ARCHAEOLOGY in Politics, Film, and Public Culture Archaeological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public, ... 2011 Archaeology in the Public

Course Objectives This course explores the intersection between archaeology and politics and hence reflects on the relevance of studying the past in the present. The debate as to whether there can be only one or various interpretations of the past bears important implications for national, international, and world-wide politics, and places the field of archaeology in the center stage of processes of cultural domination, the nation as an imagined community, ethnic identity, social memory, and ultimately as a form of cultural production. The course also explores issues of cultural heritage and its management both during peace and war times, and the link between looting, collecting, auction houses, art galleries, and--in some cases—museums. Attention is also drawn to the dilemma between the preservation of archaeological sites and the increased commoditization of the past, particularly in the domain of tourist consumption of preserved sites. Learning Goals The main learning goal of the course is for the student to have a broad command of what archaeology can offer to the modern world. In the process of gaining such a broad view, students will develop critical abilities to analyze the multiple interests in complex national and international issues involving the use of knowledge about the past and the management of cultural heritage. By reflecting and researching on the relationship between archaeology and colonialism, post colonialism and neo-colonialism, the link between archaeology, nationalism, and social identities, and the role of archaeology in the preservation of cultural patrimony, students will have ample opportunities to develop synthesizing, writing, and oral skills.

SPRING 2016 Mondays and Wednesdays 5:00 – 6:20 pm Brown 224 Professor Javier Urcid Office: Brown 223 Office hours: Tuesdays 3:30 – 5:00 (and by appointment) Extension: 62223 email: [email protected]

ARCHAEOLOGY in Politics, Film, and Public Culture

2

Course Outline Sessions Topics Readings Jan W 13 Introduction to the course None Jan W 20 Archaeology and popular imagination Shanks and McGuire 1996; Holtrof

2007; Moore 2006; Hergé 1975 Jan M 25 The fascination for Alternative Michlovic 1990; Fagan 2006; Feder Archaeologies 2011a Jan W 27 Archaeology, fame, and hoaxes: Anonymous 1938; Feder 2011b; The case of Piltdown Man Langdon 1991 Feb M 1 The Archaeology of Mythologies: Schliemann 1996; Rose 1998; The Homeric texts and Troy Yamauchi 2004 Feb W 3 Archaeology and Scriptures Bunimovitz and Faust 2010; Silberman Confirming what the Bible says? and Goren 2006; Meachan 1983;

Anonymous 2013 Feb M 8 Class Cancelled (Snow-day) Feb W 10 Archaeology and Colonialism I: Trigger 1984; Fowler 2008, Meskell The French Scientific Expeditions in 2001; Edison 2003

Egypt and Mexico Term paper proposal due Feb M 22 Archaeology and Colonialism II: Allen 2011; Harris and Sadler 2003 Archaeologists as spies Term paper proposal returned with comments Feb W 24 Archaeology and Post-Colonialism: Hamilakis 1999; Hellenic Times Fragments of The Parthenon 2004 and 2009; Audi 2007 or the Elgin Marbles? Feb M 29 Archaeology and Neo-Colonialism: Condori 1989; Holland 1990; Lorenzo The case of Latin America 1984; Silverblatt 2001; Clark and

Anderson 2015 Mar W 2 Indigenous Archaeologies Wilcox 2010; Colwell-Chanthaphonh et al. 2010; Silliman 2010; McAnany

and Parks 2012

3

Mar M 7 Archaeology and Nationalism I: Arnold 2006 and 2008; Kohl 1998; Archaeology in totalitarian states Scott 1932 Midterm posted Mar W 9 Archaeology and Nationalism II: Abu el-Haj 1998 and 2001; Silberman Israel and the Dead Sea Scrolls 2001; Zerubavel 1995 Midterm due Mar M 14 Cultural Patrimony, Looting, Elia 1997; Ede 1998; Marks 1998; Collecting, and the Illicit Market Shanks 2001; Cleere 2009; Meskel of Antiquities 2002; The UNESCO convention; The

World; Heritage Convention; AHPA; ARPA; NHPA

Mar W 16 Archaeology, Fakes, and Replicas Whittaker and Stafford 1999; Pazstory

2002 Mar M 21 Student presentations of project on Manganaro 1995; Neuhaus 1997; “Archaeological representations in the Thomas 2000; Johnston 2009; National Geographic Magazine” Hawkins 2010; Pickrell 2014 Mar W 23 Student presentations of project on Same as above “Archaeological representations in the National Geographic Magazine” Mar W 30 Student presentations of project on Same as above “Archaeological representations in the National Geographic Magazine” April M 4 Student presentations of project on Same as above “Archaeological representations in the National Geographic Magazine” Apr W 6 Institutional Collecting and the Smith 2005; AAM code of Ethics; de-Colonization of Museums ICM 2001 Printed/electronic version of paper presentations due Apr M 11 Archaeology, Ethics, and Wylie 1996; Owsley-Jantz 2001; Human Remains Wakeham 2008; Watkins 2013; Draft of Term paper due NAGPRA; SAA code of Ethics Apr W 13 The Past as a Commodity Murphy et al. 1995; Baram 2011;

Maxwell 2012

4

Apr M 18 Ideology and Iconoclasm: Elsner 2003; Colwell-Chanthaphonh The Budhas of Bamyin 2003 Apr W 20 Heritage Management and War: The Hague Convention of 1954; The Second Gulf War and Daesh Pollock and Lutz 1994; Brodie 2006; Comments on the draft of Term Gibson 2009 paper returned May M 2 The Contemporary Relevance McGimsey 1984; Ramos and Duganne of Archaeology 2000; Lowenthal 2001 May F 6 Final paper due no later than 12:00 pm Students with extra challenges If you are a student with a documented disability at Brandeis University and if you wish to request a reasonable accommodation for this class please see me immediately. Keep in mind that reasonable accommodations are not provided retroactively. Four-Credit Course (with three hours of class-time per week) Success in this 4 credit hour course is based on the expectation that students will spend a minimum of 9 hours of study time per week in preparation for class (readings, response to questions, preparation for discussions, writing of papers, preparation for exams, etc.). Use of Laptops, tablets, and other devices You are welcomed to use a personal Laptop or tablet for note taking and researching. If a student is found using these devices for purposes other than those related to the class, his or her privilege for using it will be immediately suspended for the rest of the semester. The use of mobile phones (calls and text messaging) is not allowed. Assignments and Grading

• Class Participation Students are expected to attend and participate in class discussions. Participation in class counts 15% of the final grade. Throughout the semester, you will reflect critically on the readings and generate thoughtful questions about the material. You should prepare and write two or three questions that both reflect your comprehension of the readings and highlight salient points that you think will contribute to the discussion of the readings. Participation is graded based on the submissions and the assessment of your questions. Because participation is integral to the course, students who miss classes need to notify their absence well in advance and if necessary present relevant evidence. No more than two unexcused missed classes will be accepted; otherwise the final grade goes down half a letter for each additional unexcused missed class.

• Midterm The midterm exam will be posted electronically on Wednesday March 2nd and is due in printed form on Monday March 7th at the beginning of class (no electronic versions will be accepted). The goal of the midterm is for the student to read and make a 3 to 5-page review of an article.

5

The midterm counts 15% of the final grade. .

• Short Paper and Oral Presentation on “The Representation of Archaeology in National Geographic Magazine”

Based on six core readings and on the perusal of articles on archaeology published in the last century in National Geographic Magazine, students engage in an original critical review of how the practice of archaeology is represented in the popular magazine to the public. The oral presentations of the results are scheduled for the sessions of Monday March 21st through Monday April 4, with 3 or 4 presentations each class. Student will have some 20 to 25 minutes for their presentation. The paper version counts 25% of the final grade, and its oral presentation counts 10% of the final grade. The paper version is expected to be a 4 to 5 page manuscript, 1.5 spacing between lines, and to have additional bibliographic pages. The stylistic and formatting guide for citing and preparing the manuscript is the same as that recommended for the Term Paper (see below). The printed and electronic formats of the paper version is due on Wednesday April 6th

before class.

• Term Paper On Wednesday February 10th, each student will submit a 2-page proposal for the final Term Paper (including a preliminary bibliography). Comments on this draft will be returned on Monday February 22nd. A draft of the paper is due on Monday April 11, and comments on this draft will be returned to the students on Wednesday April 20th. The final version of the paper is due on Friday May 6th, no later than 12 pm. Papers should be 10-12 pages of text (double-spaced), not including the bibliography and graphic materials. Illustrations, diagrams, charts and maps are strongly encouraged. Papers should follow the stylistic and formatting guidelines of the SSA (Society for American Archaeology). These guidelines can be accessed at http://www.saa.org/StyleGuideText/tabid/985/Default.aspx Both an electronic version of the text and the images should be submitted. The term paper contributes 35% of the final grade, with half a letter grade subtracted each subsequent day if the paper is turned in after the submission deadline. No papers will be accepted after Monday May 9 at 9 am. The grading of the papers will be based on their content, the logic of the argumentation, the structure of the essay, and the adherence to the formatting guidelines. Summary of grading Participation in class 15% Midterm 15% Short paper 25% Oral Presentation of short paper 10% Term paper 35% Academic integrity Academic integrity is central to the mission of educational excellence at Brandeis University. Each student is expected to be familiar with, and to follow, the University’s policies on academic integrity. Please consult Brandeis University Rights and Responsibilities (http://www.brandeis.edu/studentaffairs/srcs/rr/ )for all policies and procedures. All policies related to academic integrity apply to in-class and take home projects, assignments, exams, and

6

quizzes. Students may only collaborate on assignments with express permission. Allegations of alleged academic dishonesty will be forwarded to the Director of Academic Integrity. Sanctions for academic dishonesty can include failing grades and/or suspension from the university.

Readings (posted on Latte) Abu el-Haj, Nadia 1998 Translating Truths: Nationalism, the Practice of Archaeology, and the Remaking of

Past and Present in Contemporary Jerusalem. American Ethnologist 25: 166-188. 2001 Positive Facts of Nationhood AND Excavating Jerusalem. In Facts on the Ground:

Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Pp. 99-162.

Allen, S. 2011 Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece.

University of Michigan Press. (SELECTIONS) Anonymous 1938 The Piltdown Man Discovery: Unveiling of a Monolith Memorial. Nature, vol. 142

(3587): 196-197. 2013 Pope Francis and the Turin Shroud: Making sense of a mystery. The Economist

Archive , March 31st. http://www.economist.com/node/21574664?fsrc=nlw%7Cnewe%7C4-1-2013%7C5434002%7C36502154%7C

Arnold, Bettina 2006 Pseudoarchaeology and nationalism: Essentializing Difference. In Archaeological

Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public, edited by Garret G. Fagan, pp. 154-179. Routledge, London.

2008 Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian Archaeology in Nazi Germany. In Histories of

Archaeology: A Reader in the History of Archaeology, edited by Tim Murray and Christopher Evans, pp. 120-144. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Audi, Alan 2007 A Semiotics of Cultural Property Argument. International Journal of Cultural

Property 14: 131-167. Baram, Uzi

7

2011 Archaeology in the Public Interest: Tourist effects and other paradoxes that come with heritage tourism. In Ideolgies in Archaeology, edited by Reinhard Bernbeck and Randall H. McGuire, pp. 107-129. University of Arizona Press, Tuczon.

Brodie, Neil 2006 The plunder of Iraq’s Archaeological Heritage, 1991-2005, and the London

Antiquities Trade. In Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade, edited by Neil Brodie et al., pp. 206-226. The University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Bunimovitz, S. and A. Faust 2010 Re-constructing Biblical Archaeology. In Historical Biblical Archaeology and the

Future: The New Pragmatism, edited by T. Levy. Pp. 43-54. Equinox, Oakville. Clark, Dylan J., and David S. Anderson 2015 Past is Present: the production and consumption of archaeological legacies in Mexico.

Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 25: 1-18. Cleere, Henry 2009 World Cultural Resource Management: Problems and Perspectives.

In Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World, edited by Henry Cleere, pp. 125-131. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Colwell-Chanthapboph, Chip 2003 Dismembering/disremembering the Buddhas. Journal of Social Archaeology 3(1): 75-

98. Colwell-Chanthapboph, Chip, et al. 2010 The Premise and Promise of Indigenous Archaeology. American Antiquity, vol. 75

(2): 228-238. Condori, Carlos Mamami 1989 History and prehistory in Bolivia: What about the Indians? In Conflict in the

Archaeology of Living Traditions. Edited by R. Layton, pp. 45-59. Unwin Hyman, London.

Ede, James 1998 Ethics, the Antiquities Trade, and Archaeology. International Journal of Cultural

Property 7 (1): 128-131. Edison, Paul N. 2003 Conquest Unrequited: French Expeditionary Science in Mexico, 1864-1867. French

Historical Studies, vol. 26 (3): 459-495. Elia, Ricardo J.

8

1997 Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Archaeological Resources. Nonrenewable Resources 6 (2): 85-98.

Elsner, Jas 2003 Iconoclasm and the Preservation of Memory. In Monuments and Memory, Made and

Unmade, edited by Robert S. Nelson and Margaret Olin, pp. 209-231. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Fagan, Garret 2006 Diagnosing Pseudoarchaeology. In Archaeological Fantasies: How

pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public, edited by Garret Fagan. pp. 23-45. Routledge, New York.

Feder, Kenneth L. 2011a Science and Pseudoscience, and Epistimology: How you know what you know. In

Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. pp. 1-45. McGraw Hill, New York.

2011b Dawson’s Dawn Man: The Hoax at Piltdown. In Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries:

Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology, pp. 71-99. McGraw Hill, New York Fowler, Don D. 2008 Uses of the Past: Archaeology in the Service of the State. In Histories of

Archaeology: A Reader in the History of Archaeology, edited by Tim Murray and Christopher Evans, pp. 93-119. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Gibson, McGuire 2009 Legal and Illegal Acquisition of Antiquities in Iraq. In Cultural Heritage Issues: The

Legacy of Conquest, Colonialization, and Commerce, edited by Nafziger, J. A. and A. M. Nicgorski, pp. 185-197. Brill Academic Publishers: Leiden.

Hamilakis, Y. 1999 Stories from Exile: Fragments from the Cultural Biography of the Parthenon (or

‘Elgin’). World Archaeology 31(2): 303-320. Harris, C., and S. Louis 2003 The Archaeologist Was a Spy: Sylvanus G. Morely and the Office of Naval

Intelligence. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque. (SELECTIONS) Hellenistic Times 2004 The Case for Returning the Elgin Marbles—31 (2): 10. 2009 Is Greece Losing Its Elgin Marbles—36 (8): 7. Hergé (Georges Prosper Remi)

9

1975 The Adventures of Tintin: Cigars of the Pharaoh. Little, Brown and Company, New York.

Holland, Luke 1990 Whispers from the forest: the excluded past of the Aché Indians of Paraguay In The

Excluded Past: Archaeology in Education, edited by P. Stone and R. Mackenzie, pp. 134-151. Unwin Hyman, London.

Holtorf, Cornelius 2007 ‘What Does What I am Doing Mean to You?’: A Response to the Recent Discussion

on Tribe. Anthropology Today, vol. 23 (2): 18-20. Kohl, Philip 1998 Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Construction of Nations and the

Reconstructions of the Remote Past. Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 27: 223-246.

Langdon, John H. 1991 Misinterpreting Piltdown. In Current Anthropology 32 (5):627-631. Lorenzo, José Luis 1984 Mexico. In Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage: a comparative study of

world cultural resource management, edited by H. Cleere, pp. 89-100. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lowenthal, David 2001 The Tangible Past in a Commemorative Age. In Archaeology and Society in the 21st

century: The Dead Sea Scrolls and other case studies, edited by Neil A. Silberman and Ernest S. Frerichs, pp. 177-187. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.

Marks, Peter 1998 The Ethics of Art Dealing. International Journal of Cultural Property 7: 116–127. Maxwell, Keely 2012 Tourism, Environment, and Development on the Inca Trail. Hispanic American

Historical Review 92 (1): 143-171. McAnany, Patricia A., and Shoshaunna Parks 2012 Casualties of Heritage Distancing: Children, Ch’orti’ Indigeneity, and the Copan

Archaeoscape. Current Anthropology Forum on Anthropology in Public. CA+Online-Only Materials.

McGimsey, Charles 1984 The Value of Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by E. L.

Green, pp. 171–174. Free Press, New York.

10

Meacham, William 1983 The Authentication of the Turin Shroud, An Issue in Archeological Epistemology",

Current Anthropology, 24 (3): 283-311. Meskell, Lynn 2001 The practice and politics of archaeology in Egypt. In Ethics and Anthropology:

Facing Future Issues in Human Biology, Globalism and Cultural Property, edited by Cantwell, Friedlander, Tram. Pp. 146-169. Academic Science, New York.

2002 Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology. Anthropological Quarterly 75

(4): 785-792. Michlovic, Michael G. 1990 Folk Archaeology in Anthropological Perspective. Current Anthropology, vol. 31 (1):

103-107. Moore, Lawrence E. 2006 Going Public: Customization and American Archaeology. The SAA Archaeological

Record, vol. 6 (3): 16-19. Murphy, Larry E., et al. 1995 Commercialization: Beyond the Law or Above it? Ethics and the Selling of the

Archaeological Record. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990s, edited by M. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 38-41. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D. C.

Owsley, Douglas W., and Richard L. Jantz 2001 Archaeological Politics and Public Interest in Paleoamerican Studies: Lessons from

Gordon Creek Woman and Kennewick Man. American Antiquity, vol. 66 (4): 565-575.

Paztory, Esther 2002 Truth in Forgery. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 42: 159-165. Pollock, Susan, and Catherine Lutz 1994 Archaeology Deployed for the Gulf War. Critique of Anthropology 14 (3): 263-284. Ramos Maria, and David Duganne 2000 Exploring Public Perceptions and Attitudes about Archaeology. Report from the

Society for American Archaeology http://www.saa.org/portals/0/SAA/pubedu/nrptdraft4.pdf

Rose, Charles B. 1998 Troy and the Historical Imagination. The Classic World 91 (5): 405-413.

11

Schliemann, Heinrich 1996 Homeric Troy. In Eyewitness to Discovery, edited by Brian Fagan, pp. 176-185.

Oxford University Press, Oxford. Scott, Kenneth 1932 Mussolini and the Roman Empire. The Classical Journal 27: 645-657. Shanks, Hershel 2001 How to Stop Looting. . In Archaeology and Society in the 21st century: The Dead

Sea Scrolls and other case studies, edited by Neil A. Silberman and Ernest S. Frerichs, pp. 132-137. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.

Shanks, Michael, and Randall H. McGuire 1996 The Craft of Archaeology. American Antiquity, vol. 61 (1): 75-88. Silliman, Stephen W 2010 The Value and Diversity of Indigenous Archaeology: A Response to McGhee.

American Antiquity, vol. 75 (2): 217-220. Silverblatt, Irene 2001 Power and Memory in Latin America: Uses of the Precolumbian Past. In

Archaeology and Society in the 21st century: The Dead Sea Scrolls and other case studies, edited by Neil A. Silberman and Ernest S. Frerichs, pp. 21-32. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.

Silberman, Neil A. 2001 Politics of the Dead Sea Scrolls. In Archaeology and Society in the 21st century: The

Dead Sea Scrolls and other case studies, edited by Neil A. Silberman and Ernest S. Frerichs, pp. 11-20. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.

Silberman, N. A. and Y. Goren 2006 Faking Biblical History. In Archaeological Ethics, Second Edition, edsited by K. D.

Vitelli and C. Colwell-Chanthaphonh, pp. 49-62. Altamira Press, Lanham. Smith, Claire 2005 Decolonising the museum: the National Museum of the American Indian in

Washington, D. C. Antiquity 79 (304) 424-439. Trigger, Bruce G. 1984 Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist. Man, New Series, vol.

19 (3): 355-370. Wakeham, Pauline 2008 Repatriation’s Remainders: Kennewick Man, Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi, and the

12

Reinvention of “Race”. In Taxidermic Signs: Reconstructing Aboriginality. University of Minnesota Press. PP. 165-202.

Watkins, Joe 2013 The Politics of Archaeology: Heritage, Ownership, and Repatriation. In Negotiating

Culture: Heritage, Ownership, and Intellectual Property, edited by Laetitia La Follette, pp. 15-37. University of Massachusetts Press.

Whittaker, John C., and Michael Stafford 1999 Replicas, Fakes, and Art: The Twentieth Century Stone Age and Its Effects on

Archaeology. American Antiquity, vol. 64 (2): 203-214. Wilcox, Michael 2010 Saving Indigenous Peoples from Ourselves: Separate but equal archaeology is not

scientific archaeology. American Antiquity, vol. 75 (2): 221-227. Wylie, Alison 1996 Ethical Dilemmas in Archaeological Practice: Looting, Repatriation, Stewardship,

and the (Trans)formation of Disciplinary Identity. Perspectives on Science 4 (2): 154-194

Yamauchi, Edwin 2004 Homer and Archaeology. In The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing

Methodologies and Assumptions, edited by J. Hoffmeier and A. Millard, pp. 69-90. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Michigan.

Zerubavel, Yael 1995 History, Memory and Invented Tradition. In Recovered Roots: Collective Memory

and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Pp. 215-237.

Links to governmental and organization’s documents listed in the Outline

(also available on Latte) American Association of Museums, http://www.aam-us.org/museumresources/ethics/coe.cfm (2000). Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act: http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/FHPL_ArchHistPres.pdf Archaeological Resources Protection Act: http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/fhpl_archrsrcsprot.pdf Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act: http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/FHPL_NAGPRA.pdf

13

The Hague Convention of 1954, Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 14 May 1954. http://www.sismus.org/legalframework/international_law/conventions/1954eventOfArmedConflict.pdf International Council of Museums, "3. Acquisitions to Museum Collections," in http://www.museum.or.jp/icom-J/ethics_rev_engl.html#3 (2001). International Council of Museums, "3. Acquisitions to Museum Collections," The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as Amended: http://www.achp.gov/nhpa.html Society of American Archaeologists Code of Ethics: http://saa.org/AbouttheSociety/PrinciplesofArchaeologicalEthics/tabid/203/Default.aspx

The UNESCO Convention of 1970, Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 14 November 1970. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114046e.pdf#page=130 (Read pages 135-141 ONLY). The World Heritage Convention of 1972, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 16 November 1972. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf

Readings for Short Paper (posted on Latte)

Hawkins, Stephanie L. 2010 National Geographic’s Romance in Ruins: From the Catastrophic Sublime to Camp. In

American Iconographic: National Geographic, Global Culture, and Visual Imagination. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville. Pp. 172-209.

Johnston, Ron 2009 Popular geographies and geographical imaginations: contemporary English-language

geographical magazines. GeoJournal, vol. 74 (4): 347-436. Manganaro, Marc 1995 What’s Wrong with this Picture: Reflections on Reading National Geographic. A

Review Article. Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 37 (1): 205-209. Neuhaus, Jessamyn 1997 The Coffee Table: “National Geographic” Magazine and Erasure of Difference in the

Representation of Women. American Periodicals, vol. 7: 1-26.

14

Pickrell, John 2014 Fake fossils. In Flying Dinosaurs: How Fearsome Reptiles Became Birds. Columbia

University Press, New York. Pp. 66-82. Thomas, Benjamin 2000 “National Geographic”, Panamin and the Stone-Age Tribe. Dialectical Anthropology,

vol. 25 (1): 77-88.