Appendix. List of Abbreviations Used in the Text - Springer Link

Appendix. List of Abbreviations Used in the Text

Minerals (abbreviations after Kretz 1983) ab albite acm acmite akfs alkali feldspar aIm almandine als aluminum silicate an anorthite and andalusite ap apatite aug augite bt biotite cos coesite cpx clinopyroxene cr cristobalite crd cordierite crn corundum cum cummingtonite di diopside en enstatite ep epidote grt garnet hbl hornblende hc hercynite hd hedenbergite hem hematite

Parameters

pressure water pressure temperature oxygen fugacity hydrogen fugacity water fugacity water activity partial molar volume of water mole fraction of water

ilm ilmenite jd jadeite kfs potassium feldspar ky kyanite mag magnetite mc micro cline ms muscovite opx orthopyroxene or orthoclase phI phlogopite pI plagioclase qtz quartz rt rutile sa sanidine sil sillimanite spl spinel spn sphene tr tridymite ts tschermakite tur turmaline zo zoisite

Xeo mole fraction of CO2

&180 oxygen isotopic ratio &180 = [160;180(sample) -160/180 (standard)] "1000 / [160/180 (standard)] kb, kbar 1000 bar 1 kbar 100 MPa 10 kbar 1 GPa 1 poise 1 dPa"s

Appendix 303

Components Others

Ab NaAISi30 s m melt Als Al2Si05 V vapor An CaAl2Si2Os fsc feldspar solvus crest Ms }C)\12(OlI)2AISi30,o ASI aluminum saturation index Jd NaAISi20 6 [AI203/(Na20 + K20 + CaO)] Or }C)\ISi308 in mol Qz Si02 RCMP rheological critical melt

percentage

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Permission Statement

Special acknowledgment is made below for the use of figures in this book.

Fig. 1.3 (p. 5) and Fig. 1.4 (p. 6) Reprinted from Streckeisen (1976) Earth Science Reviews 12: 1-33 with kind permission from Elsevier Science BY., Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 1.6 (p. 11) Reprinted from Schenk (1990) The Exposed Crustal Cross Section of South­ern Calabria, Italy: Structure and Evolution of a Segment of Hercynian Crust. In: Exposed Cross-Sections of the Continental Crust. pp 21-42 with kind permission from Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Fig. 1.8 (p. 14) Reprinted from Fort et al. (1987) Tectonophysics 134:39-57 with kind per­mission from Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 2.2 (p. 22) Reprinted from Morse (1977) J Petrology 11:221-252 with kind permission from Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Fig. 2.16 (p.41) Reprinted from Luth et al. (1964) J Geophys Research 69:759-773 with kind permission from American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA

Fig. 3.6 (p. 65) Reprinted from Holtz et al. (1992) Chemical Geology 96:289-302 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 3.45 (p. 114) and Fig. 3.48 (p. 119) Reprinted from Holtz and Johannes (1994) Lithos 32:149-159 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 4.2 (p. 129), Fig. 4.3 (p. 130) and Fig. 4.5 (p. 133) Reprinted from Holtz, Johannes and Pichavant (1992) Peraluminous Granites: The Effect of Alumina on Melt Composition and Coexisting Minerals. In: Trans R Soc Edinburgh Earth Science 83:409-416 with kind per­mission from the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Fig. 4.9 (p.139) Reprinted from Pichavant et al. (1992) Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56: 3855 - 3861 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington OX5 1 GB, UK

Fig. 4.10 (p. 140) Reprinted from Bea et al. (1992) Lithos 29:43-56 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 4.11 (p. 143) Reprinted from Montel (1993) Chemical Geology 110:127 -146 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 4.31 (p. 176) Reprinted from Harris and Massey (1994) Tectonics 13:1537 -1546 with kind permission from American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA

Fig. 4.32 (p. 178) and Fig. 4.33 (p. 180) Reprinted from Scaillet et al. (1990) J Vole Geotherm Research 44: 163 -188 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Fig. 5.6 (p.199) Reprinted from Holtz, Johannes and Pichavant (1992) Peraluminous Granites: The Effect of Alumina on Melt Composition and Coexisting Minerals. In: Trans R Soc Edinburgh Earth Science 83:409-416 with kind permission from the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

330 Permission Statement

Fig. 6.11 (p. 220) Reprinted from Rutter and Wyllie (1988) Nature 331: 159 - 160 with kind permission from Nature, Macmillan Magazines Ltd, London, UK

Fig. 6.12 (p. 222) Reprinted from Skjerlie and Johnston (1993) J Petrology 34:785 -815 with kind permission from Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Fig. 8.2 (p. 249) Reprinted from Stern and Wyllie (1981) J Geophys Research 86: 10412-10422 with kind permission from American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA

Fig. 8.6 (p. 255) and Fig. 8.7 (p. 256) Reprinted from Holtz and Johannes (1991) J Petrology 32:935 -958 with kind permission from Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Fig. 8.8 (p.258) and Fig. 8.9 (p.259) Reprinted from Conrad et al. (1988) J Petrology 29:765 - 803 with kind permission from Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Fig. 8.10 (p. 262) Reprinted from Johnson and Rutherford (1989) J Petrology 30:711-737 with kind permission from Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Fig. 9.8 (p.279) Reprinted from Clemens and Vielzeuf (1987) Earth Planet Sci Letter 86: 287 - 306 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Nether­lands

Fig. 9.10 (p.284) and Fig. 9.11 (pp.290, 291) Reprinted from Wyllie and Wolf (1993). In: Pritchard, Alabaster, Harris, Neary (eds) Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics. Spec Publication No 76, pp 405 -416 with kind permission from Geological Society Publishing House, Bath, UK

Subject Index

Adiabatic ascent 101-102,114-115, 120-123

Alkali feldspars 22-25, 28, 32, 40, 118, 240,269 stability field in granites 170-171,

182 Aluminum 55,73, 127, 134, 136-137,

140-141, 145-146, 186, 196, 198,201, 206,215,277-278 content of peraluminous melts 8,

134-135, 170, 182-183 effect on granitic melt composi­

tions 132 -135, 198 - 201 Amphibole 194-195,201,219,224,

245, 247, 252, 254, 257, 259-261, 264, 276-279,297-302 dehydration melting 282-285,

291-294 stability 191-192,220,223,226-227,

258 Amphibolite 9-10, 14-15, 201,

225-227,282-285,289-301 Andalusite 134-135, 166, 267 Andesite, andesitic 84, 101-102,

223-224,254,282-283,288, Apatite 138-142, 144, 146-147, 185,

198, 290 Archean rocks 225 - 228, 283 - 284, 298 Ascending magmas 105, 114-126, 177,

185 crystallization 114, 118 - 120,

183 -185 constant crystal/melt ratio 114 -118 decompression melting 120-123

Basalt, basaltic 72, 84, 105, 140, 215, 221,223-226,244,247-248,254, 282 - 284, 298 solidus 247 - 248

Beginning of melting, see solidus Biotite 11,16-17,57,123,140,

166-167, 170, 172, 176, 180-183, 185, 191-192,194-195,197-201,219, 232 - 233, 242, 245 - 246, 248, 257, 264, 275-276, 282-284, 297

dehydration melting 16 - 17, 168, 196-198,270-275,277-281

stability 181-183, 192, 220-223, 226, 249-254, 258-259

Biotite granite 140, 168, 248-251, 275 Biotite-muscovite granite 179 Bishop (Bishop Tuff), USA 47 -48 Bohus, Norway/Sweden 251- 253 Boron

phase relations in B-bearing melts 155-159

content in granitic melts 160 - 162, 170, 178

Calabria, Italy 9 - 11 Carbon dioxide, see phase relations (H20-

CO2) mixtures Clinopyroxene 195, 219, 224, 257 - 258,

283,285-291,299-300 stability 219, 220, 223, 226-227, 258,

274,291 Compositions

chemical compositions of granites to tonalites 8, 170,216-217

eutectic, cotectic and minimum melt compositions of:

system Qz-Ab 30-31 system Qz-Or 30 - 31 system Ab-Or 22-23, 31 system Qz-Ab-Or 20-21,23-25,27,

42-49,70 system Qz-Ab-An 212-213 system Qz-Ab-Or-An 236-237 peraluminous synthetic systems 128,

130-133,214 F-, B-, Li-bearing systems 148-149,

157-158, 165 modal compositions of granites to

tonalites 48, 174, 180,293-296 partial melts of natural protoliths amphibolites 286 - 290, 292 - 294,

297-298 leucogranites 170, 172, 183 metagreywacke 245, 254-256 rhyodacites 260 - 262

332

Compositions (cont.) tonalites 224

Continental crust composition 1,9-13,225,

299-302 profile 3, 10, 301

Cordierite 194, 198-200, 246, 255, 277, 280,282 stability 192, 281

Cotectic compositions, see compositions Crystal fractionation 18, 47, 70, 118,

123-125, 162, 183,224,228 Crystallization path, see ascending

magmas Crystallization sequence 170-171,

181-183,252 from phase relations of natural

plutonic rocks 171, 181, 182, 192, 238, 239, 251, 254, 258

Dacite, dacitic 106-107, 109, i91: 196-197,224,257-258,260

Decompression melting 100 -1 01, 120-123, 185

Degree of melting, system Qz-Ab-Or 23-25, 52-53,

55-57 biotite granite 253 - 254 dehydration melting 270, 272,

278-280 metagreywacke 255 metapelite 222 tonalites 219-222

Dehydration melting 11, 15, 57, 168, 198, 219-221, 253 definition 264 - 266 muscovite-bearing rocks 266-270 biotite-bearing rocks 271-274,

277-281 amphibole-bearing rocks 282-285,

291 Density 102-105,125,151-152,155,

160, 163, 177 Depolymerization 71, 84, 89, 137, 141,

154 Diapirism 105, 125 Diffusion

In melts cations 106-109, 146 water 109-112 mechanisms 112 In crystals 240-243

Dikes ("feeder dikes") 14, 105, 125-126, 177, 179, 184-185

Dinkey Lakes, Sierra Nevada, USA 248-249

Subject Index

Eclogite 14-15, 225 -227, 298 Enstatite, see orthopyroxene Epidote 225 - 227 Eutectic compositions, see compositions Fe, see iron

Fe/Mg ratio (in melts) 188, 197, 200-201

Fluid composition 1, 14-15,32-33,

36-37, 41-42, 44, 59, 69, 83, 130, 148, 154-155, 161, 175,260

in the crust 14 Fluorine 147-155

phase relations in F-bearing melts 147 content in granitic melts 153, 170, 280

Gabbro, gabbroic 2, 10, 222-224, 247, 263,276

Gangotri leucogranite 176 -186 Garnet 16-17,194, 196, 198-201,224,

242,251,272,277-280,282,285,300, 302 stability 191,219-227,257-260,273,

281, 291 Geothermal gradient 275 Geothermometer 145, 242-243, 261 Glass inclusions 83 Granite (or volcanic equivalent)

A-type 6-8, 253 I-type 5-9, 253-254, 282, 299 S-type 5-9, 83, 278-282, 299 M-type 7-8 metaluminous 6-7,225,238,

251-254, 260-263 peraluminous 6-7, 166-187, 252

Granodiorite 2, 9, 202, 225, 238, 253-254,260-261,300-302

Granulite 9-11,242,246,275,280, 283-285, 299-301

Greywacke (metagreywacke) 2, 15, 166, 201,231,245,257-259,270,280-281, 299,301

Haplogranite 1, 18-126, 138, 148, 154, 156, 160, 165, 174, 188, 198, 229, 231, 234, 248, 253, 261, 269, 271, 274

Haplogranodiorite 1, 188, 229 system 232 - 243 Harker and X-CaO diagrams 140, 169,

178 Harney Peak granite, South Dakota,

USA 54-55, 166-176,252 Hercynian Iberian granites, Spain, 140,

254-256 High Himalayan granites 14, 176-186

Subject Index

Hornblende, see amphibole Hydroxyl groups 72-83, 89

Ilmenite 5, 196, 260, 290, 296, Intrusive rocks

distribution in the crust 2, 301 detailed description 166-167, 176-177 composition, see compositions

Iron content of granitic melts 170,188, 195-201,

256 of tonalitic melts 286-290, 298 Fe2 + /Fe3 + ratio of melts 7 - 8,

195 -197 Ivrea zone, Italy 9-13

Jadeite 20-21, 26, 28, 33, 248-249, 273

Kinetics of crystal growth/dissolution in

melts 112-113,146,172 of plagioclase melting, see plagioclase

Kyanite 54, 202-203, 219-220, 223, 230, 249, 278, 280

Leucogranites general 13-14,83, 132 detailed studies 162, 166 - 187

Leucosome 16 -17, 22, 145, 213 Liquidus curves in P-T diagram

definition 49 muscovite granite 54-55 system Qz-Ab-Or 49 - 54 trondhjemite 227

Liquidus phase relations experimental technique 18 -19, 41 - 42 system Qz-Ab-Or 38-45,70-71 system Qz-Ab-An(-vapor) 208, 210 system Qz-Ab-Or-An(-vapor) 234-235 peraluminous synthetic systems 127,

130, 214 P-, F-, B-, Li-bearing

systems 137 -138, 147 -150, 156-158,

164-165 Lithium 164-165

content in granitic melts 170

Magma chamber chemical processes 47-48,112-113,

145-147,260-261 physical processes 100 -1 01, 105

Magmatic underplating 9, 16, 298 Magnesium content

of granitic melts 170, 188, 193-201, 256

of tonalitic melts 286-290, 298 Magnetite 5, 195, 199, 220-221, 240,

251-252, 260-261, 280

333

Manaslu leucogranite 162, 170, 176-186 Mantel 3-4,8-10, 13-15,221,

248-249, 252, 298-299 Melt composition, see composition Melt fraction

in ascending magmas 114-126, 184 see also partial melting

Metagreywacke, see Greywacke Metapelite, see pelite Metasomatism 18, 298 Migmatite 15, 17,22-23, 145,203,

213-214, 219, 242-243, 270, 280 Mg, see magnesium Minimum melt composition, see composi-

tions Modal compositions, see compositions Moho 4, 9 - 10, 299 Molecular water (H20) 71-83,89,94,

102, 104, 111 - 112 Monazite 142-145, 147 Mount St. Helens (USA) 191, 196-197,

260 Mullite 129-136, 206-207, 214-215 Muscovite 16, 54, 123, 129, 164, 168,

171-173,177,179,182-183,186, 192-193,230-231,244-245, 251-254, 257, 264, 266-273, 276-278, 280 dehydration melting 266-270, 271 stability 171, 181-182, 192-193,

230-231, 266-270 Muscovite granite 27, 54, 132, 162,

166-176, 222, 244, 252, 276 Muscovite-biotite granite 179

Normative compositions of natural rocks 48, 174, 180,214,255, 293-294

Nfik gneiss 225 - 228

Orthogneiss 2, 9, 146 Orthopyroxene 193, 195, 197, 198 - 200,

257, 260, 277 - 290 stability 192, 221, 226, 258-259,

271-274,280-285 Oxygen fugacity

experimental technique 189 -190, 227 effect on phase relations 185 -186 effect on melt composition 195 -198,

201 in magma chamber 200-201,

260-261 Oxygen isotopic ratios 167 -169, 179

334

Partial molar volume of water 76, 82, 102-105

Partition coefficient melt/fluid 154, 160-161

Parent rock, see protolith Pelite, metapelite 2, 9, 11, 13, 15, 198,

221 - 222, 245 - 246, 266, 270, 277 - 282 Peraluminous systems

phase relations 127 -135, 168 -173, 179-183, 190-192,206-207

peraluminous melt composi-tions 132-133, 135-136, 170, 182-183, 198-201, 255 -256

Peralkaline 6-7, 106, 127, 137, 141 Peristerites 240 - 241 Petrogenetic grid 277 Phase relations

Synthetic systems H20-saturated 19-32, 38-41,

127 -130, 137 -138, 147 -149, 155-158, 164-165,238-239,267

H20-undersaturated (H20 - CO2 mix-tures) 32-38, 41-47, 130-132, 157-158

H20-undersaturated (fluid-ab-sent) 238 - 239

Natural rocks (H20-saturated and -undersaturated)

H20 as added fluid 171-172, 220, 225-227, 249, 251

H20 - CO2 mixtures as added fluid 181-182,190-192,256-260

no fluid added 220 Phlogopite 193 -195, 198 - 200,

233-234, 270-274 Phosphorus

Phase relations in P-bearing melts 137-138

content in granitic melts 138 -142, 146-147

Plagioclase 4-5, 11, 18,54, 146, 166, 170, 183-184, 191, 202ff. melting kinetics 204-209, 232-234 subsolidus reactions and

kinetics 202-203, 240 composition in rocks 183,215-218,

236 Ab/An fractionation 205-213,

234-236, Plutonic rocks (classification) 5 Polymerization 84, 155 Protolith 5, 10, 15-16,23,49,70, 123,

154, 168, 173, 179, 186, 200, 202, 212, 221, 228-300

Pyroxene, see orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene

Subject Index

RCMP 23-25,97,115, 119 REE 7, 138, 142-147,225,283,298,

300 Rheology, see viscosity

Segregation 9, 13, 18, 23, 58, 70, 83, 101, 145, 205, 212, 216, 218, 221, 246, 255, 281-282, 285

Sillimanite 11,54, 127-128, 132, 135, 166,214,267-269,272-273, 277-278,280

Solidus experimental technique 18 -19 natural systems 247 - 248 system Qz 27 - 28, 33 - 34 system Ab 27-28,32-33 system Or 27 - 28 system Ab-Or 22-23, 31 system Qz-Ab 27 - 30 system Qz-Or 27-30, 34-35 system Qz-Ab-Or 19-21, 25-28,

35-38, 49-50 system Qz-Ab-An 202 - 204 system Qz-Ab-Or-An 229-231 peraluminous synthetic

systems 127-128, 133-134 F- and B-bearing systems 147 -149,

155-156 Solidus for dehydration melting

quartz-muscovite 267 - 268 biotite-bearing assemblages 270-275 amphibole-bearing

assemblages 282-285, 291 Spectroscopy 59,74-81,83,94,112,151 Strontium isotopic ratios 6-7, 179, 187

Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 257-261

Thermodynamic models for properties of hydrous melts 39, 43, 48, 72-74

Tibetan slab 14 Titanium

Ti 163,177-178, 182,201 Ti02 8,168-170,216,286-290,

296-297 in leucogranites 168 - 170, 177 - 178

Tonalite 2,9-10,202,215,218-219, 225-228,247,275,278,283-285, 293-295,298-301 system Qz-Ab-An 202-215 phase relations 210-214, 220-227,

256-258 natural rock compositions 216-217

Thnalite-Trondhjemites-Granodiorite (TTG) 225-227,283-285,292-293, 298-301

Subject Index

Tourmaline 1, 156, 160-164, 166, 168, 170,172,177-179,181-183,185,187 stability 160 -163, 182, 183

Tourmaline granite 168, 177 - 178, 182, 187

Trondhjemite 216,218,222,225-228, 283 - 285, 288, 291- 295, 298, 301

Tuff Bishop Tuff 47-48 Fish Canyon 260 - 262

Turku area 16-17

Viscosity Melts system Qz-Ab-Or 90-95, 99-101,

116-126 subsystems Qz, Ab, Or 84 - 90, 92, 99 natural melt compositions 84, 99, 184 AI-rich, P-, F- and B-bearing

melts 137, 151-153, 160 Magmas model systems 96 - 99 system Qz-Ab-Or 116-126

Volatiles (except CO2 and H20) 32, 147-155,155-164,247

Volcanic rocks as experimental starting materials 191,195-197,246-248, 257-261,278

Water content of granitic melts

335

minimum water contents 49-54, 269, 272

natural examples 172, 183 - 184, 252-253, 255, 261

Water solubility definition 49 experimental technique 58-59 system Qz-Ab-Or 21, 49 - 50, 61 - 71 ,

73 subsystems Ab, Or, Qz-Ab, Qz-Or, Ab­

Or 60-62, 68, 74 peraluminous melts 135 -137 P-, F-, B-, Li-bearing melts 138,

149-151, 159, 165 in natural rocks 244, see phase rela­

tions Water speciation 71-83, 102

Zircon 144-146, 185, 198 Zoisite 202-203, 230-231, 274