Atlantic Salmon Recovery Plan (Final) Recovery Plan for the Gulf of Maine Distinct Population Segment of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service U.S. Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services and Fisheries (Lead) New England Fishery Management Council Meeting Tuesday - Thursday, April 16-18, 2019 Presented By: Dan Kircheis, NOAA- Fisheries
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Atlantic salmon recovery plan - Amazon S3 · Salmon primarily affected by marine suitability, streamflow variability and temperature Climatic Conditions : Drier, warmer conditions
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Atlantic Salmon Recovery Plan(Final)
Recovery Plan for theGulf of Maine Distinct Population
Segment ofAtlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
U.S. Department of CommerceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Marine Fisheries Service
U.S. Department of InteriorFish and Wildlife ServiceEcological Services and Fisheries (Lead)
New England Fishery Management Council MeetingTuesday - Thursday, April 16-18, 2019
Presented By: Dan Kircheis, NOAA- Fisheries
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About Atlantic salmon
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 2
• Anadromous
• Typically 4 – 5 years to reach maturity
• Iteroparous
• Spawn in rivers and streams with clean water and clean gravel substrate
• Mature in the North Atlantic
Abundance:
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 3
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
600019
6719
6819
6919
7019
7119
7219
7319
7419
7519
7619
7719
7819
7919
8019
8119
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8419
8519
8619
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8819
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9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
1320
1420
1520
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U.S. Fisheries Management Plan (NASCO involvement)
AFCA: 1965
CWA: 1972
ESA listing: 2000Expanded: 2009
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 4
Gulf of Maine Distinct Population Segment
3 Salmon Habitat Recovery Units (SHRU’s)
Downeast Rivers
Penobscot
MerrymeetingBay (Kennebec & Androscoggin)
Geographic scope:
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The 3 SHRU’s were identified to ensure that upon recovery, Atlantic salmon are well distributed across their GOM range to accommodate metapopulation dynamics, as well as accounting for demographic and environmental variation.
Plan Structure• Introduction
• Recovery Strategy
• Recovery Goals, Objectives and Criteria
• Recovery Actions
• Estimates of Time and Cost
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 5
Website: • Plan is supported by a website(www.AtlanticSalmonRestoration.Org)
- Recovery Plan Companion Document
- SHRU specific recovery strategies and work plans that detail specific activities
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 6
Recovery Criteria: (Delisting)Abundance:• Minimum of 2,000 wild adults in each SHRU
Productivity:• growth rate of greater than 1.0 over 10-years
• Less than a 50-percent probability of falling below 500 adult wild spawners in the next 15 years.
Habitat: • A minimum of 30,000 accessible and suitable Habitat in each SHRU
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 7
As part of the Species in the Spotlight NOAA-Fisheries developed a five year action plan for each of the spotlight species. For Atlantic salmon the action plan details focused efforts needed over the next 5 years to reduce the threats and stabilize population declines.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 8
Dams…
marine survival and climate change…
Greenland Fishery…
Freshwater Habitat production…
Priority Actions in the Plan:
Atlantic salmon and other sea-run fish are imperiled throughout the northeast United States largely due to poor fish passage at dams. Addressing the issues of dams remains the highest priority.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 9
Dams
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 10
Historic River network available to searun fish
Network unimpeded by dams in 1990
Over 600 Dams block or impede the passage of sea-run fish in Maine.
Addressing the threat of Dams and Road Crossing barriers
Addressing the threat:
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 11
Since the listing• > 23 Dams Removed• > 15 Fishways constructed• 100’s of culverts removed or replaced with fish friendly designs
The ESA has increased our capacity to address the threat of dams through regulatory measures that benefit all sea-run fish…
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 12
Eel photo credit: Robert F. Bukaty, 2017, The Associated Press.
• FPA
• ESA Section 7 and 10 (issuance of incidental take permits)
• ESA Section 9 (take Prohibitions)
• This recovery plan is recognized as Comprehensive Management Plan by FERC providing additional leverage
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 13
Greenland still allows a mixed stock intercept fishery for Atlantic salmon in which U.S. origin fish are often captured.
Mixed Stock Fishery
• The science advice is for no fishery
2018 Negotiations• 15 metric ton reduction of the
Greenland Fishery from 45 down to 30 (2018 – 2020)
• Greenland agreed to licensing requirements for all fisherman
• Required reporting by all fishermen
• ~ 2 - 3 U.S. Origin fish/ton
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 14
Reduce International Fishery Mortality in West Greenland through continued negotiations within the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) (International Management Body of Atlantic Salmon)
Citation: ICES 2016. ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. North Atlantic. Report of the ICES Advisory Committee. ICES Advice 2016, Book 10
Increase our understanding of the Marine Environment
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 15
Roughly 66% reduction of the number of marine fish produced per spawner
Increase our understanding of ecosystem linkages
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 16
AMO
SST
Capelin
Atlanticsalmon
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Salinity
NAO
Source: Mills, K. E., Pershing, A. J., Sheehan, T. F. and Mountain, D. (2013), Climate and ecosystem linkages explain widespread declines in North American Atlantic salmon populations. Glob Change Biol, 19: 3046–3061.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 17
● Climatic Conditions:○ Climate changes as expected○ Less snow, earlier melt, precip more frequently falls as rain in winter○ Higher winter/lower spring streamflow ○ River temp increases ○ SST changes non-uniformly, with warming in the Gulf of Maine and less warming/cooling off Greenland● Most passage barriers remain● Salmon primarily affected by marine suitability, streamflow variability,
temperature, and barriers
● Climatic Conditions:○ Climate changes as expected○ Less snow, earlier melt, precip more frequently falls as rain in winter○ Higher winter/lower spring streamflow ○ River temp increases ○ SST changes non-uniformly, with warming in the Gulf of Maine and less
warming/cooling off Greenland● Passage barriers removed / modified ● Salmon primarily affected by marine suitability, streamflow variability and
temperature
● Climatic Conditions:○ Drier, warmer conditions prevail○ Less snow; precip lower (e.g., for extended time period)○ Higher winter/lower remainder of year streamflow○ River temp increases (number of consecutive extreme hot days exceeding salmon threshold increases)○ SST changes non-uniformly, with warming in the Gulf of Maine and less warming/cooling off Greenland● Passage barriers removed/modified ● Salmon primarily affected by marine suitability, streamflow variability and
temperature
● Climatic Conditions:○ Drier, warmer conditions prevail○ Less snow; precip lower (e.g., for extended time period)○ Higher winter/lower remainder of year streamflow○ River temp increases (number of consecutive extreme hot days exceeding salmon threshold increases)○ SST changes non-uniformly, with warming in the Gulf of Maine and less warming/cooling off Greenland● Most passage barriers remain● Salmon primarily affected by marine suitability, streamflow variability,
temperature, and barriers
Free Flowing
Hot and BlockedSoggy but Hindered
Hanging on by a Stream
Climate vulnerability analysis
Climate Scenario Planning
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Climate vulnerability analysis helped us recognize that salmon’s life history lends themselves to be highly vulnerable to climate change while climate scenario planning was a tool that we used to identify recovery actions that will promote salmon conservation under a range of plausible but uncertain future climate scenarios.
What the Recovery Plan can do:
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 19
• Provide leverage to further conservation efforts• FERC has accepted the Recovery Plan as a Comprehensive Plan
• Provide opportunities for collaboration and coordination• Development of SHRU specific recovery implementation teams
• Recognizes and acknowledges that sea-run fish restoration is going to take a long time and will cost a lot of money
• Renewed commitment by NOAA-Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to continue investing in sea-run fish conservation
What has 150 years of Salmon Conservation Efforts Given Us?
4/2/2019
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70+ year world-renowned recreational fishery.
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 21
Inspired E. Muskie to introduce what eventually became the Clean Water Act of 1972Ed Muskie: "Years ago, it used to be a stream where the great Atlantic salmon could be caught; then, as they disappeared, lesser fish. Until in my boyhood you couldn't catch anything else except the grubbiest of fish. And I was born just a few hundred yards from its shore. And from my experience as a boy living near that polluted river, but still able to enjoy many of the clean streams and lakes that we had and still have in Maine, I committed myself to the objective of doing all I could to deal with the problem."
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A Look Back at Ed Muskie's Legacy on his 100th Birthday, 03/28/2014 Reported By: Irwin Gratz
Because of efforts to conserve salmon through Dam removals and river conservation measures…