APPLYING LCA IN INDONESIA - Home - Indonesian … LCA IN INDONESIA Challenges and Opportunities Dr. Udin Hasanudin Agroindustrial Technology Department, University of Lampung Member

APPLYING LCA IN INDONESIAChallenges and Opportunities

Dr. Udin HasanudinAgroindustrial Technology Department, University of LampungAgroindustrial Technology Department, University of Lampung

Member of Indonesian Life Cycle Assessment Network

Email: [email protected]

Workshop on development of life cycle thinking (LCT) and life cycle analysis (LCA)

to achieve sustainable development in Indonesia

JW Marriot Hotel, Jakarta – 16-17 March 2015

SocialSocialPerformancePerformance

Domestic/Regional Gap AbatementDomestic/Regional Gap AbatementFoodFood vs. Energyvs. Energy(Culture, Education, Poverty, (Culture, Education, Poverty, Peace, Human Rights …..)Peace, Human Rights …..)

Triple Bottom Lines Triple Bottom Lines for Sustainable Developmentfor Sustainable Development

Environmental Environmental PerformancePerformance

EconomicEconomicPerformancePerformance

GHG Emission GHG Emission ReductionReduction(Global & (Global & RegionalRegionalEnvironmentEnvironment………)………)by LCAby LCA

Regional Regional GDP, Energy GDP, Energy Security Security (Economic (Economic Development)Development)

2

Sagisaka et.al., 2008

Environmental Issue Toward Sustainable Society

What is LCA?

Shabbir H. Gheewala, JGSEE

Assessment Criteria ?

• Environmental Impact Global Impacts - Global Warming, Statosperic Ozon Depletion

Regional Impact - acidification, nutrient enrichment, persistent toxycity

Local Impact – Photochemical ozone formation

• Resource Consumption• Resource Consumption Raw materials entring the products: wood, plastic, metal, etc.

Resource of energy: Biomass, biogas, Oil, Coal, Natural Gas, etc.

Ancillary Substances: Solvent, acids, detergent, Flocculants, etc.

General Structure of Impact Assessment Method

To other life cycle stages

To other substances

Prevents

Advantages of LCA

To other environmental problems

To other countries

To other nature

Prevents problems shifting

APPLICATION OF LCAAPPLICATION OF LCA

LC-GHG of bioethanol production from cassava

11

Boundary of study systemContract Farmers

Non-Contract Farmers

Wet cake, Cassava peels,

Soil

Composting

12

Ethanol Factory

CO2

Thin slop

Soil

Bioethanol

Markets(Chemicals industries, biofuel etc)

Biogas plant

CO2

CO2

CO2

Power Generator

Coals

CO2

Schematic diagram of ethanol production

PreTreatmentFeed Stock Liquefaction

Slurry Mash Saccharification&

Fermentation

Cassava

Molasses

PW Steam PW

13

Distillation

WWTP

Decantation

Product

Thin Slops

Wet Cake

Treated EffluentBiogas to

Boiler

Steam

Material balance on cassava-based ethanol production (based on a ha of plantation)

14

CO2 emission from ethanol production

Process Source Unit* QuantityCO2e Emission

(kg/L Ethanol) (kg/GJ)***

Plantation Diesel fuel L/ha 13.7 0.0097 0.4596

Urea Kg/ha 192 0.0406 1.9241

NPK (15-15-15) Kg/ha 185.5 0.0173 0.8220

Herbicides Kg/ha 1.747 0.0069 0.3249

Transportation Diesel fuel L/ton 0.41

L/KL ethanol 2.658 0.0082 0.3920

Electricity

15*) every ha produces 4.394 KL ethanol **) neutral***) Low Heating Value of Ethanol = 21.1 MJ/L www.bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html)

Processing

Electricity

(Coal) MW 5.7

MWh/KL ethanol 0.760 0.7858 37.2436

CO2 M3/day 0** 0

Waste treatment CH4, flared M3/day 0** 0

CO2 M3/day 0** 0

CH4, vented M3/day 18957.9 1.5798 74.8732

CH4, utilized M3/day 18957.9 -0.1046 -4.9561

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION (SCENARIO 1, FLARED) 0.8686 41.1663

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION (SCENARIO 2, VENTED) 2.4484 116.0395

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION (SCENARIO 3, UTILIZED) 0.7640 36.2102

GHG Emission from Ethanol Production compare to Gasoline (kg CO2e/GJ)

116.04

84.80

Vented

GHG gasoline

Utilized

16(kg CO2e/GJ)

36.21

41.17

0.00 30.00 60.00 90.00 120.00 150.00

Utilized

Flared

Utilized

Flared

Vented

GHG gasoline

GHG Emission from Ethanol Production compare to Gasoline (%)

137

100

Vented

GHG gasoline

Utilized

16/02/2012 17( % )

43

49

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Utilized

Flared

Utilized

Flared

Vented

GHG gasoline

LC-GHG of Jatropha Oil Mill

18

19

ITEMS QUANTITYCOST/ UNIT

(IDR)

TOTAL (IDR)

Direct

Costs

Seed input cost 790 kg 1,000/kg 790,000

Labor cost 790 kg 1,000/kg 790,000

Fuel 27.6 L 5,000/L 138,000

Sub-Total 1,718,000

Overhead

Miscellaneous (helper, fees and local

taxes, selling and administrative)

0

TOTAL COST 1,718,000

Costs and returns in CJO production considering a maximum use of waste

20

TOTAL COST 1,718,000

TOTAL OUTPUT, L CJO 239.4 10,000 2,394,000

NET PROFIT 676,000

BY

PRODUCTJatropha peel (0.4 factor) 1264 kg 700 884,800

Biogas from jatropha cake* 275.3 m3 4200 1,156,260

Solid/sludge fertilizer 550.6 kg 630 346,878

ADDITIONAL PROFIT 2,387,938

TOTAL PROFIT (IDR/Ha) from processing 3,063,938

TOTAL PROFIT (IDR/Ha) from farming and processing 1,453,569

*) 1 m3 biogas is equivalent to 0.6 L kerosene

7.4557

10.3012

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0e/

GJ

CO2e emission from jatropha production and utilization for CJO

(5.1707)-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

Plantation Processing Waste treatment

Kg

CO

2e/

GJ

Activity

21

Profit

Sustainability indicators of jatropha production and utilization for CJO

22

D HDI D CO2

LC-GHG of Palm Oil Mill

23

• Oil mill process have the largest environmental impact in this boundary.

24

LC GHG from Palm Oil Industry

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

kgC

O2eq/

tFFB

Refinery精製工程

搾油工程

栽培工程

Oil mill

FFB production

Refinery 11.3

Oil mill 85.1

FFB production 26.7

Total 123.0

Unit：kgCO2e/tFFB

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

kgC

O2eq/

tFFB

Mainly (about 80%) from POME treatment

What the mitigation action ?What the mitigation action ?

Solid WastePOME

Waste generated from Waste generated from PPalm Oil Millalm Oil Mill

Solid Decanter

(3.5% optional)

EFB Fiber Shell Boiler Ash

20-23 % 12-13 % 5-6 % 0.5-0.6 %77-84 %

PLC= 55-65 %

WastewaterFFB

POME Treatment and UtilizationPOME Treatment and Utilization

Wastewater

GHG Emission

(CH4)

The effect of treated POME application on FFB production

Production*)

Productivity (kg of FFB /Ha)

With treated POME Without treated POME

January 805.82 697.87

February 222.51 151.22

March 222.56 182.61

April 201.56 180.00

Mei 395.68 347.83Mei 395.68 347.83

June 526.80 425.15

July 947.38 846.82

August 1159.17 1018.26

September 2161.10 2034.78

October 2835.50 2675.74

November 3679.87 3374.87

December 2202.27 1687.30

Average 15,360.21 13,622.45

*) Age of oil palm trees are 21 years

13% Higher

Methane Capture

OBJECTIVE OF

Produce renewable

energy for in-house used

Replace fossil OBJECTIVE OF

BIOGAS CAPTURE FROM POME

- Increase revenue

- Reduce carbon footprint

Replace fossil fuel for

generating steam and electricity

Reduce GHG emission

Produce electricity for

grid connection

Cover In Ground Anaerobic Reactor (CIGAR)

Palm Oil Mill 45 Ton FFB/hPalm Oil Mill 45 Ton FFB/h

30

Estimation of GHG emission potential from POME

Parameter UnitValue

Min Max

COD of fresh POME mg/l 43,375 60,400

COD of treated POME mg/l 5,500 9,000

POME production m3/ton FFB 0.55 0.65

COD removal kg/ton FFB 20.83 33.41

IPCC default value*) kg CH4/kg COD removal 0.25

CH4 production kg/ton FFB 5.21 8.35

IPCC default value*) m3 CH4/kg COD removal

0.35

CH4 production potential m3 CH4/ton FFB 7.29 11.69

GWP potential of CH4*) kg CO2e/ kg CH4 21

GWP potential kg CO2e/ton FFB 109.41 175.35

*) IPCC, 2006

Based on methane production potential, the energy production from POME is

estimated about:25.3-40.6 kWh/ton FFB.

Using this value, palm oil mill with 45 Using this value, palm oil mill with 45 ton FFB/hour or 900 ton FFB/day

capacity will has potential to generate electricity about :0.95 to 1.52 MW.

Energy Consumption in Palm Oil Mill:

17 kWh/ton FFB

Co-Composting EFB and POME

Material balance in POME-EFB co-composting

Parameter Unit Amount

FFB ton 1

Volume of POME m3 0.7

EFB ton 0.23

Water in EFB (moisture 60%) m3 0.138

Total POME utilized for composting(3 m3 of POME/ton EFB) m3 0.690

Total water evaporated Total water evaporated (Evaporation rate = 51 l/ton EFB/day *)**)) m3 0.657

Total water remaining (un-evaporated water) m3 0.171

Total weight of compost (65% of EFB) ton 0,150

Total water in compost (moisture 60%) m3 0.090

Total leachate released m3 0.081

Total un-utilized POME m3 0.010

Total wastewater released m3 0.091

% 13.06*) Schuchardt et. al., 2002**) Effective evaporation conducted for 8 weeks (56 days)

Compost Application

Carbon and Nutrients from EFB and POME are returned to the

plantation

EFB ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

EFB Digester Effluent

Daily and Cumulative Biogas Productions from dry anaerobic digestion of EFB (16 kg)

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

20

30

40

50

60

70

Cu

mm

ula

tive

Bio

gas

Pro

du

ctio

n (

L)

Dai

ly B

ioga

s P

rod

uct

ion

(L)

0

200

400

0

10

20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Cu

mm

ula

tive

Bio

gas

Pro

du

ctio

n (

L)

Dai

ly B

ioga

s P

rod

uct

ion

(L)

Day

Coupling POME anaerobic digestion and dry anaerobic co-composting at palm oil mill with 45 ton FFB/hour capacity capable to add another 0.93 MW electricity.Using this system, the palm oil industry also can produce compost and liquid fertilizer which is important to ensure the sustainability of FFB production.

Propose Sustainable POME treatment and Utilization

Biogas Purification

CHP

POME Methane Reactor

L A

Anaerobic Composting

Compost

EFB

LC-GHG of Ethanol Wastewater Industrial Treatment

39

Wastewater characteristic based onfeedstock typeWastewater characteristic based onfeedstock type

Feedstock (Wastewater) pH COD (mg/L)

40

Feedstock (Wastewater) pH COD (mg/L) Cassava (Thinslop) 4,30-4,80 28.233 Molasses (Vinasse) 4,99-5,00 105.000

COD load and COD removal (g/L.day) for thinslop and vinasse

41

Average COD value of thinslop and vinasse

42

Emission potential from thinslop and vinasse treatment at a bioethanol industry with capacity of 180 KLPDEmission potential from thinslop and vinasse treatment at a bioethanol industry with capacity of 180 KLPD

Description Unit Type of wastewater

Thinslop Vinasse Raw material (feedstock)

Cassava Molasses

Flow rate m3/day 1.300 2.053 COD input g/L 28,23 105,00 COD load kg/day 36.703 215.565 COD removal (CODr) % 84,55 74,11

kg/day 31.032 159.755 Conversion factor of CODr to CH4

d) m3 CH4/kg CODr 0,35 0,35 CH4 potential m3/day 10.861 55.914

43

CH4 potential m /day 10.861 55.914

m3/kL ethanol 60,34 310,63

CH4 consentration % 57,00 57,34 Biogas potential Nm3/day 19.055 97.582

Nm3/kL ethanol 105,86 542,12 CH4 mass rate ton/day 7,76 39,94 GWP CH4

e) 21,00 21,00 Emission potential of CH4 (BE) ton CO2e/day 162,96 838,74

ton CO2e/kL ethanol 0,91 4,66

Emission project (PE) % 10 10 Reduction emission potential (REP) ton CO2e/day 146,63 759,95 ton CO2e/kL ethanol 0,82 4,19

GHG potential emission (ton CO e/kL ethanol) from thinslop and vinasse treatmentGHG potential emission (ton CO2e/kL ethanol) from thinslop and vinasse treatment

44

GHG Emission Reduction in Bioethanol Industry

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Coal GHG Biogas GHG Total GHG

GHG e

mission p

ote

ntial

(to

n C

O2e/k

L eth

anol)

0,427 ton CO2e/kL

0,213 ton CO2e/kL0,289 ton CO2e/kL

45

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

Coal GHG Biogas GHG Total GHG

GHG e

mission p

ote

ntial

(to

n C

O

Source of GHG Emission

thinslop

vinasse

0,81 ton CO2e/kL

Challanges and OpportunitiesOpportunities

Human Resources

Sustainability AwarenessSustainability Awareness

Technical Support

INDONESIA LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Human Resources

INDONESIA LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT NETWORK

Indonesian LCA Network

• ILCAN is a voluntary initiative with the objectives to promote LCA application in Indonesia. It is a network to share information and to build capacity on LCA to interested parties in academia, government, and industry.industry.

• Programs:

- Development of websites on LCA activities in Indonesia

- Workshop/Seminar

- Short courses on LCA

- Development of LCI databases

• Establishment:

17 December 2014

• Chairman: Ir. Edi Iswanto Wiloso, MASc (LIPI)

• Vice Chairman:Dr. Novizar Nazir (U. of Andalas)

• Founding Members:

Dr. Sidharta Sahirman (U. of Jenderal Soedirman)

Ir. Soni Sisbudi Harsono, MEng, MPhil (U. of Jember)

Dr. Kiman Siregar (U. of Syiah Kuala)

• Website:http://indonesian-lca-network.org/

• Secretariat:Arief A.R. Setiawan, MEng.Research Center for Chemistry,Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Puslit Kimia – LIPI)Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Puslit Kimia – LIPI)Puspiptek, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314Telp: (21) 756-0929 Fax: (21) 756-0549Email: [email protected]

• Legal status: Akta notaris perkumpulan (in preparation)

Publications on

LCA by authors

affiliated with

institutions in

Indonesia

Web Of Science

database as per

28-2-2015

Research areas of LCA publications about Indonesia or written by authors affiliated with institutions in Indonesia

Technical Support

Development LCI DataBasedDataBasedEmission factor for Indonesian case ?

100%

Biogas 0.60tonCH4 14%(35%)CO2 26%(65%)

-Flow rate400m3/day

Pond No.1Inlet Pond No.3Pond No.2

40%

100%

Biogas 1.9ton-C/day

Biogas 0.60t-C/day

Biogas 53%

CH4 9%(67%)CO2 4%(33%)

13%

edimentation

8,000

25%100%400m /day

-COD 31,550ppm

35%Sedimentation

COD8,000ppm1.2t-C/day4.7t-C/day

25%

12%

COD ?ppm

1.5t-C/day

100%

Carbon Flow in Palm Oil Mill Lagoon

Anaerobic digestion Experiment

57

Methane Production from POME

80,0%

71,43%

EF = 0,35 m3/kg CODr

54,29%

Co-Composting of POME and EFB

Emission Factor ?

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

Emission factor m3 CH4

kg COD

EMISSION FACTOR FROM OBSERVATION

Average = 0.325

Emission factor of methane determined based on the experimentally observed data in small scale tapioca factory

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

4

kg COD

Loading rate (kg COD/m3.d)

Present research EF=0.325 m3 CH4/kg COD = 0.23 kg CH4/kg CODKamahara et al. (2010) EF=0.16-0.31 gCH4/g COD (average=0.23 kg CH4/kg COD)

Human Resources

Development of Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to Achieve Sustainable Development In Indonesia

Human Resources

Sustainability Awareness

Technical Support

Thank you for your kind Thank you for your kind attention