GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY: • History of Landscape & Garden Design S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING • French Garden Design • English Garden Design • Japanese Garden Design • Renaissance Garden Design • Mughal Garden Design • Contemporary Garden Design
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY:
• History of Landscape & Garden Design
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• French Garden Design
• English Garden Design
• Japanese Garden Design
• Renaissance Garden Design
• Mughal Garden Design
• Contemporary Garden Design
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
“Art is a continuous process, however new circumstances may be it is virtually
impossible to create a work of art without antecedents.
The challenge of history is not whether it should be studied, but rather the
interpretation of what is constant and therefore alive today.
WHY SHOULD WE STUDY HISTORY:
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interpretation of what is constant and therefore alive today.
All design therefore derives from impressions of the past, conscious or
subconscious and in the modern collective landscape form the historical
gardens.”
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTIMELINE: STYLES OF GARDEN DESIGN
Enclosed StylePre 1600
1650 1750 French Style
1600 1750 Forest Style
1725 1750 Augustan Style
1750 1790 Serpentine Style
1790 1900 Picturesque Style1600 1700
1600 1700
1600
1600
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1800 1940 Landscape Style
1810 1910 Mixed/Eclectic Style
1830 1930 Italian Revival Style
1830 1930 Gardenesque Style
1880 1980 Arts & Crafts Style
1920 2000 Abstract Style
1980 2000 Post Modern Style1600 1700 1800 1900
1600 1700 1800
1600 1700 1800
1600 1700
1600 1700
1600 1700
1600 1700
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYGARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The history of gardening extendsacross at least 4,000 years of humancivilization.
Egyptian tomb paintings of the1500s BC are some of the earliest
physical evidence of ornamental
horticulture and landscape design;
they depict lotus ponds surroundedby symmetrical rows of acacias and
Egyptian Tomb Painting
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by symmetrical rows of acacias andpalms.
Another ancient gardening tradition is
of Persia: Darius the Great was said to
have had a "paradise garden" andthe Hanging Gardens of Babylonwere renowned as a Wonder of the
World. Persian gardens were also
organized symmetrically, along acenter line known as an axis
Representation-Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Egyptian Tomb Painting
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
In Europe, gardening revived inLanguedoc and the Île-de-France in the
13th century.
Gardens at Versailles
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The formal Garden à la française,
exemplified by the Gardens of Versailles,
became the dominant style of garden in
Europe until the middle of the 18th century.
Ile de France
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYThe rediscovery of descriptions of antiqueRoman villas and gardens led to the
creation of a new form of garden, the
Italian Renaissance garden in the late 15th
and early 16th century.
Spanish Public Gardens
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The first public parks were built by the
Spanish Crown in the 16th century, inEurope and the Americas.
Gardens at Tivoli
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
It was replaced by the English landscape garden.
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The 19th century saw a welter of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspiredgardening.
English Gardens
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The purpose of the creation of the garden CHANGES OVER TIME
Embellished farms• Production
Early Park• Hunt and take long walks
• Walls and stands of trees
Modern Parks
Poetic• Egyptian and Greek mythology
• Art
• No movement
Romantic• Moving Water
• Shadows
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Modern ParksUrban outdoor Space
Urban Lung
Recreation space
Picturesque• Majesty
• Grandeur
• Expansive
• Shadows
• Attention to detail
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
THE CENTRAL CIVILIZATION • West Asia
• Persia
THE EASTERN CIVILIZATION• Japan (1300-1550 AD)
• China
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• China
• India (1526 – 1750 AD)
THE WESTERN CIVILIZATION• Italy – The Renaissance (1300-1550 AD)
• France (1650-1750 AD)
• England (1830-1930 AD)
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
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JAPANESE GARDEN
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The art of gardening is believed to be an important part of Japanese culture for many
centuries.
The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the philosophy and religion of the
country.
INTRODUCTIONJAPANESE
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Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation of different garden styles in
order to bring a spiritual sense to the gardens and make them places where people
could spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The line between garden and its
surrounding landscape is Not Distinct.
Gardens incorporate natural and artificial
elements and thus, fuse the elements of
nature and architecture.
GENERAL CHARACTERSJAPANESE
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nature and architecture.
In the Japanese garden, the viewer should
consider nature as a picture frame into
which the garden, or the man- made
work of art, is inserted.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PHILOSOPHY
RELIGION - Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism have influenced the garden development in
Japan. Few of the Philosophies followed are as follows:
Nature is the ideal. Gardens must strive to achieve it.
You can idealize it, even symbolize it, but you must never create something that
nature itself cannot.
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nature itself cannot.
Without nothing, you cannot have something. i.e. The “emptiness” of portions of the
garden, defines the elements around it. . This space of Emptiness, is called as ‘ma’. It is
the true Spirit of Yin And Yang.
Zen Ideology of “to have nothing is to have everything” is also widely used.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE - Balance
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BALANCE, OR SUMI. i.e. Proportions and spaces creation are an essential Design
principle
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE - Formality
The play of Formality in the garden is symbolic based on the topographical variation
found in the Island.
• Hills (shin) is symbolized as Formal Garden
• Ponds (gyo) is symbolized as Intermediate
• Flat land (so) is symbolized as Informal Gardens
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Formal styles were most often found at
temples or palaces.
Daitokuji Temple, Kyoto
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The intermediate styles were appropriate for residences.
DESIGN PRINCIPLE - FormalityJAPANESE
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The informal style are now used mostly in
mountain retreats. The tea garden is always
in the informal style.
Intermediate Style - Residence
Informal Style – Tea Garden
Ritsurin Koen, Sanbonmatsu
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The concept of wabi and sabi:
Wabi can denote the Spirit of the Place, Event or Object.
Sabi defines time or the ideal image of Place, Event or Object.
For example: A rock can be old and covered with lichens, but if it is just a round boulder
DESIGN PRINCIPLE – Concept of Time and Space - Wabi and SabiJAPANESE
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For example: A rock can be old and covered with lichens, but if it is just a round boulder
it has no wabi. We must strive to find that balance
The concepts of MA AND WABI/SABI deal with Time and Space. If the garden is our
space, time is ably presented by the changing seasons.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE
– Concept of Time and Space
JAPANESE
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Seasonal Changes through the Gardens of Ryonji Temple
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE – Concept of Time and Space
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Seasonal Changes
through the Gardens
of Ryonji Temple
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE –Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
The fence is a tool to enhance the concept of miegakure, or hide and reveal.
Many of the fence styles offer
only the merest of visual
screens, and will be
supplemented with a screen
planting, offering just the ghostly
JAPANESE
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While entering the house to view
the garden we may well
encounter sode-gaki, or sleeve
fences. This fence could screen a
specific view be it a garden or
another house.
hints of the garden behind.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
To view the garden as a
whole, one must enter
it and become one
with the garden.
That way one can truly
DESIGN PRINCIPLE – Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
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appreciate a garden.
One must lose oneself
into the garden until the
essence of time and self
have no meaning
separately.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE – Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
The Miegakure in a philosophical intent, requires the garden to be discovered. Discovery
does not only mean the views and vista in the gardens, but also the hidden meaning of
the different elements in the gardens.
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Stroll Garden, Nitobe Japanese Garden, Vancouversun, Canada
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE –
Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
JAPANESE
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Stroll Garden, Nitobe Japanese Garden, Vancouversun, Canada
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE – Borrowed Landscape - Shakkei
Borrowed scenery is the principle of "incorporating background landscape into the
composition of a garden" found in traditional East Asian garden design. The term
"borrowed scenery" is Chinese in origin. It is called as Shakkei in Japanese.
JAPANESE
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Gardens located at the Zhishan Garden
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYJAPANESE
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Garden at Tenryu-ji
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
• Natural: that should make the garden look as if it grew by itself
• Asymmetry: that creates the impression of it being natural
• Odd numbers: It supports the effect of the asymmetry
• Simplicity: that follows the idea of 'less is more'
• Triangle: that is the most common shape for compositions made of stones, plants,
BASIC RULES IN THE DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDENSJAPANESE
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etc.
• Contrast: that creates tension between elements
• Lines: that can create both tranquility and tension
• Curves: that softens the effect
• Openness: that indicates interaction between all elements
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYBASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
• STONE LANTERN represents four natural elements: earth, water, fire and wind
• WATER BASIN Stone water basins, (tsukubai) were originally placed in gardens for
visitors to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony.
• FISH swimming in ponds, have a decorative and philosophical meaning
• GARDEN BRIDGE, called a moon bridge, whose purpose is to reflect artistic
feelings.
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feelings.
• BAMBOO FENCES
• SEASONAL PLANTS
• MEANDERING PATHWAYS
• ROCKS AND SANDS
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSTONE LANTERN:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYWATER BASIN:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYGARDEN BRIDGE:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYBAMBOO FENCES:There are three types of fences:
• The short fence which extends from the house into the garden
• An inner fence and an outer fence.
• Short fences or sodegaki are screens that hide unwanted views or objects.
� They are about 6 or 7 feet high.
� Add color and texture to the garden.
�Materials used are bamboo, wood and twigs of bamboo or tree.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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�Materials used are bamboo, wood and twigs of bamboo or tree.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSEASONAL PLANTS:
Garden of the 10th to 12th centuries contained Cherry, Plum Trees, Pines and Willows.
Influence of the Zen sect and watercolor painting from Southern China transformed the gardens
to be colorful Japanese garden in the Middle Ages.
Flowers, flowering plants and shrubs were regarded as signs of frivolity and were replaced by
evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYPATHWAYS - TOBI-ISHI :BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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Stepping- stones are found near the
veranda or entrance of the house or tea
room. The visitor of the house or room is
expected to place his shoes on the step-
stone before entering.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYROCKS AND SAND:
Stones are fundamental elements of Japanese gardens.
Stones used are not quarried by the hand of man, but of stones shaped by nature
only
Used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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Represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present.
They are placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular
shapes
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYROCKS AND SAND:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYFISH:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSCENERY METHODS
The Japanese garden can include three possible methods for scenery:
The first is the reduced scale scenery method. The reduced scale method takes actual
natural elements and reproduces them on a smaller scale.
The second technique called symbolization and it involves generalization and
abstraction; this could be accomplished by using white sand to simulate the ocean.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
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abstraction; this could be accomplished by using white sand to simulate the ocean.
Borrowed views is a technique that refers to artistic use of elements that imply scenes
other than those actually portrayed. An example of this would be a painting of a house in
the city with a seaside dock in the middle of the street to imply a seascape scene.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS
1.KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
2.TSUKIYAMA GARDENS - HILL GARDEN / STROLL GARDEN
3.CHANIWA GARDENS - TEA GARDENS
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS - KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
The rocks/gravel used
Also known as rock gardens and waterless stream gardens.
Influenced by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation
Found in the front or rear gardens at the residences.
There is no water present in these gardens. Raked gravel or sand simulates theessence of water
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The rocks/gravel usedare chosen for theirinteresting naturalshapes.
Plants in this garden areof much less importance(and sometimesnonexistent)
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYKARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
Rocks and moss symbolize ponds,
islands, boats, seas, rivers, and mountains
in an abstract way.
Gardens were meant to be viewed from a
single, seated perspective.
Rocks in Karesansui are often associated
with Mountains such as Mt. Penglai or Mt.
JAPANESE
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with Mountains such as Mt. Penglai or Mt.
Lu. Karesansui.
Stones are usually off-white or greythough the occasional red or black stone
were added later.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
RYOAN – JI TEMPLE - KYOTO
KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
Ryoanji, Peaceful Dragon Temple, founded in 1450s, is a built in a Buddhist temple.
The garden measures of 30M long X 10Mwide.
JAPANESE
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