APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPA MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK TANZANIA JASON RUBENS & SYLVESTER KAZIMOTO WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2003 EVALUATING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MPAs
Jan 29, 2016
APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPAMANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARKTANZANIA
JASON RUBENS & SYLVESTER KAZIMOTO
WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2003
EVALUATING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MPAs
MPA GOALS & OBJECTIVES
GOAL: to conserve the diversity, abundance and function of all physical and biological resources, in order that they may continue to be enjoyed and productively utilised by present and future generations.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Protect biodiversity and ecosystem processes;
2. Promote sustainable resource use;
3. Ensure local residents are involved & share benefits
4. Develop under-utilised natural resources;
5. Promote community environmental awareness-raising
6. Facilitate research and monitoring of resources
7. Conserve historic monuments & ruins
8. Facilitate development of appropriate tourism.
WHY ASSESS MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MAFIA?
3. Fulfil accountability to:
• Tanzanian Govt• Donors • Local communities • Fee-paying visitors
2. Strengthen MPA monitoring programme
1. Improve performance of the MPA
1 Focal species abundance
3 Composition & Structure of the community
8 Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch
10 Area under reduced human use/ impacts
3 Material style of life of households
5 Household occupational structure
11 Local use patterns
12 Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources
14 Community knowledge of natural history
15 Understanding of human impacts on marine resources
16 Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community
17 Income distribution by source by household
2 Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations
6 Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation
8 Amnt community training to participate in management
10 Available resources & equipment for surveillance
12 No. patrols per time period /no. infringements per patrol14 Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders
15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use
16 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N Trend in numbers of paying visitors
MPA OBJECTIVES
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resource
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
3
5
11
12
14
15
16
17
2
6
8
10
12 No. patrols per time period /no. infringements per patrol14
15
16
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N
MPA OBJECTIVES
1. CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resources
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
1 Focal species abundance
3 Composition & Structure of the community
8 Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch
10
1
3
8 Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch
10 Area under reduced human use/ impacts
3
5 Household occupational structure
11 Local use patterns
12
14
15
16
17
2
6
8
10 Available resources & equipment for surveillance
12 No. patrols per time period /no. infringements/ patrol/
14
15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use
16 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resources
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
1
3
8
10
3 Material style of life of households
5 Household occupational structure
11 Local use patterns
12
14
15
16
17 Income distribution by source by household
2 Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations
6 Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation
8 Amnt community training to participate in management
10
12
14 Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders
15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use
16 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. COMMUNITY BENEFITS
4. Under-utilised resources
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch
1
3
8
10
3
5 Household occupational structure
11 Local use patterns
12
14
15
16
17 Income distribution by source by household
2
6
8
10
12
14
15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use
16
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. UNDER-UTILISED RESOURCES
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch
1
3
8
10
3
5
11
12 Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources
14 Community knowledge of natural history
15 Understanding of human impacts on marine resources
16 Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community
17
2 Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations
6
8
10
12
14
15
16
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resources
5. RAISE AWARENESS
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
1 Focal species abundance
3 Composition & Structure of the community
8 Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch
10 Area under reduced human use/ impacts
3 Material style of life of households
5 Household occupational structure
11 Local use patterns
12 Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources
14 Community knowledge of natural history
15 Understanding of human impacts on marine resources
16 Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community
17 Income distribution by source by household
2 Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations
6 Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation
8 Amnt community training to participate in management
10 Available resources & equipment for surveillance
12 No. patrols per time period /no. infringements/ patrol/
14 Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders
15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use
16 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc
18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel)
N Trend in numbers of paying visitors
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resources
5. Raise awareness
6. RESEARCH & MONITORING
7. Historic monuments
8. Facilitate tourism
1
3
8
10
3
5
11
12
14
15
16
17
2
6
8
10
12
14
15
16
18
N
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resources
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. HISTORIC MONUMENTS
8. Facilitate tourism
1
3
8
10
3
5
11
12
14
15
16
17
2
6
8
10
12
14
15
16
18
N
MPA OBJECTIVES:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable resource use
3. Community participation
4. Under-utilised resources
5. Raise awareness
6. Research & monitoring
7. Historic monuments
8. FACILITATE TOURISM
Trend in numbers of paying visitors
Personnel No.Effort
(man/days)
MPA managers 2 150
Professional researchers 6 150
Technicians (MPA / non-MPA) 17 832
Volunteers 0 -
Village officers (paid) 15 637
MPA support staff 5 225
Local dive Instructors 2 15 mins /day
PERSONNEL EFFORT
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status report7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Main Outputs1. Benthic survey report2. Reef fish report3. Mangrove inventory4. (Turtle status report)5. (Dugong status report)
6. Household economics status7. Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes
8. Fish catch data report9. Fishing gear census10. Fisheries activity in demarcated zone
11. MIMP - community interactions12. Patrolling & enforcement report13. Community training assessment14. Resources & visitor numbers
Species with low natural abundance require very high sampling effort
Major Challenges & Lessons Learned
Many ‘focal species’ are not good measures of management effectiveness
Species that range outside of the MPA (turtles, sharks).
Species prone to impacts beyond control of MPA management (corals)
For representative sampling, be prepared to do a lot of replicates
Major Challenges & Lessons Learned
Tropical marine communities have very high spatial and temporal variability
• benthic survey• fish communities• mangroves• socio-economic studies
Essential to measure sensitivity of sampling techniques.
Major Challenges & Lessons Learned
Develop local / internalcapacity in sampling
techniques
Hiring external researchers costs a lot
Park rangers and locals can do:
• benthic transects• fish transects• mangrove plots• etc
Important that MPA staff routinely maintain
disciplined & accuratereporting / record-keeping
eg:• Patrol reports• Reports of village meetings• Training reports• Daily interaction recordsetc.
Many things can’t be measured episodically
Major Challenges & Lessons Learned
The MPA needs a permanent, dedicatedmonitoring officer
Major Challenges & Lessons Learned
• Preferably MSc level• Problem of multi-sectoral skills needed• Officer now recruited for Mafia
It took a lot of time to co-ordinate+ indicator monitoring is continuous.
APPLYING RESULTS
Data on state / trends of MPA goals
Complementary guidelines / case studies on innovative solutions to management problems etc. ?
Use results to start refining quantitative targets defining what constitutes success for given objectives.
Adaptive management review
Analysis of MPA management processes
WAS IT WORTH IT?
ME assessment was extremely worthwhile
Quantifying ‘state of play’ is highly valuable even when broad trends already
recognised(Communities, MPA staff, Govt, donors)
Especially human dimensions of MPA (participation, understanding, livelihoods)
THANKS TO:
WCPA/ WWF MEI Core Team(Lani, John, Miguel, Gonzalo, Bob, Bud, Simon et al)
IUCNWWF
Colleagues at Mafia Island Marine Park