APA PowerPoint(2)

8/8/2019 APA PowerPoint(2)

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American PsychologicalAmerican PsychologicalAssociation (APA)Association (APA)

Formatting GuidelinesFormatting Guidelines


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BasicsBasics (Section 8.03)(Section 8.03)y APA provides the standard guidelines for

the social sciences.

Basic paper format:y Times New Roman, 12-point font (preferred)

y Double spaced throughout

y One-inch margins on all sidesy Flush-left alignment (not justified)

y Page header (Running head) should be a

half-inch from top


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Title pageTitle page (Sections 2.01 & 8.03)(Sections 2.01 & 8.03)y Header should readRunning head:

followed by shortened title in capitals, followed

by the page number:

Running head: PRIMARY EDUCATION 1

y The running head must be no more than 50

characters (including spaces and punctuation)

y Full title (12 or fewer words) should be

centered in the upper half of the page

y Title is followed by name, professor, course and

due date


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Abstracts (section 2.04)

When required, an abstract should beplaced on the page immediately followingthe title page.

The abstract should

Indicate the thesis and main points of

the paper Touch on theconclusions orimplications of the research

Not be indented on the first line


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Important aspects of an abstractImportant aspects of an abstract

yAccurate & Comprehensive

Purpose & content

yNonevaluative

Report only; do not respond

yCoherent & Readable

Be clear

Use verbs instead of adjectives

Use active voice

yConcise (generally 150 250)


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IntroductionsIntroductions (section 2.05)(section 2.05)

Introductions are meant to identify a particular problem

and inform readers about the research methodology

used to examine that problem.

Introductions should Identify why the problem is worthy of (further)

research

Identify any pertinent scholarship

Identify any relevant background information

State the thesis (the stance of the paper)

Introductions should not be labeled as such


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Short quotationsShort quotationsfewer than 40 wordsfewer than 40 words(Section 6.03)(Section 6.03)

When using short quotations, follow the author, date, page-

number model:

Smith (2007) states thatStudents often have difficulty

using APA style (p. 123).

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the

author's last name, the year of publication, and the page

number in parentheses after the quotation:

Some have indicated thatStudents often have

difficulty using APA style (Smith, 2007, p. 123).Exception to the usual order:

In 2007, Smiths study indicates that "Students oftenhave difficulty using APA style" (p. 123), but she does not

offer an explanation as to why.


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Citing nonCiting non--paginated materialpaginated material(Section 6.05)(Section 6.05)

If indicated, provide paragraph number in place of

page number:

Smith (2007) states thatStudents often

have difficulty using APA style (para. 3).In cases where paragraphs are not numbered,

indicate section heading followed by paragraph

number:

(Smith, 2007, Conclusions section, para. 4)

If heading is long, provide a shortened version

(The Problems with Limited, para. 3)


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Long quotationsLong quotations40 words or more40 words or more

(Section 6.03)(Section 6.03)

y Introduce the information

y Set off in afreestanding block

y Indent left margin 5 spaces (same as for anew paragraph)

y Double space

y Parenthetical citation should follow theending punctuation


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Example long quotation

Sutton-Smith and Rosenberg (2003) offer this

perspective:

On a more obvious level, younger mothers

tend to have more stamina and energy thanolder ones. One speculation is that they are

also more anxious and uncertain about their

child-rearing procedures, and that this has

an effect of producing anxiety in their children.

(p. 138)

It seems safe to assume, then, that the third child

of a twenty-eight year old woman. . .


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Plagiarism & paraphrasing(Section 6.01)

y Writers cannot claim the words OR ideas

of another as their own.

y Quotation marks indicate the exact words

of the author.

y

Each time you paraphrase another author(put his or her ideas in your own words or

summarize a passage), you must credit the

source in the text.


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InIn--text citations for paraphrasedtext citations for paraphrased

materialmaterial(Section 6.04)(Section 6.04)

When paraphrasing, follow the author, dateguideline:

y Smith (2007) found that children who excel in

school are less likely to experience psychologicalproblems later in life.

y One study (2007) indicated that there is acorrelation between academic progress in

children and psychological problems in later life(Smith).

y Some have indicated a relationship betweenpsychological problems and early schoolperformance (Smith, 2007).


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However

While paraphrased material requires only authorand year of publication in your in-textreference, APA guidelines state thatyou areencouraged to provide a page or paragraph

number, especially when it would help aninterested reader locate the relevant passage ina long or complex text (p. 171).

y APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).


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Multiple authors (Section 6.12 & Table 6.1)Precede the final name in a multiple-authorcitation in running text by the word and. Inparenthetical material, in tables and captions, and inthe reference list, join the names by an ampersand(&) (175).

Three to five authors:yList all authors in first in-text reference

yList only first authors name, followed byetal. in subsequent in-text citations

Six or more authors:

yList only first authors name, followed byetal. for first and subsequent in-text citations.

Note: In the reference list,

give surnames and initials ofu to and includin seven authors 184Sect. 6.27


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Notable exceptions (Section 6.16)

Two or more works in the same parenthetical, listalphabetically and separate by a semicolon:

(Adams, 2007;Barnes, 2007)

For multiple works published by the same author inthe same year, add suffixes a, b, c, etc.

As Smith (2007a) says . . .

Note: These letters should correspond to the alphabetical order ofthose works as listed in the reference list.


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Another notable exceptionAnother notable exception(Section 6.17)(Section 6.17)

Citing an indirect source:

Name the original source in your signal phrase

List the secondary source in your reference list

Include the secondary source in the parentheses

yJohnson argued that . . . (as cited in Smith, 2003,

p. 102).

Note: According to the APA Manual (2010), indirect citationsshould only be usedwhen the original work is out of print,unavailable through usual sources, or not available inEnglish (p. 178).


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More notable exceptions(Section 6.15)

When no author is given for the source, include a shortenedversion of the title and the year. (A books title isitalicized; an articles title is placed in quotation marks):

The employment profiles for this time period

substantiated this trend (F

ederalE

mployment, 2001, p.123).

The studies required that all participants be over 18(Conducting a Test, 1999, p. 12).

Note: In place of the authors last name, use Anonymous whenthe works author is listed as such (in both in-text citationsand reference lists).

When no date is given for the source, use the abbreviationn.d.:

(Smith, n.d., p. 199)


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Reference list (Sections 6.22 ff.)

Purposey To provide more detail so that readers may easily

find the sources cited in the paper

Page Formaty New page should

Be continuously paginated with the rest of thedocument

Be double spaced

Include the running head

Include the wordReferences centered on the firstline


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Reference entriesReference entries

Individual entries

y Must be alphabetized by authors last name. If no author is provided, list the source

alphabetically by title:

Obama

s Views onEducation would be listed byO;Clintons Health Care Plan would belisted byC.

y

Must begin at the left margin and use a

hangingindent for all following lines of that entry. Ahanging indentmeans that each subsequentline of the entry is indented 1 tab (5 spaces).

Note: See Section 6.29 for the specific rules forcapitalization of journal, article, and book titles.


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Writing style (Section 3.05 ff.)

Avoid the followingy Wordiness

y Colloquial expressions

y Biased terminology

y Avoid singular gender pronouns (he/she)x Use plural

x Articles such asthe

x Replace withperson,individual, etc.

Use active instead of passive voice.y Active: The nursing student wrote the paper.

y Passive: The paper was written by the nursing student.

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