Austronesian peoples From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article usesbare URLsforcitations,which may be threatened bylink rot.Please consider addingfull citationsso that the article remainsverifiable.Several templatesand theReflinks toolare available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation)(August 2013)Austronesian people Modern distribution of Austronesian languages Total population 400,000,000+ Regions with significant populations Indonesia:237,424,363 (2011) Philippines:92,226,600[1]Madagascar:over 20,000,000 (2011) [2]Malaysia:12,290,000 (2006) [3]Papua New Guinea:6,300,000 East Timor:947,000 (2004) New Zealand:855,000 (2006)[4][5]Brunei:724,000? (2006) Singapore:over 600,000 [1] Solomon Islands:478,000 (2005) Taiwan:480,000 (2006) Fiji:456,000 (2005)[6]Hawaii:140,652 or 401,162 (depending on definition) [2] Suriname:71,000 (2009) [3]
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are various populations in Southeast Asia and Oceania that speak
languages of the Austronesian family. They include Taiwanese aborigines; the majority ethnic groups
of East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Polynesia, as
well as the Polynesian peoples of New Zealand and Hawaii, and the non-Papuan people of Melanesia.
They are also found in Singapore, the Pattani region of Thailand, and the Cham areas
of Vietnam (remnants of theChampa kingdom which covered central and southern Vietnam), Cambodia, and Hainan, China. The territories populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are known collectively
By the beginning of the first millennium AD, most of the Austronesian inhabitants in Maritime Southeast
Asia began trading with India and China which allowed the creation of Indianized kingdoms such
as Srivijaya, Melayu, Majapahit, and the establishment of Hinduism and Buddhism. Muslim traders from
the Arabian peninsula were thought to have brought Islam by the 10th century. Islam was established as
the dominant religion in the Indonesian archipelagoby the 16th century. The Austronesian inhabitants of
Polynesia were unaffected by this cultural trade, and retained their indigenous culture in the Pacific
region.[citation needed ]
Europeans in search of spices and gold later colonized most of the Austronesian speaking countries of
the Asia-Pacific region, beginning from the 16th century with the Portuguese and Spanish colonization of
some parts of Indonesia (present day East Timor), the Philippines, Palau, Guam, and the Mariana Islands;
the Dutch colonization of the Indonesian archipelago; the British colonization of Malaysia and Oceania;
the French colonization of French Polynesia; and later, the American governance of the Pacific.[citation
needed ]
Meanwhile, the British, Germans, French, Americans, and Japanese began establishing spheres of
influence within the Pacific Islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Japanese later invaded
most of Southeast Asia and some parts of the Pacific during World War II. The latter half of the 20th
century initiated independence of modern-day Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and many of the
Pacific Island nations.[citation needed ]
Genetic studies[edit]
Genetic studies have been done on the people and related groups.[23]
The Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)a-
M119 genetic marker is frequently detected in Austronesians, as well as some non-Austronesian
populations in southern China.[24]
Other genetic markers found in native Austronesian populations
areHaplogroup C (Y-DNA), Haplogroup O2a (Y-DNA), and Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA).[citation needed ]
A 2008 genetic study showed no evidence of a large-scale Taiwanese migration into the Philippine
Islands. A study by Leeds University and published inMolecular Biology and Evolution, showed that
mitochondrial DNA lineages have been evolving within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) since modern
humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago.[20]
There is no genetic evidence for large-scale
population replacement, displacement, or absorption to suggest replacement of preexisting hunting and
gathering populations by farming-voyaging immigrants from Taiwan.[25] Examination of mitochondrial
DNA lineages showed that the neolithic culture (Austronesian) had been evolving within Island
Southeast Asia (ISEA) for a longer period than previously believed.[20]
Per co-author Dr Oppenheimer,
from the Oxford University School of Anthropology, population migrations were most likely to havebeen driven by climate change — the effects of the drowning of a huge ancient peninsula called
‘Sundaland’ (that extended the Asian landmass as far as Borneo and Java).[20]
This happened during the
period 15,000 to 7,000 years ago following the last Ice Age. Rising sea levels in three massive pulses
caused flooding and the submergence of the Sunda Peninsula, creating the Java and South China Seas
and the thousands of islands that make up Indonesia and the Philippines today. Population dispersals
including Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Bataknese (geographically
Includes Malaysia,Brunei, Pattani, Singapore, and much of western and
central Indonesia).
Visayans: Visayas. e.g. Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray.
According to a recent studies by Stanford University in the United States, there is wide variety of
paternal ancestry among the Austronesian people. Aside from European introgression found in
Maritime Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Madagascar. They constitute the dominant ethnic group in
Maritime Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar. An estimated figure of
around 380,000,000 people living in these regions are of Austronesian descent.
They constitute the dominant ethnic groups in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, the
southernmost part of Thailand and East Timor, which together with Singapore make up what is calledthe Malay archipelago. Outside this area, they inhabit Palau, Guam and the Northern Marianas, most of
Madagascar, the Cham areas of Vietnam and Cambodia (the remnants of the Champa kingdom which
covered central and southern Vietnam), and all countries in the Micronesian and Polynesian sphere of
influence.
Culture[edit]
A Tagalog couple of theMaginoo caste depicted in the 16th century Boxer Codex
The native culture of Austronesia is diverse, varying from region to region.
The early Austronesian peoples considered the sea as the basic tenet of their life. Following their
diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they used boats to migrate to other islands. Boats of different