Austronesian and Dene-Basque (Dene-Caucasian) W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER and F. SETO"" INTRODUCTION J oseph Greenberg when establishing his Amerind did the dirty job in splendid isolation; the Nostratic ground work -where early attempts were made by Vilhelrn Thomsen and Holger Pedersen- was carried out by Vladislav M. Illich-Svitych (and continued after his sudden death by hs disciple Aron B. Dolgopolsky); in the case of Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Cauca- sian) a US-(former) Soviet division of labor operated (Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991). What is offered here is however not totally the authors' own brain wave as they have benefited from the earlier works of, especially, Karl Bouda, Edward Sapir, Morris Swadesh and Robert Shafer. With John Bengtson (Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991:67) the Dene-Caucasian macrophylum consists of the following languages and language families: Basque; North Caucasian; Sumerian; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetan; Yeniseian; Na-Dene. (Because of the Basque membership, 1 had earlier proposed Dene-Basque as the "correct" name of this macrophylum.) To the above list, the following languages have been added by others (op. cit., 68): Etruscan; Nahali; Gilyak; Chukchi-Kamchatkan;Almosan-Keresiouan. The Austronesian cross connections of Dene-Caucasian (Kurt Wulff; Karl Bouda; Ilya Peiros; Paul K. Benedict; Laurent Sagart) are not referred to. As for the two early lumpers, the plan of Kurt Wulff (1942) was to combine Sino-Tibetan (includingTai) with Austric (Austronesian + Austroa- * Centro de Investigación Riso, Dinamarca. ** Kanagawa, Japón.
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Austronesian and Dene-Basque
(Dene-Caucasian)
W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER and F. SETO""
INTRODUCTION
J oseph Greenberg when establishing his Amerind did the dirty job in splendid isolation; the Nostratic ground work -where early attempts
were made by Vilhelrn Thomsen and Holger Pedersen- was carried out by Vladislav M. Illich-Svitych (and continued after his sudden death by h s disciple Aron B. Dolgopolsky); in the case of Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Cauca- sian) a US-(former) Soviet division of labor operated (Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991). What is offered here is however not totally the authors' own brain wave as they have benefited from the earlier works of, especially, Karl Bouda, Edward Sapir, Morris Swadesh and Robert Shafer.
With John Bengtson (Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991:67) the Dene-Caucasian macrophylum consists of the following languages and language families: Basque; North Caucasian; Sumerian; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetan; Yeniseian; Na-Dene. (Because of the Basque membership, 1 had earlier proposed Dene-Basque as the "correct" name of this macrophylum.) To the above list, the following languages have been added by others (op. cit., 68): Etruscan; Nahali; Gilyak; Chukchi-Kamchatkan; Almosan-Keresiouan.
The Austronesian cross connections of Dene-Caucasian (Kurt Wulff; Karl Bouda; Ilya Peiros; Paul K. Benedict; Laurent Sagart) are not referred to. As for the two early lumpers, the plan of Kurt Wulff (1942) was to combine Sino-Tibetan (including Tai) with Austric (Austronesian + Austroa-
* Centro de Investigación Riso, Dinamarca. ** Kanagawa, Japón.
W. WILFRTED SCHUHMACHERI F. SETO
siatic) in one farnily. Karl Bouda's work (e.g., 1948, 1951) represented a more ambitious attempt as he treated Austronesian as, with today's termino- logy, a Dene-Caucasian language. Wulff therefore is reflected both in Bene- dict's (1990) Austro-Tai and in Sagart's (1990) Sino-Austronesian whereas Bouda has a successor in Peiros (1989) -who also lists evidence for an Austronesian- Nostratic connection; cf. also Aikhenvald-Angenot's (1989) "Proto-Noscau" (i.e. Nostratic + Dene-Caucasian + Austric).
In the following, additional evidence from North (east) Caucasian, Sino- Tibetan, and Burushaski is presented stressing an Austronesian-Dene-Cau- casian relationship.
One should however in these comparisons always have in rnind what Roy Andrew Miller (1967:88) once has pointed out when talking about Japanese:
"If we were to approach the problem in total ignorance of the history of the two languages (Japanese and Chinese) and without any information about their long period of close contact with one another ... it would be almost impossible to avoid the conclusion ... that the one language in all the world most closely related to Japanese is Chinese. Fortunately, our know- ledge of the history of the Far East and in particular our knowledge of the many centuries of cultural contact between China and Japan save us from this othenvise fatal error".
Therefore, one should always be aware of the relative ignorance of the (pre)history involved.
(It has not always been possible to follow the orthography of the original source).
REFERENCES
Aikhenvald-Angenot, A.Y. and J-P. Angenot (1989) Cognatos mot$ológicos entre Proto-Noscau (Nostrático - Sino-Caucasiano - Austrico) e Proto-Ame- rind. MS.
Benedict, P.K. (1990) Japanese/Austro-Tai. Ann Arbor: Karoma. Bouda, K. (1948) Baskisch und Kaukasisch. Zeitschrift für Phonetik 2:
182-202, 336-352. Bouda, K. (1951) Eine jüngst ermittelte archaische Sprachgruppe in Arien und
Europa. Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift 32 : 129- 142. Miller, R.A. (1967) The Japanese Language. Chicago and London: University
of Chicago Press. Peiros, 1. (1989) Dopolnenje k gipoteze S.A. Starostina o rodstue nostraticbeskih
i sinokaukazkih jazykou. Lingvisticheskaja Rekonstrukcija 1 : 125 - 130. Sagart, L. ( 1990) Chinese and Austronesian are Genetically Related. MS. Shevoroshkin, V. (ed. ) (1 99 1) Dene - Sino-Caucasian Languages. Bochum:
Dr. Norbert Brockrneyer. Wulff, K. (1942) Über das Verhaltnis des Malaio-Polynesischen zum Indochine-
sischen. Del kgl. danske videnskabernes selskab, hist.-fil.medd. 27.2.
AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)
EXAMPLES FOR AUSTRONESIAN AND N a o - D A G H E S T A N I PARALLELS
Ethnically Papuan '&'&E ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ka" ( = he/: future time or present time with consequent actiod) = NAKEJO-DAGHES- TANI: B O T L I E "go" ( = he); AGUL "ge" ( = he).
Ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "kun" ( = we two/: inclusive/) = N--DAGHESTANI: m N A L U G "kin" ( = we).
14. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "misi" ( = you two) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : GUNZIB, B E m T I ''rni&eV ( = you); G I N U a ''me&'' ( = you); DIDO "me&", "me&a9' ( = you); KHVARSI "mi&o" ("rni&e") ( = you). -
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kua" ( = don't!); ethnically Papuan '&E'& ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ke'e" ( = not) = N U O - D A - GHESTANI: "-k'e-", "-ki", "-qa" ( = not); E I N A L U G "-kuy" ( = not); LAK "-q'a" ( = not); AVAR "-ge-" ( = not); ARCHI "-gi" ( = not).
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ta" ( = 1); ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sai" ( = 1) = NAK- HO-DAGHESTANI: m N A L U G , RUTUL, UDI, TSAKHUR "sa" ( = 1). -
45. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "raku-a" ( = to make up a fire) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : RUTUL "la& ( = sto- ve); LAK "lagan" ( = to burn).
Ethnically Papuan MOTU (= southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kwara" ( = head); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "koro" ( = upper part of the head) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: KRBZ "kala" ( = skull).
AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)
48. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan D ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = K a n a w New Cale- donial) "gse" ( = grandmother) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "gay" ( = grandmother) . 49. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "raka-" ( = to go, to walk, to step); ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "laka" ( = to walk); ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = sou- theastern Papua-Niugini) "laka-" ( = to walk); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "lako" ( = to go); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini) "raka-" ( = to walk) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "rege hatun" ( = to go); AGUL "legan" ( = to go out), "rugas" ( = to go).
Ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kodo" ( = lake) = N B 0 - D A G H E S T A N I : AVAR "&-u&" ( = bog); BUDUKH - "kh' - d" ( = water).
Ethnically Papuan D ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) "habo" ( = to give) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: E U U R "hu- viy", "hiviy" ( = to give).
68. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "sali" ( = to flow 1: water 1) = N U O - D A - GHESTANI: TABASSARAN "&ar", "&el" ( = water); A R B "zulu" ( = spring, source); LAK "zuli" ( = spring, source).
69. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "poka-" ( = mouth); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugi- ni) "boka-" ( = mouth) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: KRZ "pek" ( = lip); B U D U a "pk" ( = lip).
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kolokolo" ( = transverse pieces of wood /: fence or reed wails 1) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N 1 : m I ''&erV ( = w d ) ; LAK "chra" ( = wall); LEZGI, TABASSARAN, AGUL al" ( = wall); AVAR "galan" ( = wall).
W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER 1 F. SETO
76. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tavi" ( = to slap) = NmO-DAGHESI"JI NI: LEZGI "dave un2 ( = to fight); TABASSARAN "da'vi - kh' ub" ( = to fight) .
Ethnically Papuan ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky 1: New Cale- donia 1) "hi'." ( = to bear children) = NMO-DAGHESTANI: AGUL "buras" ( = to be born).
82. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan IRARUTU (= northwestern Irian Jaya) "gin" ( = to drink) = Nm0-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "qun" ( = to drink).
83. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "honu" ( = full /: of water 1) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : TSAKHUR " b e an" ( = water).
84. Austronesian:
Ethnicdy Papuan P~~-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) "hifíaa" ( = place in a stream where the current begins to flow faster) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: -1 "k an" ( = river); AVAR " b in" ( = water).
AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)
85. Austronesian:
Ethcally Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ede" ( = to walk) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: G I N U B "at a" ( = to come); GUN- ZIB "6t a" ( = to come); AGUL "at as" ( = to go out).
Ethnically Papuan PB-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) ''boSi" ( = moon) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: DIDO "buf~i" ( = moon); TINDI " b o ~ u" ( = moon); G I N U a " b u ~ e " ( = moon).
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "aru" ( = current); ethnically Papuan ~ B - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanay /: New Caledonia 1) "a?" ( = water) = NAE-O-DAGHESTANI: TABASSA- RAN "ar" ( = bog) .
119. Austronesian:
Ethnicaily Papuan ANSUS ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Pa- puan MUNGGUI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan PAPUMA ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "netui" ( = body hair) = N U O - D A G H E S - TANI: ANDI "nidu" ( = eyelash); DARGIN "ned", "nit" ( = eyebrow).
120. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "hánua" ( = village) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: DIDO, B E B I T I "qun" ( = farm- stead).
Ethnically Papuan B O L O W ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "'ahe" ( = leg) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: -1 "aq" ( = thing; paw); TA- BASSARAN "a&, "a" ( = thing).
126. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "katakata" ( = hot, burning) = N a o - D A - GHESTANI: LEZGI "kudayn ( = hot).
127. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan flfÜ-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky 1: New Cale- donia 1) "hoSir" ( = to take refuge inside something) = NAKIJO-DAGHES- TANI: AVAR "qo&" ( = room, house); UD1 " k o w ( = room, house).
17. Himalayan: B A L ~ "ka-ka" ( = elder brother); M A N ~ ~ "kaka" ( = elder bro- ther); CHAMBA ~ U L I "kag" ( = elder brother); ARAKANESE "gogo" ( = brother) =
20. Himalgyan: BALTI, LADAK'I "k'a-t'ok" ( = up); B A L ~ OFBURIG "k'a-t'ot" ( = up); R E N G ~ "ke-tego" ( = high); YAK'A "ket-na" ( = high); A-KA ' ck '~ tiy' ( = up) =
25. Himalayan: HLOTA "r6" ( = to come); -NBON "lü" ( = to come); $ 0 "16" ( = to come); W Y E T M Y O m I N "lo': ( = to come); YADWIN "la" ( = to come); LAI "ra" ( = to come); LASI, W N G W , TAUNGYO << 0 >> la ( = to come); mG "lo" ( = to come); K'OIRAO "ra" ( = to come); T ~ G K ' u L "ra" ( = to come); T'-1, B ~ I N G , M A G m "ra" ( = to come); MARU, MAINGT_HA, NUNG "li" ( = to go); G m (A-) "re"" ( = to go), K'ANGOI "re" ( = to go), vAYU "la0" ( = to go) =
Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "la" ( = to go); MOTU ( = southeastern Pa- pua-Niugini) "loa" ( = to walk about).
26. Himdaya~:- MANCHA1 "da" ( = to go) =
Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "iiok" ( = to go away).
Austrpnesian : SALON ( S E L U E ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "kakai" ( = foot); - ( = Vietnam, Cambodia) "kakai" ( = foot); W Y "kaki" ( = foot); INDONESIAN "kaki" ( = foot).
29. Himalayan: T A U N G W "teak" ( = near); YEINBA "duk" ( = near); NAMSAN- G f i "t'ek-ro" ( = near); DANJONGKA "&a-kan ( = near) =
Austrpnesian: SALON (SELUNG) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "sipan-" ( = what).
59. &alayfin: NEWaRI, PAD'I "ji" ( = 1); THAYETMYO =N "je" ( = 1); RANG- KAS "ji" ( = 1); T ' A U B U "&u" ( = 1); m ~ ~ O K "&e" ( = 1); SO "che" - ( = 1) =
W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER / F. SETO
Austronesian: SALON ( S E L U E ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "&" ( = 1).
63. Himda~an: M O S A N G , T A M L U , T A B L E N G , D U N G M A L I , R U N G ~ ' E N B U N G , B'INGTANG, W h I N G "mak" ( = eye); SmGPANG "mak" ( = eye) =
Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "karu" ( = light rain); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kurei" ( = to sprmkle water on) = KAS_HMIRI BURU=KI: BURUBMIRI B U R U m S K I : BU- RU=SKI "hra'lt" ( = rain).
3. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "karnirei" ( = ho- le) = W M I R I BURUSHASKI: BURUSHASKI "qAm" ( = pit).
Ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kori-" ( = tree top) = KAmMIRI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "hurgo" ( = ascent).
6. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "geta" ( = ocean wave) = K A W I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "g&m" ( = sound of splash).
7. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sur" ( = comb); ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sura" ( = comb); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "seru" ( = comb) = K A a M I - RI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "jru'no" ( = man's curl of hair).
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "húrehure" ( = wave) = K A a M I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U w S K I "go'r" ( = water- fall), "hr", "Vr" ( = torrent and bed).
10. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "sali" ( = to flowkwaterl) = KASIJMIRI BU- RU=SKI: BURUSHASKI "trtr" ( = sound of water falling), "sr" ( = flood).
11. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tali" ( = to draw water), "talo" ( = to pour out a liquid in small streams only; to draw water from a well) = KABMIRI BURUmSKI: BURUSHASKI "tAl" ( = slow-flowing).
12. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tiri" ( = to drip), "turu" ( = to drip/: li- quidsl) = KAWMIRI BURUWSKI: B U R U m S K I "dri.aY' ( = river).
13. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "boka-" ( = mouth); ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini) "poka-" ( = mouth) = W M I R I BURUBASKI: WER- =IKW& "bah &tAs" ( = to kiss).
14. Austronesian:
Ethmcally Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kalaga'" ( = hut, shelter); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "koro" ( = village) = KABMI- RI BURU=SKI: B U R U W S K I "hra'y", "hrAy" ( = camping-place), "hra'y" ( = sheep pen).
15. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "guri" ( = pit) = KA=IRI BURULHASKI: B U R U W S K I "ko'r" ( = cave).
Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kaka" ( = older sibling of the sarne sex; elder brother); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kaká-na" ( = elder brotherl: of a malel, elder sisterk of a femalel); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern ,,
AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)
Papua-Niugini) "kaka-" ( = older sibling of the same sex) = W M I R I BURUSHASKí: BURUmSKI "ga'ka", "ka'ka" ( = elder brother), "Vk'a" ( = brofher).
18. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "serau" ( = to shine); ethnically Papuan DUS- NER ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "siar" ( = sun) = W M I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I uCirAqn, uCirmkn, "tira'q", "tiray" ( = lamp).
19. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "vure" ( = to spring up/: water/); ethnically Papuan IRARUTU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "were" ( = water); ethnical- ly Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "war" ( = water); ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pulu" ( = lake); eth- nically Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pulu" ( = lake); ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "palipali" ( = wet); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pari" ( = wet) = m M I R I BURU=SKí: B U R U W S K I "bu'l" ( = spring of water).
20. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan R O N ( = northwestern Ir jan Jaya) "sar" ( = room) = m M I R I BURU=SKI: WERWIKWAR "Sr" ( = sheep pen).
2 1. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOR ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "tut" ( = breast) = KABMIRI BURU- mSKi: B U R U W S K I "ddu'ro-" ( = nipple).
22. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sina" ( = hair) = W M I R I BURU=SKí: B U R U m S K I "-th'^n" ( = part- ing line of hair).
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "taina" ( = piece of wood) = KASHMIRI - - BURU=SKI: B U R U W S K I "to'm" ( = tree); WERBIKWAR "tom" ( = tree).
Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "nggarikau" ( = stout, fat) = m M I R I BURUwSKI: B U R U m S K I "kragAdo" ( = stout).
46. Austronesian:
Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "dara" ( = up), "dori" ( = top); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN ''&ren ( = hgh; height) = m M I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U w S K i "da'l", "$1'' ( = up).
( = body hair); ethnically Papuan ANSUS ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "duandaun" ( = hair) = K A S M I R I BURUSHASKI: BURU=SKI " - thn" ( = parting line of hair).
ASPILLERA, P.S.: (1975) Basic Tagalog. Tokyo: Tuttle. HANSON, 0 . : (1954) Dictionary of the Kachin Language. Rangoon. HORNE, E.C.: (1974) Javanese-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. KHAYDADOV, S.M.: (1973) Sravnitel'no-sopostavitel'nyy Slovar' Dagestanskikh Yazykov.
Moscow: Nauka. LISTER-TURNER, R. and CLARK, J.B.: (1954) Dictionary of the Motu Language of
Papua. Sydney: Government Printer. LORIMER, D.L.R.: (1938) Burushaski Language. Oslo: H. Aschehoug. OKEL, J.: (1969) Reference Grammar of Coloquial Burmese. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. ROSS MACDONALD, R.: (1976) Indonesian Reference Grammar. Washington D.C.:
Georgetown University Press.
LABURPENA
Austronesioera eta Dene-Euskara (Dene-Kaukasiarrera). Gaur egungo hizkuntzari gehiengoak, Dene-Kaukasiar macrophiluma (Dene- Euskara, hobe esanda) honako hizkuntz edota hizkuntz famili hauetaz osatu- rik dagoela uste du: EUSKARA; Iparraldeko Kaukasiarrera; Sumeriera; Buru-
W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER 1 F. SETO
shaskiera; Sino-Tibetiarrena; Yenisiera; Na-Denera. Beste hizkuntza batzu gehitu dira ere )Karl Bouda, adibidez). Austronesioera eta Iparraldeko Kaukasiarrera alde batetik, eta bestetik Buru- shaskiera eta Sino-Tibetiarraren arteko zerrenda baliokideen bidez Dene-Kau- kasiarrerak duen austronesiar lotura egiaztatzen da.
RESUMEN
Austronesio y Dene-Vasco (Dene-Caucásico). Actualmente, entre los lingüistas existe la creencia generalizada de que el Dene-Caucásico macrophilum ("Dene-Vasco" sería más correcto) está com- puesto por los siguientes idiomas o familias idiomáticas: VASCO; Caucásico del Norte; Sumerio; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetano; Yenisiano; Na-Dene. Se han añadido además otros idiomas (ej.: Karl Bouda). La conexión austronesia del Dene-Caucásico se demuestra mediante los listados equiparados entre el Austronesio y el Caucásico del Norte, el Burushaski y el Sino-Tibetano, respectivamente.
Austronésien et Dene-Basque (Dene-Caucasien). Actuellement, il existe entre les linguistes l'opinion généralisée que le Dene- Caucasien macrophilum ("Dene-Basque", plus correctement) se compose des langues ou farnilles idiomatiques suivantes: BASQUE, Caucasien du Nord; Sumérien, Burushaski; Sino-Tibétain; Yénissien; Na-Dene. D'autres langues ont été, en plus, ajoutées (par exemple: Karl Bouda). La connexion de 1'Au- stronésien du Dene-Caucasien, se démontre, respectivement, grace aux listes comparées entre l'Autronésien et le Caucasien du Nord, le Burushaski et le Sino-Tibétain.
There is general agreement among linguistic "lumpers" today that the Dene- Caucasian macrophylum ("Dene-Basque" would be more correct) consists of the following languages and language families: BASQUE; North Caucasian; Sumerian; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetan; Yeniseian; Na-Dene. Other languages have been added; following in the wake of others (e.g., Karl Bouda), the Austronesian connection of Dene-Caucasian is demonstrated by listing mat- chings between Austronesian and North Caucasian, Burushaski, and Sino-Ti- betan respectively.