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Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in naturemolecules in nature Photosynthesis energy stored in carbohydrates;Photosynthesis energy stored in carbohydrates; Carbohydrates are the metabolic precursors of Carbohydrates are the metabolic precursors of
all other biomolecules;all other biomolecules; Important component of cell structures;Important component of cell structures; Important function in cell-cell recognition;Important function in cell-cell recognition; Carbohydrate chemistry:Carbohydrate chemistry:
Contains at least one asymmetric carbon Contains at least one asymmetric carbon center;center;
Favorable cyclic structures;Favorable cyclic structures; Able to form polymersAble to form polymers
Simplest oligosaccharides; Contain two monosaccharides linked by a
glycosidic bond; The free anomeric carbon is called reducing
end; The linkage carbon on the first sugar is
always C-1. So disaccharides can be named as sugar-(a,b)-1,#-sugar, where a or b depends on the anomeric structure of the first sugar. For example, Maltose is glucose-a-1,4-glucose. .
PolysacchridesPolysacchrides Also called glycans;Also called glycans; Starch and glycogen are Starch and glycogen are storage storage molecules; molecules; Chitin and cellulose are Chitin and cellulose are structuralstructural molecules; molecules; Cell surface polysaccharides are Cell surface polysaccharides are recognitionrecognition molecules. molecules.
Glucose is the monosaccharides of the following polysacchrides with different linkages and banches
a(1,4), starch (more branch) a(1,4), glycogen (less branch) a(1,6), dextran (chromatography resins) b(1,4), cellulose (cell walls of all plants) b(1,4), Chitin similar to cellulose, but C2-OH is
replaced by –NHCOCH3 (found in exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, spiders)
Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration The pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters interior of The pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters interior of
mitochondria.mitochondria. Converted by coenzyme A to 2 molecules of acetyl CoA and 2 C0Converted by coenzyme A to 2 molecules of acetyl CoA and 2 C022.. Acetyl CoA serves as substrate for mitochondrial enzymes in the Acetyl CoA serves as substrate for mitochondrial enzymes in the
Generates two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
Generates many energized electrons which can be directed to the electron transport chain to drive synthesis of more ATP: 6 NADH per molecule of glucose 2 FADH2 per molecule of glucose
Answer:Answer: Works by the Works by the direct chemical transferdirect chemical transfer of a of a
phosphate groupphosphate group..
This is called This is called “phosphorylation”“phosphorylation”..
The The exergonic hydrolysisexergonic hydrolysis of of ATPATP is coupled with is coupled with the the endergonic processesendergonic processes by by transferringtransferring a a phosphate groupphosphate group to another molecule. to another molecule.