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H:\Projects\Em-260\08000 PROJECTS\08916 A2 Resources - a dynamic view\Final Report\FinalReport PDF Appendices.doc

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Appendix AGlossary

6EAP Sixth Community Environment Action Programme

AC10 The ten countries acceding to the EU in May 2004.

AC13 The 13 accession countries i.e. the ten acceding countries plus the threecandidate countries Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.

ACRA Aluminium Can Recycling Association

Alupro Aluminium Packaging Recycling Association

AP Acidification potential

BAT Best Available Technique

BAU ‘Business as usual’

BGS British Geological Survey

BRE Building Research Establishment

BREF BAT Reference

CCL Climate Change Levy

CEI-Bois European Confederation of Woodworking Industries

CEPI Confederation of European Paper Industries

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon

CHP Combined heat and power, or cogeneration

CNG Compressed natural gas

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CWPB Centre worked pre-bake (cells or technology)

DETR Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

DG ENTR European Commission - DG Enterprise

DG TREN European Commission - DG Transport and Energy

DMC Domestic Material Consumption

DMI Direct Material Input

EAA European Aluminium Association

ECF Elemental Chlorine Free

EDIP Environmental Design of Industrial Products

EFICS European Forestry Information and Communication System

EIPPCB European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau

ELV End of Life Vehicles

EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

EMS Environmental management system


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ENDS Environmental Data Services

EOL End of Life

EP Eutrophication potential

ETD Emissions Trading Directive

EU ETS EU Emissions Trading Scheme

EU15 The 15 countries of the European Union

EU25 The 25 countries that will be members of the EU from May 2004

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

FAOSTAT FAOSTAT is an on-line multilingual database of FAO

FEBO Federation Europeenne du Negoce de Bois

FEFCO European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers

FPs Forest Products

FSC Forest Stewardship Council

GDA Gesamtverbrand der Aluminiumindustrie (German Aluminium Association)

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse gas

GWP Global Warming Potential

IAI International Aluminium Institute

IIED International Institute for Environment and Development

IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

IPPR Institute for Public Policy Research

IPTS Institute for Prospective Technological Studies

LCA Life cycle analysis/assessment

LCI Life cycle inventory

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas

MFA Material flow analysis

MMSD Minerals, Mining and Sustainable Development

MSW Municipal solid waste

mte million tonnes

NAI Net annual increment

NOx Oxides of nitrogen

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCR Post-consumer-recycle

PFC Perfluorocarbons (tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6))


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POCP Photochemical oxidant/ozone creation potential

RD Non-renewable resource depletion

RES Renewable Energy Source

RM Raw material

SOx Oxides of sulphur

TCF Totally Chlorine Free

te tonnes

TMC Total Material Consumption

TMP Thermomechanical pulp

TMR Total Material Requirement

UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

UNFAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USGS United States Geological Survey

VOCs Volatile organic compounds

WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development


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Appendix BBibliography and References

Albert Adriaanse, Stefan Bringezu, Allen Hammond, Yuichi Moriguchi, Eric Rodenburg, Donald Rogich,Helmut Schütz, 1997, Resource flows: The material basis of industrial economies, World ResourcesInstitute.

The Aluminium Federation (ALFED), 2002, The UK Aluminium Industry: Progress onSustainability.

The Aluminium Association, 2003, www.alufoil.org .

Anderson, J., Edwards, S., Mundy, J. and Bonfield, P, 2002, Life cycle impacts of timber: a review ofthe environmental impacts of wood products in construction, BRE (Building Research Establishment)Digest. no. 470 www.bre.co.uk .

Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., Jansson, B-O., Levin, S.,Mäler, K-G., Perrings, C., and Pimentel, D., 1995, Economic growth, carrying capacity and theenvironment, Science v. 268, p. 520-521.

Assurre, 2003, Paper and Board Manufacturing and Recycling,http://www.assurre.org/downloads/archive/f9225e74-12d3-4088-b307-15ffc50dc933.pdf .

Ayres, R., 2000, Resources, Scarcity, Growth and the Environment, INSEAD Working Paper2000/31.

Axel Springer Verlag AG, Stora & Canfor, 1998, A Life Cycle Assessment of the production of a dailynewspaper and a weekly magazine: short version of the study, INFRAS.

Balestrini, A., and Levizzari, A., 1997, ‘An Application of Life Cycle Analysis on the Electric Car’,Proceedings of the 1997 Total Life Cycle Conference - Life Cycle Management and Assessment(Part I), Society of Automotive Engineers.

Bass, S and Hearne, R., 1997, Private Sector Forestry: A Review of Instruments for EnsuringSustainability, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.

Bell, S. and McGillivray, D., 2002, Environmental Law, 5th Edition. Blackstone, London. 726 pp.

Biffa, 2002, Future Perfect: an Analysis of Britain’s Waste Production and Disposal Account, withImplication for Industry and Government for the next Twenty Years.

Bomersheim, 2001, Increasing European furniture imports reveal industry changes,www.fas.usda.gov/ffpd/wood-circulars/sept2001/EU~Framework.pdf .

BRE, 2002, Life cycle impacts of timber: A review of the environmental impacts of wood productsin construction, Digest 470.

British Geological Survey, 2002, World Mineral Statistics 1996-2000 Europe, DTI MineralsProgramme Publication No. 11.

Business and Environmentalists Allied for Recycling (BEAR), 2002, Understanding BeverageContainer Recycling: A value chain assessment prepared for the Multi-Stakeholder RecoveryProject, January 16, 2002, http://www.globalgreen.org/BEAR/Projects/.


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Cabinet Office, 2001, Resource Productivity: Making More with Less, Performance and InnovationUnit, UK Cabinet Office.

CEPI, 2001/2, Strategy on recycling: the paper industry’s point of view.

CEPI, 2002a, Annual Report 2002, www.cepi.org.

CEPI, 2002b, Environmental Report 2002 - Working Towards more Sustainability.

CEPI, 2002, Executive Summary of the SAVE Study.

CEPI, 2003, A Partnership for European Forests, A CEPI study on future wood availability,http://www.cepi.org/files/WoodAvail-120627A.pdf .

CEPI, 2003b, The European Pulp and Paper Industry’s Views and Action Plan on Climate Change.

CML, October 1992, Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Products - Background, Leiden,Netherlands.

CML, April 2003, (Ester van der Voet, Lauran van Oers, Igor Nikolic), Weighting materials: not just amatter of weight - Development and application of a methodology to rank materials based on theirenvironmental impacts (unpublished draft final report), Leiden.

Collins. L, Dent. J B, Gundry. S, LCA and eco-labelling: a comparative approach in the EC forestproducts industry, Economic and Social Research Council, Shelfmark: 3739.0604.

Container Recycling Institute (CRI), 1997, Extended Producer Responsibility: A primer, Presented onNovember 19, 1997 at the Take it Back! ’97 Producer Responsibility Forum, http://www.container-recycling.org/.

COWI, 2002, Analysis of Selected Concepts on Resource Management, A Study to Support theDevelopment of a Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Resources, European Commission,DG Environment.

CRU International, November 2001, Development of the Minerals Cycle and the Need for Minerals,for the MMSD project of IIED.

Daly, H.E., 2002, Sustainable Development: Definition, Principles, Policies, Invited Address, WorldBank.

Daniel, P., 1992, Economic policy in mineral-exporting countries: what have we learned? In Tilton, JE (ed) Mineral Wealth and Economic Development, Resources for the Future, Washington D.C.

Danish EPA, 2001, Paper on environmental impact of packaging materials.

Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. and Wheeler, D., 2002, Confronting the environmental Kuznetscurve, Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 16, p 147-168.

de Bruyn, Sander, Vroonhof, Jan, Potjer, Berend, Schwencke, Anne, van Soest Jan Paul, 2003,Measuring less, Knowing more - The use of indicators in dematerialisation policy, CE, Delft, (reportfor Dutch Ministry of Housing). (see proposal 11223-00, London em260, CR12/8).

Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR, now DEFRA) (2000), Are you doingyour bit? Development of the UK’s campaign to stimulate public action to protect the environment(March 1998 – October 2000), Presented at an OECD workshophttp://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,2340,en_2649_34289_2397411_1_1_1_37465,00.html.

DEFRA, 2003, Sustainable Consumption and Production Indicators, Joint Defra/DTI consultationpaper on a set of ‘decoupling’ indicators of sustainable development. Available from the Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs, www.defra.gov.uk.


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Doering, Don S. et al, 2002, Tomorrow’s markets: Global trends and their implications for business,World Resources Institute.

Duraiappah, A., 1996. Poverty and Environmental Degradation: a Literature Review and Analysis,CREED Working Paper Series No 8, International Institute for Environment and Development and theInstitute for Environmental Studies. Available from www.iied.org.

EAA, 2002, Market Report.

EAA, 2003a, Aluminium in the Automotive Industry, www.eaa.net .

EAA, 2003b, Building the Future, Recycling of Aluminium Building Products,www.eaa.net/visuals/downloads/building_future.pdf .

EAA, 2003c, Environmental benefits of aluminium for European articulated trucks.

EAA, 2003d, Statistics: Short Market Outlook, www.eaa.net.

Eggert, R., 2002, Mining and Economic Sustainability: National Economies and Local Communities.Paper prepared for MMSD.

Ekvall, T., 1997, Guidelines for Pulp and Paper LCA, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,Vol. 2, No. 3 .

The ENDS Report, December 2002, Indicators but no targets for aluminium sustainability strategy.

Entec UK Ltd. and Ecobalance UK, September 2000, Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride andAlternatives, UK Department of Environment, Transport and Regionswww.defra.gov.uk/environment/consult/pvc/.

Environment Agency, April 2003, The Benefits of Greener Business, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/105385/benefits_of_green_business1.pdf.

Eriksson, H. (2003) Use of wood and wood products in the light of the climate change discussion.Section III. Seminar on Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood. Poiana Brasov, Romania, 24-27 March2003. http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/sem-1/EN/r26en.doc.

Erskine, C., and L. Collins, 1996, Eco-labelling in the EU: A Comparative Study of the Pulp andPaper Industry in the UK and Sweden, European Environment, Vol 6 .

Esser, P., P. Eggels, and A. Voss, 2001, A Consistent Approach to Final Waste Management of WoodProducts in LCA, Mid-term seminar, Life cycle assessment on forestry and forest products, Office forOfficial Publications of the European Communities.

EPF (European Panel Federation), 2002, Annual Report 2001-2002. Presented to the General Assemblyin Naples, Italy on 27 June 2002.

European Commission, DG Environment, 2002, Resource use in European Countries - An estimate ofmaterials and waste streams in the Community, including imports and exports using theinstrument of material flow analysis (Study Zero).

European Commission, DG Environment, March 2003, Public Private Interface (Study One), inceptionreport revised (unpublished).

European Commission, DG Environment, June 0203, External Environmental Effects related to theLife-Cycle of Products and Services (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ ipp/studiesevents.htm).

European Commission, 2003, Forest based industries,http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/forest_based/tradeflows_en.html#5.


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European Commission, DG Enterprise, 2002, Competitiveness Report 2002, Chapter V, Sustainabledevelopment in the EU manufacturing industry.

European Commission, DG Research, 2002, World Energy, Technology and Climate Policy Outlook2030 (WETO).

European Commission, EIPPCB, December 2001, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Non Ferrous Metals Industries,http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm .

European Commission, EIPPCB, December 2001b, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Pulp and Paper Industry,http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm .

European Commission, 2001c, Study on the Economic and Environmental Implications of the Use ofEnvironmental Taxes and Charges in the European Union and its Member States. Final Report.Section 15 – the UK Landfill Tax.http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/enveco/taxation/xsum_table_of_content.pdf.

European Commission, Official Journal, C 154 E, 29.5.2001, p218, Proposal for a Decision of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council Laying down the Community Environment ActionProgramme 2001-2010, COM/2001/0031 final - COD 2001/0029.

European Commission, Official Journal, L 242, 10.9.2002, Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 22 July 2002 laying down the Sixth Community EnvironmentAction Programme.

European Commission, May 2003, Communication from the Commission to the Council and theEuropean Parliament, Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), Proposal for anEU Action Plan (COM (2003) 251 final).

European Forest Institute, 1999, Forest Certification and the WTO, Discussion paper7, 1999. JanKlabbers. http://www.efi.fi/publications/Discussion_Papers/7.html.

European Forestry and Forest-Based Industries, August 2002, Sustainable Use of Natural Resourcesalong the Life-Cycle of Wood-Based Products, Joint contribution to the Thematic Strategy on‘Sustainable Use of Resources’ (FOR/068/02) (+ accompanying presentation).

European Environment Agency (EEA), 1999, Material Flow-based Indicators in EnvironmentalReporting.

European Environment Agency (EEA), 1999b, Environment in the European Union at the turn of thecentury, Environmental assessment report No 2.

European Environment Agency (EEA), 2002, Environmental signals 2002 - Benchmarking themillennium.

European Environment Agency (EEA), 200?, State and Outlook Report ‘Environment in theEuropean Union at the turn of the century’.

European Environment Agency (EEA), 2001a, Total material requirement of the European Union,Technical Report 55.

European Environment Agency (EEA), 2001b, Total material requirement of the European UnionTechnical part, Technical Report 56.

European Environment Agency (EEA), May 2003, Europe’s environment: the third assessment (‘theKiev Report’).


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European Topic Centre for Waste and Material Flows (ETC/WMF), January 2003, Datasheet onMaterial Flows prepared for the Kiev report.

EUROPEN, 2002, Use of Life Cycle assessment in Policy Making in the Context of Directive94/62/EC (Packaging and Packaging Waste) European Commission.

Eurostat, 2001, Material use indicators for the European Union, 1980-1997 (prepared by S. Bringezuand H. Schütz from Wuppertal Institute), Eurostat Working Paper 2/2001/B/2, Luxembourg.

Eurostat, 2001b, Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators - A methodologicalguide, Luxembourg.

Eurostat, 2002, Material use in the European Union 1980-2000, Indicators and Analysis (prepared byIFF/Austria), Working Papers and Studies Series, Luxembourg.http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/Public/datashop/print-catalogue/EN?catalogue=Eurostat&theme=2-Economy%20and%20Finance&product=KS-AO-02-005-__-N-EN .

FAO, 2002, Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes.

FAO, 2002, Timber Bulletin 2002, Forest Products Statistics 1997-2001.

FAO, 2003, Forestry http://www.fao.org/forestry/index.jsp .

FAO, FAOSTAT Database,www.fao.org/forestry/include/frames/english.asp?section=http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=forestry.

FEFCO, 2000, European Database for Corrugated Board Life Cycle Studies www.fefco.org .

Friends of the Earth, 2000, The UK timber industry and its impact on the World’s forestswww.foe.org .

Fruhwald, A., 1997, LCA of Particleboard Products, Rapport- Institutet for Trateknisk Forskning, 4thConference of the Eurowood symposium.

FERN (Forests and the European Union Resource Network), 2003, Eco-labelling, forest certification andthe WTO, July 2003, http://www.fern.org/pubs/briefs/WTOecolabel3.pdf.

GDA (German Aluminium Association) (Ed), 1999, Aluminium in the Building and ConstructionIndustry: Ecological and Sustainable GDA Position Paper.

Glover, J., 2001, Which is Better? Steel, Concrete or Wood: A Comparison of Assessments OnThree Building Materials In the Housing Sector, University of Sydney Fourth Year Thesis.

Greenpeace, 2003, Partners in crime: A Greenpeace investigation of the links between the UK andIndonesia’s timber barons, Available from Greenpeace or www.saveordelete.com .

Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B., 1991, Environmental impacts of a North American Free TradeAgreement, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914.

Hawken, P, Lovins, A, and Lovins, L, 1999, Natural Capitalism, the Nest Industrial Revolution,Earthscan, London.

Hitchens, D., F. Farrell, J. Lindblom and U. Triebswetter, 2001, The Impact of Best AvailableTechnology (BAT) on the Competitiveness of European Industry, Institute of ProspectiveTechnological Studies, Joint Research Centre, European Commission,europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/environment/reports_studies/studies/bat.pdf.


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Holmijoki, O., and A. Paloviita, 2001, Total Value of Wood-Based Products - Combined LCA andInput-Output Analysis, Mid-term seminar, Life cycle assessment on forestry and forest products, Officefor Official Publications of the European Communities.

IAI (International Aluminium Institute), 2000a, Aluminium Recycling. General information.http://www.world-aluminium.org/production/recycling/index.html.

IAI (International Aluminium Institute), 2000b, Report, Paper 1 Automotive, http://www.world-aluminium.org/.

IAI (International Aluminium Institute), 2003, various, http://www.world-aluminium.org .

IIED and WBCSD, 2002, Breaking New Ground Minerals, Mining and Sustainable Development.

INCPEN, 1995, Packaging Reduction - Doing more with less.

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies – Forest Conservation (IGES-FC), 2001, InternalWorkshop. Tokyo, Japan. 2 June 2001. http://host-3.iges.or.jp/en/fc/index.html.

Institution of Chemical Engineers, 200?, The Sustainability Metrics.

IPTS, October 2002, Assessing the Environmental Potential of Clean Material Technologies,European Commission Joint Research Centre, ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/EURdoc/eur20515en.pdf .

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2001, Third Assessment report (TER)http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/.

Jeroen B. Guinee, 1995, A proposal for the definition of resource equivalency factors for use inproduct Life-Cycle Assessment in Development of a methodology for the environmental life -cycleassessment of products (thesis), CML, Leiden, Netherlands.

Jungmeier, G., McDarby, F., Evald, A., Hohenthal, C., Petersen, A.K., Schwaiger, H., and Zimmer, B.,Energy Aspects in LCA of Forest Products - Guidelines from Cost Action E9, Institute of EnergyResearch, Austria.

Jungmeier, G., Werner, F., Jarnehammar, A., Hohenthal, C., and Richter, K., 2002, Allocation in LCA ofWood-based Products - Experiences of Cost Action E9 - Part I: Methodology.

Kangas, K and Baudin, A, 2003, Outlook on Forest Products Markets in Europe, Draft WorkingPaper, UNECE/FAO.

Karjalainen, T., Zimer, B., Berg, S., Weling, J., Schwaiger, H., Fier, L. and Cortijo, P., 2001, Energy,Carbon and Other Material Flows in the Life cycle assessment of Forestry and Forest Products:Discussion Paper 10 European Forest Institute http://www.efi.fi/publications/Discussion_Papers/DP_10.pdf .

Koch, M., and Harnisch, J, 2002, CO2 Emissions Related to the Electricity Consumption in theEuropean Primary Aluminium Production: A Comparison of Electricity Supply Approaches,International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Vol. 7, No. 5.

Kuznets, S., 1955, Economic growth and income inequality, American Economic Review, v. 49, p. 1-28.

Kvist, K. E., M. Fox, and C.J. Kofod, 2001, Environmental Analysis of the Danish Wood andFurniture Sector - A Summary, Mid-term seminar, Life cycle assessment on forestry and forestproducts, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Life cycle analysis - A challenge for forestry and forestry products, Workshop, May 1995, Hamburg.


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Matthews, Emily et al.,, 2000, Weight of Nations: Material outflows from industrial economies,World Resources Institute.

MMSD, 2001, The Need for and availability of minerals, The Mining, Minerals and SustainableDevelopment Project.

Moll, S., Bringezu, S., and Schutz, H., December 2002, Study Zero, Resource Use in EuropeanCountries: An estimate of materials and waste streams in the community, including imports andexports using the instrument of material flow analysis, European Commission, DG Environment.

Mountford, H., 2002, Decoupling in OECD Countries: What is the Outlook and Strategy?, for theSeminar on Decoupling Resource Use and Waste Generation from Economic Growth, European TopicCentre on Waste and Material Flows, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

G.J. Nabuurs, R. Paivinen and H. Schanz, 2001, Sustainable management regimes for Europe’s forests- a projection with EFISCEN until 2050, Forest Policy and Economics 3(3-4), 155-173.

Nabuurs, G.J., D.M. de Goede, B. Michie, M.J. Schelhaas and J.G. Wesseling, 2001, Long-terminternational impacts of nature-oriented forest management on European forests - an assessmentwith the EFISCEN model through trade flows of wood products.

National Research Council, 1997, Wood in our future, Board of Agriculture, National Academy Press.

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (2001), Forestry incentives program fact sheet,http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/fip.FIPfact.html.

Nicoletti, G.M., B. Notarnicola and G. Tassielli, LCA of Beech Manufactured Products.

OECD, 2002, Indicators to Measure Decoupling of Environmental Pressure from EconomicGrowth. Report number SG/SD (2002)1. Available from the Organisation for Economic Co-operationand Development, www.oecd.org.

Oxfam America, October 2001, The Extractive Industries and the Poor. Oxfam report.

Patricia A Plunkert, 2001, Aluminium. US Geological Survey Minerals yearbook – 2001.

Pearce, D.W, 2001, Measuring Resource Productivity: a background paper by David Pearce, for theDepartment of Trade and Industry & Green Alliance conference: Revolutionising resource use:measuring radical improvements in resource productivity, London, 14 February 2001.

Perman, R. and Stern, D. I., 2003, Evidence from the panel unit root and co-integration tests that theenvironmental Kuznets curve does not exist, Australian Journal of Agricultural and ResourceEconomics, v. 47.

POST Report, 2000, Cleaning up? Stimulating Innovation in Environmental Technology, POSTReport Summary 136.

Pullen, 2002, Aluminium Applications and Society: Life cycle inventory of the worldwidealuminium iindustry with regards to energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases –Paper 1: Automitive. International Primary Aluminium Institute www.world-aluminium.org/iai/publications.

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Robins, N., 2000, Corporate Globalisation, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development, InternationalInstitute for Environment and Development.

Robins, N., 2000a, Victims to Victors, Tomorrow Magazine, p 6-7 May - June 2000.


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Robson, D., and P. Esser, 1997, Life-Sys Wood: Consistent Life Cycle Analysis of Wood Products,Rapport- Institutet for Trateknisk Forskning, 4th Eurowood symposium Tratek.

Ryberg, A., T. Ekvall, L. Person, and B. P. Weidema, 1998, Life cycle assessment on packagingsystems for beer and soft drinks: Aluminium Cans, Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Ryding, S-O., 1994, Internationally experiences of environmentally-sound product developmentbased on life-cycle assessment (LCA), Avfallsforskningsr°adet AFR Stockholm.

Sakamura, H., Morishita, K., Tanaka, K., and Yasui, I., 1998, LCI Analysis of Aluminium Can inJapan, Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecobalance, EcoBalance.

Saur, K., Schuckert, M., Beddies, H., and Eyerer, P., 1995, ‘Foundations for Life Cycle Analysis ofAutomotive Structures - The Potential of Steel, Aluminium and Composites’, Proceedings of the1995 Total Life Cycle Conference- Land, Sea and Air Mobility, Society of Automotive Engineers.

Scharai-Rad, M., and Welling, J., 2002, Environmental and energy balances of wood products andsubstitutes, Rome www.fao.org.

Schmidt-Bleek, F. and Weaver, P., 1998, Factor 10: manifesto for a sustainable planet, Greenleaf.

Schuckert, M. Saur, K. Florin, H. Eyerer, P., 1995, Life Cycle Analysis of Cars Experiences andResults, SAE (Society of Automative Engineers Inc) Conference Proceedings P Issue 293, page(s) 39-46.

Stern, D. I., 2003, The Environmental Kuznets Curve, International Society for Ecological Economics,Internet Encyclopaedia of Ecological Economics.

UNECE/FAO, 1995, The Outlook for the European Forest Resources and Roundwood Supply.Timber and Forest Discussion Papers ETS V Working Paper,http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/AA037E/AA037E00.HTM#TOC

UNECE/FAO, 2001, Forest Policies and Institutions in Europe 1998-2000, Geneva Timber and ForestStudy Papers, New York and Geneva.

UNECE/FAO, 2002, Forest Products Annual Market Review, 2001-2002, Timber Bulletin - VolumeLV, http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/rev-02/rev02.htm.

United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines, 1999, Mineral Commodity Summary,http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/1999/mcs99.pdf.

van der Voet, E., van Oers, L. and Nikolic, I., 2003, Dematerialisation: not just a matter of weightCentre of Environmental Science (CML), Leiden University.

Van Holderbeke, and M. Spirinckx, C., 1999, Application of life cycle assessment and substance flowanalysis to evaluate metal recycling- methodological considerations and examples on aluminiumrecycling, International Conference and Exhibition on the Recycling of Metals.

Verbruggen, H., Kuik, O., and Bennis, M., 1995, Environmental Regulations As trade Barriers ForDeveloping Countries: Eco-Labelling And The Dutch Cut Flower Industry, CREED Working PaperNo. 2. International Institute for Environment and Development and the Institute for EnvironmentalStudies.

Verma, M., Dubey, S., and Bharadway, R., 2002, Application of Life Cycle Assessment to ForestryProducts, International Journal of LCA, Vol. 3.

Von Weizsacker, E, Lovins, A, and Lovins, L, 1998, Factor Four - Doubling Wealth, HalvingResource Use, Earthscan, London.


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Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) (2002), UK Paper Mills: Review of current recycledpaper usage. Secondary Fibre Study, Section 2: International Best Practice,http://www.wrap.org.uk/publications/Secondary_fibre_study.pdf.

World Bank, 1999. Inequality and growth: lessons for policy. World Bank, Washington DC.

World Bank-International Finance Corporation, 2002, Treasure or Trouble? Mining in DevelopingCountries.

World Resources Institute (WRI) (1999), Getting it Right: Emerging markets for storing carbon inforests, http://pdf.wri.org/ftcarbonbro.pdf.

WWF, Redefining Progress, UNEP, WCMC, 2000, Living Planet Report 2000, World Wide Fund forNature, www.wwf.org.

Wuppertal Institute, June 2002, Resource Use and Efficiency of the UK Economy, UK Department ofEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Yang, S., and Knickle, H., Aluminium/Air Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Analysis, Meeting Abstractsfrom the Electrochemical Society.


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Appendix CProduction, Exports and Imports ofAluminium Products in the EU andAccession Countries


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Table C.1 Production, exports and imports of aluminium products in the EU and accession countries

2000 Production Imports Exports

Bauxite Alumina PrimaryAluminium

Bauxite Alumina Aluminahydrate

Unwrought Unwroughtalloys

Scrap Bauxite Alumina Aluminahydrate

Unwrought Unwroughtalloys

Scrap

units tonnes tonnes (Al2O3 content)

tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes

EU15 countriesAustria 24 404 50 969 5 612 116 717 139 214 # 126 037 7 666 84 770 54 104Belgium- Luxembourg 93 710 9 709 43 516 245 989 185 915 193 631 133 759 5 098 29 754 31 821 142 861Denmark 11 178 17 027 (a) 45 418 20 371 4 141 23 333 34 292Finland 3 848 2 179 36 424 20 721 31 299 30 155 (a) 40 730 8 529France 185 000 * 500 000 441 100 1 569 306 460 901 98 719 190 495 337 271 150 091 25 619 129 376 68 272 81 992 75 453 247 753Germany 717 021 643 545 2 170 064 650 080 359 940 610 431 975 753 441 033 35 361 191 531 515 888 53 127 321 684 546 235Greece 1 965 561 668 300 162 600 282 649 5 225 95 031 40 679 16 678 666 578 249 681 6 500 84 799 9 663 16 410Ireland 1 410 674 3 232 037 9 493 (a) 12 219 2 301 1 873 414 4 563 5 879 14 765Italy 668 000 189 800 2 226 746 213 732 115 215 321 717 383 057 368 341 255 878 601 032 33 622 2 894 30 940 21 689Netherlands 301 689 108 474 826 316 154 745 492 419 124 172 239 333 35 211 287 473 47 315 177 895 275 788 168 405Portugal 10 115 6 314 188 624 4 306 (a) 106 601 14 682Spain 734 000 365 700 2 757 733 59 544 19 818 90 024 140 965 57 095 208 414 268 920 2 890 79 183 34 991Sweden 101 086 13 219 154 467 62 269 32 542 76 515 20 548 8 982 44 335 66 697UK 89 000 305 099 222 436 569 815 78 830 119 847 157 300 133 801 (b) 11 912 89 765 257 938 143 381Accession countriesBulgaria *#(a) 17 000 * (a) 700 * 7 900Cyprus 6 885Czech Rep. 12 013 17 095 10 935 41 552 64 904 34 678 (a) 47 454 26 241Estonia 2 927 460 (a) 2 309 16 144Hungary 1 046 470 357 100 33 850 25 212 (a) 192 980 9 344 2 711 278 685 (a) 12 185 24 313Latvia 23 419 6 115Lithuania 9 718 6 583 31 742MaltaPoland 55 473 27 063 126 656 24 499 54 469 67 290 16 057 (a) 36 275 49 630Romania 416 575 179 039 1 428 143 186 972 239 780 72 767 32 905Slovak Rep. 109 000 4 125 212 117 92 (a) 51 099 # 4 193 143 438 6 583Slovenia 83 800 54 840 177 313 78 859 10 874 6 979 (a) 60 836 7 393Turkey 458 537 155 448 61 501 35 758 13 688 92 299 80 861 28 263 17 613 (a) 10 319 12 992

# 1999 figures, 2000 figures unknown Source: British Geological Survey, 2002(a) includes unwrought alloys,(b) includes some bauxite* estimated



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Appendix DVolumes and Values of Forest Products inthe EU and Accession Countries


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Table D.1 Production, Imports, Exports and Consumption of Forest Products in the European Union

2001 Production Imports Exports Consumption

Round-wood

Wood-basedpanels

Sawnwood Wood pulp Paper andpaperboard

Round-wood

Wood-basedpanels


Round-wood

Wood-basedpanels


Round-wood

Wood-basedpanels


units m3 m3 m3 te te m3 m3 m3 te te m3 m3 m3 te te m3 m3 m3 te te

EU15 countriesAustria 13 467 000 2 915 000 10 227 000 1 728 000 4 250 000 7 852 000 660 000 1 592 000 571 000 1 417 000 1 109 000 2 403 000 6 285 000 390 000 3 313 000 20 210 500 1 214 520 5 534 350 1 909 370 2 371 600Belgium 4 190 000 2 656 000 1 300 000 405 000 1 662 000 3 930 000 1 291 000 1 950 000 1 080 000 3 072 000 851 000 2 565 000 871 000 641 000 2 219 000 7 719 300 1 218 750 2 274 210 818 350 2 595 910Denmark 1 446 000 469 000 281 000 0 253 000 578 000 1 218 000 4 190 000 51 000 2 606 000 719 500 94 000 105 000 2 000 213 000 1 262 000 1 593 000 4 366 000 49 000 2 646 000Finland 52 210 000 1 722 000 12 770 000 11 168 000 12 503 000 11 992 921 233 564 279 984 186 413 321 503 404 098 1 408 560 8 135 249 1 698 547 10 875 436 63 798 824 621 004 4 914 735 9 655 866 1 948 067France 38 805 000 5 113 000 10 700 000 2 558 220 9 630 000 1 994 626 1 651 534 3 316 830 2 198 437 5 848 439 5 277 728 2 228 933 1 303 734 502 448 4 552 463 36 410 616 5 005 130 12 529 240 4 242 330 10 926 520Germany 39 483 000 12 993 500 16 189 000 2 103 000 17 879 000 3 275 000 3 874 000 4 798 000 3 802 000 949 400 4 301 000 4 677 000 3 535 000 405 000 8 830 000 38 095 000 12 698 000 17 037 000 5 753 000 18 544 000Greece 2 170 954 526 500 136 808 5 000 349 587 1 211 330 285 620 675 710 102 528 705 580 3 630 85 510 10 240 1 570 43 290 2 543 826 912 542 788 044 100 961 1 157 291Ireland 2 455 000 734 000 925 020 0 43 000 99 700 296 740 662 860 30 720 410 880 52 210 570 430 191 480 4 910 55 040 2 503 520 495 240 1 396 760 25 720 403 590Italy 7 447 000 5 398 000 1 600 000 415 000 8 923 853 5 721 000 1 773 000 7 785 000 3 333 000 4 157 000 23 000 948 000 197 000 23 000 2 100 000 13 797 000 6 180 000 9 188 000 3 725 000 10 983 001Luxembourg 259 000 150 000 133 000 0 0 705 160 51 160 68 720 70 89 390 264 640 132 930 27 650 0 88 540 580 960 70 140 175 600 70 24 700Netherlands 865 000 20 000 268 000 130 000 3 174 000 441 000 1 818 000 3 294 000 916 000 3 232 000 430 000 257 000 304 000 283 000 3 052 000 876 000 1 794 000 3 258 000 762 500 3 354 000Portugal 11 262 000 1 243 000 1 410 000 1 806 000 1 419 000 891 433 351 794 237 715 159 268 624 985 767 061 641 830 265 829 960 461 793 020 9 286 000 855 000 1 463 000 989 000 1 269 000Spain 15 131 000 4 708 000 4 185 000 1 721 000 5 131 000 5 370 400 1 186 830 3 201 750 708 150 2 794 620 476 450 1 153 330 128 710 616 680 1 699 970 18 787 630 4 907 310 7 284 630 1 734 760 6 303 170Sweden 62 820 000 947 000 15 810 000 11 028 000 10 535 000 9 659 000 660 000 309 000 308 492 617 000 1 339 000 226 601 10 818 000 3 039 000 8 732 824 71 520 392 1 345 390 5 293 890 8 295 570 2 707 140UK 7 609 000 3 255 000 2 540 000 492 000 6 467 000 357 000 3 429 000 7 876 000 1 706 000 7 028 000 267 000 368 000 215 000 3 000 1 633 000 7 649 000 6 285 990 10 248 910 2 088 080 12 316 140AccessioncountriesBulgaria 3 991 890 400 655 312 000 35 150 239 000 83 000 60 498 11 000 10 000 144 000 306 107 190 077 264 000 59 850 41 000 3 768 783 400 655 59 000 35 150 239 000Cyprus 18 311 4 200 8 601 0 0 3 105 108 876 77 275 2 553 55 543 60 132 160 0 239 21 356 112 944 85 716 2 553 55 304Czech Rep. 14 374 000 1 060 000 3 889 000 684 000 864 000 976 000 557 000 336 000 133 000 625 000 2 485 000 747 000 1 667 000 317 000 561 000 12 865 000 870 000 2 558 000 500 000 928 000Estonia 10 200 000 450 090 1 623 000 51 700 70 072 582 886 160 622 214 991 4 406 77 041 3 682 906 422 896 1 085 659 0 56 803 7 099 980 187 816 752 332 56 106 90 310Hungary 5 811 000 572 000 219 000 0 495 000 1 515 000 348 000 264 000 0 250 000 317 000 303 000 1 049 000 171 000 540 000 4 613 000 527 000 1 004 000 171 000 785 000Latvia 12 841 000 306 900 3 840 000 0 24 300 4 095 475 235 997 2 910 459 0 12 754 213 595 48 311 104 747 66 89 318 8 959 120 119 214 1 034 288 66 100 864Lithuania 5 700 000 304 800 1 200 000 0 68 170 1 324 693 234 135 750 369 4 425 43 449 96 298 129 468 252 161 8 092 80 618 4 471 605 200 133 701 792 3 667 105 339Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 386 41 007 19 330 350 4 867 4 386 41 007 19 330 350 4 867Poland 25 016 000 4 598 000 3 083 000 977 000 2 086 001 310 000 1 492 800 756 500 36 100 846 000 882 200 843 400 458 300 293 600 1 275 800 25 588 200 3 948 600 2 784 800 1 234 500 2 515 801Romania 12 424 000 442 000 3 059 000 268 000 395 000 112 000 261 000 1 842 000 25 400 158 100 25 000 317 500 13 000 5 100 158 900 12 337 000 498 500 1 230 000 247 700 395 800Slovak Rep. 5 787 900 142 400 1 265 000 671 000 988 000 1 828 000 288 000 1 033 000 94 000 344 000 1 828 000 324 000 1 033 000 94 000 344 000 5 787 900 178 400 1 265 000 671 000 988 000Slovenia 2 257 000 480 000 459 900 153 000 633 000 321 194 190 711 342 001 39 200 417 089 439 721 155 087 165 431 158 770 185 587 2 375 527 444 376 283 330 272 570 401 498Turkey 16 162 000 2 098 000 5 036 000 236 000 1 513 000 8 000 170 000 168 000 0 163 000 937 000 140 000 178 000 301 000 668 000 17 091 000 2 068 000 5 046 000 537 000 2 018 000

Units: m3 - cubic metre, te - metric tonne Source: FAO, FAOSTAT Database


Table D.2 Value of Imports and Exports of Forest Products in the European Union

2001 Imports Exports Total

Roundwood Wood-basedpanels


Roundwood Wood-basedpanels


Imports Exports

units $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s) $US (‘000s)

EU15 countriesAustria 385 557 259 926 251 981 274 525 1 163 578 77 347 693 339 974 161 172 900 4 250 000 2 335 567 6 167 747Belgium 126 818 472 656 457 044 565 575 2 256 877 68 496 749 048 262 331 354 542 1799 815 3 878 970 3 234 232Denmark 40 863 250 468 449 494 31 127 837 214 45 310 47 113 45 670 1 322 164 775 1 609 166 304 190Finland 415 674 72 123 68 233 101 551 268 136 33 985 579 768 1 268 735 763 439 7 417 106 9 925 717 10 063 033France 248 133 588 207 724 164 1 053 389 4 174 058 279 193 642 901 272 188 205 356 3 657 411 6 787 951 5 057 049Germany 288 844 1 108 134 954 494 2 107 158 6 747 587 344 787 1704 998 801 216 232 788 6 699 413 11 206 217 9 783 202Greece 34 713 73 729 134 996 45 145 465 303 356 18 818 5 121 616 39 641 753 886 64 552Ireland 24 667 96 480 161 825 23 590 384 786 8 377 138 411 36 669 1 815 63 584 691 348 248 856Italy 453 471 593 945 1 452 217 1 494 694 2 721 159 2 914 385 011 107 425 11 842 1 812 770 6 715 486 2 319 962Luxembourg 15 718 13 005 12 322 35 135 245 8 976 28 955 4 953 1 195 671 176 325 238 556Netherlands 36 750 569 924 668 145 475 354 2 350 418 20 552 80 346 102 600 152 297 2 164 800 3 625 237 2 520 595Portugal 127 833 89 788 98 313 76 527 523 469 42 792 136 811 39 483 414 280 539 778 915 930 1 173 144Spain 269 823 412 910 741 913 339 379 2 209 096 18 048 302 984 48 632 317 864 1 397 357 3 973 121 2 084 885Sweden 365 864 216 253 95 633 151 626 454 245 53 100 69 940 1 864 688 1 502 459 5 191 785 1 283 621 8 681 972UK 77 264 1 072 316 1 546 369 826 113 5433 346 12 871 108 545 46 056 1 215 1 596 802 8 955 408 1 765 489

AccessioncountriesBulgaria 4 050 14 408 1 603 6 679 104 740 8 053 32 079 29 539 24 946 20 398 131 480 115 015Cyprus 609 19 671 19 424 1 885 49 942 1 89 108 0 546 91 531 744Czech Rep. 34 231 119 522 48 061 67 754 460 576 101 223 126 832 190 692 120 336 333 929 730 144 873 012Estonia 23 342 31 265 22 350 1 156 48 972 109 321 65 190 138 582 0 27 976 127 085 341 069Hungary 17 627 91 587 112 734 76 718 394 038 56 490 79 772 63 175 237 155 371 692 704 355 045Latvia 9 816 14 647 10 917 48 66 230 106 663 89 067 362 059 3 7 388 101 658 565 180Lithuania 4 751 30 499 31 268 2 671 63 828 42 066 33 957 104 890 2 237 19 716 133 017 202 866Malta 235 9 963 8 197 236 20 150 0 0 0 0 0 38 781 0Poland 40 700 199 200 71 900 140 300 927 700 20 800 331 800 129 700 15 100 497 400 1 379 800 994 800Romania 2 153 79 823 3 727 2 295 133 875 15 373 61 238 321 462 8 372 63 105 221 873 469 550Slovak Rep. 60 028 54 385 116 179 31 597 199 574 59 810 53 229 114 884 30 807 196 867 461 763 455 597Slovenia 21 963 57 152 37 589 71 778 137 926 12 404 62 975 53 032 15 281 261 413 326 408 405 105Turkey 67 306 44 931 21 538 141 803 525 498 464 44 013 34 647 1 89 070 801 076 168 195

Source: FAO, FAOSTAT Database


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Appendix EIndicators for Eco-efficiency

To avoid confusion it is worth clarifying the differences between various terms and indicators used inconnection with environmental impacts and economic activities. Like ‘eco-efficiency’ these termsusually have two parts to them, one representing each side of the environment - economy relationship.They are all ratios of two quantities.

The descriptions below are based on those in the Eurostat publication, ‘Economy-wide material flowaccounts and derived indicators - A methodological guide’ (Eurostat, 2001b), but expanded by theauthors.

Eco-efficiency:The output generated (material, value, etc.) per unit of ‘nature’ consumed as an input (e.g. materials orenergy used, pollution created, etc). This is a very broad generic term and encompasses several of themore specific terms below.

Eco-intensity:The ‘use of nature’ (materials or energy used, pollution created, etc) per unit of output (material, value,etc.). The inverse of eco-efficiency, and another broad term.

Material Efficiency:The output generated (material, value, etc.) per unit of materials consumed. A type of eco-efficiency.For example, the material efficiency of a production process if expressed as a unitless figure (e.g. asimple %) is a useful measure for the efficiency of converting raw material to product.

Material IntensityThe inverse of material efficiency, i.e. the materials consumed per unit of output generated (material,value, etc.). For example, the material intensity of an economy could be the material use per unit of GDP.The material intensity of a product if expressed as a unitless figure (e.g. a simple %) would measure howmuch material was consumed to produce the product as a proportion of the material in the final product.

Material ProductivityThe value added per unit of materials consumed, usually measured in currency per unit mass orsometimes volume (e.g. for timber). The ‘value added’ is the value of the outputs (often based on sales)minus the value of the inputs (often based on costs). Material productivity can be compared with othermacroeconomic indicators such as labour or capital productivity. However, the term materialproductivity is often used synonymously with material efficiency, i.e. the numerator can be somethingother than value added.

Resource EfficiencyOften used synonymously with material efficiency. However, more correctly it falls between the narrowmaterial efficiency and the broad eco-efficiency, as the numerator could be any resource other thanmaterials, e.g. energy, water, land, air, or any subset of these such as electricity. In such cases theappropriate term can be used, such as energy efficiency, electricity efficiency. Resource efficiency isoften given the more restrictive meaning of resource productivity as defined below.

Resource ProductivityOften used synonymously with material productivity, although it actually measures value added per unitof resources consumed. Again it depends on the definition of resources. This is a very widely used term.


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Appendix FMass Flows for Aluminium Production


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Appendix F: Mass Flows for Aluminium Production

Bauxite

miningBauxite

Aluminaand alumina

hydrateproduction

Alumina

Primary

aluminiumproduction

Bauxiteexports

BauxiteImports

Aluminaexports

(including

Aluminaimports

(including

Overburden/parting materials

Waste(e.g. red

mud)

Oxygen in theform of CO2,

and other

Aluminiumdomestic

consumption

Aluminiumexports

The

Caustic Soda(NaOH) + lime

Carbon (asanodes)


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Appendix GMaterial Flow Analysis for Primary andSecondary Aluminium in the EU15, 1995-2000


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Appendix G: Material Flow Analysis for Primary and Secondary Aluminium Production in the EU15, 1995-2000

/te Material flow Source of data Expect 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Primary Production

a Bauxite extraction BGS 2,332,335 2,616,734 2,045,983 1,884,023 2,052,505 2,150,561 2,200,255b Bauxite exports Eurostat Trade 414,887 417,835 247,177 217,666 327,850 614,000 625,909c Bauxite imports Eurostat Trade 10,360,909 10,454,688 10,621,632 10,765,716 11,389,236 12,094,134 12,691,808A=a-b+c Bauxite consumption calc. 12,278,356 12,653,587 12,420,439 12,432,073 13,113,891 13,630,695 14,266,154d Alumina production BGS 4,420,813 4,471,456 4,418,036 4,525,235 4,794,495 4,873,828e Alumina exports Eurostat Trade 1,365,667 1,361,677 1,628,869 1,646,378 1,484,786 1,492,881 1,598,123f Alumina hydrate exports (as alumina) Eurostat Trade 99,248 109,266 134,643 151,095 162,397 160,143 145,122g Alumina imports Eurostat Trade 1,352,349 1,661,552 1,827,237 1,815,854 1,835,040 1,785,951 2,144,909h Alumina hydrate imports (as alumina) Eurostat Trade 106,581 135,509 123,514 164,370 143,458 145,000 129,607B=d-e-f+g+h Alumina consumption calc. 4,746,932 4,658,695 4,600,787 4,856,550 5,072,423 5,405,100i Primary aluminium production BGS 1,956,336 2,210,060 2,229,975 2,348,676 2,467,931 2,510,619 2,572,223

d/A Efficiency of conversion bauxite - alumina calc. 40-50% 34.9% 36.0% 35.5% 34.5% 35.2% 34.2%i/B Efficiency of conversion alumina - aluminium calc. 53% 46.6% 47.9% 51.0% 50.8% 49.5% 47.6%

Theoretical efficiency of conversion bauxite - aluminium calc. 21-27% 16.3% 17.2% 18.1% 17.5% 17.4% 16.3%

Secondary Productionj Secondary aluminium production Eurostat Prodcom 1,830,464 1,845,099 1,966,755 2,016,541 2,054,830 2,170,790k Aluminium waste and scrap imports Eurostat Trade 344,189 361,224 606,186 695,971 678,017 642,706 580,449

Aluminium waste and scrap exports Eurostat Trade 251,315 253,177 363,657 300,383 427,016 437,822 447,406l=j-k approx use of domestically-sourced scrap (1) (2) calc. 1,486,275 1,483,875 1,360,569 1,320,570 1,376,813 1,528,084=j(/i+j) % of total production is secondary calc. 48.3% 45.5% 46.9% 46.2% 45.4% 46.4%=l/(i+j) % of total production is domestic secondary (2) calc. 39.2% 36.6% 32.4% 30.3% 30.4% 32.6%

Notes:= changed from 914,000

BGS = British Geological Survey(1) assuming that no primary aluminium is used in the secondary process(2) assuming that the conversion efficiency of scrap into secondary aluminium is 100%


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Appendix HGVA Derivation

GVA is defined as:

GVA = (the value of sales of products) - (the cost of inputs consumed to make those products)

The value of sales of products refers to both domestic and export sales. I.e.

GVA = (domestic sales) + (export sales) - (cost of inputs consumed)

Domestic sales can refer only to finished products that are not subject to any further value-addition. Thisallows the cost of inputs to refer only to imports, firstly since all intermediate sales within the domesticeconomy become inputs and therefore cancel themselves out. Secondly, the initial domestic inputsshould not be counted as these are raw materials obtained free from the environment, with all associatedand subsequent costs part of the value-adding chain.

Export sales, however, must include all exported materials and products at whatever stage of processing,from raw material to finished product.

So this now gives:

GVA = (domestic sales of all finished products) + (all export sales) - (all import costs) …….(1).

But in accounting for sales of processed (including finished) products only the sales value attributable tothe material in question should be counted - for example the aluminium foil within the packaging of a 1litre carton of orange juice. The problem of accounting for only the material content does not arise forraw materials such as bauxite as the bauxite is raw aluminium and as such its whole value should beaccounted for. The problem of having to account for only the relevant material part of the product isdiscussed below.

Imports that are re-exported without further processing, such as raw material held in port or inwarehousing, will appear as both export sales and cost of imports and therefore their effect will largely becancelled out. The difference between re-export sales and import costs represents one of the many waysin which decoupling can be achieved through adding value that does not result from improving theresource efficiency of the manufacturing process. This is the so-called ‘Rotterdam effect’ described inStudy Zero (pp33-34).

Finished products imported for direct domestic consumption can also be counted. But in this case, as forre-exported imports, they also need to be counted in two places - firstly as the cost of imports andsecondly as the domestic sale of finished products. As in the Rotterdam effect the impact of theseproducts will therefore largely be cancelled out. Ideally imports of finished products would not becounted at all, as it can be argued that such products are not part of the relevant material sector of thedomestic economy. Instead they are competing with it. Any value added at the import stage is muchsmaller than the value that would have been added by the domestic manufacturing chain if the productshad not been imported but had been replaced with domestic production. If such products are included inthe GVA calculation then this represents another way in which decoupling may appear to be increased ifthe hidden material flows associated with imports are not taken into account, e.g. through measuringresource use as DMC.

In national accounts data, which are collected and made available by Eurostat, figures are provided for arange of product types at different levels of processing, covering the following financial data:

• domestic sales;


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• sold production;

• imports; and

• exports.

Sold production means both domestic and export sales of domestically-produced goods. Therefore, thesefour categories are linked in the following way:

domestic sales = sold production - exports + imports

If we substitute for domestic sales in equation 1 above for GVA, we get:

GVA = (sold production of finished products - exports of finished products + imports offinished products) + (all export sales) - (all import costs).

The difference between all products and finished products is what we can call precursor materials, i.e. allthose materials and intermediate products that come before finished products in the processing chain.Finished products are defined as those that go to the final consumer who uses them and then ultimatelydisposes of them, including through re-use or recycling.

Therefore the formula for GVA becomes:

GVA = (sold production of finished products) + (exports of precursor materials) - (imports ofprecursor materials) ……………………………………………(2)

This is the formula we shall use to calculate GVA from Eurostat data for the aluminium and forestproducts sector.


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Appendix IDMC Derivation


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Appendix I: DMC derivation

Derivation of the Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) of a manufacturing sector

DMC = quantity of materials consumed to produce outputs

= domestic-origin materials consumed to produce products + foreign-origin materials consumed

to produce products

= domestic extraction consumed to make products + imported materials consumed to

make product

= total domestic extraction/harvesting (DE) + all imported precursors (not sold as

fps)- DE exported - any re-exported precursors

- other dometically-produced precursors exported

= DE + all imported precursors (not sold as fps)

- all precursors exported (including DE exported and re-exports)

(cancelling out domestic precurosrs ...)

= DE - all exports of precursors (including DE exported and re-exports) + all imported precursors (not sold as

fps)

So:DMC =

quantity of production of extracted/harvested raw material

/tonnes- quantity of all exports of precursors

/tonnes + quantity of all imports of precursors /tonnes

(Eurostat Prodcom "sold production" data, or data from e.g. BGS) (Eurostat external trade data) (Eurostat external trade data)


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Appendix JDMC, GVA and Prod for Primary AluminiumProduction in the EU15, 1995-2000


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Append ix J: D M C , G VA and Prod fo r P rim ary Alum in ium Production in the EU 15, 1995-2000

M ateria l flow /te O rig in o f data 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001a B aux ite ex trac tion B G S 2,332,335 2,616,734 2,045 ,983 1,884 ,023 2,052,505 2,150,561 2,200,255b B aux ite exports E urosta t T rade 414,887 417,835 247,177 217,666 327,850 614,000 625,909c B aux ite im ports E urosta t T rade 10,360,909 10,454,688 10,621 ,632 10,765 ,716 11,389,236 12,094,134 12,691,808A =a-b+c B aux ite consum ption ca lc . 12 ,278,356 12,653,587 12,420 ,439 12,432 ,073 13,113,891 13,630,695 14,266,154d A lum ina p roduction B G S 4,420,813 4,471 ,456 4,418 ,036 4,525,235 4,794,495 4,873,828e A lum ina exports E urosta t T rade 1,365,667 1,361,677 1,628 ,869 1,646 ,378 1,484,786 1,492,881 1,598,123f A lum ina hydrate exports (as a lum ina) E urosta t T rade 99,248 109,266 134,643 151,095 162,397 160,143 145,122g A lum ina im ports E urosta t T rade 1,352,349 1,661,552 1,827 ,237 1,815 ,854 1,835,040 1,785,951 2,144,909h A lum ina hydrate im ports (as a lum ina) E urosta t T rade 106,581 135,509 123,514 164,370 143,458 145,000 129,607B =d-e-f+g+h A lum ina consum ption ca lc . 4 ,746,932 4,658 ,695 4,600 ,787 4,856,550 5,072,423 5,405,100i P rim ary a lum in ium production B G S 1,956,336 2,210,060 2,229 ,975 2,348 ,676 2,467,931 2,510,619 2,572,223

D M C /tea B aux ite ex trac tion B G S 2,332,335 2,616,734 2,045 ,983 1,884 ,023 2,052,505 2,150,561 2,200,255j=b+e+f (-) P recursor exports E urosta t T rade 1,879,802 1,888,777 2,010 ,688 2,015 ,138 1,975,033 2,267,024 2,369,153k=c+g+h (+) P recursor im ports E urosta t T rade 11,819,839 12,251,749 12,572 ,383 12,745 ,939 13,367,734 14,025,085 14,966,324l=a-j+k = D M C ca lc . 12 ,272,372 12,979,706 12,607 ,678 12,614 ,824 13,445,206 13,908,622 14,797,426

G V A /1000€ (curren t p rices)m S old p roduction o f p rim ary unw rought a lum in ium E urosta t P rodcom (1 ) 2 ,437,586 2,439,945 2,444 ,562 2,405 ,737 2,383,575 2,615,446n (+) P recursor exports E urosta t T rade 326,403 344,359 427,695 431,737 433,551 527,916 556,733p (-) P recursor im ports E urosta t T rade 602,344 681,664 767,982 781,289 762,326 961,429 1,109,312q=m +n-p = G V A /1000€ (curren t p rices) ca lc . 2 ,161,645 2,102,640 2,104 ,275 2,056 ,185 2,054,801 2,181,933

E U 15 G D P defla to rs (2000 p rices) E urosta t (E U G D P ) 0.879 0.908 0.933 0.950 0.972 1.000 1.018= G V A /1000€ (constan t p rices (2000)) 2,460,158 2,314,532 2,254 ,441 2,165 ,304 2,114,972 2,181,933

r=q/l R esource Productiv ity /€ /te = G V A/D M C ca lc . 200.5 178.3 178.8 171.6 157.3 156.9

Prod /tei P rim ary a lum in ium production B G S 1,956,336 2,210,060 2,229 ,975 2,348 ,676 2,467,931 2,510,619 2,572,223j (+ ) P recursor exports E urosta t T rade 1,879,802 1,888,777 2,010 ,688 2,015 ,138 1,975,033 2,267,024 2,369,153s= i+ j = Prod ca lc . 3 ,836,138 4,098,837 4,240 ,663 4,363 ,814 4,442,964 4,777,643 4,941,376

R esource E ffic iency o f m aking p rim ary a lum in iumt=s /l =P rod /D M C ca lc . 31.3% 31.6% 33.6% 34.6% 33.0% 34.4% 33.4%

S pecific G V A /€ /teu=q/s = G V A/P rod ca lc . 641.3 564.7 531.6 496.2 476.0 456.7

= changed from 914,000B G S = B ritish G eo log ica l S urvey(1) D ata ad jus ted to fill in obvious om iss ions


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Appendix KProduction (Prod) Derivation


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Appendix K: Production derivation

Derivation of the production (Prod) of a manufacturing sector

Prod = quantity of outputs produced

= quantity of all products produced -quantity of products consumed

domestically to make final outputs, i.e. products used as precursors

= (quantity of finished products produced - domestic consumption of domestically-made precursors

+ quantity of precursors produced)

= quantity of finished products produced + quantity of domestically-produced precursors exported

(assuming that quantity of re-exported precursors is small….)

So: Prod = quantity of "sold production" of finished products /tonnes + quantity of all exports of precursors

/tonnes(Eurostat Prodcom data) (Eurostat external trade data)


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Appendix LDMC, GVA and Prod for the Forest ProductsSector in the EU15, 1994-2001


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Appendix L: DMC, GVA and Prod for the Forest Products Sector in the EU15, 1995-2000

Material flow /te Origin of data 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

a GVA /m€ FAO 87,459 77,705 80,444 78,174 79,488 82,425

DMC /mteb Total roundwood production /million m3 FAO 265.3 248.3 258.6 254.5 261.9 285.9c Convertion factor for coniferous wood /te/m3 0.7d=b*c Total roundwood production /mte calc. 185.7 173.8 181.0 178.1 183.4 200.2e (-) Wood exports IFF 25.20 26.93 30.36 30.85 34.03 37.16f (+) Wood imports IFF 58.00 52.23 60.02 66.38 73.06 79.61g=d-e+f = DMC calc. 218.5 199.1 210.7 213.7 222.4 242.6

=a/g Resource Productivity /€/te = GVA/DMC calc. 400.2 390.3 381.8 365.9 357.4 339.7

h Prod /mte FAO 174.2 172.3 185.1 189.6 195.1 206.7

=h/g Resource Efficiency /% = Prod/DMC calc. 79.7 86.5 87.9 88.7 87.8 85.2

=a/h Specific GVA /€/te = GVA/Prod calc. 502 451 435 412 407 399


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Appendix MTechnical and Managerial Options Table forAluminium


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A p p e n d ix M : T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d M a n a g e r ia l O p t io n s T a b le fo r A lu m in iu m

T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l o p t io n s fo r im p ro v in g th e re s o u rc e p ro d u c t iv ity o f a lu m in iu m a n d p ro d u c ts u s in g a lu m in iu m

K e y : N o te s :y c o n tr ib u t io n 1 T h e re s t o f th e ta b le re fe rs to a lu m in iu m p ro d u c ts , b u t th is re fe rs to s u b s t itu t in g a lu m in iu m in to p ro d

yy s tro n g c o n tr ib u t io n 2 T h e re s t o f th e ta b le re fe rs to a lu m in iu m p ro d u c ts , b u t th is re fe rs to s u b s t itu t in g o th e r m a te r ia l in to yyy v e ry s tro n g c o n tr ib u t io n

n n o im p a c t o r n o t a p p lic a b le

T a b le M 1 : T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l o p t io n s fo r a lu m in iu m : th e p o te n t ia l o f v a r io u s te c h n o lo g y o p t io n s to im p ro v e th e re s o u rc e p ro d u c t iv ity o f a lu m in iu m p ro d u c ts

P ro d u c t life c yc le s ta g e th a t te c h n o lo g y o p t io n a p p lie s to o r a f fe c tsC o m m o d ity p ro d u c t io n p h a s e F in a l p ro d u c t p h a s e

T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l o p t io n s re la t in g to a lu m in iu m e x tra c t io n / h a rv e s t in g re f in in g / m a n u fa c tu r in g tra n s p o r t / lo g is t ic s

s u p p ly o f o th e r ra w m a te r ia ls (R M s ) p ro d u c t m a n u fa c tu r in g tra n s p o r t / lo g is t ic s

S u b s titu t io n o f a n o th e r m a te r ia l w ith a lu m in iu m n y ( - iv e ) n n n y

C o m m e n t (n o te 1 ) : H ig h e r o r lo w e r im p a c ts th a n w h a t it re p la c e s

P ro b a b ly h ig h e r im p a c ts th a n w h a t it re p la c e s

H ig h e r/ lo w e r im p a c ts th a n w h a t it re p la c e s , in c . o re s

M a y o r m a y n o t a f fe c t o th e r ra w m a te r ia ls

M a y o r m a y n o t a f fe c t m a n u fa c tu r in g im p a c ts

E .g . lo w e r w e ig h t c a n re d u c e im p a c ts o f t ra n s p o r t

S u b s t itu t io n o f a lu m in iu m w ith a n o th e r m a te r ia l yy yyy n n n n

C o m m e n t (n o te 2 ) : E .g . w o o d h a s lo w e r im p a c ts a t th is s ta g e

E .g . s t ru c tu ra l w o o d / re f i l la b le p a c k a g in g ty p e s

H ig h e r/ lo w e r im p a c ts th a n a lu m in iu m , in c . o re s

M a y o r m a y n o t a f fe c t o th e r ra w m a te r ia ls

M a y o r m a y n o t a f fe c t m a n u fa c tu r in g im p a c ts

M a y o r m a y n o t a f fe c t t ra n s p o r t im p a c ts

R e s o u rc e o p t im is a t io n ( th ro u g h e c o -d e s ig n ) y yy y y ( - iv e ) y y

C o m m e n t:L e s s m a te r ia l re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o r t io n a te lyL e s s m a te r ia l re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o r t io n a te lyL e s s m a te r ia l re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyR e s o u rc e o p t im is a t io n m a y

re q u ire o th e r R M s

R e s o u rc e o p t im s a t io n s h o u ld im p ro v e e f f ic ie n c y o f

p ro d u c t io nL e s s m a te r ia l re d u c e s im p a c ts

p ro p o r t io n a te lyE x te n d in g p ro d u c t life y yyy y y y y

C o m m e n t:L o w e r m a te r ia l u s e re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o r t io n a te lyL o w e r m a te r ia l u s e re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o r t io n a te lyL o w e r m a te r ia l u s e re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyF e w e r p ro d u c ts m a d e s o

lo w e r im p a c ts o v e ra llF e w e r p ro d u c ts m a d e s o

lo w e r im p a c ts o v e ra llF e w e r p ro d u c ts m a d e s o lo w e r

im p a c ts o v e ra llU s e o f w a s te m a te r ia ls ( re -u s e / re c yc lin g ) yy yyy n n n n

C o m m e n t:

L e s s n e e d fo r o reR e c y c lin g a lu m in iu m s a v e s

9 5 % o f e n e rg y u s eN o w e ig h t s a v in g a s w a s te m a te r ia l is s a m e a s v irg in

I f s a m e a llo y u s e d , re c y c le d p ro d u c t is s a m e a s v irg in



D is p o s a l o f w a s te s fo r re -u s e /re c yc lin g /re c o v e ry n yyy y ( - iv e ) y ( - iv e ) yy y ( - iv e )

C o m m e n t:

M in in g re s id u e n o t s ig n if ic a n tP o te n t ia l fo r u s e o f re d m u d ,

f i l te r re s id u e s , e tcT ra n s p o r t o f th e w a s te s

th e m s e lv e sE .g . d e s ig n fo r re c y c lin g m a y

re q u ire o th e r R M sP o te n t ia l to re c y c le w a s te f ro m m a n u fa c tu r in g s ta g e

T ra n s p o r t o f th e w a s te s th e m s e lv e s

C u tt in g fo s s il fu e l e n e rg y u s e (e n e rg y e f f ic ie n c y / u s e o f re n e w a b le e n e rg y ) y yyy y y ( - iv e ) yy y

C o m m e n t:E n e rg y u s e in th e m in in g

p ro c e s sE n e rg y u s e in th e re f in in g

p ro c e s s E n e rg y e f f ic ie n t t ra n s p o r t

C u tt in g e n e rg y u s e in p ro d u c t u s e p h a s e m a y

re q u ire o th e r R M sE n e rg y u s e in p ro d u c t

m a n u fa c tu r in g E n e rg y e f f ic ie n t t ra n s p o r tC le a n te c h n o lo g ie s / p ro c e s s o p t im is a t io n to c u t w a s te s a n d e m is s io n s

y yyy y n yy y

C o m m e n t:C le a n te c h n o lo g ie s u s e d fo r

m in in g / e x tra c t io nS c o p e a m o n g s t a v a ila b le a n d

e m e rg in g te c h n o lo g ie sC le a n te c h n o lo g ie s u s e d fo r

t ra n s p o rt L it t le im p a c t o n p ro d u c t its e lfC le a n te c h n o lo g ie s u s e d fo r

m a n u fa c tu r in gC le a n te c h n o lo g ie s u s e d fo r

t ra n s p o rtE n d -o f p ip e te c h n o lo g ie s to c u t e m is s io n s y yyy y n yy y

C o m m e n t: E n d -o f-p ip e a b a te m e n t in m in in g / e x tra t io n

E n d -o f-p ip e a b a te m e n t in re f in in g E .g . c a ta ly t ic c o n v e r te rs L it t le im p a c t o n p ro d u c t its e lf

E n d -o f-p ip e a b a te m e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g E .g . c a ta ly t ic c o n v e rte rs


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Appendix NTechnical and Managerial Options Table forForest Products


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A p p e n d ix N : T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d M a n a g e r ia l O p tio n s T a b le fo r F o re s t P ro d u c ts

T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l o p tio n s fo r im p ro v in g th e re s o u rc e p ro d u c tiv ity o f fo re s t p ro d u c ts

K e y : N o te s :y c o n tr ib u tio n 1 T h e re s t o f th e ta b le re fe rs to fo re s t p ro d u c ts , b u t th is re fe rs to s u b s titu tin g fo re s t p ro d u c ts in to p ro d

yy s tro n g c o n tr ib u tio n 2 T h e re s t o f th e ta b le re fe rs to fo re s t p ro d u c ts , b u t th is re fe rs to s u b s titu tin g o th e r m a te r ia l in to p ro dyyy v e ry s tro n g c o n tr ib u tio n 3 P ro d u c t m a n u fa c tu r in g h e re in c lu d e s th e p u lp in g , d e - in k in g a n d p a p e rm a k in g p ro c e s s e s

n n o im p a c t o r n o t a p p lic a b le

T a b le N 1 : T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l o p tio n s fo r fo re s t p ro d u c ts : th e p o te n tia l o f v a r io u s te c h n o lo g y o p tio n s to im p ro v e th e re s o u rc e p ro d u c t iv ity o f fo re s t p ro d u c ts

P ro d u c t life c yc le s ta g e th a t te c h n o lo g y o p tio n a p p lie s to o r a f fe c tsC o m m o d ity p ro d u c tio n p h a s e F in a l p ro d u c t p h a s e

T e c h n o lo g ic a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l o p tio n s re la tin g to fo re s t p ro d u c ts e x tra c tio n / h a rv e s tin g re f in in g / m a n u fa c tu r in g tra n s p o rt / lo g is tic s

s u p p ly o f o th e r ra w m a te r ia ls (R M s )

p ro d u c t m a n u fa c tu r in g (3 ) tra n s p o rt / lo g is tic s

S u b s titu t io n o f a n o th e r m a te r ia l w ith fo re s t p ro d u c ts yy yy yy n n y

C o m m e n t (n o te 1 ):P ro b a b ly lo w e r im p a c ts th a n

w h a t it re p la c e sP ro b a b ly lo w e r im p a c ts th a n

w h a t it re p la c e sP ro b a b ly lo w e r im p a c ts th a n

w h a t it re p la c e sM a y o r m a y n o t a ffe c t o th e r

ra w m a te ria lsM a y o r m a y n o t a ffe c t

m a n u fa c tu r in g im p a c tsE .g . lo w e r w e ig h t c a n re d u c e

im p a c ts o f tra n s p o rtS u b s titu t io n o f fo re s t p ro d u c ts w ith a n o th e r m a te r ia l y y y y yy y

C o m m e n t (n o te 2 ): M a y h a v e lo w e r im p a c ts if lo n g e r la s t in g

M a y h a v e lo w e r im p a c ts if lo n g e r la s t in g




E .g . lo w e r w e ig h t c a n re d u c e im p a c ts o f tra n s p o rt

R e s o u rc e o p tim is a tio n ( th ro u g h e c o -d e s ig n ) y y y y ( - iv e ) yyy y

C o m m e n t:L e s s m a te r ia l re d u c e s im p a c ts

p ro p o rt io n a te lyL e s s m a te r ia l re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyL e s s m a te ria l re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyR e s o u rc e o p tim is a t io n m a y

re q u ire o th e r R M s

R e s o u rc e o p tim s a t io n s h o u ld im p ro v e e ff ic ie n c y o f

p ro d u c t io nL e s s m a te ria l re d u c e s im p a c ts

p ro p o rt io n a te lyE x te n d in g p ro d u c t life y y y y yyy y

C o m m e n t:L o w e r m a te ria l u s e re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyL o w e r m a te r ia l u s e re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyL o w e r m a te r ia l u s e re d u c e s

im p a c ts p ro p o rt io n a te lyF e w e r p ro d u c ts m a d e s o

lo w e r im p a c ts o v e ra llF e w e r p ro d u c ts m a d e s o

lo w e r im p a c ts o v e ra llF e w e r p ro d u c ts m a d e s o lo w e r

im p a c ts o v e ra llU s e o f w a s te m a te r ia ls ( re -u s e / re c yc lin g ) yy yy yy n y y ( -v e )

C o m m e n t:L e s s n e e d fo r tre e s L e s s n e e d fo r tre e s L e s s n e e d fo r tre e s L it t le d if fe re n c e

S m a ll b e n e f it in m a n u fa c tu in g

R e c y c le d p ro d u c t h e a v ie r fo r th e s a m e s tre n g th

D is p o s a l o f w a s te s fo r re -u s e /re c yc lin g /re c o v e ry n y y ( - iv e ) y ( - iv e ) yyy n

C o m m e n t:

O p p o rtu n it ie s n o t s ig n if ic a n tM a y b e o p p o rtu n it ie s in ro u n d w o o d p ro d u c tio n

T ra n s p o rt o f th e w a s te s th e m s e lv e s

E .g . d e s ig n fo r re c y c lin g m a y re q u ire o th e r R M s

R e c y c lin g o r re c o v e ry o f p ro c e s s w a s te

W a s te s to b e re c o v e re d o n s ite

C u ttin g fo s s il fu e l e n e rg y u s e (e n e rg y e f f ic ie n c y / u s e o f re n e w a b le e n e rg y) y y y n yyy y

C o m m e n t:E n e rg y u s e in th is s ta g e E n e rg y u s e in th is s ta g e E n e rg y e ff ic ie n t tra n s p o rt L it t le d if fe re n c e

E .g . e n e rg y u s e in p a p e rm a k in g E n e rg y e ff ic ie n t tra n s p o rt

C le a n te c h n o lo g ie s / p ro c e s s o p tim is a tio n to c u t w a s te s a n d e m is s io n s

n y y n yyy y

C o m m e n t:

O p p o rtu n it ie s n o t s ig n if ic a n tM a y b e o p p o rtu n it ie s in ro u n d w o o d p ro d u c tio n

C le a n te c h n o lo g ie s u s e d fo r tra n s p o rt L it t le im p a c t o n p ro d u c t its e lf

e .g . c le a n te c h n o lo g y u s e d fo r p a p e rm a k in g

C le a n te c h n o lo g ie s u s e d fo r tra n s p o rt

E n d -o f p ip e te c h n o lo g ie s to c u t e m is s io n s y y y n yyy y

C o m m e n t: C u tt in g e m is s io n s fro m fu e l u s e in h a rv e s t in g

E n d -o f-p ip e a b a te m e n t in ro u n d w o o d p ro d u c tio n e .g . c a ta ly t ic c o n v e rte rs L it t le im p a c t o n p ro d u c t its e lf

e .g V O C e m is s io n s a b a te m e n t e .g . c a ta ly t ic c o n v e rte rs


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