAND AND WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA
PARTICULARS QUANTITY
Geographical AreaFlood Prone AreaUltimate Irrigation PotentialTotal Cultivable Land AreaNet Irrigated AreaNatural Runoff (Surface Water and Ground Water)Estimated Utilisable Surface Water PotentialGroundwater Resource.Available Groundwater resource for IrrigationNet Utilisable Groundwater esource for irrigation
329 million ha. 40 million ha.140 million ha.184 million ha. .50 million ha. 1869 Cubic km.
690 Cubic km.
432 Cubic km361 Cubic km.
325 Cubic km.
Water DemandTotal Anticipated Demand (In Billion cubic metre)
In 2010 : 813 710 *
In 2025 : 1093 843 *
In 2050 : 1447 1180 * Total Utilisable Water :1122 (690+432) S.W G.W * With improved management
Water Availability
(In Billion cubic metre)
Total Precipitation : 4000
Total Water Availability : 1869
Total Utilisable Water : 1122 Surface Water - 690 Ground Water - 432
Per Capita Availability
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1951 1991 2001 2025 2050
Wat
er A
vaili
bilty
(Cub
ic m
eter
per
ca
pita
per
yea
r)
Water Stress Line
Water Scarcity Line
WITHDRAWAL OF WATER- 2050, AVAILABILITY
India’s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = BCM)• For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million tonnes = 628 to 807 BCM• Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for rural population at 150 lpcd and for urban population at 220 lpcd = 90 to 110 BCM•Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70 BCM•Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM•Navigational use = 15 BCM•Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76 BCM•Environment and ecology = 20 BCMTotal 970 to 1200 BCMAvailability 1100 to 1400 BCM
CONSERVATION OF WATER
• Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be optimised and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.
• Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.
• The resources should be conserved and the availability augmented by maximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like lining in the conveyance system, modernization and rehabilitation of existing systems , recycling and re-use of treated effluents and techniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted.
PROVERBS
• “nature has enough for our need, but not for our greed”.
• Pure water is the world’s first and foremost medicine.
• Save- water Don’t waste the world’s blood .• Waste water today –live In desert
tomorrow.• You are 60% water .save 60% of
YOURLIFE.
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