Fluid Flow Routine Calculations & Data
Fluid Flow BackgroundFluid FlowThis workbook will serve to
present information for the estimating of the pressure drop as well
as thefriction loss of fluids flowing through pipe, fittings, and
valves.In order to understand and be able to employ the many
theories and mathematical equations that are themainstay tools of
Fluid Mechanics, it is important to also understand their origin
and their limitations as wellas their strengths.The pressure loss
suffered by a length of straight pipe is primarily due to the
effect of friction generated bythe flowing fluid against the
internal pipe wall. In 1883, Osborne Reynolds published his famous
paper entitled"An experimental investigation of the circumstances
which determine whether motion of water shall be director sinuous
and of the law of resistance in parallel channels" (Paper 44). This
paper, published in thePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society, proved to be a classic in the literature of the science of
fluidmotion and had a profound effect on the development of fluid
mechanics in the widest sense. It contained theenunciation of the
dimensionless group, the Reynolds Number, which is given:Re = D v r
/ mwhere,Re =The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless numberD =the
internal diameter of the pipe, usually in feetv =the mean fluid
velocity in the pipe, usually in ft/secr =the density of the fluid,
usually in lb/ft3m =the absolute viscosity of the fluid, usually in
lbs mass per foot-secondNote: viscosity is usually measured and
given in centipoise (cP) and these are converted as1.0 cP
=0.000672lbm/ft-sec =2.4192lbm/ft-hrThis was the turning point in
fluid flow. It set in motion all that followed to date. The
Reynolds numberbasically defined two fluid flow regions:1.the
region of Viscous (or Laminar) Flow; and,2.the region of Turbulent
Flow.For engineering purposes, flow in pipes is usually considered
to be laminar if the Reynolds number is lessthan 2,000. It is
considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4,000.
Between these two basicregions lies the so-called "critical zone"
where the flow - varying between laminar and turbulent, or in
theprocess of change - is considered unpredicatable.The friction
loss of a fluid flowing through a pipe is but a special case of a
general law of the resistancebetween a solid and fluid in relative
motion. Consider a solid body, of any desired shape, immersed in
astream of flowing fluid. Let the length of this body, measured
perpendicular to the general direction of flow ofthe fluid, be D,
and let the area of contact between the solid and the fluid be A.
If the velocity of the fluid pastthe body be small in comparision
to the velocity of sound, it has been found experimentally that the
resistingforce depends only on the roughness, size, and shape of
the solid and on the velocity, density , and viscosityof the fluid.
Through the use of Dimensional Analysis as applied to these
quantities, it can be shown that:where,F =Total resisting force;v
=velocity of fluid past the body;r =fluid densitygC =gravitational
constant, lbm-ft/lbf-sec2f =a function whose precise value must be
determined, case by caseNote the appearance of the Reynolds Number
in this theoretical equation.In the particular case of a fluid
flowing through a pipe of length L and with a circular
cross-sectional flow area,the total force resisting the flow must
equal the product of the area of contact between the fluid and the
pipewall and the F/A of the above equation. The pressure drop will
equal this product divided by the pipe'scross-sectional area, since
pressure is measured in force per unit area. This is expressed
as:The pressure loss in pipes due to friction arises from two
mechanisms:1)surface friction existing at the point of fluid
contact with the parent metal of the pipe;2)turbulent dissipation
due to sudden changes in mean fluid velocity.
&LArt Montemayor&RNov 01, 2005Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RFileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Durco ValvesDURCO VALVESValve size, inStandard SLEEVELINE
modelV-Port SLEEVELINE modelStandard T-LINE modelV-Port T-LINE
modelBIG MAX Butterfly modelCHEMICAL Service Butterfly modelMax.
CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax.
CvK1/25.61.78173/412.01.96441.048.80.375427.21.208433.90.777923.31.64671
1/283.50.649131.34.619795.40.497339.62.88612.0153.40.607953.84.9419199.00.361243.87.45613.0322.00.6984121.04.9460343.00.615566.316.4739210.01.6420172.02.44774.0555.00.7430190.06.3397813.00.3463415.01.3289300.02.54296.0955.01.2704400.07.24141,105.00.94891,115.00.9320670.02.58108.01,410.01.84191,424.01.80582,020.00.89741,190.02.585910.02,130.01.97053,230.00.85691,830.02.669512.04,825.00.79632,650.02.639814.03,430.02.91926,800.00.74273,690.02.522316.07,000.01.19578,800.00.75664,842.02.499018.011,500.00.70966,129.02.498320.014,000.00.72987,566.02.498824.020,500.00.705810,895.02.4988
&LArt Montemayor &CValve Resistance to
Flow&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ADurco
SLEEVELINE non-lubricated plug valves are used as block valves and
as 3-way directional valves. One style of the straightway model,
V-PORT, has a triangular-shaped port that offers better control
valve characteristics. The sleeve used is made of PTFE for positive
shut-off, self-lubrication and extended service life.
Another model is the T-LINE, which has the plug and all other
wetted internal parts sleeved with PTFE as well as the plug proper
itself.
The Chemical service butterfly control valve is 100%
PTFE-sleeved on all internal wetted parts.
Jamesbury ValvesJAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv valuesMODELVALVE SIZE,
in inches1/43/81/23/411 1/41 1/223468101214161820CLINCHER, Type
2000; screwed111616374949100115Style A DOUBLE-SEAL;
screwed8.38.38.314355594115350Series 4000, REDUCED
PORT1333444695111Series 4000, FULL PORT; Le in
ft0.130.190.240.270.31Type 5150 & 530S;
flanged91945125165350690Floating Ball; flanged76518903900Trunnion
model; flanged189039006700510081001100016000Typr 6150 & 6300;
Full Port50100270Floating Ball; Full
Port50013302560560010000Trunnion Model; Full
Port100001640023800270003700047000600003-Way Flanged Ball
Valve5015527044088015002300FIRE-TITE ButterflySeries F815W &
F815L165400950180029004300580080001050014000Series F830W &
F830L16540095018002900430052006900930011300
&LArt Montemayor &C&A&RNovember 22, 1997Rev:
0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet:
&AThis valve flow resistance data is taken from the Jamesbury
Valve Catalog.Art Montemayor
Orbit ValvesORBIT Valves --- Cv valuesMODELSIZE, in
inches11.523468101214161820ANSI, 150# flangeRegular Port;
flanged1532005727622,0904,5377,51313,11910,12921,21715,167Full
Port;
flanged491234391,0182,0804,8656,90511,10617,14830,55641,551ANSI,
300# flangeRegular Port;
flanged1602436107601,5604,5137,51313,11910,12921,21715,167Full
Port;
flanged491234079202,0804,8656,77811,10617,14830,55641,551ANSI,
1500# flangeRegular Port; flanged2055059212,0813,9865,91211,185Full
Port; flanged312676761,3592,9517,30111,60317,030
&LArt Montemayor &CValve Flow Resistance&RNovember
24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File:
&FWorkSheet: &ASource: Orbit Valve CatalogFor each Orbit
valve there is a flow coefficient Cv. This is defined as the flow
in gallons per minute of water at 60 oF with a pressure drop of 1
psi across the valve. By using the following simplified formulas,
the pressure drop for a given set of flow conditions may be
calculated:
FOR LIQUIDS: Dp = G(Q/Cv)2 FOR GASES: Dp = 541 x 10-9
(Q/Cv)2(GT/P)
Where, Dp = PSI drop across valve Dp = PSI drop across valve G =
Specific gravity of liquid (water=1) G = Specific gravity (Air @
14.7 psi & 60 oF = 1.0) Q = Flow in gpm T = Absolute
temperature, oR Cv = Valve coefficient P = Line pressure, psia Q =
Flow in SCFH (@ 14.7 psi & 60 oF) Cv = Valve coefficient
Vogt ValvesVOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog
F-12, 1980)Nominal Valve Size inchesCompact GateFull Port
GateCompact GlobeFull Port GlobeMeter GlobeNeedle Point
GlobeCompact CheckFull Port checkCompact Swing CheckFull Port Swing
CheckH. & V. CheckFull Port AngleMeter AngleNeedle Point
Angle12443 Flow Control15443 Flow ControlStrainersY" PatternSch 40
Pipe I.D. InchesK for conventional strainerK for "Y" Pattern
strainer1/42.62.61.31.50.60.81.31.51.81.01.23/83.93.92.02.91.40.81.92.93.32.11.22.50.4938.41/29.39.32.83.61.80.82.73.69.07.65.95.22.71.21.51.54.06.00.6228.43.73/49.528.73.26.73.51.03.26.78.813.410.39.15.21.52.42.46.514.00.8249.82.117.546.56.811.95.81.56.711.916.021.716.714.78.72.34.54.514.014.01.0495.55.51
1/480.580.515.220.37.63.514.820.337.528.925.55.223.01.3806.11
1/283.6109.619.626.113.25.519.226.140.051.139.234.78.29.712.232.040.01.6105.93.8296.7181.027.043.421.55.526.643.465.084.264.757.18.214.619.652.040.02.0676.010.22
1/2165.0258.057.657.681.53247.0398.089.089.04410.0685.0153.3153.3PIPE
FITTINGSK45o Elbow0.42Standard Elbow0.90Long Sweep Elbow0.60Medium
Sweep Elbow0.75Close Return Elbow2.20Tee-Straight Flow0.60Tee-Side
Outlet Flow1.80TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCESEntrance Loss: From
Tank to PipeIllustrationKType of ResistanceFlush
Connection0.50Projecting Pipe0.78Slightly Rounded0.23Well
Rounded0.04Exit Loss: From Pipe to TankAny of the above,
reversed1.00SUDDEN ("ABRUPT")
CONTRACTIONd1/d20.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9K0.460.450.420.400.360.280.190.100.04SUDDEN
("ABRUPT")
EXPANSIONd1/d20.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9K0.980.920.830.710.560.410.280.130.04
&LArt Montemayor &CValve & FittingsResistance to
Flow&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV
FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES & STRAINERS(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN
POSITION)d1d2d1d2
KTM Ball Valves KTM Ball Valves --- Cv valuesValve Size
inchesFull Bore Ball CvReduced Bore Ball CvPercent Reduction in
Flow by using reduced bore1/2263/450101.51943061
1/22604010248050152
1/2750602231,30042067.697032.542,30077066.52805065,4001,80066.679075810,0002,50075.001016,0004,50071.881224,0008,00066.671431,40012,00061.781643,00014,00067.441857,00018,00068.422073,00022,00069.86
&LArt Montemayor&CBall Valve Flow
Resistance&RDecember 1, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV
FACTORS FOR KTM BALL VALVES (FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN
POSITION)KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage flow
characteristics and are ideally suited for control applications
over the widest possible range of flow.
Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple terms, means
that a given percentage change in the valve opening will produce
the same percentage change in flow.
KTM Ball Valves
&APage &P% of Ball Opening% of Maximum CvKTM Ball Valves
Cv Values
Kitz ValvesKITZ Valves --- Cv valuesNominal Valve Size
inchesGateGlobeSwing CheckTrunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS
150Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 150Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore
ANSI CLASS 300Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 300Trunnion Ball
Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 600Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS
600Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 900Trunnion Ball Full Bore
ANSI CLASS 900Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 1500Trunnion
Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 1500Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS
2500Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS
25002.0230447525004604003303303003.05301051751801,3501951,1501801,0501879351878301507404.09301803205452,5005352,2005501,8505101,7605101,6604101,4606.02,3804467407905,3007655,2907454,4607404,4057404,1005902,6008.04,1801,3501,94510,5001,9459,6002,2208,7302,0358,4751,9308,0101,4005,37010.06,8402,2004,05017,5004,04016,7504,06514,2504,05014,2053,86013,3103,0508,63012.09,6903,6006,90026,3007,10025,5007,05022,5507,02521,4306,67017,0705,35012,50014.013,0005,20013,10031,85013,20030,05013,35028,40013,30026,80012,63024,27516.017,3807,00014,60043,30014,58041,70014,30038,15014,20036,70013,49033,21518.022,8008,50019,75057,30019,80055,37020,35050,95019,75048,70018,76043,40020.028,5009,80027,75074,50028,05072,30028,30065,60027,30062,50020,47055,93024.041,80011,60027,100112,30027,130109,15027,25098,15026,90094,05025,50084,02530.068,00039,700179,30039,800171,20040,750158,90036.096,00063,100258,30063,100243,05068,950226,300Cv
VALUES FOR KITZ LOW-COST, ONE-PIECE, THREADED, CLASS 600, REDUCED
BORE BALL VALVES ARE:Size,
in.0.250.3750.50.7511.251.52Cv1.02.55.510.015.020.037.060.0
&LArt Montemayor &CValve Flow Resistance&RDecember
3, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File:
&FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KITZ VALVES (FOR ALL
VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)From Zidell Valve Corp.-Stafford, TX
& KITZ catalog No. 510-E
Marlin Check ValvesMarlin Style M High Performance Dual Disc
Check ValvesSource: Marlin Catalog # MC - 196Valve Size, In.Liquid
Cv
Value254.32.582.13139.34271.35482.5672581509102640124075145303167340189940201296024205003037200365900042920004812600054186000602170006628000072325000
&LArt Montemayor&CMarlin/Crane Check Valves&RFeb 16,
1999Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName:
&FWorkSheet: &A
Marlin Check Valves
Nominal Valve Size, InchesCv Value for LiquidMarlin Check
Valvesy = -0.022x4 + 3.146x3 - 58.707x2 +811.740x - 2073R2 =
0.9989
Velan ValvesCv FOR VELAN VALVESSize InchesGate Valve Reduced
PortGate Valve Full PortGlobe Valves St'd DesignGlobe Valves
Bellows SealGlobe Valves Y - PatternSwing Check ValvesPiston Check
Valves (Inclined)Piston Check Valves (Vertical)Ball Valves Split
Body SB-150/300/600Ball Valves Top-Entry Body SB-150/300/600Ball
Valves Unibody
UB-150/300150-800900-1500150-1500150-800900-1500150-8001500-25001500-26804500150-800600-2680150-800900-1500Reduced
PortFull PortReduced PortFull PortReduced Port
Only1/271414332.557497221282693/4141422443.5787108345013.575151303034686912922126910034103381-1/210010011014191234252355251421250652061252160160200332928386047826025251304301043221652-1/272032501,02020076025045402,00072054067705,50081,9009,800103,90016,400126,70023,800145,20027,500168,05036,0001812,50046,0002015,50057,0002427,00075,000
02/16/99 As per Carlos Davila, Marlin/Crane Valves; Montgomery,
TX: The "Cracking Pressure" required for Marlin Valves with
standard springs is 6" WC and for valves with special, low torque
it is 3.5" WC.Note: These are very low pressure drop, wafer type of
valves that require little "cracking" pressure to start to
open.&LArt Montemayor&CVelan ValvesCv Flow
Coefficients&RJuly 27, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ASources of
Flow Coefficient (Cv) values: Velan Catalogs #VEL-SFV-96 &
#VEL-BV-97
Fittings' LossesThe values given are equivalent lengths in feet
of straight pipe at the referenced diameter sizeTYPE OF
FITTINGNOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES1/23/411 1/41 1/222
1/23456810I.D.0.05180.06870.08740.11500.13420.17220.20570.25570.33550.42060.50540.66510.8350L/DGate
Valve, 100% open120.350.50.60.81.21.21.41.72.32.83.54.55.7Globe
Valve, 100%
open34017.022.027.038.044.053.068.080.0120.0140.0170.0220.0280.0Angle
Valve, 100%
open1458.012.014.018.022.028.033.042.053.070.084.0120.0140.0Standard
Elbow301.52.22.73.64.55.26.58.011.014.016.021.026.0Medium Sweep
Elbow1.31.82.33.03.64.65.57.09.012.014.018.022.0Long Sweep
Elbow1.01.31.72.32.83.54.35.27.09.011.014.017.0Tee (straight
run)201.01.31.72.32.83.54.35.27.09.011.014.017.0Tee (branch
run)603.24.55.77.59.012.014.016.022.027.033.043.053.0Return
Bend503.55.06.08.510.013.015.018.024.030.037.050.063.0Note:The
1-1/4" pipe size is an undesirable size and it is preferable to
eliminate it from sizes used in the fieldin order to standardize
fittings and eliminate unnecessary spare parts and inventory.The
2-1/2" and 5" pipe sizes are considered "Bastard sizes" and are to
be eliminated from cosiderationin the design as well as in the
implementation phase of engineering. The fittings, flanges, and the
pipingitself are rarely found in stock and are, therefore, costly
to find. They are traditionally un-popular sizesand are not cost
effective because of this.
&LArt Montemayor &C&AFRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD
VALVES AND FITTINGS&RDecember 1, 1997REV 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ASource of data:
Viking Pump Catalog Section 510 - Engineering Data Page 510.12;
Issue C; Figure 11
NOTE: It is unclear what is meant by "Standard", "Medium Sweep"
& "Long Sweep" Elbows. The pipe fitting industry supplies two
basic Elbow geometries:
1) Short Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.0 (based on nominal, not
specific, dimensions) 2) Long Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.5 (based on
nominal, not specific, dimensions)
Where, R = Radius of the Elbow curvature (nominal size) D =
Nominal diameter of the Elbow (nominal size)
Checking out other fittings' resistance data, it is established
that Standard Elbow = Short Radius Elbow Long Sweep Elbow = Long
Radius Elbow Medium Sweep Elbow = ? unknown ?
Equiv. Lengths #1Nominal Pipe size, in.Globe Valve or Ball Check
ValveAngle valveSwing Check ValvePlug CockGate or Ball Valve45o
Ell90o Ell, Long Radius90o Ell, Short RadiusBranch TeeThrough
Tee90o Miter ElbowsExpanderReducerSuddenStd ReduSuddenStd
ReduEquivalent Length in terms of small diameter2 Miters3 Miters4
Mitersd/D=1/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4L/D
=L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D
=L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D
=40719299811212172358172821204123629617176621
1/255.026.013.07.01.01.02.03.08.02.0531413211270.033.017.014.02.02.03.04.010.03.07415133112
1/280.040.020.011.02.02.03.05.012.03.08526243223100.050.025.017.02.02.04.06.014.04.010628254224130.065.032.030.03.03.05.07.019.05.0128310365336200.0100.048.070.04.04.08.011.028.08.018124144974418260.0125.064.0120.06.06.09.015.037.09.02516519512955210330.0160.080.0170.07.07.012.018.047.012.031207247151266212400.0190.095.0170.09.09.014.022.055.014.028212037248288181477214450.0210.0105.080.010.010.016.026.062.016.0322422422692016816500.0240.0120.0145.011.011.018.029.072.018.03827244730102418918550.0280.0140.0160.012.012.020.033.082.020.042302853351126201020650.0300.0155.0210.014.014.023.036.090.023.046333260381330231122688.0335.0170.0225.015.015.025.040.0100.025.052363465421432251224750.0370.0185.0254.016.016.027.044.0110.027.056393670461535271330312.021.021.040.055.0140.040.07051443625.025.047.066.0170.047.08460524230.030.055.077.0200.055.09869644835.035.065.088.0220.065.011281725440.040.070.099.0250.070.012690806045.045.080.0110.0260.080.01909992Source:Rules
of Thumb for Chemical Engineers"; C. R. Branan; Gulf Publishing;
Page 3
&LArt Montemayor&CEQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND
FITTINGS IN FEETSource: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R.
Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3 &RMarch 11, 1998Rev: 0&CPage
&P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet:
&A
Equiv. Lengths #2Nominal Pipe Size, InchesSched. NumberPipe's
Inside DiameterGlobe ValveAngle ValveGate ValveSwing Check
ValvePlug Cock45o Std. Elbow90o Std Elbow90o Long Radius
ElbowStandard TeeClose Return Bend90o Welding
ElbowThrough-FlowBranch FlowShort RadiusLong RadiusL/D =L/D =L/D
=L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D
=InchesFeet340145131351816302020605016121/2400.6220.05217.67.50.677.00.930.81.561.041.043.112.590.830.63/4400.8240.06923.310.00.899.31.241.102.061.371.374.123.431.100.81401.0490.08729.712.71.1411.81.571.402.621.751.755.24.41.41.01
1/2401.6100.13445.619.51.7418.12.422.154.032.682.688.16.72.11.62402.0670.1725925.02.2423.33.102.765.23.453.4510.38.62.82.12
1/2402.4690.2067029.82.6727.83.703.296.24.124.1212.310.33.32.53403.0680.2568737.13.3234.54.604.097.75.15.115.312.84.13.14404.0260.33611448.64.3645.36.05.410.16.76.720.116.85.44.05405.0470.421143615.5577.66.712.68.48.425.221.06.75.06406.0650.505172736.6689.18.115.210.110.130.325.38.16.18407.9810.665226968.69012.010.620.013.313.339.933.3118.0104010.0200.83528412110.911315.013.425.116.716.750.141.81310124011.9380.99512.913417.915.929.819.919.960501612143013.2501.10414.414917.733.122.122.166551813163015.2501.27116.517220.338.125.425.476642015183017.1241.42718.619322.842.828.528.586712317202019.2501.60420.921725.748.132.132.196802619242023.2501.93825.226231.05838.838.8116973123Source:"Compressed
Air and Gas Data"; Ingersoll-Rand Company; Charles W. Gibbs,
Editor; (1969); page 34-78The L/D values are cited as originating
from Crane Co. Technical Paper No. 410 (1957)All valves and cocks
are rated as fully openCheck valves require 0.5 psi pressure loss
to open fullyWelding elbow data is from Midwest Piping Catalog 61
(1961)Crane Technical Paper No. 410 states:"The ratio L/D is the
equivalent length, in pipe diameters of straight pipe, that will
cause the same pressure drop as the obstruction under the same flow
conditions."The L/D, as defined by Technical Paper No. 410, is the
pipe length divided by the pipe's Internal Diameter (ID).
&LArt Montemayor &CEquivalent Length of FittingsSource:
Compressed Air & Gas Data; Ingersoll-Rand; 1969; p.
34-78&RMarch 16, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Equiv. Lengths #3BASIS:All equivalent lengths are calculated
using Crane Tech Paper #410. (1976)Pipe walls typical for 150 ASA
carbon steel with 1/8 in. corrosion allow.Bends are based on using
screwed or SO fittings < 3 in.; long radius weld elbows for 3 to
24 in; miter elbows for > 24in.Valves (except for Ball type) are
based on full port types and swing check valves.Reducers assume a
30o included angle. Equivalent feet of the larger size pipe is
indicated.The entrance losses are based on a sharp edge with no
inward projection.Ball valves are assumed as Jamesbury Type 5150,
ANSI CLASS 150, with reduced ball CvEQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF TYPICAL
FITTINGS, IN FEETREDUCEREXPANDERENTRANCE LOSSEXIT LOSSNom. Size,
In.BENDSTEESVALVES90o ELL45o
ELLLINEARBRANCHGATEGLOBEBALLBUTTERFLYCHECKone sizeone
sizeLossLoss1/21.40.70.92.70.415.51.7n/a2.3n/an/a0.81.73/41.91.01.23.70.521.01.9n/a3.10.81.21.22.512.41.31.64.80.627.11.3n/a4.00.81.01.73.51
1/23.82.02.57.51.0421.7n/a6.24.38.12.85.724.82.63.29.71.3555.4n/a8.12.02.64.38.533.42.25.115.32.0879.211.512.811.522.17.314.644.42.96.720.12.71149.715.116.85.47.210.420.766.74.310.1304.017269.622.725.320.436.416.83488.75.613.2395.322448.229.633.011.615.123.5471011.07.116.7506.728435.329.242.012.815.531621213.28.520.0608.0340n/a35.050.010.19.738771414.69.422.1668.8n/an/a39.055.04.92.844881616.810.825.47610.2n/an/a32.064.015.37.3521031819.012.228.88611.5n/an/a36.072.09.06.3601202021.213.6329612.8n/an/a40.080.08.75.5681362425.616.53911615.5n/an/a48.097.023.523.6841673073374914619.5n/an/a61.0122.042.249.51092183688445917623.5n/an/a73.0147.037.537.313627242103526920627.5n/an/a86.0172.035.130.216533148118597823531.3n/an/a98.0196.031.823.319639254132668826535n/an/a110.0221.033.723.023246560148749829539n/an/a123.0246.033.320.5267534
&LArt MontemayorReference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet Dobie
Engineering (1992)&CEQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS&RApril
21, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName:
&FWorkSheet: &A
Equiv. Lengths #4EQUIVALENT LENGTH
WORKSHEET00000000000000FITTINGS & VALVESQUANTITYSIZEEQ
FTFEET0.51.40.70.92.70.415.5n/a2.3n/an/a0.81.71.70.751.911.23.70.521n/a3.10.81.21.22.51.990o
ELL12.004.84.8012.41.31.64.80.627.1n/a40.811.73.51.345o
ELL12.002.62.601.53.822.57.5142n/a6.24.38.12.85.71.7Through-Flow
TEE12.003.23.2024.82.63.29.71.355n/a8.122.64.38.55.4Branch-Flow
TEE12.009.79.7033.42.25.115.328711.512.811.522.17.314.69.2GATE
VALVE12.001.31.3044.42.96.720.12.711415.116.85.47.210.420.79.7GLOBE
VALVE12.0055.055.0066.74.310.130417222.725.320.436.416.83469.6BUTTERFLY
VALVE12.00n/a0.0088.75.613.2395.322429.63311.615.123.54748.2BALL
VALVE12.005.45.4010117.116.7506.728429.24212.815.5316235.3SWING
CHECK
VALVE12.008.18.101213.28.520608340355010.19.73877n/aREDUCTION-ONE
SIZE12.002.02.001414.69.422.1668.8n/a39554.92.84488n/aEXPANSION-ONE
SIZE12.002.62.601616.810.825.47610.2n/a326415.37.352103n/aENTRANCE
LOSS12.004.34.30181912.228.88611.5n/a367296.360120n/aEXIT
LOSS12.008.58.502021.213.6329612.8n/a40808.75.568136n/aOTHER12.000.00.002425.616.53911615.5n/a489723.523.684167n/aStraight
Length
PIPE1250.03073374914619.5n/a6112242.249.5109218n/a3688445917623.5n/a7314737.537.3136272n/aTOTAL
EQUIVALENT FEET
=107.51357.542103526920627.5n/a8617235.130.2165331n/a48118597823531.3n/a9819631.823.3196392n/a54132668826535n/a11022133.723232465n/a60148749829539n/a12324633.320.5267534n/a
&LArt Montemayor&CEquivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and
Valves&RMay 20, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet:
&AINSTRUCTIONS:
1) Enter the known quantities and sizes of each fitting type in
your hydraulic circuit in the designated YELLOW cells as well as
the amount of straight pipe. Note: The sizes of the fittings to be
keyed in are the NOMINAL pipe size, not the I. D.. You must furnish
both the quantities and sizes to generate a calculated answer.2)
The resultant calculated equivalent pipe length(s) appear in RED
numbers.
Art Montemayor
Typical K valuesKArt's NotesVALVES:Globe, Open9.70100% wide open
positionTypical Depressuring, Open8.50---' ????Angle, Open4.60100%
wide open positionSwing Check, Open2.30100% wide open positionGate,
Open0.21100% wide open positionSCREWED FITTINGS:180o close
return1.95Branch-Flow Tee1.72w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Standard
Elbow0.93Through-Flow Tee0.50w/ flow in all 3 branches45o
Elbow0.43MITERED FITTINGS:90o Single-Miter Elbow1.7260o
Single-Miter Elbow0.9390o Double-Miter Elbow0.5990o Triple-Miter
Elbow0.4645o Single-Miter Elbow0.46FABRICATED FITTINGS:Through-Flow
Tee0.50w/ flow in all 3 branchesWELDED FITTINGS:Branch-Flow
Tee1.37w/ flow in all 3 branches45o Branch-Flow Lateral0.76w/ flow
in all 3 branches90o Long-Sweep Elbow0.59Through-Flow Lateral0.50w/
flow in all 3 branches180o Return0.43Through-Flow Tee0.38w/ flow in
all 3 branches90o Elbow0.3245o Elbow0.21d/d'CONTRACTION OR
EXPANSION:0.0000.2000.4000.6000.800Contraction
(ANSI)------0.2100.1350.039Contraction
(Sudden)0.5000.4600.3800.2900.120Expansion
(ANSI)------0.9000.5000.110Expansion
(Sudden)1.0000.9500.7400.4100.110
&LArt Montemayor&CTypical Resistance Coefficients Fluid
Flow in Piping Systems&RMarch 12, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P
of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL
K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGSThis table is taken from API Recommended
Practice 521, 2nd Edition, Sep.1982, which obtained it in turn
from: Tube-Turn Catalogue and Engineering Data Book No. 211,
Chemetron Corp., Louisville, Kentucky.
Typical Friction FactorsConversion Factor for Equivalent Length
per Unit of KNominal Pipe Size, InchesMoody Friction Factor
(f)FeetMetersNPS 2, Schedule 400.01958.82.7NPS 3, Schedule
400.017814.34.4NPS 4, Schedule 400.016520.56.3NPS 6, Schedule
400.015033.610.2NPS 8 x 1/4-inch wall0.014048.214.7NPS 10 x
1/4-inch wall0.013563.019.2NPS 12 x 1/4-inch wall0.012978.824.0NPS
14 x 1/4-inch wall0.012689.627.3NPS 16 x 1/4-inch
wall0.0123104.631.9NPS 20 x 1/4-inch wall0.0119136.041.5NPS 24 x
1/4-inch wall0.0115169.656.7NPS 30 x 1/4-inch
wall0.0110222.667.9NPS 36 x 1/4-inch wall0.0107273.483.3
&LArt Montemayor&CTypical Pipe Friction
Factors&RMarch 12, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ATypical
Friction Factors and Conversion Factors for Clean Steel Pipe(Based
on Equivalent Roughness of 0.00015 Feet)Source: API Recommended
Practice 521; 2nd Ed., Sep. 1982 (p.49)Note:NPS = Nominal Pipe
Size. The above friction factors and conversion factors apply at
high Reynolds numbers, namely above 1 x 106 for NPS 24 and
larger.For smaller pipe, down to NPS 2", the applicable Reynolds
number is 2 x 105.
Pipe ProRESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR VALVES AND
FITTINGSREASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR WATER FLOW THROUGH PIPERESISTANCE
COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR PIPE ENTRANCE AND EXITSFLOW COEFFICIENT, Cv,
FOR CONTROL VALVESApplication & Service ConditionRange of
Typical Velocities, Ft/secSize, inchesControl Valve DescriptionFlow
CharacteristicLiquid coefficient, CvMunicipal Water Distribution
System2 to 7General Plant Service4 to 101/2Plug; top guidedEqual
percentage4Pump Suction4 to 73/4Plug; top guidedEqual
percentage9Drain Lines4 to 7DESCRIPTION OF VALVES AND
FITTINGSRECOMMENDED K/f1Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage17Boiler
Feed System8 to 15Description of Pipe Entrance or ExitCoefficient
K15 degree Corner Miter41 1/4Plug; top guidedEqual percentage2230
degree Corner Miter81 1/2Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage33Inlet -
Sharp edge flush to the tank or reservoir0.5045 degree Standard
Elbow162Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage56VALUES OF ABSOLUTE
ROUGHNESS, e, FOR VARIOUS MATERIALSInlet - Slightly rounded at
connection to tank, r/d=0.020.2845 degree Street Elbow262 1/2Plug;
cage guidedEqual percentage87Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection
to tank, r/d=0.040.2445 degree Corner Miter153Plug; cage
guidedEqual percentage121Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to
tank, r/d=0.060.1560 degree Corner Miter254Plug; cage guidedEqual
percentage203Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank,
r/d=0.100.0990 degree Short Radius Elbow206Plug; cage guidedEqual
percentage357Inlet - Well rounded at pipe connection, r/d=0.15
& up0.0490 degree Long Radius Elbow148Plug; cage guidedEqual
percentage808Inlet - Pipe projecting into tank or reservoir0.7890
degree Street Elbow5010Plug; port guidedQuick opening1,28090 degree
Square Corner Miter6012Plug; port guidedQuick opening1,700Exit -
Open discharge (complete loss of velocity head)1.00180 degree Close
Pattern Return Bend501Ball; V-notched90o Opening22Type of Pipe
MaterialRange of values (x 10-6), FtNormal Design value (x 10-6),
FtExit - Submerged gradual enlargement discharge0.00Tee
Flow-through Run20For Control Valves:1 1/2Butterfly; disc60o
Opening26(complete recovery of velocity head)Tee Flow-through
Branch60Flowrate, gpm =100.002Butterfly; disc60o Opening55Asphalted
Cast Iron400400Globe valve; perdendicular stem with unguided
disc340Density, lb/ft3 =62.372 1/2Butterfly; disc60o Opening91Brass
& Copper55Globe valve; perdendicular stem with guided
disc600Pressure drop, psi =5.003Butterfly; disc60o
Opening136Concrete1,000 to 10,0004,000Globe valve; 60o stem to run
with unguided disc1754Butterfly; disc60o Opening271Cast
Iron850850Globe valve; 45o stem to run with unguided disc145Cv
=44.726Butterfly; disc60o Opening768Galvanized Iron500500Angle
valve; 90o with unguided disc1508Butterfly; disc60o
Opening1,340Wrought Iron150150Angle valve; 90o with guided
disc20010Butterfly; disc60o Opening2,170Plastic55Gate valve; full
size, fully open812Butterfly; disc60o Opening3,180Steel150150Gate
valve; 3/4 open3514Butterfly; disc60o Opening3,880Riveted
Steel*3,000 to 30,0006,000Where,Gate valve; 1/2 open16016Butterfly;
disc60o Opening5,210Wood Stave*600 to 3,0002,000Large Diameter, D
=Gate valve; 1/4 open90018Butterfly; disc60o Opening6,510Small
Diameter, d =Ball valve; round opening with full bore320Butterfly;
disc60o Opening8,210Length, L =Plug valve; round opening with full
bore324Butterfly; disc60o Opening12,200Plug valve; rectangular
opening with full bore, fully open1830Butterfly; disc60o
Opening19,900Coefficient KPlug valve; 3-way rectangular opening
with full bore, straignt flow3036Butterfly; disc60o
Opening29,400Gradual contraction from large diam. to small
diam.Plug valve; 3-way 80% bore, fully open, branch
flow9048Butterfly; disc60o Opening54,200Gradual enlargement from
small diam. to large diam.Butterfly valve; 2" to 8", fully
open4560Butterfly; disc60o Opening85,300Butterfly valve; 10" to
14", fully open3572Butterfly; disc60o Opening123,000Sudden square
edge contraction from D to dButterfly valve; 16" to 24", fully
open25Sudden square edge enlargement from d to DCheck valve;
conventional swing, angle seat, fully open100Check valve;
conventional swing, perpendicular seat, fully open50Check valve;
tilting disc at 5o to flow (2" to 8")40Check valve; globe
type400Foot valve; hinged disc with strainer75Foot valve; poppet
disc with strainer420
&LArt Montemayor&C&A&RMay 07, 1998Revision:
0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName:
&FWorkSheet: &AThis information is taken from the PipePro
computer program sold by:
Professional Designers & Engineers, Inc. P.O. Box 11380
Boulder, CO 80301 Phone & Fax: (303) 530-1551* Note: These two
types of material have been obsolete and outdated for approximately
50 years. They are kept here as a reminder to young engineers of
the danger and stupidity that some data represents when the authors
do not review, proof and edit their technical product(s).Art
MontemayorNote: Long piping systems may require lower velocities to
prevent an undesirable pressure drop. Higher velocities may be used
or exceeded where pressure drop is not important.The K resistance
coefficient represents the resistance to flow in pipes for various
configurations of entrances, exits, contraction or enlargement. The
resistance coefficient method is based on the assumption that the
fluid's pressure loss is all due to pressure drag and is
independent of the Reynolds Number.Description of Enlargement or
Contraction:Flow may be directed through pipes of differing sizes
by using especially designed enlargements or contractions to
achieve the desired coefficient "K". These designs are generally
required when a minimum "K" value is desired to limit the pressure
drop in the system. The input cells below are provided to calculate
the "K" value based on the dimensions of the enlargement or
contraction.The resistance coefficient K represents the reduction
in static head for flow in pipes caused by valves and fittings. The
K value is the number of velocity heads and is valid for all flow
conditons. K/f = Constantwhere, f = turbulent Darcy friction
factorThe Cv flow coefficient for valves expresses the flow rate of
60 oF water in gallon per minute with 1.0 psi pressure drop across
the valve. Cv varies for other fluids according to the square root
of the weight density of the fluid.For Control Valves: Cv = Q x
(density/62.37/pressure drop)0.5Where, Q = liquid flowrate in gpm
density = liquid density in lb/ft3 pressure drop = pressure drop in
psi
Values for Cv are normally provided by the control valve
manufacturer. However, desired values for Cv may be calculated
below as follows:The Cv sizing coefficient must be obtained from
the valved manufacturer; however, a sampling of some typical valve
coefficients is listed below.
Reducers & ExpandersSteps:1) Enter the required information
in the YELLOW cells2) The calculated results appear in RED
numbers.d =small diameter, in.=3.068D =large diameter,
in.=6.065Fitting SizeLarge Diameter, in.Small Diameter, in.Length,
in,Included Angle, Degreesb =diameter ratio=0.5058532564L =length
of fitting, in.=5.52 x 12.0671.0493.00019a =included concentric
angle, degrees=30f =included concentric angle,
radians=0.52359877562 x 1-1/22.0671.6103.0009K1 =Resistance
Coefficient (based on small diameter)=0.23 x 13.0681.0493.50032K2
=Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)=2.43 x
1-1/23.0681.6103.500243 x 23.0682.0673.500164 x 24.0262.0674.00028d
=small diameter, in.=3.0684 x 34.0263.0684.00014D =large diameter,
in.=6.065b =diameter ratio=0.50585325646 x 36.0653.0685.50030L
=length of fitting,in=5.5a =included concentric angle, degrees=306
x 464621f =included concentric angle, radians=0.52359877568 x
686618K1 =Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)=0.0K2
=Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)=1.510 x 610673212
x 6126841
&LArt Montemayor&CRESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOWSource: Crane
Tech Paper #410&RMay 08, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of
&N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet:
&AdlDCONCENTRIC REDUCERSfor included angle less than
45oCONCENTRIC EXPANDERSfor included angle less than 45oDdLThis
table calculates the included angle for StainlessSteel, schedule
40s, Concentric Reducers. It should also apply to Carbon Steel
fittings as well as to Concentric Expanders.
Data source: Flowline Fittings Catalog; 1965; p.48NOTE:
Resistance to fluid flow due to pipe reducers, pipe expanders,
entrances and exits to pipes is independent of the pipe and fluid's
friction factor. These pressure losses are caused by local
disturbances, such as changes in pipe cross section. Although
considered "minor", these may actually be major losses in the case
of a short pipe run. Whenever the velocity of a flowing stream is
altered either in direction or in magnitude, eddy currents are set
up and a loss of energy in excess of the pipe friction in that same
length is created. Such losses may be expressed as velocity heads
(KV2/2g) --- where K must be determined for each case. For
concentric reducers, a minimum K value of about 0.10 is obtained
with an included angle of 20o to 40o. Smaller or larger angles
result in higher values of K.
Fittings' VolumesVOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDING
FITTINGSAll volumes expressed in cubic inchesReference: Piping
Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971;
p.47Nominal Pipe Size, in.90o Elbows180o Returns45o
ElbowsTeesCapsCrossesStub EndsNominal Pipe Size,
in.ReducersTeesLong RadiusShort RadiusLong RadiusShort RadiusLong
RadiusFull-size outletsFull-size outletsLap JointConcentric &
Eccentricwith Reducing
OutletStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongLarge
endSmall
endStandardX-StrongStandardX-Strong1/20.70.61.41.10.40.20.80.60.30.20.90.713/81.51.32.72.33/40.90.81.91.50.50.41.61.30.60.41.61.31/21.81.42.82.412.01.71.44.13.42.71.00.83.52.91.10.93.52.93/42.11.83.02.61
1/44.43.72.98.77.45.92.21.87.56.51.81.59.58.26.05.11
1/41/22.62.25.85.11
1/27.26.24.84.214.412.59.68.33.63.112.410.82.52.015.513.78.17.13/43.12.66.05.4215.813.910.59.231.627.821.118.37.97.022.219.73.93.227.724.720.117.813.73.16.35.7352.246.734.831.1104.493.369.662.226.123.365.258.711.19.480.572.944.439.61
1/21/24.03.49.48.34119.8108.379.972.0239.7216.6159.9143.959.954.1135.8123.624.220.8166.5152.476.469.03/44.63.99.68.66408.1368.3272.1245.4816.1736.6544.3490.8204.0184.2413.2367.177.365.7501.3441.0231.1208.515.34.59.99.18942.3860.3628.3572.71884.71720.61256.71145.5471.1430.1881.1811.2148.5122.31061.9983.0400.2365.31
1/46.55.610.89.9101856.91758.21238.01172.23713.83516.52476.02344.3928.5879.11675.41594.9295.6264.42010.41920.6788.5746.623/47.66.616.715.2123195.93064.22130.72042.86391.86128.54261.54085.61598.01532.12816.92712.3517.0475.03371.93255.91131.01084.318.57.416.915.6144545.94376.13030.72917.49091.88752.26061.45834.82273.02188.13809.33681.0684.6640.04171.54043.71654.61592.81
1/410.08.817.616.5166882.26658.44301.44161.513764.513316.98602.88323.03441.13329.25804.35634.3967.6911.06311.76144.02191.82120.61
1/211.410.018.417.4189906.59621.76054.05879.919813.119243.412108.011759.84953.34810.88396.58179.21432.61363.09081.38868.12804.52723.83150.945.52013707.513353.89366.89125.127415.026707.618733.618250.26853.86676.911701.311429.42026.41938.012634.112368.23492.53402.41
1/420.217.951.846.42218365.217935.836730.923914.59182.78967.914348.014049.22784.12682.91
1/221.919.452.947.32423995.623482.414664.014350.347991.146964.729327.928700.711997.811471.220647.220249.73451.03313.022189.421802.95094.74985.7225.522.755.149.52630644.830041.061289.640054.615322.415020.523912.323493.24014.33884.12
1/229.526.358.652.63047449.746642.131648.831110.594899.462189.463297.762221.035985.035442.55163.15006.441
1/237.333.4108.097.73469490.168449.0110260.534745.034224.552836.752135.9241.837.5110.499.93682695.481526.655130.354351.0176155.6110260.5108702.141347.740763.362945.162157.57010.86811.52
1/246.641.8113.9103.242132116.7130520.288077.887013.466054.865260.194207.093209.010936.310666.7354.448.9119.7108.648198322.0196203.040971.040538.0145443.0144092.013480.013157.03
1/262.155.9125.9114.562
1/211.9100.6334.1301.83123.7111.3340.0307.43
1/2134.8121.5346.3313.74147.1132.8354.1321.290o
Elbows:5175.3158.7375.7361.8V = P2D2A/883716.9655.53
1/2221.7201.8722.6661.0V = Volume4235.6215.0730.6668.7D = Inside
diameter5269.6245.8753.0690.5A = Center to face
distance6309.2280.9791.1719.4104385.9362.01,373.01,300.05428.3401.41,396.01,323.06476.8444.81,432.01,350.08586.0546.71,506.01,426.0180o
Returns:125639.4606.42,318.02,224.0V =
P2D2O/86697.7658.82,348.02,250.08827.0779.82,430.02,329.0V =
Volume10993.8947.72,567.02,468.0D = Inside
diameter1461,4961,4191,9921,915A = Center to center
distance81,7381,6462,5872,488102,0411,9522,9222,816122,3822,2882,9763,0221662,6212,53282,3212,2123,3963,28345o
Elbows:102,6562,5523,8033,701V =
P2D2A/8123,0292,9204,8914,741143,2893,1755,0544,902V =
Volume1884,3184,191D = Inside diameter103,4133,2914,8494,711A =
Center to face
distance123,8213,6954,9935,013144,1043,9736,1475,976164,5984,4587,1806,9852085,3605,214106,0105,855Full
Size Outlet Tees:126,2486,0596,2046,221V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) -
D3/3146,9226,7177,6067,414167,9747,7478,8778,657V =
Volume189,4049,15010,1639,916D = Inside diameter221012,02711,745C =
Center to end of run1212,22611,944M = center to end of
branch147,3337,12912,39412,110168,0557,84112,62012,337188,8488,62212,99512,710209,7119,4741,345,813,17224108,7018,519Pipe
Caps:1214,97214,603V = (PD2/4) (E - t -
D/12)1410,97910,745168,6378,41912,79512,526V =
Volume189,4519,22114,62814,325D = Inside
diameter2010,33410,09416,47716,141E = length2216,60616,287t = wall
thickness261220,06219,6681420,23319,8371620,46520,0701820,84620,449Crosses:2021,31620,919V
= (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D32221,88721,4872422,56522,164V =
Volume301430,28329,768D = Inside diameter1630,52030,006C = Center
to end of run1830,90830,392M = center to end of
branch2031,38630,8692231,96431,4452432,65232,1312633,45832,9362834,10233,583Concentric
& eccentric
reducers:341644,38543,7241844,77944,1162045,26544,6002245,85145,1842446,54845,8792647,36446,6932848,01847,3513049,05848,3893250,24249,571361652,70151,9581853,09852,3532053,58752,8412254,17753,4292454,87854,1282655,70054,9472856,35955,6103030,53930,07157,40456,6533232,31431,83158,59457,8423434,17633,69859,94059,185422076,74675,8252277,17276,2532432,03131,56177,63976,7232633,61733,13278,89977,9722879,57478,6503037,05336,54080,63679,7103238,90238,37581,46280,5403440,84040,22982,34181,4253642,86642,31183,27682,3654822125,186123,8742485,14383,984125,667124,3582689,35488,163126,693125,37728127,344126,0313098,30597,047128,044126,73632103,044101,753129,561128,24534107,959106,635130,462129,15136113,050111,693131,419130,11338118,317116,927133,521132,20740123,760122,337134,710133,40242129,378127,923135,960134,66044135,173133,685138,742137,43246141,144139,622140,256138,954
&LArt Montemayor&RJune 02, 1999Rev: 0&CPage &P
of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Pipe TablesNominal Pipe Size InchesOutside DiameterWall
ThicknessPipe Inside DiameterInside Diameter FunctionsTransverse
Internal ("Flow") Area(in
Inches)InchesInchesInchesFeetd2d3d4d5in2ft2May 8, 2003Commercial
Wrought Steel Pipe DataAlthough pipe classification is common
knowledge that is taken for granted among a lot of us old
engineers, I haveSchedule Wall Thickness - Per ASA B36.10 -
1950found that young engineers are lacking this information because
both academic professors and we experiencedengineers are both
guilty of not passing on the information which used to be common
and available when piping andSchedule
1014140.25013.5001.1250182.252,460.433,215.1448,403.3143.140.994fitting
catalogs like Vogt, Tube Turns, Walworth, etc. used to be freely
available to us. Now, these valuable
free16160.25015.5001.2917240.253,723.957,720.1894,661.0188.691.310catalogs
have become a thing of the
past18180.25017.5001.4583306.255,359.493,789.11,641,308.6240.531.67020200.25019.5001.6250380.257,414.9144,590.12,819,506.2298.652.074Because
I regard this subject as very basic and important for all engineers
to dominate, some years back I
prepared24240.25023.5001.9583552.2512,977.9304,980.17,167,031.5433.743.012the
following explanation for young engineers working under me and with
me in plant projects. I would like to
share30300.31229.3762.4480862.9525,350.0744,681.621,875,767.4677.764.707it
with any one else who hasn't had the opportunity to find out this
logical explanation of how pipe is classified.Schedule
2088.6250.2508.1250.677166.02536.44,358.135,409.351.850.360Industrial
pipe thicknesses follow a set formula, expressed as the schedule
number as established by
the1010.7500.25010.250.8542105.061,076.911,038.1113,140.882.520.573American
Standards Association (ASA) now re-organized as ANSI - the American
National Standards
Institute.1212.7500.25012.251.0208150.061,838.322,518.8275,854.7117.860.818Eleven
schedule numbers are available for use: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80,
100, 120, 140, & 160. The most
popular14140.31213.3761.1147178.922,393.232,011.4428,184.9140.520.976schedule,
by far, is 40. Sch 5, 60, 100, 120, & 140 have rarely, if ever
been employed by myself in over 40
years16160.31215.3761.2813236.423,635.255,895.1859,442.6185.681.289as
a practicing engineer. The schedule number is defined as the
approximate value of the
expression:18180.31217.3761.4480301.935,246.391,158.91,583,977.6237.131.64720200.37519.251.6042370.567,133.3137,316.62,643,343.9291.042.021Schedule
Number =
(1,000)(P/S)24240.37523.251.9375540.5612,568.1292,207.86,793,831.7424.562.948Where,30300.500292.4167841.0024,389.0707,281.020,511,149.0660.524.587P
= the internal working pressure, psigS = the allowable stress (psi)
for the material of construction at the conditions of use.Schedule
3088.6250.2778.0710.672665.14525.84,243.434,248.151.160.3551010.7500.30710.1360.8447102.741,041.410,555.2106,987.580.690.560For
example, the schedule number of ordinary steel pipe having an
allowable stress of 10,000 psi for use at
a1212.7500.33012.091.0075146.171,767.221,365.1258,304.2114.800.797working
pressure of 350 psig would
be:14140.37513.251.1042175.562,326.230,822.2408,394.0137.890.95816160.37515.251.2708232.563,546.654,085.3824,801.1182.651.268Schedule
Number = (1,000)(350/10,000) = 35 (approx.
40)18180.43817.1241.4270293.235,021.385,984.61,472,401.0230.301.59920200.500191.5833361.006,859.0130,321.02,476,099.0283.531.969This
would be the proper schedule for welded joints and steel fittings
but not for threaded connections and
cast-iron24240.56222.8761.9063523.3111,971.3273,854.86,264,702.3411.012.854or
malleable-iron fittings. In practice, schedule 40 would be used for
welded construction and Sch 80 (about 2x
the30300.62528.752.3958826.5623,763.7683,205.619,642,160.0649.184.508computed
value) for iron fittings. The higher schedule is required because
of weaknesses in the iron fittings and themetal lost in cutting the
threads.Schedule
401/80.4050.0680.2690.02240.070.00.00.00.060.0001/40.5400.0880.3640.03030.130.00.00.00.100.001For
all pipe sizes below 10", Sch 40 pipe is identical with what was
once called standard pipe, and Sch 80
is3/80.6750.0910.4930.04110.240.10.10.00.190.001identical with the
former extra-strong pipe. There is no equivalent schedule number
for
double-extra-strong1/20.8400.1090.6220.05180.390.20.10.10.300.002pipe,
and Sch 160 is the only other weight in which pipe smaller than 4"
is
available.3/41.0500.1130.8240.06870.680.60.50.40.530.00411.3150.1331.0490.08741.101.21.21.30.860.006Temperature
has no direct bearing on the schedule, except as it either weakens
(or strengthens) the material's1
1/41.6600.1401.380.11501.902.63.65.01.500.010allowable stress.
Stainless steels (304ELC & 316ELC), for example, yield a
stronger allowable stress at the low1
1/21.9000.1451.610.13422.594.26.710.82.040.014temperatures near the
cryogenic zone (-50 to -150 oF). Copper and Brass also exhibit the
same behavior.22.3750.1542.0670.17234.278.818.337.73.360.023I've
used the rule of thumb that the softer the metal, the stronger it
is at the lower temperatures.2
1/22.8750.2032.4690.20586.1015.137.291.74.790.03333.5000.2163.0680.25579.4128.988.6271.87.390.051I
hope this has helped you in explaining how pipe is classified.3
1/24.0000.2263.5480.295712.5944.7158.5562.29.890.06944.5000.2374.0260.335516.2165.3262.71,057.712.730.088Art
Montemayor55.5630.2585.0470.420625.47128.6648.83,274.720.010.13966.6250.2806.0650.505436.78223.11,353.18,206.428.890.20188.6250.3227.9810.665163.70508.44,057.232,380.750.030.3471010.7500.36510.020.8350100.401,006.010,080.2101,004.078.850.5481212.7500.40611.9380.9948142.521,701.420,310.8242,469.9111.930.77714140.43813.1241.0937172.242,260.529,666.4389,341.9135.280.93916160.500151.2500225.003,375.050,625.0759,375.0176.711.227In
actual, industrial practice, every operating company (organizations
such as DuPont, Dow, Monsanto,
Huntsman,18180.56216.8761.4063284.804,806.381,110.71,368,823.9223.681.553Union
Carbide, etc.) as well as all the major Engineering and
Construction companies (such as Fluor, Bechtel,
etc.)20200.59318.8141.5678353.976,659.5125,292.42,357,250.3278.001.931have
a listing of their standard pipe sizes which they apply to all
their projects. These companies make it a point
to24240.68722.6261.8855511.9411,583.1262,078.35,929,784.5402.072.792reduce
the quantity of different sizes employed in any one project or
plant. Obviously, when confronted with acustomer's list of
different standard sizes, the E&C contractor will accede to his
customer's desires and wishes.Schedule
6088.6250.4067.8130.651161.04476.93,726.229,113.147.940.3331010.7500.5009.750.812595.06926.99,036.988,109.674.660.518Certain
pipe sizes are labeled as "Bastard" sizes in the USA, and they are
not incorporated nor used in
applications.1212.7500.56211.6260.9688135.161,571.418,269.3212,398.6106.160.737Some
of these Bastard sizes are 1-1/4", 2-1/2", 3-1/2", and 5". The
reasons for not using these sizes are
usually:14140.59312.8141.0678164.202,104.026,961.2345,480.5128.960.8961.Traditionally,
the concept of stepping up the size of piping by a magnitude of
doubling the capacity is
what16160.65614.6881.2240215.743,168.846,542.6683,617.7169.441.177has
been predominant thinking - at least in the USA. In other words, an
attempt is made to have pipe
sizes18180.75016.51.3750272.254,492.174,120.11,222,981.0213.821.485that
are separated by roughly a factor of 2 x the cross-sectional area.
This concept is applied to pipes
sizes20200.81218.3761.5313337.686,205.2114,026.02,095,342.0265.211.842up
to 10" in nominal
diameter.24240.96822.0641.8387486.8210,741.2236,993.85,229,031.3382.352.6552.The
tradition of establishing pipe sizes by the method described above
results in a series of pipe sizesSchedule
801/80.4050.0950.2150.01790.04620.00990.00210.00050.0360.0003for
Schedule 40 as
follows:1/40.5400.1190.3020.02520.09120.02750.00830.00250.0720.00053/80.6750.1260.4230.03530.17890.07570.03200.01350.1410.0010Nominal
pipe size, in.Internal flow area,
in21/20.8400.1470.5460.04550.29810.16280.08890.04850.2340.00163/41.0500.1540.7420.06180.55060.40850.30310.22490.4320.003011.3150.1790.9570.07980.91580.87650.83880.80270.7190.00501
1/41.6600.1911.2780.10651.63332.08732.66763.40921.2830.008910.8641
1/21.9000.2001.50.12502.25003.37505.06257.59381.7670.01231
1/22.03622.3750.2181.9390.16163.75977.290114.135527.40872.9530.020523.3552
1/22.8750.2762.3230.19365.396312.535729.120467.64664.2380.029437.39333.5000.3002.90.24178.410024.389070.7281205.11156.6050.0459412.733
1/24.0000.3183.3640.280311.3238.1128.1430.88.8880.0617628.8944.5000.3373.8260.318814.6456.0214.3819.811.4970.0798850.0355.5630.3754.8130.401123.16111.5536.62,582.718.1940.12631078.8666.6250.4325.7610.480133.19191.21,101.56,345.826.070.181088.6250.5007.6250.635458.14443.33,380.325,775.045.660.31713.The
reduction of pipe sizes actually employed forces the pipe
fabricator to increase the price of
those1010.7500.5939.5640.797091.47874.88,366.880,019.971.840.4989sizes
(such as 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2, and 5") due to their diminished
market
demand.1212.7500.68711.3760.9480129.411,472.216,747.8190,523.2101.640.705814140.75012.51.0417156.251,953.124,414.1305,175.8122.720.85224.Reducing
the variety of pipe sizes also allows a user to reduce his pipe
plant inventory, together with
the16160.84314.3141.1928204.892,932.841,980.2600,904.0160.921.118many
required fittings. This results in increased economy in many ways
and simplifies
maintenance.18180.93716.1261.3438260.054,193.567,624.91,090,519.1204.241.41820201.03117.9381.4948321.775,771.9103,537.11,857,248.9252.721.755The
applications or project engineer should always strive to adhere to
a standard of pipe sizes in order to
simplify24241.21821.5641.7970465.0110,027.4216,230.74,662,798.2365.212.536the
subsequent operation of the equipment and installation that he
installs.Schedule
10088.6250.5937.4390.619955.34411.73,062.422,781.043.460.3021010.7500.7189.3140.776166666786.750596807.9950511447525.665906355270094.052251792568.1337587720.47315110261212.7500.84311.0640.922122.4120961354.36743014414984.7212471132165790.95587806196.1422353760.667654412314140.93712.1261.0105147.0398761783.00553637621620.7251340954262172.912976041115.48484855660.80197811516161.03113.9381.1615194.2678442707.70520967237739.9952124083526020.053270548152.57760788481.059566721418181.15615.6881.3073333333246.1133443861.02614067260571.7780948623950250.0547522193.29696836521.342340058120201.28117.4381.4531666667304.0838445302.61407167292466.98418181631612439.27016251238.82689259641.658520087524241.53120.9381.7448333333438.3998449179.215933672192194.4232192244024166.83336412344.31843231132.3911002244Schedule
12044.5000.4383.6240.302013.1347.6172.5625.110.310.07255.5630.5004.5630.380320.8295.0433.51,978.116.350.11466.6250.5625.5010.458430.26166.5915.75,037.423.770.16588.6250.7187.1890.599151.68371.52,671.019,201.840.590.2821010.7500.8439.0640.755382.16744.76,749.661,178.664.530.4481212.7501.00010.750.8958115.561,242.313,354.7143,562.990.760.63014141.09311.8140.9845139.571,648.919,480.0230,136.1109.620.76116161.21813.5641.1303183.982,495.533,849.4459,133.4144.501.00318181.37515.251.2708232.563,546.654,085.3824,801.1182.651.26820201.500171.4167289.004,913.083,521.01,419,857.0226.981.57624241.81220.3761.6980415.188,459.7172,375.63,512,324.7326.082.264Schedule
14088.6250.8127.0010.583449.01343.12,402.416,819.038.500.2671010.7501.0008.750.729276.56669.95,861.851,290.960.130.4181212.7501.12510.50.8750110.251,157.612,155.1127,628.286.590.60114141.25011.50.9583132.251,520.917,490.1201,135.7103.870.72116161.43813.1241.0937172.242,260.529,666.4389,341.9135.280.93918181.56214.8761.2397221.303,292.048,971.6728,502.2173.801.20720201.75016.51.3750272.254,492.174,120.11,222,981.0213.821.48524242.06219.8761.6563395.067,852.1156,068.83,102,022.5310.282.155Schedule
1601/20.8400.1870.4660.03880.220.10.00.00.170.0013/41.0500.2180.6140.05120.380.20.10.10.300.00211.3150.2500.8150.06790.660.50.40.40.520.0041
1/41.6600.2501.160.09671.351.61.82.11.060.0071
1/21.9000.2811.3380.11151.792.43.24.31.410.01022.3750.3431.6890.14082.854.88.113.72.240.0162
1/22.8750.3752.1250.17714.529.620.443.33.550.02533.5000.4382.6240.21876.8918.147.4124.45.410.03844.5000.5313.4380.286511.8240.6139.7480.39.280.06455.5630.6254.3130.359418.6080.2346.01,492.414.610.10166.6250.7185.1890.432426.93139.7725.03,762.021.150.14788.6250.9066.8130.567846.42316.22,154.514,678.836.460.2531010.7501.1258.50.708372.25614.15,220.144,370.556.750.3941212.7501.31210.1260.8438102.541,038.310,513.6106,460.880.530.55914141.40611.1880.9323125.171,400.415,667.9175,292.198.310.68316161.59312.8141.0678164.202,104.026,961.2345,480.5128.960.89618181.78114.4381.2032208.463,009.743,453.8627,386.5163.721.13720201.96816.0641.3387258.054,145.366,590.91,069,716.0202.671.40724242.34319.3141.6095373.037,204.7139,151.82,687,578.4292.982.035Standard
Wall ("Std") Pipe (Similar to Schedule
40)1/80.4050.0680.2690.02240.07240.01950.00520.00140.05680.00041/40.5400.0880.3640.03030.13250.04820.01760.00640.10410.00073/80.6750.0910.4930.04110.24300.11980.05910.02910.19090.00131/20.8400.1090.6220.05180.38690.24060.14970.09310.30390.00213/41.0500.1130.8240.06870.67900.55950.46100.37990.53330.003711.3150.1331.0490.08741.1001.1541.2111.2700.8640.00601
1/41.6600.1401.3800.11501.9042.6283.6275.0051.4960.01041
1/21.9000.1451.6100.13422.5924.1736.71910.8182.0360.014122.3750.1542.0670.17234.2728.83118.25437.7313.3560.02332
1/22.8750.2032.4690.20586.09615.05137.16191.7504.7880.033233.5000.2163.0680.25579.4128.988.6271.87.3930.05133
1/24.0000.2263.5480.295712.5944.7158.5562.29.8870.068744.5000.2374.0260.335516.2165.3262.71,057.712.7300.088455.5630.2585.0470.420625.47128.6648.83,274.720.0060.138966.6250.2806.0650.505436.78223.11,353.18,206.428.8900.200688.6250.2778.0710.672665.14525.84,243.434,248.151.1620.35538.625S0.3227.9810.665163.70508.44,057.232,380.750.0270.34741010.750.27910.1920.8493103.881,058.710,790.4109,975.881.5850.566610.750.30710.1360.8447102.741,041.410,555.2106,987.580.6910.560410.75S0.36510.0200.8350100.401,006.010,080.2101,004.078.8540.54761212.750.33012.0901.0075146.171,767.221,365.1258,304.2114.800.797212.75S0.37512.0001.0000144.001,728.020,736.0248,832.0113.100.7854Extra
Strong ("XS") Wall Pipe (Similar to Schedule
80)1/80.4050.0950.2150.01790.04620.00990.00210.00050.03630.00031/40.5400.1190.3020.02520.09120.02750.00830.00250.07160.00053/80.6750.1260.4230.03530.17890.07570.03200.01350.14050.00101/20.8400.1470.5460.04550.29810.16280.08890.04850.23410.00163/41.0500.1540.7420.06180.55060.40850.30310.22490.43240.003011.3150.1790.9570.07980.9160.8760.8390.8030.7190.00501
1/41.6600.1911.2780.10651.6332.0872.6683.4091.2830.00891
1/21.9000.2001.5000.12502.2503.3755.0637.5941.7670.012322.3750.2181.9390.16163.7607.29014.13627.4092.9530.02052
1/22.8750.2762.3230.19365.39612.53629.12067.6474.2380.029433.5000.3002.9000.24178.4124.470.7205.16.6050.04593
1/24.0000.3183.3640.280311.3238.1128.1430.88.8880.061744.5000.3373.8260.318814.6456.0214.3819.811.4970.079855.5630.3754.8130.401123.16111.5536.62,582.718.1940.126366.6250.4325.7610.480133.19191.21,101.56,345.826.0670.181088.6250.5007.6250.635458.14443.33,380.325,775.045.6640.31711010.750.5009.7500.812595.06926.99,036.988,109.674.6620.51851212.750.50011.7500.9792138.061,622.219,061.3223,969.7108.430.7530Double
Extra Strong ("XXS") Wall Pipe (Similar to Schedules >
80)1/20.8400.2940.2520.02100.06350.01600.00400.00100.04990.00033/41.0500.3080.4340.03620.18840.08170.03550.01540.14790.001011.3150.3580.5990.04990.3590.2150.1290.0770.2820.00201
1/41.6600.3820.8960.07470.8030.7190.6450.5770.6310.00441
1/21.9000.4001.1000.09171.2101.3311.4641.6110.9500.006622.3750.4361.5030.12532.2593.3955.1037.6701.7740.01232
1/22.8750.5521.7710.14763.1365.5559.83717.4222.4630.017133.5000.6002.3000.19175.2912.228.064.44.1550.02893
1/24.0000.6362.7280.22737.4420.355.4151.15.8450.040644.5000.6743.1520.26279.9431.398.7311.17.8030.054255.5630.7504.0630.338616.5167.1272.51,107.212.9650.090066.6250.8644.8970.408123.98117.4575.12,816.118.8340.130888.6250.8756.8750.572947.27325.02,234.015,359.037.1220.2578Stainless
Steel Pipe (Schedule
5S)1/20.8400.0650.7100.05920.50410.35790.25410.18040.39590.00273/41.0500.0650.9200.07670.84640.77870.71640.65910.66480.004611.3150.0651.1850.09881.4041.6641.9722.3371.1030.00771
1/41.6600.0651.5300.12752.3413.5825.4808.3841.8390.01281
1/21.9000.0651.7700.14753.1335.5459.81517.3732.4610.017122.3750.0652.2450.18715.04011.31525.40257.0273.9580.02752
1/22.8750.0832.7090.22587.33919.88053.856145.8975.7640.040033.5000.0833.3340.277811.1237.1123.6411.98.7300.06063
1/24.0000.0833.8340.319514.7056.4216.1828.411.5450.080244.5000.0834.3340.361218.7881.4352.81,529.114.7530.102455.5630.1095.3450.445428.57152.7816.24,362.522.4380.155866.6250.1096.4070.533941.05263.01,685.110,796.332.2400.223988.6250.1098.4070.700670.68594.24,995.341,995.755.5100.38551010.750.13410.4820.8735109.871,151.712,071.9126,537.986.2940.59931212.750.15612.4381.0365154.701,924.223,933.3297,682.1121.500.8438Stainless
Steel Pipe (Schedule
10S)1/80.4050.0490.3070.02560.09420.02890.00890.00270.07400.00051/40.5400.0650.4100.03420.16810.06890.02830.01160.13200.00093/80.6750.0650.5450.04540.29700.16190.08820.04810.23330.00161/20.8400.0830.6740.05620.45430.30620.20640.13910.35680.00253/41.0500.0830.8840.07370.78150.69080.61070.53980.61380.004311.3150.1091.0970.09141.2031.3201.4481.5890.9450.00661
1/41.6600.1091.4420.12022.0792.9984.3246.2351.6330.01131
1/21.9000.1091.6820.14022.8294.7598.00413.4632.2220.015422.3750.1092.1570.17984.65310.03621.64746.6933.6540.02542
1/22.8750.1202.6350.21966.94318.29548.208127.0295.4530.037933.5000.1203.2600.271710.6334.6112.9368.28.3470.05803
1/24.0000.1203.7600.313314.1453.2199.9751.511.1040.077144.5000.1204.2600.355018.1577.3329.31,403.014.2530.099055.5630.1345.2950.441328.04148.5786.14,162.322.0200.152966.6250.1346.3570.529840.41256.91,633.110,381.531.7390.220488.6250.1488.3290.694169.37577.84,812.540,083.454.4850.37841010.750.16510.4200.8683108.581,131.411,788.8122,839.785.2760.59221212.750.18012.3901.0325153.511,902.023,566.0291,982.3120.570.8373Note:Stainless
Steel Pipe Schedule 40S values are the same, size for size, as
those shown above on theStandard Wall Pipe Table (heaviest weight
on 8, 10, and 12-inch sizes).Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule 80S
values are the same, size for size, as those shown above on
theExtra Strong Pipe Table.
&LArt Montemayor&CU.S.A. Pipe Dimensions&RSeptember
30, 2003Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RFileName:
&FWorkSheet: &A
Liq Pressure DropNon-Compressible Fluid Pressure Drop
CalculationsFor Fluid Flow Inside An Industrial PipeInsert Basic
Data in Input Cells and Obtain Results in Bold Red
NumbersInputsNominal Pipe Diameter2inchesPipe's Inside
Diameter2.067inches0.0525018Nominal Pipe Diameter in meters DPipe's
Schedule No.40Flow Rate100GPMClick this
Button8.708301429665267E-4K/DFluid's Viscosity5cPsto see a list
ofFluid's Density8.45lbs/galacceptable pipe diametersPipe's Abs.
Roughness0.00015feetand pipe schedules4.572014999999999E-5Absolute
Roughness in meters KCalculation MethodsChurchill Equation
(1977)Chen Equation (1979)Reynolds NumberDP Per 100 feet of pipeDP
Per 100 feet of
pipe(7/RE)^0.9(0.27*I10)/I530,9799.31psi9.28psi5.23147046295302E-42.3512413860096222E-47.18446947258869321.18feet21.12feetA8.887871437801018E19Linear
VelocityDarcy Friction FactorDarcy Friction
FactorB21.5234112394388939.55ft/sec0.02570.0256C6.838806367803228E-4INDEX5.0INDEX2Nominal
Pipe5.010.020.030.040.060.080.0100.0120.0140.0160.05s10s40s80sxsxxs0.125no
such Sch.0.307no such Sch.no such Sch.0.269no such Sch.0.215no such
Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.N/A0.3070.2690.2150.215N/A0.25no such
Sch.0.41no such Sch.no such Sch.0.364no such Sch.0.302no such
Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.N/A0.410.3640.3020.302N/A0.375no such
Sch.0.545no such Sch.no such Sch.0.493no such Sch.0.423no such
Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.N/A0.5450.4930.4230.423N/A0.50.710.674no such Sch.no such
Sch.0.622no such Sch.0.546no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.0.4660.710.6740.6220.5460.5460.2520.750.920.884no such Sch.no
such Sch.0.824no such Sch.0.742no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.0.6120.920.8840.8240.7420.7420.4341.01.1851.097no such Sch.no
such Sch.1.049no such Sch.0.957no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.0.8151.1851.0971.0490.9570.9570.5991.250.0650.109no such Sch.no
such Sch.1.38no such Sch.1.278no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.1.161.531.4421.381.2781.2780.8961.51.771.682no such Sch.no such
Sch.1.61no such Sch.1.5no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.1.3381.771.6821.611.51.51.12.02.2452.157no such Sch.no such
Sch.2.067no such Sch.1.939no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.1.6872.2452.1572.0671.9391.9391.5032.52.7092.635no such Sch.no
such Sch.2.469no such Sch.2.323no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.2.1252.7092.6352.4692.3232.3231.7713.03.3343.26no such Sch.no
such Sch.3.068no such Sch.2.9no such Sch.no such Sch.no such
Sch.2.6243.3343.263.0682.92.92.33.53.8343.76no such Sch.no such
Sch.3.548no such Sch.3.364no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.no
such Sch.3.8343.763.5483.3643.364N/A4.04.3344.26no such Sch.no such
Sch.4.026no such Sch.3.826no such Sch.3.624no such
Sch.3.4284.3344.264.0263.8263.8263.1525.05.3455.295no such Sch.no
such Sch.5.047no such Sch.4.813no such Sch.4.563no such
Sch.4.3135.3455.2955.0474.8134.8134.0636.06.4076.357no such Sch.no
such Sch.6.065no such Sch.5.761no such Sch.5.501no such
Sch.5.1876.4076.3576.0655.7615.7614.8978.08.4078.3298.1258.0717.9817.8137.6257.4377.1877.0016.8138.4078.3297.9817.6257.6256.87510.010.48210.4210.2510.13610.029.759.5629.3129.0628.758.510.48210.4210.029.759.758.7512.012.43812.3912.2512.0911.93811.62611.37411.06210.7510.510.12612.43812.3912.011.7511.7510.75Acceptable
Pipe Schedules:5.080.05.0SXSTYPE THESE IN10.0100.010.0SXSSAS A
STRING I.E.20.0120.040.0S'10S30.0140.080.0S40.0160.060.0Acceptable
Nominal Pipe Diameters in inches:1/81-1/441/41-1/25To return to the
input sheet3/826click the input
button1/22-1/28below.3/431013-1/212{goto}a200~\m{BREAKOFF}\0/WGPE{GOTO}preday~{Wait
@now+@time(0,0,8)}{HOME}{down}{down}* * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** *
* * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * ******PIPEFLOWVERSION
2.0**1993 & 1995****R.C.COSTELLO & ASSOC.,
INC.****-CONSULTING ENGINEERS-****(please wait)****For best results
set:**Zoom Control to 84%BY ROCKY C. COSTELLO**and have two
(2)**Toolbars ShowingNovember 15 , 1995** * * * ** * * * ** * * *
** * * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * *FRICTION FACTOR
EQUATIONSFor information on the original Colebrook-White
EquationClick HerePressure DropEquationFor information on the
Churchill EquationClick HereReferenceson equationsFor information
on the Chen EquationClick HereReturn to input pageColebrook-White
EquationThis is the original formula for calculating friction
factor. It is implicit in frictionfactor f , therefore it is not
used. Friction factor (f) must be solved by trial and error.In
addition in the laminar flow regime, one must use f=64/Re, for Re
< 2,100See references for further detail.Churchill EquationThis
is a very good formula and in most cases agrees with the Chen
equation.In very low Reynolds numbers use this (i.e. transition and
laminar ranges.)This is a full regime equation.Chen
EquationConsidered the most accurate.Use only in turbulent
range.Instructions1. Input a nominal pipe diameter and a pipe
schedule. The program automaticallylooks up the correct I.D. in a
table. For the (S) schedules type an apostrophe beforetyping the
schedule. For example '10s. All other schedules type in 40 or 80
etc.2. Input flowrate of the fluid in GPM, density of the fluid in
lbs/gallon and viscosity of thefluid in centipoise.3. For pipe
roughness use .00015 ft.for commercial steel and stainless steel.4.
Program then calculates pressure drop in psi per 100 feet of
pipe.5. A word of caution. This program calculates pressure drop
due to frictional lossesonly. For difference in elevation use:Delta
P in psig=(H2-H1)*0.4331* specific gravityAdd this to the
frictional loss.Pressure Drop EquationREFERENCES1. Churchill, S.W.
, Friction Factor Equation Spans All Fluid Flow Regimes, Chemical
EngineeringNov. 7, 1977, page 91.2. Chen, N. H. , An Explicit
Equation for Friction Factor in Pipe, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 18,
296, 1979.3. Gregory G.A. and Forgarasi M., Alternate to Standard
Friction Factor Equation, Oil and GasJournal, April 1, 1985, page
1204. Flow of Fluids, By Crane Technical Paper 410, 1979
edition
&L&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10Art
Montemayor&R&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10March 12,
2003Rev: 0&C&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10Page &P of
&N&R&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10FileName:
&FWorkSheet:
&AListInputInputFormulasC-WInputInputInputInputChurchillInputInputChenInputInputFormulasFormulasFormulasInstructionsInputInputInputInputFormulasDelta
PReferencesInputInputFormulas
FrictionFactorThis sheet gives the value of the Fanning Friction
Factor, f, using the Colebrook-White,Moody and Barr formulasThis
spreadsheet was downloaded from a British WebSite on the
InterNet.Enter the known basic data in the YELLOW cells as input
for the calculated solution.The author is identified as Andrew
Sleigh.-Art Montemayor (02/15/2003)The Colebrook - White
EquationThe Moody Equation0.7500inches =19.05mmFrom: "Fluid
Mechanics With Engineering Applications"; R. L. Daugherty & J.
B. Franzini;The Barr EquationMcGraw-Hill Book Co.; 7th Ed.;
1977:Values of Absolute Roughness, e, For New PipePipe TypeUnits of
eFeetMillimetersDrawn tubing, brass, lead, glass, centrifugally
spun cement, bituminous lining, transite0.0000050.001524Enter the
basic data input heree (mm)0.03Absolute Pipe Roughnessd (mm)300Pipe
Internal diameterCommercial steel or wrought
iron0.000150.046Re664,000Reynolds NumberWelded-steel
pipe0.000150.046Asphalt-dipped cast iron0.000400.122Solutionf(f =
Fanning Friction Factor)Galvanized
iron0.000500.152Moody0.0030180.01207(l = Darcy Friction Factor)Cast
iron, average0.000850.259Barr0.0035150.01406Concrete0.001 to 0010.3
to 3.0Colebrook-White0.0034950.01398Wood stave0.0006 to 0.0030.18
to 0.9Riveted steel0.003 to 0.030.9 to 9.0Colebrook-White
iterationf(n)abLHSRHSError10.00301797550.00002695420.000034541818.20296548716.84461394711.35835153990.01207190220.00352434060.00002695420.000031964216.844613947116.9189975496-0.07438360250.014097362530.00349341950.00002695420.000032105316.918997549616.91484080190.00415674770.013973678240.00349513670.00002695420.000032097416.914840801916.9150728295-0.00023202760.013980546950.00349504080.00002695420.000032097916.915072829516.9150598770.00001295250.013980163460.00349504620.00002695420.000032097916.91505987716.9150606001-0.0000007230.0139801848Note:
Daugherty & Franzini state that the Colebook Equation
is:70.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060600116.91506055970.00000004040.013980183680.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060559716.915060562-0.00000000230.013980183790.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.91506056216.91506056180.00000000010.0139801837100.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561816.9150605619-00.0139801837110.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561916.915060561900.0139801837120.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561916.915060561900.0139801837130.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561916.915060561900.0139801837or,
expressed in Natural Logarithms:The Friction Factor used in the
above equation is the Darcy Friction Factor.The Darcy Friction
Factor is four times (4x) the Fanning Fricition Factor.
Art Montemayor:These types of pipe are ridiculous to apply in
the 21st century and are simply not practical applications.Art
Montemayor:Why would anyone in the 21st century contemplate the use
of riveted pipe?Art Montemayor:Presumably, someone is going to
hot-dip galvanize the internal surface of a steel pipe. (no one in
his right mind would logically expect electrolytic galvanization to
be effective coating over the long haul) What is not explained is
how is the final coating quality going to be verified? I've never
seen any application of this kind ever proposed. I doubt if any
serious engineer would propose this with a straight face.
FlowLossComputerized Moody Diagram -- Rick Sellens, Queen's
Mechanical Engineering0.05e/De/dRefcalculate to
convergefReSmooth0.000050.00010.00020.00050.0010.0020.0050.010.050.053,0000.020.085330.078360.078650.078640.078643,0000.043560.043600.043650.043740.044010.044450.045320.047860.051880.078640.053,1500.020.084700.078060.078330.078320.078323,1500.042910.042960.043010.043100.043370.043820.044710.047300.051370.078320.053,3080.020.084100.077780.078020.078010.078013,3080.042280.042330.042370.042470.042750.043210.044110.046740.050870.078010.053,4730.020.083520.077510.077730.077720.077723,4730.041660.041710.041760.041850.042140.042600.043530.046200.050390.077720.053,6470.020.082970.077240.077450.077440.077443,6470.041060.041100.041150.041250.041540.042020.042960.045680.049930.077440.053,8290.020.082440.076990.077180.077170.077173,8290.040460.040510.040560.040660.040960.041440.042400.045170.049480.077170.054,0200.020.081940.076750.076920.076920.076924,0200.039880.039930.039980.040080.040380.040880.041860.044680.049040.076920.054,2210.020.081460.076520.076680.076670.076674,2210.039310.039360.039410.039520.039820.040330.041330.044190.048620.076670.054,4320.020.081000.076300.076440.076440.076444,4320.038750.038810.038860.038960.039280.039800.040810.043730.048210.076440.054,6540.020.080560.076090.076220.076210.076214,6540.038210.038260.038310.038420.038740.039270.040310.043270.047820.076210.054,8870.020.080140.075880.076000.076000.076004,8870.037670.037720.037780.037890.038220.038760.039810.042830.047430.076000.055,1310.020.079740.075690.075790.075790.075795,1310.037140.037200.037260.037370.037700.038250.039330.042400.047060.075790.055,3880.020.079360.075500.075600.075600.075605,3880.036630.036690.036740.036860.037200.037760.038860.041980.046710.075600.055,6570.020.078990.075320.075410.075410.075415,6570.036120.036180.036240.036360.036710.037280.038400.041570.046360.075410.055,9400.020.078650.075150.075230.075230.075235,9400.035630.035690.035750.035870.036230.036810.037950.041180.046030.075230.056,2370.020.078310.074980.075060.075060.075066,2370.035140.035210.035270.035390.035750.036350.037520.040790.045700.075060.056,5490.020.078000.074820.074890.074890.074896,5490.034670.034730.034790.034920.035290.035900.037090.040420.045390.074890.056,8760.020.077690.074670.074740.074740.074746,8760.034200.034270.034330.034460.034840.035460.036670.040060.045090.074740.057,2200.020.077410.074530.074590.074590.074597,2200.033740.033810.033880.034010.034400.035030.036270.039710.044800.074590.057,5810.020.077130.074390.074440.074440.074447,5810.033290.033360.033430.033560.033960.034610.035870.039370.044520.074440.057,9600.020.076870.074260.074310.074310.074317,9600.032850.032920.032990.033130.033540.034200.035490.039040.044250.074310.058,3580.020.076620.074130.074180.074180.074188,3580.032420.032490.032560.032700.033120.033800.035110.038720.043990.074180.058,7760.020.076380.074010.074050.074050.074058,7760.032000.032070.032140.032290.032710.033410.034740.038410.043740.074050.059,2150.020.076150.073900.073930.073930.073939,2150.031580.031660.031730.031880.032310.033020.034380.038110.043500.073930.059,6750.020.075930.073790.073820.073820.073829,6750.031170.031250.031320.031470.031920.032640.034030.037820.043260.073820.0510,1590.020.075720.073680.073710.073710.0737110,1590.030770.030850.030930.031080.031540.032280.033690.037540.043040.073710.0510,6670.020.075520.073580.073610.073610.0736110,6670.030380.030460.030540.030690.031160.031920.033360.037260.042820.073610.0511,2000.020.075330.073480.073510.073510.0735111,2000.029990.030070.030150.030320.030790.031560.033040.037000.042620.073510.0511,7600.020.075150.073390.073410.073410.0734111,7600.029610.029700.029780.029940.030430.031220.032720.036740.042420.073410.0512,3480.020.074980.073300.073320.073320.0733212,3480.029240.029330.029410.029580.030080.030880.032410.036500.042220.073320.0512,9660.020.074820.073220.073240.073240.0732412,9660.028870.028960.029050.029220.029730.030560.032110.036260.042040.073240.0513,6140.020.074660.073140.073150.073150.0731513,6140.028510.028600.028690.028870.029390.030230.031820.036030.041860.073150.0514,2950.020.074510.073060.073080.073080.0730814,2950.028160.028250.028350.028530.029060.029920.031540.035800.041690.073080.0515,0100.020.074370.072990.073000.073000.0730015,0100.027820.027910.028000.028190.028740.029610.031260.035590.041520.073000.0515,7600.020.074230.072920.072930.072930.0729315,7600.027470.027570.027670.027860.028420.029320.031000.035380.041370.072930.0516,5480.020.074100.072850.072860.072860.0728616,5480.027140.027240.027340.027530.028110.029020.030730.035180.041210.072860.0517,3750.020.073980.072790.072800.072800.0728017,3750.026810.026910.027010.027210.027800.028740.030480.034980.041070.072800.0518,2440.020.073860.072730.072740.072740.0727418,2440.026490.026590.026700.026900.027500.028460.030230.034790.040930.072740.0519,1560.020.073750.072670.072680.072680.0726819,1560.026170.026280.026380.026590.027210.028190.029990.034610.040800.072680.0520,1140.020.073640.072610.072620.072620.0726220,1140.025860.025970.026080.026290.026920.027920.029760.0344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