354 ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY B.Sc., CHEMISTRY CBCS STRUCTURE (from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards) I SEMESTER PART Sub. Code PAPER Hrs Cr I 15UTAL11/ 15UHNL11/ 15UFNL11/ 15USNL11 Tamil / Hindi / French / Spanish 6 4 II 15UENA11/ 15UENB11 English for Effective Communication-I (Stream-A) English for Effective Communication-I (Stream-B) 6 4 III 15UCHC11 Core -1 General Chemistry – I 5 4 15UCHP12 Core Lab –I Inorganic Qualitative Analysis 3 --- 15UCHB11 Allied Chemistry – I 15UCHR12 Allied Chemistry Lab - 1 15UCHA11 15UMAB11 Allied -1 Biochemistry/ Allied Mathematics - 1 3/ 5 3/ 4 15UCHQ12 Allied Biochemistry Lab 2 -- IV 15USBE11 Skill Based Elective – 1 (Computer Literacy) Programming in C 2 1 15USBP11 Programming in C Lab 2 1 15UFCE11 FC-Personality Development 1 1 V 15UNSS/NCC/ PED/YRC/ROT/ ACF/NCB12 Extension Activities NSS / NCC/Phy. Edn/ YRC/ROTARACT/AICUF/NATURE CLUB - - 15UBRC11 Bridge Course 1 Total 30 19/20 II SEMESTER I 15UTAL22/ 15UHNL22/ 15UFNL22/ 15USNL22 Tamil / Hindi / French/ Spanish 6 4 II 15UENA22 15UENB22 English for Effective Communication-II (Stream-A) English for Effective Communication-II (Stream-B) 6 4 III 15UCHC22 Core -2 General Chemistry -II 5 4 15UCHP12 Core Lab –I Inorganic Qualitative Analysis 3 3 15UCHB22 Allied Chemistry – 2
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354
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc., CHEMISTRY
CBCS STRUCTURE (from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards)
I SEMESTER
PART Sub. Code PAPER Hrs Cr
I 15UTAL11/ 15UHNL11/ 15UFNL11/ 15USNL11
Tamil / Hindi / French / Spanish
6 4
II 15UENA11/ 15UENB11
English for Effective Communication-I (Stream-A) English for Effective Communication-I (Stream-B)
15UCHSL6 Sixth Semester : Chemistry for Competitive Exams
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY – I (2015-2016 onwards)
Class : I B.Sc Chemistry Part : III Core -1 Semester : I Hours : 75 Subject Code : 15UCHC11 Credits : 4 Objectives :
To understand 1. the basic concepts needed for understanding chemistry 2. the electron-displacement effects in organic compounds and to study the reactions
of various organic reaction intermediates. 3. relation between electronic configuration and periodicity in properties of elements 4. the principles and applications of adsorption and catalysis
To study the chemistry of important polymers
To learn the safety methods in the laboratory
UNIT-I Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry (15 Hours) General Introduction.Functional groups.Structural Formulae.Isomerism- Fundamental ideas only – Structural and stereoisomerism – types and examples. Organic reactions – Types of reactions.Cleavage of bonds – Homolysis and heterolysis. Types of reagents –Electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals. –definition and examples Localised and delocalised bonds. Resonance- Rules of resonance. Steric inhibition of resonance.Hyperconjugation.Inductive and field effects - definition. Organic Reaction intermediates: Generation, stability, structure and reactions of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes. UNIT-II Periodic Table and Rare Gases (15 hours) Mendeleev’s table.Merits and demerits.Long form of the periodic table and its advantages. Classification into s,p,d and f-block elements. Study of the variation of the following properties of elements in terms of their electronic configurations. Atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, metallicity and their periodic variations Rare Gases: General discussion. Isolation of rare gases.Compounds of xenon.Xenon fluorides and oxides – Preparation, structure and bonding in XeF2, XeF4, XeF6, XeO3 and XeOF4. UNIT III Surface Chemistry (15 Hours) Adsorption of gases on solids.Characteristics.Chemisorption and Physisorption.Factors influencing adsorption. Different types of adsorption curves. Adsorption isotherms.Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Applications of adsorption. Catalysis – Definition.Characteristics.Types of catalysis - examples.Theories of catalysis.
359
Autocatalysis. Catalytic poisons. Promoters. Applications of catalysis Enzyme catalysis – Lock and key mechanism and kinetics.Michelis-Menton equation.Effect of pH and temperature on enzyme action. UNIT IV Introduction to Polymers (15 Hours) Monomers and Polymers.Definition.Classification of polymers.Distinction among plastics, elastomers and fibers.Homo and heteropolymers.Copolymers.Chemistry of Polymerisation.Chain polymerisation.Free radical, ionic, coordination and step polymerisation.Polyaddition and poly condensation. Important polymers – Teflon, PMMA, polyethylene, polystyrene, PAN, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes, PVC, epoxy resins, rubber-styrene and neoprene rubbers. Phenol-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins. UNIT V Safety in the Laboratory and Separation Techniques (15 hours) Storage and handling of chemicals.Toxic and poisonous chemicals. Waste and fume disposal. Precautions and first-aid procedure.Uses of different glassware.Hazard symbols.Laboratory safety measures. General purification techniques.Purification of solid organic compounds.Recrystallisation.Use of mixed solvents.Use of drying agents and their properties.Sublimation. Extraction – use of immiscible solvents.Solvent extraction.Soxhlet extraction. Books for Study
1. ArunBahl, B.S. Bahl., A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S.Chand& Co (2011) 2. B.R. Puri&L.R.Sharma&M.S.Pathania, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Vishal Publishing
Co (2012) 3. B.R.Puri, L.R.Sharma, &K.C.Kalia , Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers
(2012) Books for References
1. B.K.Sharma ., Polymer Chemistry, Goel Publishing House (1989) 2. R. Gopalan, P.S. Subramanian and K. Rangarajan, Elements of Analytical Chemistry,
Sultan Chand & Sons. Chapter 1
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Class : I B.Sc Chemistry Part : III Core Practical Semester : I & II Hours : 45 (Each Semester) Subject Code : 15UCHP12 Credits : 3
Objectives: To enable the learners to
learn principles of analysis of simple salts and mixtures
Develop analytical skills in identifying the acid and basic radicals in the given unknown mixture of salts.
Semi-Micro Qualitative analysis Analysis of a mixture containing two anions (one simple and one interfering) and two cations (of different groups) from the following Cations: Lead, bismuth, copper, cadmium, iron, aluminum, zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt, barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium. Anions: Halides, carbonate, nitrate, sulphate, oxalate, borate, phosphate, chromate and fluoride.
Book for Study 1. Course material provided by the Department
Book for Reference 1. V.V. Ramanujam., Inorganic Semi micro qualitative Analysis (2001)
1. R. Gopalan, P.S. Subramanian and K. Rangarajan, Elements of Analytical Chemistry,
Sultan Chand & Sons.
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ALLIED CHEMISTRY LAB (2015-2016 onwards)
Class : I B.Sc Mathematics Part : III Allied Practical Semester : I & II Hours : 30 (Each Semester) Subject Code : 15UCHP12 Credits : 1
I. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS: 1. Estimation of sodium hydroxide using standard sodium carbonate. 2. Estimation of hydrochloric acid- standard oxalic acid. 3. Estimation of oxalic acid- standard sulphuric acid. 4. Estimation of ferrous sulphate- standard Mohr salt solution. 5. Estimation of oxalic acid- standard ferrous sulphate. 6. Estimation of potassium permanganate- standard sodium hydroxide.
II. ORGANIC ANALYSIS: 1. Detection of Elements (N, S, Halogens). 2. To distinguish between aliphatic and Aromatic. 3. To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated. 4. Functional group tests for phenols, acids (mono), aromatic primary amine, diamide, carbohydrate, aldehyde, ketone Functional groups characterized by confirmatory test.
Course material provided by the Department
EVALUATION Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA) – 50 Marks
Sl.No Components Marks
1 Observation Notebook –Neatly and Regularly maintained 05
2 Practical Results – Regular Class work 25
3 Internal Test 20
TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (at the end of even semester - 3 hour duration) One Volumetric estimation and an organic compound analysis to be carried out.
Sl.No Components Marks
1 Record Note book –Neatly maintained 05
2 Volumetric Estimation -Procedure 05
3 Volumetric Estimation-Result within the prescribed error limit 20
4 Organic Analysis -Result 20
TOTAL 50
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY – II
(2015-2016 onwards)
Class : I B.Sc Chemistry Part : III Core -2
Semester : II Hours : 75
Subject Code : 15UCHC22 Credits : 4
Objectives:
To enable the learners to understand
the concept of chirality, optical activity and conformations of simple alkanes and
cyclohexane.
the basic concepts of Inorganic Chemistry
laws related to ideal and real gases, liquefaction methods, molecular velocities and
collision properties.
the principle involved in quantitative analysis.
the methods and materials required for products which are used in our daily life
UNIT I Stereochemistry and Conformational Analysis (15 Hours)
Optical activity.Chirality.Enantiomerism.Diastereomers.Racemic modification.Resolution of
racemic mixtures.Meso compounds.
Reactions involving stereoisomers – Stereospecific and stereoselective syntheses.Asymmetric
synthesis – Partial Method.
Configuration – absolute and relative configuration. R,S notation for optical isomers with one
and two chiral centers. Erythro and threo representations.
Optical activity in compounds containing no chiral centres.- biphenyls, allenes and spiranes.
Geometrical isomerism – E,Z- notation. Methods of distinguishing geometrical isomers.
(Cyclisation, Dipole moment and Melting point methods)
Conformations- Definition.Conformations of ethane, butane and cyclohexane.Cyclohexane-
chair and boat forms. Chair inversion. Conformations of methylcyclohexane.
UNIT II Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry (15 Hours)
Avogadro number .Mole concept.Mole fraction.Definition and problems.Balancing chemical
equations. Calculations based on chemical equations. Oxidation and reduction.Oxidation
number.Balancing redox equation – oxidation number and ion-electron methods. Molecular
mass and equivalent mass.- Equivalent weights of acids, bases and salts. Calculations.
UNIT III Gaseous State (15 Hours)
The kinetic theory of ideal gases. Deduction of gas laws from the kinetic gas equation. Deviation
from ideal behaviour.Van der Waals equation.Reduced equation of state.Law of corresponding
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states.Compressibility factor.Critical phenomena.Andrews experiments. Van der Waals
equation and the critical constants.
Distribution of molecular velocities. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.(No derivation). Types of
molecular velocities.Calculations.
Collision properties – Mean free path – collision frequency- Collision diameter. Viscosity of
gases.
UNIT IV Titrimetric methods of Analysis (15 Hours)
General principle of titrimetric methods of analysis.Requirements.
Class : I B.Sc Chemistry Part : III Allied Practical Semester : I & II Hours : 30 (Each Semester) Subject Code : 15UCHP12 Credits : 2
1. Qualitative tests for Protein, carbohydrate, lipids. 2. Measurement of pH. 3. Estimation of sugar – Benedict’s method 4. Estimation of calcium 5. Estimation of vitamin C 6. Estimation of Iron by colorimetry. 7. Estimation of Nickel by colorimetry 8. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography (Demonstration Only) 9. Separation of lipids by TLC (Demonstration Only) 10. Column chromatography (Demonstration Only)
1 Observation Note book Maintained neatly and regularly
10
2 Results of the practical-Regular class work 20
3 Internal Test 20
TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (50 Marks )(Duration: 3 Hours) Examination at the end of even-semester.
Sl.No Components Marks
1 Record Notebook 10
2 Estimation - Procedure 05
3 Identification of the given sample with correct procedure 10
4 Estimation-Final Result within the prescribed error limit 20
5 Viva voce 5
TOTAL 50
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – I
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-3
Semester : III Hours : 90
Subject Code : 15UCHC33 Credits : 6
Objectives
1. To understand the chemistry of alkanes, cycloalkanes and predicting the stability of
cycloalkanes.
2. To study the preparation and reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons and dienes.
3. To learn the chemistry of alcohols, phenols and ethers
4. To study and understand the chemistry of aromatic compounds and concept of
aromaticity.
5. To study the preparation and reactions of alkyl and aryl halides.
Unit I Alkanes andCycloalkanes (18 Hours)
Nomenclature of alkanes
Methods of formation of alkanes.-Reduction of alkenes and alkynes, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe
reaction, Corey-House reaction and decarboxylation reactions. Physical properties and chemical
reactions.
Cycloalkanes – Preparation-Wurtz reaction, Dieckmann’s ring closure and reduction of aromatic
hydrocarbons. Properties and reactions.Stability of Cycloalkanes.Baeyer’s strain
theory.Limitations.Heats of combustion and relative stability of Cycloalkanes.
Unit II Alkenes,Alkadienes and Alkynes (18 Hours)
Alkenes: Nomenclature. Geometrical isomerism in alkenes.
General methods of preparation. – dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl
halides. Dehalogenation of dihalides.
Reactions of alkenes.Addition reactions – hydrogenation.Addition of halogens and hydrogen
halides.Markownikov’s rule and peroxide effect.Hydration – Hydroboration.
Alkadienes: Nomenclature and classification. Stability of conjugated dienes. Preparation and
reactions of 1, 3-butadiene – 1,2- and 1,4-addition. Diels-Alder reaction.
Alkynes: Nomenclature. Structure of acetylene.General methods of preparation.Acidity of
alkynes. Reactions of alkynes: addition of hydrogen, hydrogen halides and water.
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Unit III Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (18 Hours)
Alcohols: Nomenclature. Classes of alcohols.General methods of preparation.Hydroboration of
alkenes.Properties.Hydrogen bonding in alcohols.Acidity.Reactions of alcohols.Distinction
between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Preparation, properties and reactions of allyl alcohol, ethylene glycol and glycerol.
Phenols: Nomenclature. Methods of preparation.Acidity.Effect of substituents on the acidity of
phenols.Reactions of Phenols- Kolbe’s reaction.Reimer-Tieman reaction, Gattermann reaction,
Lederer-Manasse reaction and Houben-Hoeschreaction.Mechanism of the above
reactions.Fries rearrangement.
Ethers and epoxides.Preparation and reactions of diethyl ether, anisole and ethylene
oxide.Estimation of methoxy group.
Unit IV Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Benzene and Alkyl benzenes (18 Hours)
Structure of benzene: Kekule structure. Stability of benzene ring with reference to heats of
hydrogenation and combustion.Resonanceenergy.Resonance picture of benzene.Bond lengths
in benzene.Orbital picture of benzene.
Aromaticity and Huckel’srule.Application of Huckel’s rule to the following systems-
cyclopentadienyl anion, cycloheptatrienylcation.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions – General mechanism.Nitration, sulphonation,
halogenation and Friedel-Craft’s reactions.
Disubstitution in benzene. Directive influence – classification of substituents – o,p- and meta-
directing groups. Effect of substituents in orientation and reactivity.
Unit V Alkyl and Aryl Halides (18 Hours)
Alkyl Halides – Nomenclature and classification. Methods of formation.Properties and chemical
reactions.Mechanisms of SN1, SN2 and SNireactions.Elimination reactions E1 and E2 reactions.
Preparation, properties and reactions of CHCl3, allyl chloride, vinyl chloride, freons, DDT
Aryl Halides.Preparation, properties and reactions of chlorobenzene.Mechanism of nucleophilic
aromatic substitution.
Aralkylhalides: Preparation, properties and reactions of benzyl chloride. Distinction between
nuclear and side-chain halides.
TEXT BOOK
1. P.L.Soni and H.M.Chawla, Text Book of Organic Chemistry.28th Edition. Sultan Chand
(2006)
Reference Book
1. Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6thEdition. Prentice Hall (2006).
2. Bahl and Arul Bahl, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Chand and Company (2003)
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
VOLUMETRIC ESTIMATIONS (For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core Lab-3 Semester : III Hours : 45 Subject Code :15UCHP33 Credits: 3 Objectives: To enable the learners to
- learn the principles of quantitative analysis - develop skills in handling apparatus for quantitative analysis - Understand the volumetric techniques to estimate the given solution
Volumetric Analysis Introduction to volumetric analysis.Preparation of standard solutions.Primary and secondary standards.
A double titration with preparation of standard solution.
1. Estimation of Na2CO3 (NaOH – HCl - Na2CO3) 2. Estimation of NaOH (Na2CO3 mixture – Double indicator method) 3. Estimation of FAS (Oxalic acid – KMnO4 - FAS) 4. Estimation of Fe2+ (Oxalic acid – KMnO4-Fe2+) 5. Estimation of Oxalic acid (FAS – KMnO4– Oxalic acid) 6. Estimation of Calcium – Permanganimetry 7. Estimation of Copper (K2Cr2O7 – Thio – Cu2
Text Book Course Material supplied by the Department
Reference Book Vogel’s Text book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition, ELBS/Longman England 1989.
EVALUATION Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA) – 50 Marks
S.No. Components Marks 1 Observation Notebook –Neatly and Regularly maintained 10 2 Practical Results – Regular Class work 20 3 Internal Test 20 TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (at the end of III semester - 3 hour duration) One double titration with preparation of standard solution
S.No. Components Marks 1 Record Note book –Neatly maintained 05 2 Volumetric Estimation -Procedure 10 3 Volumetric Estimation-Result within the prescribed error limit 35 TOTAL 50
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc., Chemistry: Allied-2
ALLIED CHEMISTRY – I
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc. Physics Part : III Allied-3
Semester : III Hours : 45
Subject Code : 15UCHB33 Credits: 3
Objectives
To enable the student to understand the
o relation between electronic configuration and periodicity in properties of elements
o concept of chemical bonding
o basic industrial chemical processes used in fuels and in the synthesis of petrol
o rates of chemical reactions, order and its determination and the application of Le
Chatelier’s principle in equilibrium processes
o safety methods in the laboratory
Unit I Periodic Table (9 hours)
Mendeleev’s table.Merits and demerits.Long form of the periodic table and its advantages.
Classification into s,p,d and f-block elements.
Study of the variation of the following properties of elements in terms of their electronic
configurations. Atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity,
electronegativity, metallicity and their periodic variations
Unit II Chemical Bonding (9 hours)
Covalent bond: orbital overlap, hybridization, geometry of organic molecules-
CH4,C2H4,C2H2.Molecular orbital theory, bonding, antibonding and non-bonding
orbitals.Molecular orbitals. MO diagram of H2, N2, O2, F2. Bond order and Magnetic nature.
Diborane: Preparation and properties, structure, preparation and uses of NaBH4, Borazole
Unit III Basic concepts in Organic Chemistry (9 hours)
General Introduction.Functionalgroups.StructuralFormulae.Isomerism- Fundamental ideas only
– Structural and stereoisomerism – types and examples.Types of reagents –Electrophiles,
nucleophiles and free radicals.–definition and examples.Organic reactions – Types of
reactions.Cleavage of bonds – Homolysis and heterolysis.
Unit IV Chemical Kinetics (9 hours)
Rate, order, molecularity, pseudo first order, determination of order.Measurement of reaction
rate of fast reactions (Stopped Flow method, Pressure Jump method).Derivation of rate
constant for first and second order reactions.Effect of temperature on the rate – Arrhenius
equation.Energy of activation.Types of reactions with examples.(Basic concepts)
377
Unit V Safety Methods in Lab (9 hours)
Storage and handling of chemicals.Toxic and poisonous chemicals. Waste and fume disposal.
Precautions and first-aid procedure.Uses of different glassware.Hazardsymbols.Laboratory
safety measures.
Text Books
1. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, ArunBahl, B.S. Bahl., S.Chand& Co (2011)
2. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, B.R.Puri, L.R.Sharma, &K.C.Kalia Milestone Publishers
(2012)
3. Principles of Physical Chemistry, B.R. Puri&L.R.Sharma&M.S.Pathania, Vishal Publishing
Co (2012)
Reference Books
1. Elements of Analytical Chemistry, R. Gopalan, P.S. Subramanian and K. Rangarajan,
Sultan Chand & Sons.
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
NON MAJOR ELECTIVE: CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.A. History, Economics Part : IV NME-1
Semester : III Hours : 45
Subject Code : 15UCHN13 Credits: 2
Objective:
To introduce the basic concepts on the importance and uses of various chemical
substances around us.
Unit I Air (9 hours)
Composition of air. Role of various components present in air. Biological importance of
oxygen.Air pollution- acid rain, ozone depletion, green house gases and green house effect.
Unit II Water (9 hours)
Importance of water.Naturalwater.Sources of water. Drinking water – making water fit to drink
– chlorination. Water pollution- Chemicals causing water contamination – contamination by
fertilisers, soaps and detergents and their effect.
Unit III Nutrients& Medicines (9 hours)
Important nutrients – carbohydrates, fats, proteins – their role in human health.Role of
vitamins, minerals - iron, calcium, cobalt in human health. Medicines: Antibiotics, Analgesics,
Antipyretics, Antidepressents – definition – few examples.
Unit IV Fireworks &Cosmetics (9 hours)
Firework – Chinese invention. Basic ingredients and principle of firework. Colour of firework.
Perfumes – basic composition. Fragrances.Substances that give colour- Dyes. Hair dyes and hair
Applications of radioactivity in medicine, agriculture and industry.Radiocarbon dating.
Unit – V Chemistry of Acids, Bases and Non-aqueous Solvents (12 Hours)
Definition, applications and limitations: Arrhenius concept, Bronsted-Lowry concept, Lewis
concept.
Pearson’s classification as Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) – Applications and
limitations.Non-aqueous solvents – Ammonia.
Textbook
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma and K. C. Kalia, “Principles of Inorganic Chemistry”, 31st Edition,
Milestone Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India, 2008
Reference Books
1. James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter&Okhil K. Medhi, “Inorganic Chemistry
– Principles of Structure and Reactivity”, 4thEdition,Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2006
2. SathyaPrakash, G. D.Tuli, S. K. Basu& R. D. Madan,“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”,
S.Chand& Company, New Delhi,2007
3. John D. Lee, “Concise Inorganic Chemistry”, 5thEdition, Blackwell Science, New Delhi,
2006
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry: Core – 5 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY–I
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core -5 Semester : IV Hours : 75 Subject Code : 15UCHC54 Credits: 5
Objectives To enable the learners to understand
the structure of crystals
the importance of first law of thermodynamic and its application to the determination of thermodynamic parameters
To understand the importance of energy and entropy changes in predicting the feasibility of reactions
Enabling the learner to understand the energy changes in physical and chemical processes.
Unit – I Solid State (15 Hours) Crystal lattice – Face and edge of the crystal.Interfacialangles.Symmetry in crystals.Unitcell.Law of constancy of interfacial angle.Law of rationality of indices.Spacegroup.Millerindices.Spacelattices.Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic lattice. Close packing of spheres (HCP,CCP). Diffraction of X-rays by crystals.Bragg’s equation. Experimental methods of crystal analysis.- Single crystal and powder techniques Analysis of the structure of NaCl , CsCl and KCl. Radius ratio. Molecular crystals - Applications. Crystal imperfections. Stoichiometric defects - Frenkel and Schottky effects. Non-stoichiometric defects – metal-excess and deficiency defects.
Unit – II Thermodynamics-I (15 Hours) Importance of Thermodynamics.Thermodynamic terms. – system, surroundings, processes. State variables. First law of thermodynamics.Exact differentials. Applications of the law to ideal gases: Heat capacity. Relation between Cp and Cv. Isothermal processes: Change in internal energy – work done in reversible isothermal expansion and compression. Adiabatic expansion – Joule-Thomson effect.Joule-Thomson coefficient and its significance. Application of the law to real gases: Isothermal processes: Work done, change in internal energy.
Unit – III Thermodynamics –II (15 Hours) Limitations of first law and the need for the second law.Formulation of second law of thermodynamics on the basis of Carnot cycle.Work function.
383
Spontaneous processes. Criteria of spontaneity. Entropy(S), Internal Energy (E), Enthalpy (H), Gibbs Free Energy (G), Helmholtz Free Energy (A). Change in entropy for reversible and irreversible processes. Maxwell relation.
Evaluation of S for mixing.Expansion under isothermal and adiabatic conditions.Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.Partial molar free energy - Gibbs-Duhemequation, Clapeyron-Clausius equation.
Unit – IV Chemical Equilibrium and III Law of Thermodynamics (15 Hours) Law of mass action.Kp and Kc. Relationships between Kp and Kc. Properties of equilibrium constants. Van’t Hoff isotherm. Derivation of thermodynamic equilibrium constant and its relationship with free energy changes under standard conditions. Van’t Hoff isochore.Le-Chatelierprinciple.Formation of ammonia – Haber’s process. Third law of thermodynamics: Nernst heat theorem. Formulation of third law.Determination of absolute entropy of solids, liquids and gases.
Unit – V Thermochemistry (15 Hours) Thermochemistry – Types of enthalpy of reaction. Measurements of enthalpy of reaction.Thermochemicalequations.Standard enthalpy changes.Thermochemical law – Hess’s law.Calculation of standard heats of formation and combustion. Heat of neutralization, heat of hydration, heat of transition.Bond energy and heat of reaction. Variation of enthalpy change of the reaction with temperature (Kirchoff equation).
Text Book 1. Text Book of Physical Chemistry. M.V.Sankaranarayanan and V.Mahadevan, Universities
Press (India). 2011.
Reference Book 1. Principles of Physical Chemistry.Puri, Sharma and Pathania. Vishal Publishing (2003)
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry Allied–2 ALLIED CHEMISTRY – II
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc. Physics Part : III Allied-4 Semester : IV Hours : 45 Subject Code : 15UCHB44 Credits: 3
Objectives To enable the student to understand
the theory of photochemical processes
structure and bonding in coordination compounds
preparation and reactions of aminoacids and carbohydrates
principles of chemical energetics, relation between heat and work and the concept of free energy
electrolytic conductance and electrochemical cells
Unit I Fundamentals of Photochemistry (9 hours) Definition of Photochemical reactions, Grotthus Draper Law and Einstein’s Law, Quantum Efficiency (High and Low).Jablonskydiagram.Comparison between thermal and photochemical reactions.Chemiluminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence.Photosensitisation. (Definitions with suitable examples) Unit II Coordination Chemistry (9 hours) Introduction.Types of ligands.Terminology. IUPAC Nomenclature.Wernertheory.Chelation- examples. Valence Bond Theory and its applications.(Tetrahedral and Octahedral). Haemoglobin Chlorophyll - functions. EDTA and its applications in analysis. Unit III Life Chemistry (9 hours) Amino Acids: Classification, preparation and properties of glycine and alanine. Isoelectric point and zwitterion.Peptide bond. Classification of proteins by physical properties and by biological functions. Carbohydartes: classification, preparation and properties of glucose and fructose. Conversion of glucose to fructose and vice versa. Unit IV Energetics (9 hours) Energetics- Definition of first law thermodynamics. Types of systems.Reversible, irreversible.Isothermal and adiabatic processes.Joule-Thomson effect.Enthalpy, bond energy. Need for the second law. Entropy and its significance.Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Spontaneous processes – Criteria of spontaneity of chemical reaction. Unit V Electrochemistry (9 hours) Faradays Laws, Specific conductance, Equivalent conductance, Variation of conductance with dilution.Kohlraush’slaw.pH determination. Conductometric titrations. Buffer solutions and
385
buffer action. Daniel cells, e.m.f. standard electrode potentials, reference electrodes. Electrochemical series and its applications. Text Books
1. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, ArunBahl, B.S. Bahl., S.Chand& Co (2011) 2. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, B.R.Puri, L.R.Sharma, &K.C.Kalia. Milestone Publishers
(2012) 3. Principles of Physical Chemistry, B.R. Puri&L.R.Sharma&M.S.Pathania. Vishal Publishing
Co (2012)
386
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTON’OMOUS),KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc.Physics Part : III Allied Practical Semester : III/IV Hours : 30 Subject Code : 15UCHR44 Credits : 2
I. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS: 1. Estimation of sodium hydroxide using standard sodium carbonate. 2. Estimation of hydrochloric acid- standard oxalic acid. 3. Estimation of oxalic acid- standard sulphuric acid. 4. Estimation of ferrous sulphate- standard Mohr salt solution. 5. Estimation of oxalic acid- standard ferrous sulphate. 6. Estimation of potassium permanganate- standard sodium hydroxide.
II. ORGANIC ANALYSIS: 1. Detection of Elements (N, S, Halogens). 2. To distinguish between aliphatic and Aromatic. 3. To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated.
4. Functional group tests for phenols, acids (mono), aromatic primary amine, diamide, carbohydrate, aldehyde, ketone
Functional groups characterized by confirmatory test.
Course material provided by the Department
EVALUATION Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA) – 50 Marks
Sl.No Components Marks
1 Observation Notebook –Neatly and Regularly maintained 05
2 Practical Results – Regular Class work 25
3 Internal Test 20
TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (at the end of IV semester - 3 hour duration) One Volumetric estimation and an organic compound analysis to be carried out.
Sl.No Components Marks
1 Record Note book –Neatly maintained 05
2 Volumetric Estimation -Procedure 05
3 Volumetric Estimation-Result within the prescribed error limit 20
4 Organic Analysis -Result 20
TOTAL 50
387
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
NON MAJOR ELECTIVE: CHEMICALS FOR LIFE AND LIVING
(For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : II B.Sc., Physics, Maths and RDS Part : IV NME-2 Semester : IV Hours : 45 Subject Code :15UCHN24 Credits : 2 Objective:
To introduce basic concepts on the importance and uses of various chemical substances in our life.
Unit 1 Energy resources (9 hours) Hydrocarbons and fossil fuels – Cooking gas, CNG, coal and petroleum -Basic discussion. Nuclear energy: Principle. Nuclear reactors in India Solar Energy: Principle of solar energy conversion to electricity. Environmental issues related to fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
Unit 2 Nutrients & Medicines (9 hours) Important nutrients – carbohydrates, fats, proteins – their role in human health.Role of vitamins, minerals - iron, calcium, cobalt in human health. Medicines: Antibiotics, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Antidepressents – definition – few examples.
Unit 3 Fireworks& Perfumes (9 hours) Firework – Chinese invention. Basic ingredients and principle of firework. Colour of firework. Perfumes – basic composition. Fragrances. Substances that give colour- Dyes. Hair dyes and hair colouring. Safety of hair dyes.
Unit 4 Polymers (9 hours) Definition.Classification.Applications – Teflon, Polythene, PVC, Polystyrene, Nylon. Plastics- Definition.Thermo and thermosetting plastics. Bakelite and its uses
Unit 5 Nucleic acids (9 hours) Nucleic acids – Elementary idea on the structure of DNA and RNA – their role.Hormones in our body.Their functions and deficiency symptoms.
Textbook 1. Study material given by the course teacher.
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SELF LEARNING COURSE: FOOD CHEMISTRY (For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
Class : Chemistry Part : SLC Semester : IV Hours : Subject Code : 15UCHSL4 Credits: 03 Objectives To understand
The importance of nutrition and balanced diet
Various additives used in food products
Nature and identification of food adulterants
Food preservation and quality norms of food products
Current developments in food science Unit-I Nutrition and Balanced Diet: Nutrition – calorific value of food stuff. Energy requirements of individuals – diet and its components – the protein requirements – biological value of proteins, supplementary value of proteins. Diseases associated with protein malnutrition. Nutritional value of carbohydrates. – Fibers in the diet, dietary sugars – nutritional aspects of lipids. Unit-II Food additives: Artificial sweeteners – saccharin, cyclomate, asparatame – food flavours – esters, aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds. Antioxidants.Food colours – changes in cooking. Restricted use. Baking powder –Yeast. Taste enhancers – MSG-vinegar Beverages: Soft drinks, soda, fruit juices and alcoholic beverages (Types and content of alcohol). Composition of soft drinks. Excessive use leading to urinary bladder stones. Unit-III Food adulteration – Types of adulterants- intentional, incidental and metallic. Common adulterants in different foods – milk and milk products, vegetable oils, and fats, spices and condiments, cereals, pulses, sweetening agents and beverages. Unit-IV Food Preservation- Methods – preservation by low temperature, high temperature. Preservatives. Quality control: Specifications and standards: PFA, FPO, FDA, drug license, WHO standards, ISI specifications. – Basic concepts. Unit V Introduction to food technology and future foods – Biotechnology in food.Nutraceuticals.Organic foods. Low cost nutrient supplements. Space foods. Text Books 1. M. Swaninathan, Food Science- Chemistry and Experimental Foods. The Bangalore Printing
and Publishing Co. (1993) 2. B.Srilakshmi, Food Science. New Age International Publishers(India). 2005
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR
(For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – II
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-6
Semester : V Hours : 90
Subject Code : 15UCHC65 Credits : 6
Objectives
1. To study the synthetic methods and reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
2. To study the preparation, reactions and properties of carboxylic acids and the
derivatives.
3. To study the chemistry of polycyclic hydrocarbons
4. To learn the chemistry of amines, nitro compounds and diazonium compounds.
5. To understand the principles of organic synthesis and to study the synthetic
applications of EAA, Malonic Ester and Organometallics.
Unit I Carbonyl Compounds (18 Hours)
Nomenclature. Structure of carbonyl group. General methods of preparation of aliphatic
aldehydes and ketones. Physical properties. Acidity of -hydrogen. Chemical reactions-
Haloform reaction. Nucleophilic addition reactions. Addition of ammonia derivatives.
Condensation reactions- Mechanism of Aldol, Cannizarro,Tischenko reactions. Oxidation –
Reaction with Tollen’s, Fehling’s reagents. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones. Reduction by
MPV,Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner and Complex Metal Hydrides.
Aromatic Aldehydes: Benzaldehyde. General methods of formation. Reactions, Claisen, Perkin,
Benzoin, Knoevenagel reactions.
Acetophenone and Benzophenone. Preparation and reactions.
p-Benzoquinone – Preparation and reactions.
Unit II Carboxylic acids and their Derivatives (18 Hours)
Preparation and reactions. Acidity of carboxylic acid. Effect of substituents on the acidity.
Conversion to functional derivatives. Reduction. HVZ reaction.
Preparation and reactions of Acrylic acid, Benzoic acid and Cinnamic acid.
Substituted acids: Preparation and reactions of Glycolic acid, Lactic acid, Salicylic acid,
Anthranilic acid, Glyoxalic acid and Pyruvic acid. Action of heat on , - and - hydroxy- and
amino acids.
Saturated dicarboxylic acids: Preparation and reactions of Oxalic, Malonic, and Succinic acids.
Action of heat on dicarboxylic acids. Phthalic acid, Phthalic anhydride and Phthalimide.
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Unsaturated dicarboxylic acids: Maleic and Fumaric acids. Preparation and reactions.
Unit III Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (18 Hours)
Isolated Systems: Diphenyl and Diphenylmethane. Preparation and reactions
Fused ring systems: Preparation and reactions of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Phenanthrene.
Structural elucidation of Naphthalene and Anthracene.
Preparation and reactions of Naphthols, Naphthylamines and Anthraquinone.
Carcinogenic hydrocarbons.
Unit IV Nitrogen Compounds (18 Hours)
Aromatic Nitro compounds – Nitrobenzene. Preparation and reactions. Reduction products of
Nitrobenzene.
Amines: Classification. Preparation and reactions. Basicity of amines. Separation of a mixture of
primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Basicity of aliphatic amines. Effect of substituents on
the basicity of aromatic amines.
Aliphatic diazo compounds: Diazomethane, Diazoacetic ester. Preparation and reactions.
Benzenediazonium chloride: Preparation structure and reactions.
Unit V Principles of Organic Synthesis (18 Hours)
Carbon-Carbon bond forming reactions: alkylation of active methylene compounds-Ethyl
acetoacetate and Malonic ester. Synthetic applications of Ethylacetoacetate and Malonic ester.
Fittig reaction, Claisen reaction, Claisen-Schmidt and Michael addition. Diels-Alder reactions-
synthesis of cyclic compounds.
Synthesis using organometallic compounds.
Organomagnesium compounds: Grignard reagents. Preparation, structure and chemical
reactions.Organozinc compounds – Preparation and reactions. Reformatsky reaction.
Organolithium compounds – Preparation and reactions of Phenyllithium.
Text Books
ArunBahl& B. S. Bahl, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th edition. S. Chand (2010)
Reference Books
1. Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th edition. Prentice Hall (2006)
2. P. L. Soni and H. M. Chawla, Text Book of Organic Chemistry. 28th Edition. S. Chand (2006)
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – II
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-7 Semester : V Hours : 90 Subject Code : 15UCHC75 Credits : 6
Objectives: To enable the learners to understand
the structure of atomic nucleus, nuclear reactions, fission, fusion, Radioactivity and its applications.
the different approaches in explaining the chemical bond.
the principles and applications of adsorption and catalysis
the general methods for extracting elements from their ores and their refining methods.
the trends in physical and chemical properties of s-block elements. UNIT I General Methods of Extraction of metals (18 Hours) Occurrence of metals- ore and mineral. Metallurgy – definition. Ore dressing – froth floatation, gravity, magnetic and chemical separation. Conversion of concentrated ore into metallic oxide – calcination and roasting. Isolation of the metal – electrolytic, chemical and auto reduction. Metal displacement. Complex formation followed by metal displacement. Refining of metals – physical and chemical methods. Electrolysis. van Arkel process and zone refining.
UNIT II Representative Elements – I(s-Block elements) (18 Hours) Alkali metals – Comparative study. Diagonal relationship of lithium with magnesium. Extraction of lithium. Uses. Compounds of alkali metals – sodium borohydride – preparation and uses. Alkaline earths – Group discussion. Beryllium- extraction and uses. Diagonal relationship with aluminum. Comparison with Mg.
Unit-III Representative Elements – II (p-Block elements) (18 Hours) Chemistry of boron. Boron hydrides – diborane –preparation and structure. Boric acid and borates. Borazole – preparation and structure. Group 14 elements: General properties. Carbon-catenation, allotropes. Silicon-hydrides, silicates and silicones. Group 15 elements: General properties.Nitrogen-oxides, oxoacids.Phosphorus-allotropes, oxoacids. Group 16 elements: General properties,Oxygen-anomalous behaviour, hydrogen bonding. Sulphur-allotropes, oxoacids.
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Group 17 elements: General properties.Oxoacids of halogens. Inter-halogen compounds – XYand XY3 types.Pseudohalogens
Unit-IV Transition Elements (18 Hours) First, second and third transition series. General characteristics. Occurrence, extraction, properties and uses of Titanium, Chromium, Cobalt, Nickel, Tungsten and Platinum
Unit V Inner Transition Elements (18 Hours) Lanthanides - Electronic Structure & Oxidation States. Magnetic Properties. Spectral Properties. Lanthanide contraction. Separation – Solvent Extraction, Valency Exchange, Ion Exchange methods. Actinides - Electronic Structure & Oxidation States. Magnetic Properties. Actinide contraction. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides.
Text Book
Modern Inorganic Chemistry. R.D.Madan. S.Chand (2004).
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – II
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-8 Semester : V Hours : 90 Subject Code : 15UCHC85 Credits : 6
Objectives:
1. To understand the importance of phase rule and its application to one- and two-component systems.
2. To understand the kinetics and the order of chemical reactions. 3. To study the theory of separation of liquid mixtures and to study the distribution law
and its applications. 4. To understand the description of structure of atom in terms of Schrodinger
equation. 5. To study the laws, processes and reactions of photochemistry
Unit I Phase Rule (18 Hours) Phase rule. Concepts of phase, component and degrees of freedom. Gibbs phase rule- derivation. Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equation and their applications to equilibria in phase transitions (solid-liquid, liquid-vapour, soild-vapour). One component system: Water and Sulphur systems. Two component systems: i) Simple eutectic- Lead-Silver system ii) Formation of compound with congruent and incongruent melting point FeCl3-H2O and Na2SO4-H2O systems
Unit II Chemical Kinetics (18 Hours) Introduction. Rate of reaction. Rate law and rate constants. Order and molecularity of reactions. Derivation of rate constant and half life period for first and second order reactions. Examples for first and second order reactions. Third order reactions. (No Derivation). Methods of determining the order of a reaction. Complex reactions- consecutive, parallel and reversible reactions-Elementary idea. Influence of temperature on the rate of a reaction. Arrhenius rate equation and its significance. Bimolecular collision theory. Theory of absolute reaction rates. Lindemann’s hypothesis.
Unit III Solutions of Non-Electrolytes (18 Hours) Ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition diagram of solution. Raoult’s law. Positive and negative deviations from the law. Principle of fractional distillation. Steam distillation. Binary systems. Azeotropic distillation. Partially miscible binary liquid systems. Critical Solution Temperature. –UCST, LCST, both UCST and LCST. Effect of addition of solute on CST. Solubility of gases in liquids. Henry’s law.
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Distribution law: Thermodynamic derivation. Limitation of the law. Application of studying association, dissociation and solvation. Study of formation of complex ions. Solvent extraction. Efficiency of extraction.
Unit IV Quantum Chemistry (18 Hours) Dual nature of electrons -De Brogliesparticle-waveduality. Davisson-Germer experiment -Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Probability concept of electron. Schrodinger wave equation. Interpretation of wave function. Eigen Equation, Eigen values and Eigen function. Operator-Commuting,Hermitian. Solution of wave equation for particle in a one dimensional. Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Probability densities of orbitals.
Unit V Photochemistry (18 Hours) Comparison of thermal and photochemical reactions. Laws of Photochemistry. Beer-Lambert law. Grothus-Draper law. Stark-Einstein law. Quantum efficiency and its determination, reason for low and high efficiency. Consequences of light absorption by atoms and molecules. Jablonski energy level diagram. Primary and secondary photo physical processes- Radiationless transition-internal conversion and intersystem crossing. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence – Applications. Experimental study of photochemical reactions. Qualitative aspect of photochemical H2-Cl2 and H2-Br2 reactions. Basic concepts of photosensitized reactions. Flash photolysis and Chemiluminescence. Bioluminescence. Text Book Principles of Physical Chemistry. B. R. Puri, Sharma and L. R. Pathania. Vishal Publishing (2003) Reference Book Text Book of Physical Chemistry. M.V.Sankaranarayanan and V. Mahadevan. Universities Press (2011)
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR
(For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
ORGANIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III (Core Lab III)
Semester : V Hours : 60
Subject Code : 15UCHP45 Credits : 3
Objectives:
To enable the learners to
learn the principles of Organic analysis.
Develop the skills in analyzing the given organic compound, finding the functional
group and to prepare a suitable derivative.
1. Identification of acidic, basic, phenolic and neutral organic substances.
2. Detection of N,S and halogens
3. Test for aliphatic and aromatic nature of compounds
Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry. 4th edition. ELBS, 1984.
396
Evaluation
Continuous Internal Assessment (50 Marks)
Sl. No Components Marks
1 Regular practical observation 10
2 Results of the practical 25
3 Internal Test 15
TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (50 Marks). (At the end of odd-semester)
Sl. No Components Marks
1 Record Notebook. Maintained neatly 05
2 Procedure- volumetric estimation 05
3 Identification of the organic compound 15
4 Estimation- within the prescribed limit 20
5 Viva voce 05
TOTAL 50
397
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR
(For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
GRAVIMETRY AND PREPARATION
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III (Core Lab IV)
Semester : V & VI Hours : 60 (30+30)
Subject Code : 15UCHP55/15UCHP66 Credits : 3
Gravimetric Estimations
1. Estimation of lead as lead chromate
2. Estimation of barium as barium chromate
3. Estimation of calcium as calcium oxalate monohydrate
4. Estimation of copper as CuSCN
Organic preparations
1. Hydrolysis - Acid from an ester/amide
2. Acetylation - Acetanilide from aniline
3. Oxidation - Benzoic acid from benzaldehyde
Inorganic preparations
1. Potash alum (or) Chrome alum
2. Prussian blue
3. Tetraamminecopper(II)sulphate
Text Book
Course material to be provided by the department.
398
Continuous Internal Assessment (50 Marks)
Sl. No Components Marks
1. Observation Note book
Maintained neatly and regularly
10
2. Results of the practical
25
3. Internal Test 15
TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (50 Marks)
Sl.No Components Marks
1. Record Notebook 5
2. Gravimetric Estimation –Procedure 5
3. Estimation-Final Result within the prescribed error limit 20
4. Preparation – Final result 15
5. Viva voce 5
TOTAL 50
399
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core Elective-1 Semester : V Hours : 60 Subject Code : 15UCHE15 Credits : 3
Objectives 1) To impart fundamental knowledge about the nature of drugs, drug activity,
structure-activity relationship, and drug synthesis. 2) To introduce a basic idea of drugs used for treating various diseases. 3) To motivate the student to pursue a career in pharmaceutical industries.
Unit I (12 hours) Introduction to the different systems of medicine-ayurveda, Siddha, homeopathy and allopathy. History of medicinal chemistry. Discovery of drugs-an introduction. Terminology. Sources of drugs. Drug classification. Mechanism of drug action and metabolism of drugs. Unit II (12 hours) Principles of drug discovery and synthesis. The concept of lead compounds. Synthetic considerations.Use of computers in drug design. Relationship between chemical structure and pharmacological activity. Unit III (12 hours) Analgesics, antipyretics and anti-inflammatory Agents: Classification based on structure. Salicylates. Paracetamol. Opioid analgesics- morphine and its analogues. NSAIDS.- Important drugs. Antidepressant Drugs- Definition . Anxiety. Classification. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Unit IV (12 hours) Chemotherapy-Basic principles of chemotherapy. The molecular basis of chemotherapy. Antibacterials- sulphonamides. Antibiotics- beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclins, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, macrolides and flouroquinolones.Antimalarials. Unit V (12 hours) Blood- Composition-grouping-Rh factor- buffers in blood. Functions of plasma proteins – clotting mechanism – blood pressure.Coagulants and anticoagulants- definition and examples. Antianemic drugs. Cardiovascular drugs- definition and names of drugs used for each of the following –antiarrythmic agents, antihypertensives – antianginals, vasodilators – lipid lowering agents. Drug abuse and dependence- The nature of drug dependence- nicotine, ethanol and cannabis Text Book
Jayashree Ghosh.A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. S.Chand (1997) Reference Books
1. Rang, Ale and Ritter.Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone (1995) 2. S.Lakshmi. Pharmaceutical Chemistry.Sultan Chand & Sons. 2nd edition (1998) 3. AshutoshKar.Medicinal Chemistry. New Age International (1992)
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – III
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-9 Semester : VI Hours : 90 Subject Code : 15UCHC96 Credits : 6
Objectives 1. To study the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds and dyes. 2. To understand the structure and reactions of carbohydrates. 3. To study the structural elucidation and synthesis of alkaloids and terpenes. 4. To study the mechanism of important molecular rearrangements and tautomerism. 5. To study and apply spectrometric techniques in studying the structure of organic compounds.
Unit I Heterocyclic Compounds and Dyes (18 Hours) Nomenclature. Preparation, properties and reactions of Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophen, Pyridine, Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline. Dyes- Theories of colour and constitution. Classification according to structure and applications. Preparation and uses of Methyl orange, Bismarck brown, Malachite green, Phenolphthalein, Fluorescein, Indigo and Alizarin
Unit II Carbohydrates (18 Hours) Carbohydrates: Classification. Monosaccharides -Properties and reactions. Structural elucidation of Glucose and Fructose. Epimerisation and Mutarotation. Ring structure and conformation. Descending, Ascending and inter-conversions of monosaccharides. Determination of ring size. Disaccharides – Sucrose, maltose and lactose – Structure and properties. (No structural elucidation). Polysaccharides- Starch and Cellulose. Properties and Uses.
Unit III Alkaloids and Terpenes (18 Hours) Alkaloids:General methods of isolation. General structure determination. Structural elucidation of Coniine, Piperine and Nicotine. Terpenes: Classification. Occurrence. Isolation. General properties. Isoprene rule. Structural
elucidation of Citral and Geraniol. Preparation and properties of Menthol and -pinene.
Unit IV Molecular Rearrangements (18 Hours) Molecular rearrangements: Anionotropic and Cationotropic rearrangements. Intramolecular and intermolecular rearrangements. Mechanism of the following reactions – Pinacol-Pinacolone, Beckmann, Benzidine, Hoffman, Curtius, Benzilic acid, Claisen, Fries and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.
401
Unit V Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds (18 Hours) UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Types of electronic transition. Chromophore, Auxochrome. Bathochromic, Hypsochromic, Hyperchromic and Hypochromic shifts. UV spectrum of conjugated dienes. Carbonyl compounds. Woodward-Fieser rules applied to conjugated dienes
and ,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Simple examples. IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibrations. Fingerprint region. Characteristic absorption of functional groups. Interpretation of IR spectra of simple molecules. NMR Spectrum: Fundamental concepts. Chemical shift. Shielding and de-shielding. Area of signals. Spin-Spin splitting. Coupling constants. Interpretation of PMR spectra of Ethyl bromide, Ethanol, Acetaldehyde.
Text Book B. S. Bahl&ArunBahl.Advanced Organic Chemistry. S. Chand. Revised Edition (2010) Reference Book Morrison Boyd &Bhattacharjee.Organic Chemistry. Pearson Education. 7th Edition(2010)
402
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-10 Semester : VI Hours : 90 Subject Code : 15UCHD06 Credits : 6
Objectives 1. To acquire a thorough understanding of classification, bonding and properties of
coordinationcompounds. 2. To study the chemistry of metal carbonyls and nitrosyls. 3. To study the chemistry of organo-transition metal complexes and their applications
in industrial processes. 4. To study the role of metal complexes in biological systems.
Unit I Coordination Compounds (18 Hours) Introduction. Nomenclature. Types of ligands. Coordination number – examples for C.N. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Isomerism in coordination compounds: Structural Isomerism - ionization, hydration, linkage, coordination, ligand, polymerization. Stereo Isomerism - geometrical and optical isomerism. Stability of Complexes. Thermodynamic and kinetic stability (no derivation). Chelation - chelate effect. Factors affecting Chelation. Structure of EDTA and DMG.
Unit II Bonding in Coordination Compounds (18 Hours) Theories: Werner’s theory. Valence Bond Theory (VBT) – High and low spin states. Hybridisation – sp3, dsp2, dsp3, sp3d2 and d2sp3. Applications of VBT to octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Magnetic properties of complexes. Crystal Field Theory (CFT) – postulates – crystal field splitting in Octahedral, Tetrahedral and Square planar complexes. High and low spin octahedral complexes. Factors influencing Crystal Field splitting. Calculation of CFSE. Uses and limitations of CFT. Jahn-Teller distortion in octahedral complexes. Magnetic properties. Spectrochemical series.
Unit III Metal Carbonyls and Nitrosyls (18 Hours) Metal Carbonyls. EAN rule and its application to the carbonyls of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. Bonding in metal carbonyls – molecular orbitals of CO. General methods of preparation of carbonyls – direct combination and reductive carbonylation. Structure determination of Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, and Mn2(CO)10. Metal Nitrosyls – Preparation and structure of sodium nitroprusside. EAN rule applied to [Co(CO)3(NO)]
Unit IV Reaction Mechanism in Coordination Compounds (18 Hours) Substitution reactions of octahedral complexes – SN1, SN2. Acid and Base hydrolysis of Octahedral complexes. Substitution reactions of square-planar complexes – Trans effect
403
(theories included). Mechanism of Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution Phase – Outer Sphere and Inner Sphere Mechanisms. Two-electron Transfer Reactions.
Unit V Bioinorganic Chemistry (18 Hours) Introduction. Metal complexes in biological systems – chlorophyll, cyanocobalamine. Iron containing oxygen carriers – Introduction. Myoglobin and hemoglobin. Structure of the prosthetic group. Mechanism of binding of oxygen and CO to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Copper containing enzyme – Structure and functions of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Zinc containing enzyme – Structure and functions of carbonic anhydrase.
Text Book J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O. K. Medhi. Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of Structure and Reactivity. 4th Edition. Pearson Education (2008).
Reference Books 1. R. Gopalan, V. Ramalingam. Concise Coordination Chemistry. 1st Edition.Vikas Publishing
House (2001). 2. D. Banerjea. Coordination Chemistry. 3rd Edition. Asian Books (2009). 3. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry. 33rd Edition.
Milestone Publishers & Distributors (2016). 4. R. M.Roat-Malone.Bioinorganic Chemistry – A Short Course. John Wiley & Sons (2013).
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the Academic Year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS Pattern)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-III
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core-11 Semester : VI Hours : 90 Subject Code : 15UCHD16 Credits : 6
Objectives
1. To study the behaviour of ions in solution. 2. To study the principles of pH, buffer solutions and salt hydrolysis. 3. To understand the basics of electrodes, electrode potential and electrochemical cells. 4. To study the theory of spectroscopic techniques- Microwave, IR, Raman, NMR and ESR. 5. To study the basic concepts of Group Theory.
Unit I Solutions of Electrolytes –Conduction (18 Hours) Electrolytic conduction. Faradays laws of electrolysis. Specific, equivalent and molar conductance. Variation of conductance with dilution. Strong and weak electrolytes. Ionic mobility. Determination of ionic mobilities. Transport number. Determination of transport number by Hittorf and moving boundary method. Kohlrausch’s law. Applications of Kohlrausch’s law. Applications of conductance measurements- conductometric titrations. Ostwald’s dilution law. Theory of strong electrolytes – Debye-Huckel theory. Onsager equation and its significance. Unit II Ionic Equilibria (18 Hours) Ionic product of water. pH of acids and bases. Common ion effect. solubility product of sparingly soluble salts. Derivation of Hendersen equation. Hydrolysis of salts, Degree of hydrolysis, Hydrolysis constant- Salt of weak acid and strong base, salt of strong acid and weak base, salt of weak acid and weak base. Relationship between Kh,Ka,Kb and Kw Unit III Electrochemical Cells (18 Hours) Galvanic cells. Reversible and irreversible cells. Emf and its measurements. Standard cells. Electrode reactions. Measurement of electrode potentials. Standard electrode potentials. Sign convention. Reference electrodes – Standard hydrogen, Calomel and Quinhydrone electrodes. Electrochemical series and its significance. Concentration cells with and without transference. Liquid junction potentials. Derivation of Nernst equation for emf of cells. Applications of emf measurements. Determination of pH using Hydrogen, Quinhydrone and Glass electrodes. Potentiometric titrations. Applications of concentration cells. Overvoltage.
405
Unit IV Spectroscopy (18 Hours) Introduction. Molecular Spectroscopy: Introduction. Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwave spectroscopy: Rotation of molecules. Rotational spectrum of simple diatomic molecules. IR Spectroscopy: Vibration of diatomic molecules. Simple harmonic and anharmonic vibrations. Characteristic group vibrations. Raman Spectroscopy: Introduction. Molecular polarisability. Selection rules. Mutual exclusion principle. Magnetic resonance: Theory of PMR spectroscopy. Instrumentation. Chemical shift and Spin-Spin coupling. CMR - Introduction EPR Spectroscopy: Basic Idea. Hyperfine splitting. Applications-hydrogen atom, methyl radical Unit V Group Theory (18 Hours) Molecular symmetry elements and symmetry operations. Illustrations. Products of symmetry operations. Properties of group-classes and subgroups. Group multiplication table. Point groups. Group Theory of NH3 and water molecules. Text Book Puri, Sharma and Pathania. “Principles of Physical Chemistry”. Vishal Publishing. Revised Edition (2013) Chapters 17,18,19,22.
Reference Book Dogra S K & Dogra, S. “Physical Chemistry Through Problems” 2ndEdition. New Age International (2015).
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR
(For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III (Core Lab V)
Semester : V Hours : 60
Subject Code : 15UCHP76 Credits : 3
Objectives:
To enable the learners to carry out experiments in physical chemistry.
1. Determination of Molecular weights
Transition temperature method – Using sodium thiosulphatepentahydrate as the
solvent.
Cryoscopic method – Rast’s method using Naphthalene as the solvent.
2. Phase equilibria
Determination of CST of phenol-water system
Estimation of NaCl by studying the CST of phenol-water system
Construction of phase diagrams – Two component systems
a) Simple eutectic
b) compound formation
3. Chemical kinetics
Determination of rate constant of hydrolysis of methyl acetate by an acid.
Determination of relative strengths of two acids by studying the kinetics of hydrolysis of
ester.
4. Electrochemistry
Conductometric titrations: HClvsNaOH and CH3COOH vsNaOH
Potentiometric titrations: Fe2+vs K2Cr2O7
5. Partition experiments
Determination of association of benzoic acid in benzene.
6. Adsorption Isotherm. Adsorption of benzoic acid over activated carbon.
Text Book
Course material to be supplied by the department
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EVALUATION
Continuous Internal Assessment (50 Marks)
Sl. No Components Marks
1. Regular practical Observation 10
2. Results of the regular practical 25
3. Internal Test 15
TOTAL 50
End-Semester Examination (50 Marks)
Sl.No Components Marks
1. Record Notebook 5
2. Procedure 5
3. Experiment -Final Result within the prescribed error limit 35
4. Viva voce 5
TOTAL 50
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : III Core Elective-2 Semester : V Hours : 60 Subject Code : 15UCHE26 Credits : 3
Objectives
1. To study the applications of chemical principles in various industrial manufacturing processes like petrochemicals, sugar, fertilizers, pesticides and paper industry.
2. The study the principles and importance of green chemistry concepts.
Unit I Petrochemicals (12 Hours) Crude oil. Constitution and distillation. Composition of different distillates. Ignition point, flash point and octane number. Cracking. Catalysts used in petroleum industries – structure, selectivity and applications. Manufacture of synthetic petrol. Dergius and Fischer-Tropsch processes/ Manufacture of petrochemicals – acetaldehyde, acetic acid, phenol, cumene, linear alkyl benzenes. Unit II Sugar Industry (12 Hours) Sugar Industry in India. Sugar cane and sugar beet – manufacture of cane sugar. Extraction of juice – concentration – separation of crystals – sulphitation and carbonation – testing and estimation of sugar. Bagasse – use of Bagasse for the manufacture of paper and electricity. Unit III Fertilisers and Pesticides (12 Hours) Classification of fertlisers – urea, super phosphate and potassium nitrate. Mixed fertliser – fertliser industry in India Insecticides and pesticides – Definition. Classification. Inorganic pesticides. Lead arsenate, Paris Green, Lime, sulphur, hydrocyanic acid. Organic pesticides – Natural and synthetic. Fungicuides – Repellants. Unit IV Paper and Pulp industry (12 Hours) Introduction. Manufacture of pulp – sulphite pulp, soda pulp and rag pulp. Beating, refining, filling, sizing and coloring. Manufacture of paper, calendaring. Unit V Principles of Green Chemistry (12 Hours) Definition. Need for Green chemistry. Difference between Green Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. Waste minimization techniques. 12 principles of green chemistry. One example illustrating each principle.
Visit to the above industries and submission of report
Reference Books 1. Chemical Process Industries. Schreve. McGraw Hill 2. Industrial Chemistry. B.K.Sharma. Goel Publishing House (2003) 3. Green Chemistry. An Introductory Text. Royal society of Chemistry (UK) (2002)
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ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc., CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
FUEL CHEMISTRY
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : Self Learning-III Semester : V Hours : Subject Code : 15UCHSL5 Credits : 3
Objectives Elaborate study of Fuels: Introduction - classification - preparation - properties - their sources of energy - storage - alternate fuels - applications
UNIT-I Fuels And Combustion - Introduction - Classification of Fuels – Calorific Value – Theoretical Calculation of Calorific Value of a Fuel Gross calorific value and net calorific value – Characteristics of a Good Fuel - Solid fuels - Wood. Coal - Classification of Coal by Rank - Selection of Coal - Analysis of Coal and its significance
UNIT-II Types of cooking - Types of Carbonization of Coal - Role of Sulphur in Coal - Role of Ash in Coal. Gaseous fuels - Producer Gas - Water Gas - Natural Gas – Oil Gas - Biogas - Components - composition - preparation – advantages - disadvantages and applications of Coal gas - Gobar gas - LPG UNIT-III Liquid fuels -Petroleum- Cracking- Advantages of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking - Synthetic Petrol. Refining of Gasoline – Reforming - Knocking - Octane number of Gasoline - Diesel Engine Fuels - Diesel - Octane number of Diesel Oil - Diesel index. UNIT-IV Residual fuel oils - Asphalt - Aviation fuel- advantages -Kerosene as a fuel. Analysis and testing of liquid and gaseous fuels - Utilization of fuels - Solar power.
UNIT-V Other sources of energy – Electricity Power - Modern Concept of Fuel - Fuels for Metallurgy. Power Alcohol - Recent Advances In Fuel Technology. Alternative Fuels – Alcohols – Promising Biofuel : An Alternative Source to Diesel and Gasoline - Control of Pollution in Refineries.
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – 625 514 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. CHEMISTRY MAJOR (For students admitted from the academic year 2015-2016 onwards under the New CBCS)
CHEMISTRY FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
Class : III B.Sc. Chemistry Part : Self Learning-IV Semester : VI Hours : Subject Code : 15UCHSL6 Credits : 3
Objective: To train the students face any competitive examinations for jobs or entrance examination for higher studies To develop the skills to answer multiple choice questions Unit -I Multiple choice questions in Stereochemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Spectroscopy Unit -II Multiple choice questions in Chemical Bonding, Main group of elements, Lanthanides Coordination Chemistry Unit -III Multiple choice questions in Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics, Electrochemistry Unit -IV Multiple choice questions in Separation techniques, Purification Techniques, Data Analysis & Reporting Unit - V Multiple choice questions Polymer Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry Reference Books 1. Unique Quintessence of Chemistry-Unique Publishers, New Delhi. (For UPSC/State Civil Services and Competitive Exam)Editor R.S. Arora 2. Chemistry for Competitive Exams – T.S.Rao&T.Sampurna – CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi 3. IIT Objective Chemistry-Arul Syamal – Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt (Ltd) 4. Objective Question Bank in Chemistry – B.K.Sharma 5. Objective Chemistry- K.L.Chugh – Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
M.Sc. Chemistry – Course Structure under CBCS (Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards)
S.No Course Code Title of the Paper Hours/Week Credit
20 17PCHD34 Chemical Kinetics, Surface Chemistry & Computational Chemistry
5 4
21 17PCHD44 Project Work 12 5
22 Elective-4 17PCHE44 Molecular Dynamics 5 4
TOTAL 30 21
Semester I II III IV Total
Credit 23 25 21 21 90
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM AND STEREOCHEMISTRY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS) Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-1 Semester : I Hours : 75 Code : 17PCHC11 Credits : 4 To enable the learners
1. to know the mechanism and stereochemistry of organic reactions.
2. to understand the aliphatic and aromatic substitution reactions.
3. to know the mechanism of elimination and addition reactions.
UNIT–I: Introduction to Reaction Mechanism (15 Hours)
Bronsted and Lewis concepts of acids and bases – Hard and Soft Acids and Bases theory. Energy
changes. Intermediates Vs transition states. Hammond postulate. Principle of microscopic
reversibility. Methods of determining reaction mechanism. Non kinetic methods – isotopic
labelling, isolation of intermediates and effects due to structural changes. Kinetic methods –
kinetic isotope effect, substituent effect and field effect of substituents.
UNIT–II: Introduction to Stereochemistry (15 Hours)
Projection formulas of stereoisomers – Interconversion of Flying Wedge, Fischer, Sawhorse and
Newman projections. Molecular Symmetry. Chirality. Optical activity, ORD and CD – Cotton
effect. Stereoisomerism. Absolute Configuration. Cahn Ingold and Prelog or R,S designation of
compounds having chiral centres. Absolute configuration of compounds having chiral axis –
Allenes, Spiranes, Biphenyls and ANSA compounds. E-Z nomenclature. Erythro and Threo
Aromatic Electrophilic Substitutions. General Mechanism. Characteristics – reactivity and
orientation, relative rates of substitutions, partial rate factor. Reactions with carbon
electrophiles - Friedel Crafts Alkylation and Acylation. Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. Reimer
Tiemann reaction. Aromatic electrophilic rearrangement of hydrazobenzene. Aromatic
Nucleophilic Substitution reactions – ArSN2, ArSN1 mechanisms. Linear free energy relationship
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– Hammett equation – significance of sigma and rho – Limitations and deviations of Hammett
equation. Taft equation.
UNIT–V: Elimination and Addition reactions (15 Hours)
E1, E2 and E1CB mechanisms. Regioselectivity in β Elimination reactions. Bredt’s rule. Hofmann
elimination. Competition between elimination and substitution. Electrophilic addition of
halogens to carbon carbon multiple bonds. Hydroboration. Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl
bond – Aldol, Dieckmann and Stobbe condensations. Reformatsky, Perkin, Knoevenagel and
Mannich reactions.Micheal addition.
References
1. Jerry March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure”, 5th Edition, Wiley, 2000.
2. D. Nasipuri, “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds-Principles and Applications”, 2nd Edition, New Age International, 2002.
3. P. S. Kalsi, “Organic Reactions Stereochemistry and mechanism”, New Age International Publishers, 2012.
4. N. Tewari, “Advanced Organic Stereochemistry” Books and Allied (P) Ltd, 2012. 5. E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen, “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley, 2003. 6. T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, “Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry”, 2nd
Edition, Harper and Row, 1981. 7. P.Sykes, A Guide book to Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn., Longmans
Scientific and Technical, Essex, 1986. 8. F.S.Gould, Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry, Holt, New York, 1959. 9. F.A.Carey and R.J.Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A and Part B, 3rd
Edn., Plenum press, New York, 1990.
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
GROUP THEORY AND SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-2
Semester : I Hours : 60
Code : 17PCHC21 Credits: 4
Objectives
To enable the learners
1. to understand the principles and applications of group theory.
2. to learn the solid state structure and diffraction methods.
3. to study the polymeric inorganic compounds.
UNIT–I: Principles of Group Theory (12 Hours)
Introduction - groups, subgroups, classes, Group multiplication table; Molecular symmetry,
symmetry elements and operations– products of symmetry operations; classes of symmetry
operations and classification of molecules as point groups Cnv, Cnh, Dnh and Dnd.
Representations of groups: matrix representation of symmetry operations, reducible and
irreducible representations; Statement of Great Orthogonality theorem; character tables and
their construction for C2v and C3v point groups.
UNIT–II: Applications of Group Theory (12 Hours)
Symmetry and chemical bonding - Formulating SALC’s with projection operators, LCAO -
Molecular Orbital theory for inorganic compounds; tetrahedral and octahedral compounds -
Molecular vibrations - symmetry of vibrations in non-linear molecules – selection rules for IR
and Raman vibrations in CO2, H2O and CH4.
UNIT–III: Solid State Structure (12 Hours)
Close packing of atoms and ions – HCP and BCC types of packing – voids, radius ratio derivation
and its influence on structures. Representative structures of AB and AB2 types of compounds:
rock salt, caesium chloride, wurtzite, zinc blende, rutile, fluorite. Structure of graphite and
diamond.
UNIT – IV: Diffraction Methods (12 Hours)
Introduction, Characterisation of solids, Laws of Crystallography – space groups – screw axis
and glide plane – seven crystal systems and Bravais lattice –Miller indices- interplanar distances
in orthogonal crystal systems – X-ray diffraction studies – powder and rotating crystal methods
– systematic absences and lattice types – electron diffraction by gases – principles and
measurements – determination of structures – comparison between electron, neutron and X-
ray diffractions.
415
UNIT–V: Polymeric Inorganic Compounds (12 Hours)
Isopoly and heteropoly acids – Bonding of 6- and 12 – isopoly and heteropoly anions. Structure
of silicates - applications of Pauling’s rule of electrovalence –one-, two- and three- dimensional
silicates. Synthesis and structure of ring and cage compounds: borazine, phosphazine,
microwave absorption-pairing and multigap structure in high Tc materials. Applications of high
Tc materials.
UNIT V Modern Characterization of Materials (15 Hours)
Routine characterization tools – UV–Visible spectrophotometer, Fluorimeter, NMR, IR, Particle
size analyzer, Powder X – ray microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron
421
microscopy, X – ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy – Scanning probe
microscopy.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Materials Science, J.C. Anderson, K.D. Leaver, J.M. Alexander and R.D. Rawlings, ELBS.1990
2. Principles of the Solid State, H.V. Keer, Wiley Eastern.1993
3. Charles P. Poole Jr. Frank J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
2003.
4. Nan Yao, Zong Lin Wang, Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology, Kluwer academic
publishers, London, 2005.
5. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, , Fifth edition, Blackwell publishing, 2008.
6. Robert T. Morrison, Robert N. Boyd, and Robert K. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6thedition
Benjamin Cummings, 1992.
422
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS) Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core Lab-1 Semester : I Hours : 120 Code : 17PCHP11 Credits : 5 I Organic Analysis
Separation of two component mixture and identification of components (about 4 – 5
mixtures)
II Preparation of Organic Compounds (Double Stage)
1. p-bromo acetanilide from aniline (acetylation and bromination) 2. acetyl salicylic acid from methyl salicylate (hydrolysis and acetylation) 3. p-bromoaniline from acetanilide (bromination and hydrolysis) 4. m-nitroaniline from nitrobenzene (nitration and reduction)
III Separation of Organic Compounds (Demonstration only)
1. Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves
2. Isolation of casein from milk
IV Estimation of Organic Compounds
1. Ketone
2. Glucose
423
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS, REAGENTS AND ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-5
Semester : II Hours : 60
Code : 17PCHC52 Credits: 4
To enable the learners
1. to learn conformational analysis and dynamic stereochemistry.
2. to study the reagents in organic synthesis and molecular rearrangements.
3. to acquire knowledge in organic synthesis.
UNIT–I: Conformational analysis (12 Hours)
Conformational isomerism. Atropisomerism. Conformations of acyclic compounds - Ethane,
propane and n-Butane. Conformations of cyclic molecules – cyclopropane, cyclobutane and
cyclopentane. Conformations of cyclohexane – chair conformation, boat conformation,
interconversion of chair conformations. Conformations of substituted cyclohexanes – mono and
disubstituted cyclohxanes. Conformation of decalins, perhydrophenanthrene and
perhydroanthracene.
UNIT–II: Dynamic Stereochemistry (12 Hours)
Conformation and reactivity in – Weinstein Eliel equation, Curtin-Hammett principle, steric
assisted and steric hindered reactions-steroelectronic effects – cis elimination, Cyclohexyl
1. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4thEdn. John Wiley, New York, 1992.
2. P. Sykes, A Guide book to Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn., Longmans
Scientific and Technical, Essex, 1986.
3. F. S. Gould, Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry, Holt, NewYork, 1959.
4. P. S. Kalsi, “Organic Reactions Stereochemistry and Mechanism”, New Age International
Publishers, 2012.
5. T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Mechanism and theory in Organic Chemistry, Harper
and Row, New York, 1976.
6. F. A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A and Part B, 3rdEdn.,
Plenum press, New York, 1990.
7. E. L. Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, McGraw Hill, 1962.
8. D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic compounds, 2nd Edn, New Age
International, New Delhi, 1972.
9. E. L. Eliel ,N.C.Allinger, S.J.Angyal and G.A.Morrision, Conformational analysis,
Interscience, New York, 1965.
10. R. E. Ireland, Organic Synthesis, Prentice Hall, 1969.
11. S. Turner, Design of Organic Synthesis, Elsevier, 1976
12. S. Warren, Designing Organic Synthesis – A programmed introduction to synthon
approach, Wiley, New York, 1978.
425
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
COORDINATION, ORGANOMETALLICS AND BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-6 Semester : II Hours : 60 Code : 17PCHC62 Credits: 4
To enable the learners 1. to know the reaction mechanism of coordination compounds.
2. to study the pi-acceptor complexes. 3. to acquire knowledge in bio-inorganic chemistry and organometallics.
UNIT–I: Chemistry of Coordination Compounds (12 Hours) Werner’s coordination theory – Isomerism in coordination compounds – types of ligands and chelate effect – stability constant determination. Job’s method.VB theory and CFT - Splitting of d orbitals under different geometries – octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar. CFSE – evidence for CFSE – structure of spinels – factors affecting CFSE – spectrochemical series – Jahn-Teller distortion – M.O. theory of bonding –sigma and p-bonding in coordination compounds.
UNIT–II: Inorganic Reaction Mechanism (12 Hours) Electron transfer reactions: Outer-sphere and inner sphere electron transfer reactions –The Marcus theory – non-complementary reactions – synthesis of coordination compounds by electron transfer reactions. Substitution reactions : substitution reactions of square planar complexes of Pt(II) and other d8metal complexes – significance of trans-effect – substitution reactions of octahedral complexes – acid and base hydrolysis reactions – anation reactions – synthesis of coordination compounds by substitution reactions. Molecular rearrangements and reactions of coordinated ligands – the template effect and macrocyclic ligands.
UNIT–III: Pi-acceptor Complexes (12 Hours) Pi acceptor ligands. synthesis, properties, structure and bonding of mono nuclear and poly-nuclear carbonyls – nitrosyl complexes – dinitrogen complexes – metal carbonylato complexes, carbonyl hydrides and complex metal cyanides.
UNIT–IV: Bioinorganic Chemistry (12 Hours) Metalloporphyrins – chlorophyll, hemoglobin and myoglobin – structure and function of hemoglobin cytochromes. Metalloenzymes enzyme action inhibition and restoration –carboxypeptidase-A and carbonic anhydrase – Vitamin B12 and B12 coenzymes. Metalloproteins – non-heme iron proteins – rubredoxin and ferrodoxin – copper proteins and their classification – nitrogenases, their structure and function. Metal ions in biology -–sodium ion pump – metal poisons and chelating agents in medicine
426
UNIT–V: Organometallics (12 Hours) Metal alkyl and aryls – 18 electron rule – olefin and acetylene complexes – Zeise’s salt –Dewar-Chatt approach to bonding in ethylene and acetylene complexes – cyclopentadiene, benzene and cyclobutadiene complexes of transition metals – their preparations, bonding and reactions. Homogeneous catalysis involving organometallics – oxidative addition and reductive elimination reactions – hydrogenation, isomerization and hydroformylation of olefins –carbonylation of methanol, oxidation of olefins (Wacker’s process) - heterogeneous catalysis –Ziegler-Natta polymerization of propylene.
REFERENCE BOOKS 1. F.A.Cotton and G.Wilkinson, “A Text book of Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”3rdEdn.Wiley,
1972. 2. R.S.Drago, “Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2ndEdn. 1968. 3. B.N.Figgis and J.Lewis, “The Magneto Chemistry of Complex Compounds” in “Modern
Coordination Chemistry”, Edn Lewis & Wilkins PP-400-454, Interscience,N.Y. 1967. 4. J.C.BalorEdts. “Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. IV & V, Academic Press,1979. 5. K.F.Purcell and J.C.Kotz, “Inorganic Chemistry, Holt Saunders, 1977. 6. J.E.Huhey, Inorganic Chemistry, Haarper and Rao 3rd Edition Edn. 1983. 7. C. E. Coates. M L H Green, P Powell K Wade Principles of Organometallic Compounds.
Chapman and Hall, 1977. 8. W. Kaim and B. Schewederski, “Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry
of Life”, John-Wiley and sons, New York. 9. S. J. Lippard and J. M. Berg, “Principle of Bioinorganic Chemistry”, Parima Publishing
Company, New Delhi.
427
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-7
Semester : II Hours : 60
Code : 17PCHC72 Credits: 4
To enable the learners
1. to acquire knowledge in microwave and infrared spectroscopy.
2. to know Raman, Electronic and Fluorescence spectroscopy.
3. to learn in detail about the NMR and ESR spectroscopy.
UNIT–I: Introduction, Microwave Spectroscopy and Infrared Spectroscopy (12 Hours)
Microwave Spectroscopy - Rotation of molecules - rotational spectra of rigid rotator, intensities
of rotational lines, effect of isotopic substitution - rotational spectrum of non-rigid rotator -
linear & symmetric top molecules - Stark effect. Applications - determination of bond length,
bond angle dipolemoment and atomic mass from microwave spectra.
2. S.S. Pandeya & J.R. Dimmock.An Introduction to Drug Design, New Age International. 1997
3. R.B. Silverman.The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press. 2nd
Edition, 2004
4. D. Lednicer.Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and design, John Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2008.
430
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
GREEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS) Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Non Major Elective Semester : II Hours : 90 Code : 17PCHN12 Credits: 4 To enable the learners 1. to learn the principles of green chemistry.
2. to study the green solvents in green synthesis. 3. to acquire knowledge in radioactive pollution and pollution from agriculture.
UNIT I: Introduction to Green Chemistry (18 Hours) Green chemistry - Introduction - need for green chemistry - goals of green chemistry - Anastas' twelve principles of green chemistry –Limitations and the progress of green chemistry. Atom economy. Designing a green synthesis - choice of starting materials, solvents, catalysts, reagents, processes with suitable examples. UNIT II: Microwave and Ultrasound Assisted Organic Synthesis and Biocatalysts
(18 Hours) Microwave activation - advantages of microwave exposure –Difference between conventional heating and microwave heating. Microwave assisted reactions, condensation reactions - oxidation, reduction reactions, multicomponent reactions. Sonochemistry– uses, acoustic cavitation - saponification - substitution, addition, oxidation reactions, reductions by sonochemical method. Solid supported synthesis - use of biocatalysts in green chemistry - advantages - biochemical (microbial) oxidation and reduction reactions UNIT III: Ionic liquids - Phase Transfer Catalyst and Supercritical CO2 in Green Synthesis
(18 Hours) Ionic liquids - synthesis, physical properties of ionic liquids - applications in alkylation, epoxidation, Friedal-Crafts reaction - Diels-Alder reactions – Knoevengal condensations and Wittig reactions.PTC –Crown ethers, Quaternary ammonium salt. Definition - advantages, types of PTC reactions - synthesis of PTC, applications of PTC in organic synthesis - Michael reaction - alkylation of aldehydes and ketones. Wittig, generation of dihalocarbene, elimination reaction. Supercritical CO2- uses in extracting natural products, dry cleaning, bromination, Kolbe-Schmidt synthesis - Friedel-crafts reaction. Dimethyl carbonate as a methylating agent in green synthesis. UNIT IV: Pollution from Agriculture (18 Hours) Pesticides – classification. Mode of action of insecticides. Bio-accumulation and biomagnification of pesticides - Major disasters with pesticides and herbicides - Toxicity of DDT, gammexene and malathion - comparison of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides – Detoxification of pesticides and allied chemicals - Safer pesticides - Minimisation of environmental problems caused by fertilisers.
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UNIT V: Radioactive Pollution (18 Hours) Nature of radioactive emission - units - Radiation from natural sources and Manmade activities - Effects of radiation on human health - Permissible radiation dose - Comparative risk analysis of fossil fuel based power generation versus nuclear power generation - Radioactive fall out - Nuclear winter: atmospheric turbidity and effects - Radioactive pollution in land, atmosphere and water - Nuclear waste disposal: Nature, general principles and strategies - Causes and prevention of nuclear reactor accidents - Chernobyl disaster - Three Mile Island disaster. REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Paul T. Anastas and John C. Warner, “Green Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, 2008.
2. V. K. Ahluwalia and M. Kidwai, “New Trends in Chemistry”, Anamaya Publishers,2ndEdition, 2007.
3. V. Kumar, “An Introduction to Green Chemistry”, Vishal Publishers, 1stEdition, 2007. 4. V. K. Ahluwalia and R. S. Varma, “Green Solvents”, Narosa Publishing, 1stEdition, 2009. 5. V.K.Ahluwalia and Renu Aggarwal, “Organic Synthetic Special Techniques”, Narosa, 2nd
Edition, 2009. 6. V. K. Ahluwalia, “Green Chemistry - Environmentally Benign Reactions”, Ane books,
2006. 7. Rashmi Sanghi and N. M. Srivastava, “Environment Friendly Alternatives”, Narosa
Publishing House, 2003. 8. D. K. Asthana and Meera Asthana, “Environment - Problems and Solutions”, S.Chand.
2006. 9. Benny Joseph, “Environmental Studies”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi.2005
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS) Class : I M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core Lab-2 Semester : II Hours : 120 Code : 17PCHP22 Credits: 5 Practical – A :Qualitative Analysis
Less common metal ions – Tl, Se, Te, Ce, W, Ti, Zr, Th, V, U, Li, Mo (Two metal ions in Cationic
and Anionic forms)
Practical – B :Quantitative Analysis
a) EDTA Titrations : Zn(II), Mg(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II)
b) Redox Titrations : Fe(II) vs. Ce(IV) , Fe(II) vs. dichromate NO2- Vs. Ce(IV)
Practical – C :Estimation of Copper, Ferric, Nickel, Chromium and Manganese using photo electric colorimeter. (Demo only)
Practical – D: Inorganic preparations
(a) Tetrammine Copper (II) sulphate
(b) Hexammine Chromium (III) nitrate
(c) Potassium tris (oxalato) cuprate (II)
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. A. I. Vogel, “Quantitative Inorganic Analysis”, ELBS, 3rdEdition, 1971. 2. V. V. Ramanujam, “Inorganic Semimicro Qualitative Analysis”, The National
Publishing Company, Madras, 1974.
433
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC & INORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : II M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-8
Semester : III Hours : 90
Code : 17PCHC83 Credits: 4
To enable the learners
1. to know the UV-Vis spectra of organic compounds and metal complexes.
2. to study the IR and Raman spectroscopy.
3. to acquire knowledge in NMR, Mass, NQR and Mossbauer spectroscopy.
UNIT–I: UV-Vis Spectra of Organic Compounds and Metal Complexes (18 Hours)
Characterization of organic compounds: application of Woodward-Fieser rules to conjugated
dienes, , -unsaturated carbonyl compounds; benzene and its substituted derivatives;
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; polyenes; polyenes, and heterocyclic compounds.
Term symbols for atoms and ions – splitting of orbitals and terms in crystal fields –
characteristics of d-d transitions – energy levels – Orgel and Tanabe – Sugano diagram – effect
of Jahn – Teller distortion and spin-orbit coupling on absorption spectra – crystal field spectra
of transition metal complexes – calculation of 10Dq and B for Co(II) (Oh) and Ni(II) (Oh)
complexes. Spectral properties of lanthanide complexes. Charge transfer spectra of halide,
cyanide and bipyridine complexes (octahedral, square planar and tetrahedral complexes).
UNIT–II: IR and Raman Spectroscopy (18 Hours)
Quantitative studies: calculation of force constants of IR vibrations, hydrogen bonding- intra-
and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Conformational studies: cyclic 1,2-diols and 1,3-diols,
cyclohexanes. Characteristic group absorptions of organic compounds: carbon skeleton
techniques (Normal pulse, Differential pulse and square wave)-stripping voltammetry: Anodic,
cathodic and adsorptive. Chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry.
UNIT–V: Advanced Chemical Analysis (15 Hours)
Principle, instrumentation and applications of PES (UPS and XPS), Aüger electronspectroscopy,
EDAX, Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and SPM (STM and AFM).
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. R. Stock and C. B. F. Rice, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall,New York. 1985
2. V. K. Srivastava and K. K. Srivastava, Introduction to Chromatography, S. Chand & Co.,
New Delhi, 2nded, 1981.
3. Willard, Merrit, Dean and Settle, Instrumental methods of Analysis CBS Publishers and
Distributors, 6th ed., 1986.
4. Skoog, D. A. West, D. M. Holler. P. J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th edition,
Harcourt College Publishers, Singapore. 1988
5. A. Sharma, S. G. Schulman, Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Wiley-Interscience,
New York, 1999.
6. C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th ed. Tata
Mc.Graw –Hill, New Delhi,1994.
7. Vogel, A.I. A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS. 1989
437
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS, EQULIBRIA AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : II M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core-10
Semester : III Hours : 90
Code : 17PCHD03 Credits : 4
To enable the learners
1. to acquire knowledge in equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
2. to learn chemical and phase equilibria.
3. to acquire knowledge in statistical thermodynamics and electrochemistry.
UNIT–I: Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (18 Hours)
General review of enthalpy, entropy and free energy concepts - second law of thermodynamics
- concept of entropy - Gibbs function- Gibbs- Helmholtz equation- Maxwell relations - Third law
and its limitations-thermodynamics of systems of variable compositions-partial molar quantities
and their determination - chemical potential - Gibbs-Duhem equation - Gibbs-Duhem-Margules
equation - fugacity and its determination - choice of state.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics - conservation of mass and energy-entropy production-
entropy production in chemical reactions-entropy production and entropy flow in open
systems- Onsager’s theory - validity and its verification.
UNIT–II: Statistical Thermodynamics (18 Hours)
Combinatory rule - probability theorem - permutations and combinations - energy states and
energy levels - macro-states and micro-states - Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics - thermodynamic
probability, Sterling’s approximation, Legrange’s undetermined multiplier, distribution
functions.
Partition function and thermodynamic functions- molar partition function- entropy and third
law - separation of partition function- translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic
partition functions, combined partition function- equilibrium constant and partition function.
Quantum statistics - Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics - photon gas -degeneracy and
Bose-Einstein condensation, application to liquid He - negative Kelvin temperature.
UNIT–III: Chemical and Phase Equilibria (18 Hours)
Reaction free energy/ reaction potential - reaction isotherm and direction of spontaneity -
Standard reaction free energy - its calculation from thermochemical, electrochemical and
equilibrium data - Temperature coefficient of reaction free energy and equilibrium constant.
Gibbs phase rule - its thermodynamic derivation - application of phase rule to three component
systems - Formation of one pair, two pairs and three pairs of partially miscible liquids - Systems
composed of two solids and a liquid - Common ion effect – Salting out.
438
UNIT–IV: Electrochemistry-I (18 Hours)
Mean ion activity and activity coefficient of electrolytes in solution - ion association -ionic
strength - Debye-Hückel theory and Debye-Hückel limiting law - its validity and limitations -
strong and weak electrolytes - Debye theory of electrolytic conductance - Debye-Hückel-
Onsager equation - verification and limitations - electrochemical cells and applications of
standard potentials.
UNIT–V: Electrochemistry-II (18 Hours)
The electrical double layer - polarizable and non-polarizable interfaces - structure of electrical
double layer - double layer models - Helmholtz, Guoy-Chapman and Sternmodels. Kinetics of
electrode processes - current-potential curve - Butler-Volmer relation and its approximations -
symmetry factor and transfer coefficient - Tafel equation – charge transfer resistance - Nernst
equation from Butler-Volmer equation - primary and secondary batteries - fuel cells - corrosion
and its prevention methods.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. S. Glasstone, Thermodynamics for Chemists, East-west Affiliated Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
(1969)
2. R. P. Rastogi and R. R. Misra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd., (1992)
3. Kloz and P. M. Rosenberg, Chemical Thermodynamics: Basics Theory and Methods, 3rd ed.,
W. A. Benjamin, NY (1974)
4. P. W. Atkins, Advanced Physical Chemistry, 7th ed., Clarendon (2002)
5. S. Glasstone, Introduction to Electrochemistry, Affiliated East-West Press, (2005).
439
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
BIOCHEMISTRY (Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : II M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Elective-3 Semester : III Hours : 75 Code : 17PCHE33 Credits : 4
To enable the learners 1. to learn about the metal ions in biological systems.
2. to develop knowledge in the structure and reactions of enzymes and coenzymes. 3. to study the biological constituents and their functions.
Unit I (15 Hours) Metal ions in Biological Systems. Bulk and trace metals with special reference to Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Co. Bioenergetics and ATP Cycle. DNA polymerisation, glucose storage, metal complexes in transmission of energy; Haem proteins and oxygen uptake structure and function of haemoglobin, mygolobin, and hemerythrin. Unit II (15 Hours) Electron Transfer in Biology. Structure and function of metal of proteins in electron transport processes cytochromes and ion-sulphur proteins, synthetic models. Nitrogen fixation. Biological nitrogen fixation, and its mechanism, nitrogenase, Chemical nitrogen fixation. Unit III (15 Hours) Enzymes - properties like catalytic power, specificity and regulation. Nomenclature and classification, extraction and purification. Fischer’s lock and key and Koshalnd’s induced fit hypothesis. Enzyme kinetics, Michael’s-Menten and Lineweaver Burk plots, reversible and irreversible inhibition. Mechanism of Enzyme Action. Transition state theory, orientation and steric effect, acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, strain or distortion. Kinds of Reactions catalysed by Enzymes - addition and elimination reactions, β-Cleavage and condensation, isomerization and rearrangement reactions. Unit IV (15 Hours) Co-Enzyme Chemistry. Cofactors as derived from vitamins, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, apoenzymes. Structure and biological functions of coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, lipoic acid, vitamin B12. Enzyme Models. Host-guest chemistry, chiral recognition and catalysis, molecular recognition, molecular asymmetry and prochirality Biotechnological Applications of Enzymes. Use of enzymes in food and drink industry-brewing and cheese making. Enzymes as targets for drug design. Clinical uses of enzymes, enzyme therapy. Unit V (15 Hours) Biological Cell and its Constituents. Biological cell, structure and functions of proteins, enzymes, DNA and RNA in living systems. Helix coils transition. Forces involved in biopolymer interactions. Electrostatic charges and molecular expansion, hydrophobic forces, dispersion force interactions. Multiple equilibrium and various types of binding processes in biological
440
systems. Hydrogen ion titration curves. Cell membrane and transport of ions. Structure and functions of cell membrane, ion transport through cell membrane. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Principles of Biochemistry, Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet &Charlotte W. Pratt, John Wiley&
Sons.3rd Edition, 2004 2. Principles of Biochemistry, A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, CBS Publishers, Delhi. 4th Edition, 2004 3. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg, University Science Books.
1994 4. Inorganic biochemistry vol. I & II ed. G.L. Eichhorn, Elsevier. 1982 5. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 18, 38 ed.J.J. Lippard, Wiley. 1973 6. Bioorganic Chemistry: A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action. Hermann Dugas. Springer.
1999
441
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS) Class : II M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core Lab -3 Semester : III Hours : 120 Code : 17PCHP33 Credits: 5
1. General Experiments:
1.1 Kinetics of acid-catalysed hydrolysis of an ester
1.2 Determination of partition coefficient of I2 between CCl4 and H2O, formation constant of
the KI3 complex, and determination of unknown KI concentration
1.3 Study of adsorption isotherms and determination of unknown concentration
2. Electrochemistry Experiments:
Conductometry Experiments
2.1 Determination of strength of a NaOH and CH3COONa
2.2 Determination of strengths of CH3COOH and CH3COONa
2.3 Determination of solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt (BaSO4)
2.4 Determination of hydrolysis constant of C6H5NH2.HCl
Potentiometry Experiments
3.1Determination of strength of Fe2+ using K2Cr2O7 as link
3.2 Determination of dissociation constant by pH metric method
3.3 Determination of solubility product of AgX
3.4 Phase diagram - three component system
REFERENCE BOOKS 1. J. B. Yadav, “Advanced Practical Physical chemistry”, 20th edn. GOEL publishing House,
Krishna Pakashan Media Ltd., (2001). 2. Findlay’s “Practical Physical Chemistry” Revised and edited by B. P. Levitt
9thed.,Longman, London, (1985). 3. J. N. Gurtur and R. Kapoor, “Advanced Experimental chemistry”, Vol. I. Chand & Co.,
Ltd, New Delhi, 1987
442
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR
NATURAL PRODUCTS
(Applicable to the students admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards under CBCS)
Class : II M.Sc. Chemistry Part : Core -11
Semester : IV Hours : 60
Code : 17PCHD14 Credits: 4
To enable the learners
1. to learn heterocycles and carbohydrates.
2. to acquire knowledge about terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids.
3. to acquire knowledge about vitamins, nucleic acids and proteins.
UNIT–I: Heterocycles and Carbohydrates (12 Hours)
Methods of preparation and important reactions of indole, pyrimidine, uracil and uric acid.
Structure elucidation of caffeine.
A general study of flavones and anthocyanins – Structure and synthesis of quercetin and
cyanidin chloride. Effect of pH on cyanidin chloride. Colour reactions of flavonoids.
Structure and synthesis of maltose and cellobiose – A brief study of starch and cellulose
UNIT–II:Terpenoids and Alkaloids (12 Hours)
Classification of terpenoids with examples – isoprene rules – General methods of structural
determination of terpenes – structure and synthesis of alpha-pinene, cadinene and abietic acid.
General methods of structure analysis of alkaloids – Hoffmann, Emde and von Braundeg
radations – Structure and synthesis of quinine, atropine, reserpine andmorphine (synthesis
excluded)
UNIT–III: Steroids (12 Hours)
Types of steroids – structure, stereochemistry of cholesterol (synthesis excluded) – Structural
features of bile acids – Sex harmones – androsterone, testerosterone, estrone, progesterone.
UNIT–IV: Vitamins and Nucleic acids (12 Hours)
Chemistry and physiological action of ascorbic acid, thiamin and riboflavin. Chemistry of nucleic
acids, nucleosides and nucleotides – RNA and DNA – functions of nucleic acids
UNIT–V: Amino acids and Proteins (12 Hours)
Sequence analysis of peptides by chemical, enzymatic and mass spectral methods -synthesis of
polypeptides – peptidisation methods like activated ester method – mixed anhydride- using
reagents like DCC, Woodward reagent K –solid phase peptide synthesis – Classification of
proteins – primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins.